Document 3o93xaNj7KMDgMNb92bzqBj6

I\\ 'hit., offer s fhe list: itock No. 02229--1 02229--2 02229--Z 02229-4 02229--5 02222-6 02229--7 02222-0 02222--9 02222--10 02229--11 92229--12 92229--13 92229--14 92229--1$ 92229--16 92229--17 927 Vl8 )22L*--19 >2229--20 >2229-21 12222--22 12229--23 12229--24 12229--25 ^ 12229--26 0229--27 0229-28 02.19 I mambrs. > 11. ILL 022.29--12 National Safety Congress Transactions VOL. 13 1959 GLASS and CERAMICS; RUBBER INDUSTRIES NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 NO. MICHIGAN AVENUE * CHICAGO 11, ILLINOIS CONTENTS GLASS & CERAMICS SESSIONS Pattern for Progress........................................................................ Russell W. frank 5 Safety Promotion Through Gimmicks...............................................H. V. Gardner 6 Interest Stimulators for Safety at Work Seven................................ John J. Long 9 What Line Supervision Thinks of Safety.............................................F. M. Acker 11 Noise Control--Successful Case Histories................. .............. .. r. J. C. RadcIHfe 19 Industry Round Table Discussions Glass and Fiber Glass Discussion Group.......................................................... 20 Ceramic Discussion Group................................................................................. 21 RUBBER SESSIONS Safety Counselor in a Rubber Plant.........................................Earl E. Goldsworth 23 Dermatoses As Related to the Rubber Industry............................R. A. Manning 26 Your Safety.Line for *59....................................................... Wayne L. Christensen 27 S< fety Problems in Plant Maintenance...................................... Richard T. Wise 31 Radioactive Problems in the Rubber Industry.............................John G. Wood 35 Officers of the Glass & Ceramics Section, 1959-60............................................... 40 Officers of the Rubber Section, 1959-60.................................................................. 42 Other Volumes of 1959 National Safety Congress Transactions............. Back Cover GLASS AND CERAMICS SECTION PATTERN FOR PROGRESS By RUSSELL W. FRANK Safety Director, Ferro Corp., Cleveland, Ohio Are you interested in reducing costs equiv alent to one and one-half per cent of your present labor cost? If so, take a look at your safety and health program. If this opening does not bring the "hard boiled production executive" to attention, amend it slightly. This represents only the savings in reduced insurance premium for workmen's compensation coverage. Clinch the argument by reminding Mr. Hard Boiled Executive these are conservative estimates. If the gentleman is still not receptive, point three of your argument will include the hourly cost of direct and indirect losses resulting from accidents. The following report recognizes the fact that Ohio practices differ from those in other States. However, we think the differ ence is chiefly one which makes better data available more quickly and provides cover age at a lower cost. In 1934, the Bureau of Workmen's Com pensation and Industrial Commission of Ohio found it necessary to actually adjust in surance rate for workmen's compensation coverage for industry. The proposed up ward revision indicated an increased cost to industry. A group of safety engineers in the Cleveland area attempted to analyze the effect and develop a method of control. The following facts were available to un derscore their efforts: The 1954 losses from claims in Ohio totaled $57,107,000. The met ropolitan Cleveland area accounted for $10,165,000. The proposed rate increase aver aged 30 per cent Analysis of the claims revealed smaller plants accounted for 80 per cent of the losses and claim frequency. The picture crystallized rapidly. The small plants' claims experience would be reflected in charges paid by large plants, due to the industry wide actuarial evaluation of these matters. The metropolitan Cleveland area total ac cident cost, including direct and indirect losses, was very nearly $80,000,000 per year. What to do about it? If safety engineer ing talent were availably and it was not, the small plant could not afford the expense of a full-time man on the staff. The state maintains a fine group of safety advisors to industry, but they could not be expected to concentrate on the problems of our metro politan area. In addition, we found many industries regarding the state personnel as policemen, which fact suggested they were something less than welcome. After due deliberation and-consideration, the committee proposed a program that would assist production supervisors improve their safety performance: This program selected four essential points from the activities of a safety supervisor. Educational and training material was pro vided at the expense of and with the assist ance of the Industrial Commission of Ohio, and the "Pattern for Progress," as it was named, came into being. The Pattern for Progress revolved around four principal functions. 1. Investigation of all injuries with attend ant analysis of reports to spot correctable hazards. 2. Safety analysis of all jobs leading to rec ognition and detection of unsafe habits, practices, and conditions before injuries occur. 