Document 443xzZqddb6Kx3eQO63VgmgdN

X-RAY PROTECTION The healing arts have benefited im measurably from the use of X-ray as a tool for diagnosis and therapy. In recent years the increased use of X-ray itself has become something of a hazard. Operating personnel, as well as occupants of nearby premises, may unknowingly be exposed to dangerous amounts of radiation unless adequate shielding is used. Since liability insurance for the doctor usually covers only the patient, the doctor's responsibility towards these occupants or personnel becomes a major consideration when X-ray equipment is installed. A typical illustration of the prob lems to be met may be found in the recent move made by Drs. S. C. Wishner & Son. Chiropractors, of New York City from their old quarters to new and larger offices. In the chiropractor's art. knowledge of the osseus structure of the patient's body is essential. This knowledge determines the type, direc tion and weight of those pressures which the doctor exerts in order to correct spinal maladjustments and balance. In this study X-ray is of course invaluable. Furthermore. Xra\ facilities on the premises result in lower costs, in time saving, and in closer supervision of techniques. In this case a ``turret collimator" type of machine was chosen. The ma jor problem involved in mounting the machine w as the matter of space. The only available wall was subject to the hazards noted above as well as enclosing the only space a\ai!able as a dark room. Accordingly, a partition made of a simple frame of 2-inch by 3-inch studs was set out from this wall about 3 feet as shown in the photo graph. Sheet lead, of the propel thick ness was then fastened to the back of this frame and finished, both sidewith sti-inch thick plywood. A plywood "sandwich" with the lead laminated in it would serve the same purpose. The resulting assembly easily fabricated and installed, serves as not only protection in this case but as the supporting surface upon which the film cassette is mounted in use. It should be repeated that none o( this should he attempted without pro fessional help. In the case of industrial applications, the State Department of Labor will have jurisdiction but. in most cases, application should be made to the appropriate regulators agency, usually the State Department of Health where a list of qualified Radi ation Consultant- can probably be ob tained. Reference may also be made to "Handbook 76" as published by the l. S. Department of Commerce. Na tional Rureau of Standard-. In the office where the X-ray screen was erected (left) the beams were directed towards a doorway. The lead was fastened only at the edges (right) to prevent any pene tration which could result in leaks. LIA26353 Over 26,000 sq. ft. of blue and white Vitralume porcelain enameled aluminum panels were needed to cover the walls of this Sears store in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Architects: Scarlett & Mitchell. SPRUCES UP WITH LEADED PORCELAIN TSil Newark, New Jersey store is an example ef whot can be done to beautify a 34-yeareld structure. Leaded porcelain on aluminum panels are turquoise -- trim is white. Archi tects: Bauer & Corbett in collaboration Paul Gettys, head of Sears' Regional St! To retain its modern image and provide more attractive surroundings for its shoppers. Sears Roebuck & Co., largest mail order-retail chain in the country is constantly refurbishing its 741 stores. Some of these stores are shown in the accompanying photos in the before and after stages of "face lifting." Leaded porcelain enameled aluminum panels, manufactured by the H. H. Robertson Co., Pittsburgh, Pa., and Connersville, Ind., in a variety of colors, were used to spruce up these stores. These installations are typical of the many that have been made using Robertson's Vitralume panels. Sears' store at Main & Wheeler, Houston, Texas. Over 36,000 sq. ft. of leaded porcelain on aluminum went into this faceliftingI or tion. Architects: Harper & Kemp. QUIETING A WHIRLWINl air intake ducts for stationary power turbines have to block sound yet remain flexible -- leaded vinyl does it This unit measures 5x16 feet, weighs 15,000 lb. and produces 750 kw. of electric power -- enough for 1000 homes and in a package occupying 4 the floor space and weight of a comparable diesel-generator set. There was a time when a modest steam engine could power a whole plant, but the demand for power over the years has shown an ever steepen ing growth. Today most operations and processes require so much power that conventional power sources re quire enormous amounts of space. The happy exception is the internal combustion gas turbine, first cousin to the jet engine. As built by Solar