Document 44Bmaj6MqGkOk1jzED2qBO8eN

promised "unlimited" power Colorado Hiver is definitely rainfall and other factors and st d the Parker Dam tie is good hr** 30,000 kw, which cannot be bwtp^8 indefinitely. The tie to 'Inspiraiioo^Sfl per Co normelly supplies po^ .^3 their operations but their ueste of 17,1X10 kw, can be brought into^Sal ice when needed, hut at relatively kjj,! cost. The same general condition, ply to the tie with Central Arfatf Light and Power Co. The situni,, further complicated by the Ut\ gjf ^3--Elements of lElectron Tubes Electron-Tube Cathodes EMERGENCY UNITS recently secured to meet critical tood demands: above. 10.000*' kw Navy mobile plant on siding at edge of pond; below, wor*surplus Victory-ship boilers installed to bolster steam*generatlng capccity. reduced by change in fuel tide* (mostly babbitt). This produced a hard film on bearing surfaces, which resisted mechanical removal although it could be removed by applying com mercial muriatic acid with a sponge. Formation o'l such films reduced bear ing clearance, and led to the final dc* truction of the bearing metal. To cure these troubles, the lubrlcalIng-oil system was redesigned to in clude centrifuging and fuller's earth fil tration. The present system is shown in the diagram. A single centrifuge serves both engine sumps. There are two fuller's earth purifiers, each with its own strainer, pump, steam heater. The fraction of the oil continuously purified returns to the sump, to which makeup oil is also admitted. A blower removes oil vapors from the sump tanks. Oil from the engines discharges into the sump through a screen and a pump drawa oil off (or return to the engines. There are sludge blowdowns. Further lube-oil'savings are made by reclaiming cylinder oils, which would normally be discarded. Dirty oil flows first into the top of a vertical steamheated cylinder, passing through a cotlon-wasle-packed basket where heavy particles are caught, ft then flows through a 100-mesh wire screen into a 4-in. pipe, the lower part of which is surrounded by a steam coiL Oil leaves the cylinder at a point just below the screen and passes to o second cylinder of similar design. Both have sludge blowdowns ot the bottom of the pre cipitation chamber. Oil from the second cylinder goes to a steam-heated storage tank with a floating pump suction through which oil flows to a 200-mesh screen and Is then pumped Into a ful ler's earth purifier. Clean oil goes to a storage tank for return to the engine sump tanks as crankcase makeup. Turning from the mechanical prob lems of operation which havo been solved to the problems of system op eration and development, which are now proving difficult, let's review the system picture a bit. Of the generating capacity, on the system itself, just about % is hydro derived from irriga tion-flow regulation and therefore de pendent on rainfall conditions to a large extent. To supplement tho sys tem's own'firm capacity, there are lies, but these are oot fully effective. Experience has indicated that the but 3000 kw of the sytlem's own ei; pacity is 25 cycle, while the PM^t Dam and Central Arizona ties are ' cycle ond changer capacity is litnlL.. jJpfojT wo/mi we learned iboi ell mat- Recognition of the "Volley of th,! iter's composed of atoms, which consist Sun" both as o center and as farming and ranching a winter resort wa l&tjfrjjeetrons, protons end neutrons-- ^(ray'particles 0f. positive end negative brought tremendous load growth, p,r.i; f^fleetricity. We examined ihe arrange- ticulsrly 60 iyele. It is now estimated^ ll.:/oenl of electrons in atoms and the way that load might double in 5 years, itethey act under different conditions. Wo l^kre oow going to find out how electrons EMEROENCY MEASURES released from atoms and how they Realizing in the spring of 1946 that o power shortage was a possibility, the. directors of the Association decided trcquesl a one-year lease of the Navy 10,000-kw power train at Mare IiUad,^ Calif. (Sec PowEfl. Jan 1942, p 13). Their vigorous action secured the much--]! S^lf^put to work on many jobs. ^Electrons may be released from ('^isitons of solids or liquids in several but the two we ate moat in- j. ylsfated In are: thermionic and photojWdectrtc emission. Thermionic emission Veccun when the temperature of e solid needed unit in the face of competition*- ^/increases to where electrons actually from others needing capacity sod it * 'i^fty'trom its surface into apace. In photo- went Into operation on a siding at tho* . ^Vfleetric emission, application of light Cross Cut plant in July. It is still coo-J" "^releases electrons from a light-sensitive tribuling to the system. This 6-car unit contains a complete' * yL TWmiom'c Emhtien. Temperature St condensing steam plant and all auxili- ^ electrons are emitted from a solid ones, requiring only a fuel supply and; ^'juries with ihe material. When tungs- condensing water. Fuel lines were roa l^rtco u heated to a temperature of obout from the existing storage tanks and s F the electrons of some of Its 16-in. water line installed from the reach o speed of 620 miles per Cross Cut hydro-plant penstock to the: At this speed they break through unit's circulating pumps. There is ef ficient head available'with this arrange ment to cut out the pumps end con , Vi'j5* me,Jd larloce and fly out into space, >2 indicated in Fig. 1. The distance that electrons are shown from the metaL serve the power they would normslh consume. A special crew was trained 'Vinauch exaggerated because they probdo not, at the assumed tempera- to operate the emergency plantEarly In 1947 site quality of fuel oil available to the plant became so bad-, that slag conditions required cleaning, boilers at about 30-day interval*. Clean-, ing a boiler required about one week and with threo boilers this meant )os* of one unit for 20 days in every 90. ^ To avoid this impossible condition three war-surplus Victory-ship boilw* $ were purchased end installed to provide the additional sieani-gencraiing copse* ^ ity required to maintain full plant cs* pacity. Each of these units has a A? pscitjr of 37,000 lb per hr and lh*'f combined capacity replaces one of ^ main boilers while out ol service. get more than about four one* ' r^hatkdred thousandths of an inch `*'(9*00004 lo.) away from the metal sur* ^fsce. ''i.;- As metal temperature increases, elec. - ji*tai speed up in their orbits until at 4000 F they reach a speed ol miles per second, and soma of iV.1 tna7 Hx.oMt 0.04 in. from the .'(^/,?tal surface, giving an effect similar J Fig. 2. The number oF electrons ,, ^."titled from a hot-mctal surface in._jt?rasei rapidly with temperaturo. For ^i'.^smple, in Fig. 2 about 75 limes as i.--`.m*ny electrons are released at 4000 F ?,* at 3300 F, in Fig. i. 3a A As the tern- I p da pereture of the 1 Edison found I ? electric current mefol increases, electrons Mowed from incandescent speed up to a point where tomp's fllomcnt to plate they fly out into spoce between filament terminob 5 This modern two-element electron tube has both o hot cathode and o cold enode ,,*CsAestr*--H Oj 6-1 0M() Directly heated cothodes used m electron tubes where of cathode is required; 6 to 9 ote wire; unit in 10 is metol ribbon !f ,-CfftoM- !l !i ii M li li ft 1 11 IQ Small, cylindrical, Indi- 1 I I" lw reclty heated cathodes worketcomparoilvefy low temperatures 4 4 4 A Metol-ribban Indirectly 1 4 - I D heated cathodes are used in medium ond larger current tubes When electrons leave a metal surface, their corresponding positive protons of the nucleus are left behind end the metal becomes positively charged. Un less there is a stronger external positive force to act on them than that of (he parent metal, most of tho electrons era attracted back home. As a result, from o red-hot-mctal surface, under no ex terna) Influence, electrons ere being emitted continually but are attracted back into the surface again. This action is like popping com In a popper. As the kernels reach a given temperature ()6I) 47 96 (360) POWER Jvns