3. Periodic inspection of all types including plant tools, facilities, equipment, fire pro tection equipment, etc. 4. Communication safety guides, posters, and safety committees. The initial Geveland group held numerous community meetings for industries' super visors. The audience received instructions on various aspects of the above points. The program is continuing. The Industrial Commission each year pub lishes a handbook for industrial supervisors, using essentially the basic four-point ap proach. The new annual handbook includes 5 1959 National Safety Congress complete text and material covering a differ ent safety subject for each month. The pub lication in 1958 was called "Safety Slate for '58." In 1959, it was, "Safety Line for '59" Work is under way at the present time to proride suitable material for 1960. Let me cite an example of the acceptance of this program: One plant had been paying 2.8 per cent of its payroll for workmen's compensation in surance. It now pays 8/10 of 1 per cent The State of Ohio has a unique insurance feature which will permit 85 per cent pen alty or credit according to experience. The current basic rate for the pottery industry is $325 per $100 of payroll, or 3J4 per cent of labor cost The maximum uprating.would be $6.0125, or slightly better than 6 per cent of labor cost The maximum credit reduces these costs to .4875 or less than V* per cent of labor cost I have nine divisions operating under this rating plan. It is the rule in these divirions to expect to spend 10 per cent of the amount saved on insurance premiums to cover costs of the "Pattern for Progress" safety program. This isn't very much, but the results have been so worthwhile we are studying ways to spend twice as much money effectively, without overloading the safety supervisors, who are giving up a part of their time for the safety effort SAFETY PROMOTION THROUGH GIMMICKS By a. V. GARDNER Director of Safety and Suggestions Owens-Illinois, Toledo, Ohio Each year our company selects one month to be "no accident" month. We have used the month of April because a ten-year study showed that we had the most acci dents during the month of April. However, in 1954 we used the month of May and our slogan was "Keep the Flag Flying." Each plant was supplied with a safety flag 6' long 3' wide, green back ground with screened-on white letters say ing "The Green Cross For Safety--OwensIllinois--No Accidents." It also had the O-I trademark on it. The flags were double thick ness and lettered on each side. They cost approximately $10 apiece. The purpose of the flag primarily, was-to have a flag-raising ceremony the first day of the month with the safety' committee, the supervisors, the plant manager, the nurse, the doctor and the safety director all taking part in the ceremony*. As long as the flag was flying under the American, flag that indicated there were no lost-time accidents. If an accident occurred during the month, the flag was not to be flown for a period of one week. Three posters were used to launch tins program. The first one was a large traffic "stop and go" light and the red circle at the top simply had the word "no" in it. This went on the board three weeks before the beginning of the contest and stayed up for the first week. The second poster was the same "stop and go" light again with the word "no" in the red circle and "accidents" in the yellow circle. This again stayed up for a week. The third poster was the same as the first two posters. This stated "no" in the red circle, "accidents" in the yellow circle, and "in May" in the green circle: In 1955 our slogan was "Keep It Clean." Three posters were used to promote this idea. The first poster was entitled "Keep It Qean" and showed a hand with a claw cleaning up. The idea here was to tie in good housekeeping and safety together. The second poster showed the safety rec ord for the months of March and April by means of two calendar months attadied together. Red stickers, to show lost-time ac cidents, were pasted on the calendar the day in which they happened. The third poster consisted of a large calendar showing the month of April and 6 raringwould m| V cent red. .educes i 55 per cent g under this us to expect mount saved costs of the rograrn. This s have been rays to spend dy, without irs, who are >r the safety 5KS ed circle at " in it. This s before the ayed up for S3 \"stop w / "no" nts" in the xl up for a : as the first in the red ' circle, and p It Gean." remote this ed "Keep It ith a claw is to tie in gcther. safety rec- and April ths attached ost-time acidar the day of a large ' April and Glass and Ceramics, Rubber Industries using the same red stickers to show when an accident happened. "Keep It Clean" meant to keep the safety record clean during the month of April. The gathering of the people for the drawing of the cards gave the supervisor a chance to say a word about safety. Supervisors were not eligible for this contest Individual bars of soap stamped "keep your record clean" were sent to each plant At the beginning of the month the super visors gave each person in the plant a bar of scmp and at that time talked to his people about working safely during "no accident" month. In 1956 our slogan was "Be Safe In April" Here again we used the green cross safety flag to launch our safety program and we sent individual buttons entitled "No Accident Month" for the supervisors to give to every employee in the plant at the beginning of the contest. Our first poster of the teaser type was "Get Ready" and it showed a large safe underneath the "Get Ready" sign. The second poster was "Be Safe" and was put np the second week before the contest started. The third poster, of course, was "No Accidents In April--Be Safe And Work Safely" and showed the workers coming out of the safe with safety dotting on such as glasses, helmets, hoods, safety shoes, gloves, etc. In 1957 our slogan was "Safety Pays Off." This contest was lulled as the world's largest poker game. Decks of cards were sent to each plant On each of the five Mondays in April each person received one playing card, providing his department did not have a lost-rime accident the previous week. Thus, cadi employee could