Division of Inter national Harvester Company, a 750 kilowatt unit complete with controls requires only 80 square feet of floor space. Its appetite for combustion air is a healthy 11,000 cubic feet a min ute when operating at rated load. The recommended scheme for obtaining the outside air is through a duct to the turbine package with provision for trapping any foreign material which might damage the high speed compressor blades at the turbine's intake. Since the air intake manifold is usually separate from the turbinegenerator unit, a flexible section is in stalled at the point of connection to the turbine. This connection arrange ment allows for slight relative move ments. makes installation a lot less critical, and lowers the surface area able to actively radiate noise. In designing a flexible connection between the manifold and power unit proper, Solar engineers were faced with a typical engineering dilemma: Flexible materials are usually light Close up shows fhe flexible leoded vinyl formed into o bellows. and "transparent" to noise: good sound barrier materials arc usually heavy and not suited to flexibility re quirements. They found a solution in lead-loaded flexible vinyl sheet. The material they used. Coustifab leaded vinyl, is 0.055 inches tbiek and weighs 0.87 pounds per square foot. Tough but limp, the material is heavy enough to present a substantial bar rier to noise transmission. On thj other hand, its flexibility permits it t0^ be formed and to adapt itself to sli^l misalignment or even shifting after! installation. There were two principal uses forl the leaded plastic sheet in this project | It was formed into a bellows measur-l ing 30" x 30" inside and spanning ]J [ inches between the manifold and the! power unit. It was also used in con-1 junction with absorptive glass fiber] and the sheet metal enclosure around 1 the turbine to reduce the noise trans-' mitted through the enclosure. The detailed drawing shows how this en closure wall is made up. Though the turbine unit is quite small in view of its power rating, it is a giant in terms of power output. As might be expected, it is impossible to produce this much power without pro ducing some unwanted noise also. Bv using the leaded vim 1. Solar engineers were able to pull the peak noise level dow n 10 decibels in the 10-10000 cps band. In more subjective terms, the leaded vinyl treatment has made it possible to easih converse in the room where the turbine unit is running. Coustifab is a product of the Cordo Division of Ferro Corporation. 34 Smith Street. Norwalk. Conn. "Before" and "After" noise test results show that a considerable reduction was achieved. Side view of the turbo-generator unit. The turbine area has oc justice! .reotment. Section through the acoustically treated enclosure waft. deck between dives, carries two men to depths of 1000 feet. TARGET: TWO MILES DOWN As every schoolboy knows, three quarters of the world is covered by water. But in the light of the popula tion explosion and diminishing re sources the more startling statement of that fact is that three quarters oj the world is unexplored! Scant won der. then, that new underseas vehicles are todav receiving serious considera tion. One such device has already proven itself in concept. Through more than four \ears of service and almost 200 dives, the famous Diving Saucer in vented bv Capt. Cousteau has scored a number of successes. Now a new and larger version, the Deepstar. is being built bv the Lnderseas Div. of W estinghouse Electric Corp. in conjunction with Capt. Cousteau. Both these craft reh on lead acid batteries for power. Named for its shape, obviously, the Diving Saucer has a hull made b\ welding the edges of two steel saucers together. Propulsion and steering are achieved by pumping water through two nozzles which can be aimed in anv direction. The saucer has been used to depths of 1000 feet. Though similar in appearance. Deepstar will have a spherical steel hull accommodating three men (the saucer carried two ). Much of the aux iliary equipment like lights and the batteries themselves will be carried outside the spherical pressure hull in the fairing which gives Deepstar its characteristic shape. Ready to dive. Deepstar will weigh about 9 tons and will be about 18 feet long and 7 feet high. Her design diving depth is 12.000 feet -- two sea miles down. At this depth the pressure exceeds 5000 psi. In order to withstand it the steel pressure hull is lbi inches thick. Space inside the steel sphere is pre cious and the batteries will be outside exposed directly to the pressure. Each of the 62 battery cells is in a plastic case with a plastic py ramidal oil seal on top of it. The dimensions of the cells are about 6!g inches square bv about 15Vl * inches high. The rating is 400 ampere hours (10 hour rate i. at 120 volts. Surprisingly propulsion is not the heaviest load the batteries carry. The lights used for photography include 5000. 