get as many as five cards, but he still could have a winning hand with only four cards. The poker game was played with both high and low. In order to win the prize for the low poker hand, the person had to have five cards. It was possible to win the high hand with only four cards. Any person hav ing a lost-rime accident was automatically out of the contest The cards were dealt publicly from a shuffled deck by the supervisor. The safety representative of the department recorded the card each person received and a copy of this record was posted on the bulletin board. In this way it avoided questions later and helped to build up suspense and interest Since some people did not understand the game of poker, the rules were .written up and put on the bulletin board and also ex plained in the plant paper. Four posters were used to promote this contest The first was a teaser poster show ing human hands holding the ace, long, queen, jack and four of spades, and under neath it were the words "Play It Safe." ' The second poster was entitled "Safety Is A Good Deal" and showed a hand of 13 hearts. Underneath this was labeled "April --No Accident Month." The third poster was labeled "Don't Gamble With Safety" and showed the per son with five cards in-one hand and a stack of chips in the other. Underneath that was the caption "April--No Accident Month." The fourth poster showed three aces and two tens in a hand with the caption "Stand Pat For Safety" and "April--No Accident Month." The 1958 campaign had the slogan of "Safety Carries You A Long Way." Printed postcards and balloons were sent to each plant to be distributed to each person in the plant The balloons were filed with helium gas and attached to the printed post cards and were to be released the opening day of the contest The cards were ad dressed to the Personnel Department of the plant and carried the name, department and dock number of each person in the plant Each person was given a printed card by his supervisor and was asked to sign it and give his clock number and department At this rime the supervisor talked about safety to each person in bis department The cards were then collected and turned over to the safety director. The safety director and the safety committee stamped the plant address on the cards. . When the cards were' all signed and ad dressed, the safety committee inflated the balloons with helium gas and tied a balloon to each card with a 24" long piece of string. Balloons were released the first day of the month. _ If no one in a department had a-lostrime accident throughout rite month, then 7 iWl !(g;M Iffd MS m iSfti i- m tel J v-i gn* 1959 National Safely Congress die person whose balloon sailed the farthest distance from the plant was eligible for a prize. If a person in a department had a lost-time accident, then none of the people in that department were eligible for a prize. The person whose balloon sailed the farthest distance from the plant was not only eli gible for a department prize, but also for the all-plant prize Three posters were used to promote this campaign. The first one dealt with a woman standing on a Sputnik reaching for dollars and was entitled "Fly High With Safety During April `No Accident' Month.'' This was appropriate inasmuch as it was the beginning of the Sputnik craze in the United States. The second poster, which went up the second week before the contest, used the theme of "Around The World In 80 Days", and showed people in a balloon- looking down on crutches, tape, hospitals, {nils, casts, etc. and was entitled "Safety Carries You A Long Way." The third poster showed a balloon at tached to a card. On the balloon there was the slogan "Safety Carries You A Long Way." A person was trying to blow his balloon up into the air so that it would be mailed back and he would win a pot of gold. The bottom half of the poster was captioned "April--No Accident Month." Large maps of the United States were drawn up and put in the entranceway of the plant and as the cards came back red pins marked the spot from where they were mailed. Tins created a great deal of in terest as people were constantly checking < the board to see where the balloons bad landed. Some balloons came bade as far as 800 and 900 miles. There were many weird stories connected with these balloons. Some of them were shot down from trees. Others fell in boats. Balloons had been mailedJock to the plants a year {atcr. In 1959 our slogan was "Safety Is A Lifesaver." Small packages of Lifesavers were sent to each plant for the supervisors to pass out to his people each Wednesday during die month of April. The "Small pack ages of Lifesavers were purchased espe cially for this campaign. Each package bad fhe caption "Safety Is A Lifesaver--April, of Lifesavers gave the supervisors a chance 1959--Owens-Illinois." The small packages of lifesavers gave the supervisors a chance to talk about safety five different times to their people during the five Wednesdays in the month of April We felt that it was important that the supervisors pass these out instead of having them passed out at the gate. In this way the supervisor had a chance to discuss safety with all of hi$ people. A large poster, 24 in. x 24 in., showed a lifebuoy in the center. In the center of the lifebuoy there were places to write in the names or the lucky people whose names were drawn each Wednesday in a department that worked a week without a lost-time accident. The names could be drawn only providing the department worked through each week without a lost-time injury. In the event the department did have a lost-rime accident during the month, no drawing was made dur ing the week the accident occurred. How- the department was still eligible for a