1000. and two 500 watt sources. Even at these high current drains, however, the battery will provide all the power needed for a typical four hour work period below. In addition to the work period, about two hours will be required for the descent and another two for the ascent, making a typical dive about eight hours long. Both dive and ascent are controlled by ballasting or dropping ballast and no power is required from the battery. The cells are grouped into three bat teries of 1000 pounds each and. in an emergency, one of these can be dropped for faster ascent LIA 26356 Deepstar, shown here in a full-scale mock-up without its outer fairing in place, will carry a crew of three to depths of 12,000 feet. The three leod-acid batteries can be seen near the bow (bottom of picture) and just oboft the spherical steel pressure hull. The pyra mids and white balls are pressure seals for the batteries. The recent round p of lead applications as we ight ("Wheels, Keels, and Other Weighty Matters'') in LEAD brot ght forth some other interesting uses. Several are, appropriat 4{lyr connected with summer spof At the other extreme, 50 tons of lead shot pour into this hopper in two minutes. The load is used in a torture test of tires by Goodyear ot its sun baked Texas proving ground. And for those who like to imitate fish, the skindiver's weight buckle is indispensible. This one wos cost by Anchor Alloys, Inc. of Brooklyn, N. Y. For indoor fish fans lead is the simple woy to hold aquarium plants in place. Here the young lady snips o thin strip from a scrap of sheet lead, pinches it in place around the stem of a water plant, and watches with satisfaction as a pet fish wanders over to inspect the new greenery. Inert in fresh or saltwater, the lead does not corrode or pose ony toxicity problem to the fish. If _ w; Leods go fishing -- Sinkers, dipsies, split shot and o cast lead-headed bucktail are familiar to all Isaac Walton fans. The coiled line in the center is for those who know the big ones sometimes swim deep. Ashawoy Line & Twine Mfg. Co. makes it by braiding nylon around o lead wire for deep trolling. Hospitals use lead weights, too. The technique used for water plants in aquariums helps balance crutches and makes a small, convenient weight packoge to aid in therapeutic exercise. It's !%< easy to do a neat, tidy job kv- with nothing more than sheet lead, scissors, ond ad hesive tape. LIA26357 ze-Winning Factory es Lead Sheathed Cable The Rollway Bearing Company has recently completed a new plant near Syracuse. N. Y. that has been cited by Factory magazine as one of the ten best plant designs of the year.* The plant was specifically designed for maximum operating efficiency while handling a wide range of bear ing orders that vary both in quantity and quality requirements. The design permits maintenance and operating costs to be cut to the bone. Despite this, the initial construction cost of the 221.000 sq. ft. layout was a low 10 dollars per square foot. In line with the high efficiency, de pendability and low upkeep goals, en gineers of Bee Electric Company. Inc., Syracuse, N. Y.. selected and installed some 1900 ft. of lead sheathed paper cable to the electric power main be tween the public utility power line and the plant. 1 he lead sheathed cable supplied by Phelps Dodge Copper Products Corp. consisted of 1700 ft. of 3-conductor, paper-lead cable and 240 ft. of 250 MCM paper-lead cable. Operating volt age was 15 kv. for both types of cable. The chief reason that Bee Electric selected lead sheathed paper insulated cable for the Rollway plant was that paper-lead cable has an unrivaled rec ord of dependable performance at minimum cost for oneratino- vr,lio,,,,- LIA26358 up to 245 kv. in the United States and as high as 500 kv. in Europe. One of the interesting features of the plant design was the use of a spe cial underground chamber through which the power cable enters the plant. Availability of this workspace permits inspection of the cable, repairs if nec essary, and greatly simplifies installa tion of additional cables in the system. The designer, engineer, builder was Cunningham-Limp Company, Detroit. `Factory, May, 1964, page 92 The two lead sheathed, paper insulated power cables enter the plant through this special underground room. The spare conduits are tor future expansions. The total population of the new Pan Am building in the middle of the al ready crowded mid-town Grand Cen tra] area is 25.000. This many people going