drawing the next week, providing it had no further lost-rime accidents. All the names on the lifebuoy were then eligible not only for a department prize, but also an all-plant drawing. This created interest since everyone was eligible for both prizes until the final name was drawn, providing their department did not have any lost-rime accidents. Three posters were used to promote this campaign. The first one was a teaser type poster and was entitled "Safety Is A Lifesaver" and under that it showed a picture of an ocean with rite caption "Sea of Haz ards" and a boy grabbing for a Iifepreserver which had cm it "Safety Pays." The second poster was captioned "Stay Alert" and showed a young man smelling a spring flower and the lifepreserver becoming a clock indicating springtime and it was entitled "April--No Accident Month." There were also gears indicating the wheels of industry. The third and final poster, which stayed up throughout the month, was captioned "Spring Is Here" and showed a picture of an injured person on a crutch standing on a boat dock with an outboard motor in a boat ready to go. The lifepreserver stating "Safety Pays" was'nearby and under this was the caption "Don't Let An Accident Spoil Your Fun," We felt that these campaigns, although never perfect, were very helpful in getting 8 rent times to its fays in : tL-'it was s pass these assed out at trvisor had a h all of his ifl-, showed a center of the write in the e names were partment that tune accident, aly providing ft each week the event the ime accident ms made dururred Hotv1 eligible for riding it had \11 the names lible not only o an all-plant tveryone was te final name partment did s. promote this a teaser type y r \ Lifeteo picture Sea of Haz>r a Efepret Pays." tioned "Stay in smelling a ver becoming and it was ionth." There e wheels of which stayed as captioned a picture of standing on . motor in a enter stating d under this An Accident ns, although ul in getting Glass and Ceramics, Rubber Industries the proper emphasis on safety from super visors, safety committee members, safety directors and the people themselves. Every year we did show a considerable drop in lost-time accidents, and we found that usu ally the. month before and the month after showed a reduced number of lost-time ac cidents. INTEREST STIMULATORS FOR SAFETY AT WORKS SEVEN By JOHN J. LONG Director of Safety and Plant Protection, Works 7, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Cumberland, Md. Attitude and continuing interest are the of all Works No. 7 employees, both salary most important factors necessary for the and hourly. success of a safety program. People are the most important part of Works SevenV injury-fire prevention approach. Education, engineering and enforcement all have their place in safe production. Interest stimu lators assist enthusiasm and get people into the act. On March 16, 1959, a plant safety slogan contest was started at Works No. 7. The purpose of the contest was to stimulate thinking about safety, both on and off the job. The Executive Safety Policy Com mittee, which consists of the plant man ager, assistant plant manager, department heads and the safety director, discussed "III. The employee whose name is drawn will be coniactod-on the job^and: A. If the employee knows the safety slogan for that current week he will re ceive a cash award of $1. By knowing the Safety Slogan for the week, the employee becomes eligible immediately for further awards as listed in 1, 2, and 3 below. If the employee does not know the safety slogan for the week, the contest ends at that point and he is not eligible for the below listed items for that week. 1. If the employee is wearing safety shoes--$1 cash award. and formulated the safety slogan contest 2. If the employee can tell the num plans. The plant manager then explained ber of consecutive days the plant has the jdan as part of an agenda for a meet completed without a disabling injury as ing that he holds periodically with all em show on Works Seven's Safety Board ployees of the plant The following letter at the main gate-r-$l cash award. dated March 12, 1959 and signed by the plant manager was mailed to each employee's home, explaining the rules governing the plant safety slogan contest 3. If the employee's safety unit, as shown on Works Seven's safety board at the main gate, has not had a dis abling injury during the current month "As mentioned to you in our meetings last ~4f2 cash award. week, a plant safety slogan contest will be gin on March 16, 1959. The purpose of this contest is to stimulate thinking about safety, both on and off the job. The con test will operate in the following manner: "A minimum `jackpot' of $5 will be avail able each week to the employee who answers all the questions- and meets the above re quirements. The `jackpot* will be in addition to the specific cash awards mentioned T. Each week a safety slogan will be above: An employee will not be eligible for posted on the various plant safety bulletin the 'jackpof if he fails to qualify ca any boards. The week will run from 12:01 am. of the above items under IIL The `jackpot* Monday to 12 .