somewhere, all about the same time, is something to give the most sanguine city planner considerable food-for-thougbt. Transportation, for example, is one problem. Additional facilities have already been provided in the area, not only for greatlv in creased sub-surface travel but for street traffic as well. Even aerial traffic has been considered: the building hopes to have an operating heliport above the top floor within the fore seeable future. Food of a different kind is just as great a problem: food for a small arm> of hungry people each dav. all with varying tastes and a wide range of incomes. And all needing to be served within a relatively short space of time. Restaurant Associates, up on 57th Street in New York, feel the\ have done more than their share in solving this problem. This firm of de signers has recently completed a total of three restaurants, all on the main floor of the building near the main en trance on 45th Street. The largest of these, the Trattoria, will serve a daily total of 3,000; the Zum Zum Room. 1.000: and Charlie Brown's Ale and Chop House, 2,000 daily--for a grand total of 6.000 diners. The designers have spared no effort to make these three restaurants not only the most attractive but the most efficient in the area. Since the kitchen is the focal point in the operation of anv restaurant, a great deal of car- has been expended there. Stainless steel counter surfaces are unbroken by joints/gleaming copper soup ket tles have been set up off the floor on low platforms and quarry' tile floors present the perfect surface for ease of maintenance and spotless cleanliness. Waterproofing under these floors be comes a major problem too since they are directly over the tracks of the New York Centra] Railroad where they fan out at the terminal. In line with a specification which that railroad, many years ago, found to be most effective -- the top of the slab under all areas subject to mois ture conditions is covered with 8pound lead membrane waterproofing. Not only are kitchen areas p'n!fne,] in this manner but all areas in the bar. at service units, in freezers and under the garbage refrigerator. A total of about 35 tons of 8 lb. lead sheet was used with all edges lapped and burned. Asphaltum protection is standard in the form of a heavy brush coat on an\ lead surface in contact with fresh ce ment or concrete. Edges at walls were turned up four inches all around. The lead work was done bv the John F. Abernethv Company: architects for the building were Emery Roth & Sons: James Ruderman was the structural engineer: and the general contractor was Diesel Construction Company, all of New York Gitv. Lead pons, or waterproofing membranes, underlie the floors of the Pan Am Building's famous eateries. Lir2C359 Making Ends Meet... Finished automotive radiators here emerging from dip paint ing show the high degree of automation use by Modine. With Solder `There are nearly 200.000 linear inches (more than 3 miles) of joints in the average automobile radiator, and every inch is a potential joint fail ure.'' In these words, Mr. Vince Betko, Mngr. of Quality Control for Modine Manufacturing Co. of Racine, Wiscon sin. sums up the main problem of making a good radiator. Of course the problem doesn't stop there. Each car. truck, bulldozer or tractor calls for a different radiator design. For instance, in one month the Modine La Porte. Indiana plant built 280 different radiator models for 33 customers. However, one thing all these units had in common was the as surance that the metal-to-metal joints were reliable. And to achieve this sort of reliability, Modine counts on leadtin solders. Production of a typical radiator starts with a brass strip, about 2" wide, this is precleaned and then dip coated with a low-tin solder. As it leaves the bath one side is wiped clean. This strip is subsequently formed into tubing -- with the heavy solder coat ing to the outside. Meanwhile, thin copper strip of varving widths (depending on the de sired cooling capacity of the radiator ) is punched with holes and cut into the proper lengths. This forms the fins. Next, the fins are slipped into a slotted jig which mav hold anywhere from 6 to 14 fins per inch. The number of slots in the jig determines the num ber of fins per inch that will be in the finished radiator core. For greater heat transfer more fins are used to in crease cooling area. The solder-coated tubing is then inserted through the holes in the fins I w hich now line up perfectly ). At this point, the radiator begins to assume its familiar shape. To lock the core in this position, it is placed in an oven where, at a temperature in excess of 600 F,, each fine is bonded to the solder coated tubes without