-00 midnight Sunday. will be increased each week by the amount "II. Each week the name of an employee that an employee fails to win. will be drawn from a barrel in the Safety "IV. Simultaneously we will telephone Office. This barrel will contain the names the employee's home. If a member of the 1939 National Safely Congress employee's immediate family such as wife, PITTSBURGH PLATE GLASS husband, son or daughter knows the weekly COMPANY safety slogan, or the number of consecutive days the plant has completed without a dis abling injuiy, they too will receive an award of $2. In addition, if a member of the family wins the $2 award, all members of the immediate family will be given National Safety Council automatic pencils. All the $2 home awards not won will jackpot for the GREEN CROSS FOR SAFETY WORKS SEVEN SAFETY SLOGAN CONTEST EMPLOYEE CONTACTED___________ AMOUNT WON BY EMPLOYEE $------------------ next weekly home winner. BY EMPLOYEE'S FAMILY "Names drawn each week will be re turned to the barrel immediately, thus mak ing all employees eligible each and every week of the contest $------------------ AMOUNT IN JACKPOT NEXT TIME FOR EMPLOYEE $------------------ "Let's improve our safety record for 1959." FOR EMPLOYEE'S FAMILY $------------------ We knew ahead of time that to make this plan work required (1) that every employee had confidence in the operation of -the-pro-- gram; (2) that all posters with the weekly safety slogan were placed on bulletin boards on schedule; (3) awards were made promptly and fairly; and (4) the program received continual publicity'. An additional interest stimulator program was started titled "Safety Shoe Month". The impetus for it originated with Works Seven's Executive Safety Policy Commit tee. The plant manager finalized the pro gram by appointing a committee that con sisted of the assistant plant manager, storeroom supervisor and Works Seven's safety director. The following program was Slogans are posted on the large main placed into operation. First, the following gate bulletin board and ten safety bulletin letter and bulletin went to all supervisors. boards in various parts of the plant We do not give out a printed slogan. We ex pect and urge our employees to memorize the slogan or write it down and take it home to their families. The number of consecutive days is an important section of the main gate bulletin board. This interest stimulator idea caught on from the beginning and seems to gain in terest as the consecutive days of safe pro duction without a disabling injuiy mounts. "TO: AD Supervisors "SUBJECT: Safely Shoe Month--June 1 to July 1, 1959 "To incite additional interest in the wear ing of safety shoes, please have the employ ees in your department complete an indi vidual 'Safety Shoe Month* contact form. Mail the completed forms to the safety de partment. "During 'Safety Shoe Month', June 1 to July 1, 1959, two (2) pairs of socks will As I go through the plant, workers stop be given with each pair of safety shoes and say, "Are you looking for me? the purchased. A bonus drawing will be made safety slogan is ................................ and I for a 7 transistor radio, with a leather car have my safety shoes on"; "Go ahead and rying case, when 50 pairs of safety shoes call my home, my wife's ready with the are sold slogan** or "My wife gave me helt last week when my name was drawn and I didn't know the safety slogan". The employees also make a habit of writing the slogan and the number of consecutive days on their workbenches or in the area*they work. "We suggest that you use the 'Safety Shoe Month' information as one of the top ics in your departmental safety meetings. "J. B. White "Plant Manager" As soon as the employee whose name has been drawn is contacted, we immediately call his home. Then we broadcast the out come by a bulletin at the main gate with a large safety slogan contest record display. Safety Shoes--An Ounce Of Safety An ounce of steel in a safety shoe toecap is worth a thousand pounds of 'regular' shoes when a heavy object falls on your toes. 10 GLASS \iL Jr tfTEST WILY EXT TIME Z IMILY ator program hoe Month", with Works icy Commitzed the protee that conint manager, orks Seven's program was die following supervisors. jnth--June 1 in the wearsf pipk>yleti. M indisontact form, he safety de li', June 1 to jf socks will safety shoes will be made i leather carsafety shoes the `Safety of the topy meetings. er" Of Safety y shoe toecap of `regular' 'alls on your Glass and Ceramics, Rubber Industries Safety shoes are available to every Fitts* burgh Plate Glass Company employee at the storeroom. It is important that the em ployee is fitted correctly with a pair of safety shoes. Works Seven's safety shoes are sold at the manufacturer's cost price. The employee can pay for them by payroll deduction. SALES FEATURES 1. "Sock saver" leather toe lining. 2. Perspiration proof leather innersole. 3. Perma counter non-distorting heel cup. 4. Sole leather inner counter. 5. Seamless backs. 6. Sewed with "dacron" by duPonL 7. Steel shanks. 8. Steel toe box that will take one ton at 18 indies. 9. Leather, neoprene, or cork soles. Obtain a pair of safety shoes today. You never know when you might need them. John J. Long The Safety Department then made an ac curate survey of all employees. The survey covered (1) who was wearing safety shoes and (2) the employees who were not wear ing safety shoes. They were asked for an explanation of thdr reasons. This survey was made by persona] contact with each employee by the department supervisor. The cost of the awards promotion is bring assumed by Works Seven. The shoe manufacturer's representative assisted by giving suggestions, furnishing additional styles of safety shoes to our normal stock room inventory dining the "Safety Shoe Month" campaign. He also spent one full day at Works Seven. He ami the safety director went into all of the departments contacting individual employees who had previously made safety shoe complaints, or. who were not "sold" on safety shoes. Bulletin boards carry special made bul letins related to Works Seven's "Safety Shoe Month". A large poster is also used at the main gafe in addition to a glass showcase display of the styles of safety shoes and awards (transistor radio, socks, shoe polish). At Works Seven we have already had three "golden shoe" winners. Thdr photo graphs and description of the accidents at Works Seven and of how thdr feet were saved by safety shoes were emphasized on bulletin boards. Also, this was used in the Topic of the Month bulletin that is fur nished by Works Seven's safety director to each supervisor every month for his de partmental safety meeting. In conclusion, at Works Seven we be lieve interest stimulators have thdr place in safety. They are not a short-cut or an easy method to injury-fire prevention. All of us in safety work know the baric in gredients of a successful safety program. All employees should be thoroughly in doctrinated in these basics before you cam paign with programs that ask people to take an active interest in thdr own per sonal safety. Safety Is intangible and in terest stimulators assist a busy foreman toward keeping his employees safety con scious while on or off the job. WHAT LINE SUPERVISION THINKS OF SAFETY By P. M. ACKER Plant Manager, Textile Fibers Department, E. L da Pont de Nemours 8c Company, Old Hickory, Tennessee Survival has been man's most ardent oc cupation. We can go back to the stone age and find our forebearers busily engaged in (In-eloping new weapons to protect himsdf and family from his adversaries. Down through the centuries, conditions and meth ods may have changed but today we are basically faced with the same problem of equipping ourselves with new techniques and methods to withstand the attack of oppos ing forces. We have represented here a cross section of men and women from the glass and ceramics division of industry. Some of you 1959 National Safety Congress represent multi-plant organizations much the same as my company, with operating and sales outlets in just about every part of the United States and a few in foreign countries, and- employing several thousand employees. Some represent a relatively small organiza tion that has been established for many years and employing just a handful of peo ple. In the large organization, lines of author ity are relatively long and communications from the top to the bottom are probably less accurate than the small organization whose president, general manager, plant superin tendent, purchasing agent and general fore man may be composed of one or two indi viduals. Top executives in a large organization may not visit all their various operating units over a period of many-years and never have an opportunity to know production line workers on a personal basis. Contrast this to the small organization whose owner is president and makes contact with just about everyone on a daily basis and moreover has a good knowledge of the personal lives of his employees and families. The warmth of personal relationships between the top exec utive of a large organization and the produc tion workers is lacking, as compared to the small enterprise. These are just a few of the variables we have in our industrial relationships and it might be concluded that the basic ingredi ents of a good safety organization must also vary according to local environment. This may be partly true of method and approach, but the basic problems are pretty much the same. For many years our company, which has 78 plants scattered throughout the United States, has tried to determine positively why one of its operating units enjoys an out standingly good record while another unit is comparatively poor. Are some of our operations more hazard ous than others? Is a plant located in the North or South more acddent-jirone than those located in the East and West? Is the makeup of a plant's organization with pre dominately young or old people or male and female a factor? Has the plant with mod ern, up-to-date equipment an advantage over one whose equipment is obsolete and out of date? These and many other variables have been thoroughly analyzed and we conclude that such variables are unimportant Some of our most complicated and difficult chemi cal operations are among our safest No particular pattern as to plant location, equip ment obsolescence and the age and gender of the work force is indicated, and we have concluded that safety of operation is a mat ter of individual responsibility. ifj' message, therefore, will be directed to those basic ingredients which encourage in dividual responsibility, regardless of the size of your company or your organizational re sponsibility. It must be apparent to all that the success of our industrial effort today is the sum total of the abilities and skills of many peo ple. The one-man organization is fast dis appearing from the American scene. I was prompted to make that statement because the title of my talk--"What Line Supervision Thinks of Safety"--implies that I am ex pressing the thoughts of many people, and that is exactly what I am about to do. Our plant organization was asked what, in their opinion, were the main ingredients of an effective safety program. Without hesitation and with unanimity of expression, they said the No. 1 item was "the boss." So, let's take a look at the "boss." It makes little difference if your boss is presi dent or vice-president, general manager, plant manager, an area superintendent, or if he is some combination of several of these titles. He must be the spark that initially triggers a series of events that filter down through his entire organization if personal safety Is to be an important factor in our everyday living. Just as sure as he is the man who sets the pace for those qualities of leadership that result in a successful enter prise, so must he be the "pace setter" that sets the stage for safety of operation. Not so long ago I was requested to make a talk on industrial safety before a group of supervisors in a plant of one