need of an additional application of solder. Naturallv, at the same time, solder on the tube seams melts and seafi ,u-- '' fit LU26360 along their entire length. From the oven, the core moves to another station where header base plates are attached by dip or flowsoldering. A slight modification of the solder composition lowers the melting point and permits Modine to carry on additional soldering operations with out unsoldering previously completed solder joints. Final step is attachment of the brass top and bottom pans and the terne metal side strips. At Modine's La Porte plant, heat for this operation is ap plied with a torch. Of course, each radiator is given a thorough checkout for leaks, and most are then dip painted, packaged for shipment and palletized. In some cases, Modine even soldercoats the fins in a radiator assembly. "This is done," says Mr. Betko, "to achieve a higher corrosion resistance for the entire radiator, and at the same time, the solder-coated fins give better bond assurance for heavy duty appli cations." CALKED LEAD JOINTS can "take it" in modem waste system service Automatic appliances using large volumes of water at higher tempera tures make greater demands than ever on waste system joints today. But here's good news for officials con cerned with plumbing codes: Tests are bearing out more and more that the best type of joint for cast-iron bell and spigot soil and waste pipes -- under today's conditions -- is the very same calked lead joint that authorities have preferred for over 100 years. Here's how conventional lead-tarred oakum joints are being tested in inde pendent research for the International Lead Zinc Research Organization associated with Lead Industries Asso ciation. conducted by Harold A. Montgomery, assistant professor of mechanical engineering. Purdue Uni versity: Test system is filled with cold water at 10 psi. Then hot water at 10 psi. is circulated through system until joint reaches temperature of 170 F. at outer surface of hub. Next, hot wa ter is immediately replaced by circu lating cold water at 10 psi., circulation continuing until joint reaches room temperature. Alternation of hot and cold cycles is repeated 20 times. Rarely if ever would such severe conditions be encountered in an ordi nary waste system. Yet conventional calked lead joints came through with no sign of leakage, and even more LIA26361 OcicU 'H' ..0 .0 a&out ^.eaet Oiphenylbis (p-ollylphenyl) lead can. with rare- be brominated to diphenyl (pallylpbenyl) [ fp-2,3-dibromopropyI) henyl ] lead without rupturing the lead-carbon bond. If you are in a posi tion to realize that this is a pretty njftv trick, vou may also be interested in the new 112-page book which (on page 34) gives this information along with appropriate references. "Organolead Chemistrv'' is a concise review of the literature from January 1953 to July ]%3 prepared under the auspices of the International Lead Zinc Research Organization. The ten principal sec tions of the book cover tetraalkyllead and its compounds, hexaorganodileads. organolead salts, metal com pounds and hydrides, biological properties, applications and analysis. Tabulated data and comprehensive reference citations are also given. To obtain a free copy, outline your inter est on your company letterhead and send it to Lead Industries Association. Inc.. 292 Madison Avenue. New York. N. Y. 10017. Cheaper by the mile: driving, that is! An nual price rises seem almost to be a natural law. Gasoline is a happy ex ception : in 1953 it cost 1.78c* per mile, today only 1.06c. And that cost in cludes the tax. At the pump 1953's 28c per gallon price tag included 1c (33'c I tax: todav's .30c gallon in cludes 10c i50/Yl tax. Despite the lowering of the actual cost of gasoline from 21 to 20c a gallon since 1953, todav's product is better. It delivers an average of 19.8 miles per gallon versus 17 which the 1953 product av eraged. Lead antiknock compounds contribute to these new economy rec ords. SECOND INTERNATIONAL LEAD CONFERENCE . . . has been scheduled for Hol land in October 1965. Separate groups will meet to discuss cable sheathing, batteries, and general applications of lead. Each threeday session will have simultane ous translation (al a United Na tions) and will include visits to works in Holland, Belgium, and Germany. Papers are invited. Brief outlines may be submitted to Lead Development Associa tion, 34 Berkeley Square. Londone Wl, before October 30 of this year. Blue glow in outer spate -- Chances are that, as an automobile owner, you use some tetramethyl lead as an anti-knock compound in the gasoline you buy. NASA used some too -- about 7.5 quarts or roughly the amount you'd get in 2000 gallons of gasoline. They