of our well-known industrial institutions. Prior to the meeting the safety supervisor of this plant took me aside and, in a subdued voice, said one of my troubles here is to get the boss to listen to me He seems to want safety hut he doesn't want to take time to discuss safety problems. He cautiously sag- 12 irr'ss have jmdude jrtant Some ifficult chemi safest No cation, equip* : and gender and we have ion is a raat- be directed to tncourage inss of the size niiational re- tt the success is the sum of many peoi is fast disscene. I was it because the i Supervision at I am ex* r people, and it to do. asked what, n ingredients im. Without if expression, he boss." e ^s." It be J presial manager, tendent, or if eral of these that initially t filter down 1 if persona] Factor in our as he is the e.qualities of tessful enter*, s setter" that nation. sted to make fore a group one of our ms. Prior to risor of this ubdued voice. Is to get the ems to want take time to .utiously sug Glass and Ceramics, Rubber Industries gested that .I direct some of my remarks to guidance and advice; his duties conflict in assist him in getting the boss interested. no way .noth those of line supervision who In my opinion, the person who merely gives lip service to personal safety does as much to retard it as he dcies to help it If your place of work is to be a safe place, the boss not only must believe in safety but he must take ah active interest and set the example. He must take time to Visit the various work areas and be alert to off-stand- have direct responsibility for all activity m their area of influence. If his ideas on safety conflict with those of the safety supervisor he appeals his case to the "supreme court," which is a central safety committee with each major depart ment represented and chairmaned by "the boss." . ard conditions and see that proper action is Under the heading of organization comes taken to overcome them. He must be ever safety meetings. It has been our experience sensitive to the need for finding better and that meetings, per se, have little meaning safer ways of doing a job. He must set unless they offer some sort of personal stim goals of safety performance that can be ulant to our safety effort. We have seen met only when every person in the organi poor safety performance in areas where zation understands that safety, is Jus re meetings were more numerous than areas sponsibility and is willing to pay the price where performance was good. It isn't so to obtain it. He must have a contagious en much the number or duration of meetings-- thusiasm that sparks safety interest every it's the subject matter and the way it's minute and every day, both on and arfthe~ -presented. ' plant, because safety isn't a part-time job. I have seen some meetings where the men Cultivating and building the necessary re straints that promote safe habits require a courageous discipline--and our emotions are not inclined to an off and on procedure; If your boss practices safety solely because he understands it as a part of bis official duty, then the scoreboard of your safety effectiveness will show some disappointing conducting them were completely unpre pared and the meeting usually ended in a griping session over some matter other than safety. Fortunately these are in the minority as most of our meetings assign specific re sponsibility to some individual or group wherein a specific problem or program is thoroughly and attractively presented. results. He must not only believe it as a A most popular meeting at our plant is result of his own emotional being, he most known as the "tail gate" meeting. It is live it and practice it--always. In so doing usually held at , the beginning of each work be will be setting the pace for all who crane day and lasts from 5 to 10 minutes. A fore in contact with him and his satisfaction will be manifest in a feeling of putting a few plttsses in the pot of life. So, for your No. 1 item put down the "boss." man calls together his group in a quiet cor ner of the plant and discusses the safety aspects of their various assignments. His remarks may range from some precaution in For the No. 2 position in creating per sonal responsibility--"organization." The most safety-minded, conscientious boss in the the use of general equipment or it may have some bearing on a new or particularly haz ardous job to be performed that day. world can't just say I want a safe plant The men themselves freely discuss the and get it--there must be an effective or- safety aspects of thor assignments and a ganizational structure. He must get results team effort is generated that promotes indi through people; and by this I do not submit vidual responsibility. If through the day that safety can be secured by remote control. unknown conditions arise; work may be His. safety organization must reach people stopped until ithe facts surrounding the sit in all echelons of responsibility from the uation are known and the safety aspects have bras to the production .worker. A creative been reviewed by all concerned. organization is a participating one, and .it will soon be. found that die source of some of your most worthwhile safety ideas rrrm* via the suggestion box. -The last point tobe made under the head ing -of "organization" is the personalities occupyingthe various- echelons of authority. The best organizational structure in the While many of our plants employ a safety world can: be retarded by one'inactive, dis supervisor'to whom we look for safety interested, uncooperative individual or one 13 A 1959 National Safely Congress who performs just well enough to stay on the payroll. If a supervisor is sloppy with his safety he is probably the same in matters pertaining to