fired it 60 miles straight up and ex pelled it in outer space. Through a complex reaction of the lead with atomic oxvgen existing there a blue glow was created and photographed. NASA specialists are studying the photos and learning more about the tenuous winds and turbulences of the atmosphere's fringe. Big wheel! -- These three toothed sec tions of precision-forged steel are part of a set of 28 that will be joined to form the polar axis gear -- 264 feet in circumference -- of a giant radio tele scope. The gear segments are forged of leaded steel by Alco Products, Inc. at Latrobe, Pa. Alco's Hi-Qua-Led steel was used because it provides a 40 per cent reduction in gear-cutting time. The teeth are cut to exacting spe cifications (a tolerance of 1 ' 1000 inch from tooth to tooth) by Philadelphia Gear Corp., King of Prussia. Pa., which designed and manufactured the telescope's drive sv stem. The six-footlong segments are 20 inches wide and 19 inches thick. CHANGE OF ADDRESS OR NEW READER Use this side of the coupon if you hove recently changed your address or if you would like to be added to the mailing list for LEAD CHANGE OF ADDRESS From Name, title ADD ME TO YOUR MAILING LIST (please circle one) Company Street City, zone, state To Name, title Company l U2 PLEASE CHECK INTEREST Architectural & building Design Engineer Q Ceramics Q Radiation Other (pie ase specify] LIBRARY OF TECHNICAL NFORMATIOhT UJJJMJJJWJJJ7 UJJJ4UU VUUi The following publications are available free of chorge unless otherwise noted. Send t0 ^ m LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION, 292 MADISON AVENUE, NEW YORK 17, N. yf NEW LISTINGS High speed lead plating Ten-page reprint delves into new methods for electroplating lead at high rates. It tabulates essential data including performance ratings for test coatings. GENERAL Discovering the beauty of lead New uses for lead Design engineering data BATTERIES The picture book of power batteries Pictorial presentation of the variety of trucks and tools powered by batteries. Electric delivery trucks Truck costs in a jiffy Three nomographs for estimating costs of gas or battery powered industrial trucks. The choice of battery systems CONSTRUCTION Pools and planters Description and design details of seven mod ern lead lined pools and planters. lead wall reduces noise Effectiveness of partition construction in re ducing noise is described and evaluated. Removable walls with lead lining Isolation of buildings from vibrations Silver anniversary roofs Building construction bulletins 2. Specifications--lead shower and safe pans 3. Specificatioris--chemical laboratory drain age systems. Lead work for modern plumbing $2 postpaid, $1.50 per copy in orders of 10 or more. Profusely illustrated 164 page text present ing clearly to the plumbing student the nec essary tools, procedures and methods. Lead plumbing Seamless terne for roofing Sheet lead for roofing and flashing Lead as a concrete filler Lead-asbestos antivibration pads Permanent color for lightweight block ENGINEERING Importance of lead in glass Comprehensive report and survey on use of lead in gloss. Bibliography of over 600 ref erences. New data for electroceramics research Provides liquidus ond sub-solidus in the sys tem PbO-BaO-MgO-SiOj. Soldering and soldering alloys Detailed survey of solders. 8 poge reprint. Lead sheathing for power cable 1 24-page design guide for lead sheathed] power cable. j Transformer noise reduction Materials of construction reviews Corrosion data -- lead & alloys Methods of lining lead tanks Cutting press vibrations Nuclear materials Radiation protection Low temperature enamels for steel Thermal expansion data --lead com pounds, two papers I, II PbO-Fe503 Phase Relations Dielectric behavior of Pb-, Bo-, Sr- hafnate systems Lead to control sound and vibration Anodes for ship protection Lead glazes for brick New class of lead-base alloys Continuous extrusion press for cable sheathing FINISHES Decorative finishes for lead Red lead based paint systems Properties and compositions for 24 formula tions ond systems for o wide variety of uses ond exposures. 31 pages. Lead molybdate opacified enamels UPON REQUEST, THE LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION WILL BE GLAD TO MAIL "LEAD" REGULARLY, FREE OF CHARGE, TO THOSE INTERESTED, AND WILL COOPERATE WITHOUT OBLIGATION IN THE SOLUTION OF YOUR LEAD PROBLEMS. Reproduced by letterpress From lead type. I' K I N T K1 - I 7s r . -. A. K- F'R I VTJ NV ----- ROTFR* lose. N LM CITY ' . S Mail to: Lead Industries Assn., Inc., 292 Madison Ave., New York 17, NY. Name, Title Jx ^ V- *<4 Street . 'Sw-Stust.v' #.'W ?;-. f I City, Zone, State Vi'--; 1 I I I ,I IV 1 r.` -I N- 1 TO ;| I REQUEST L IA 26363