quality, cost and employee relations. I don't feel that this subject needs much com ment because there are usually two courses of action--first, a frank appraisal and a conscientious effort to get the person to per form in a more effective maimer. This fail ing, he is either removed or you put up with a poor job. Before leaving the subject of "organization,'' I would like to take a look at the foreman--that all-important link be tween the boss and the production worker. All too often I am afraid we overlook the importance of keeping our foremen well equipped with the proper tools to do an ef fective job. An organization blessed with alert, jwell respected, intelligent foremen is well on its way to establishing not only good safety performance; but records in quality*, cost, productivity and employee relations. Not so long ago on one of our construc tion jobs an alert foreman probably pre vented a serious accident. On the particular day in question, plans had been made to lift a piece of heavy* equipment in place on the roof of a tall building. The work was to be done by* using a portable crane with a long boom and extension. In placing this equip ment it was necessary to lift the load over operating equipment with very close space limitations--it was a job for a well seasoned, emotionally stable crane operator. The day before, the foreman picked out his best man (call bun Joe) and went over the entire job. They considered all the haz ards involved, checked the equipment and made the necessary plans to do the job. The following morning when Joe came to work the foreman noticed he was limping slightly and asked what was wrong. Joe replied that his knpe was a little sore because he bad twisted it the night before at home in the yard but it was O.K.--it didn't bother him too much. The foreman, realizing that his bad leg was the one used to brake the load on the crane, didn't want to take a chance and, be ing anxious not to hurt Joe's feelings, said, "We have decided not to go through with the crane job today and I would like you to do some work in the rigging loft" This alert foreman did three things in just a few seconds--first he stopped a job that he wasn't sure could be done safely; second, be handled the situation in such a way that Joe was spared embarrassment, and, third, he gave Joe mostly a sitting down job to rest his knee in hopes that he would be able to do the job tomorrow. There are many such stories to be told and the point I want to make is the impor tance of having your foreman check every man every day on coming to work and, in addition, to know his people so well that he can detect emotional irregularities and take corrective action before something happens. An alert supervisory organization is price less. If you don't have it, get an effective training program underway immediately. The No. 3 Item on my list is "program." Line supervision feels that an attractive, in teresting program, well publicized and pre sented, wherein a maximum number of peo ple take an active part, is most effective in establishing "personal responsibility." This is a genual program for the entire plant and does not take the place of any additional program the individual areas or sections contemplate. I recall three years ago one of oar areas was having SO per cent of all the injuries. The supervisor in charge decided that some thing beyond the general plant program was needed and set up a system of daily indi vidual safety* contacts and required his su pervision to make a one-hour safety inspec tion every day. The results were catalogued and studied, and before the year was out he had one of the best performance records in the plant. His investigation revealed a general letdown, due mainly to a morale problem that developed over working con ditions and was not recognized until an exhaustive search was made. Regardless of what kind of business we are in, we must have a plan before we can effectively produce. A top flight captain and crew in England must chart a course or file a flight pattern if they expect to arrive in New York or Rome or Tokyo. It's not enough to know that the plane is airworthy, it must he directed by a predetermined plan Tins requires forethought and study; the problems of flying have to be understood and compensated for, and as the flight pro ceeds adjustments must he made to com- 14 (lings in / a joh safely; ion in such a mbarrassment, a sitting down that he would w. ies to be told : is the imporn check even work and, in o well that he rities and take thing happens. cation is pricert an effective mediately. is "program." attractive, in. azed and preumber of peoist effective in ;iWlity." This e entire plant any additional s or sections : of our areas II the injuries. Jed that some: pe-'ram was of Jly indiqtiired his susafety inspecere catalogued year was out mance records on revealed a to a morale working conused until an f business we before we can ht captain and course or file t to arrive in kyo. It's not i is airworthy, tennined plan, id study; the be understood the flight pronade to com Glass and Ceramics. Rubber Industries pensate for changing conditions or a mis a man is left alone on a new job, be should interpretation of original data. The entire be acquainted with the safety rules and reg crew must be ever alert to the needs of the ulations and any outstanding hazards that hour, because only by constant vigilance he may overlook. and adjustment--a changing of emphasis I believe, however, there are certain basic from one condition to another--can the flight fundamentals that assist any program, re be successful. gardless of its specific needs, and I would Planning a successful voyage in personal like to name just a few. safety is a challenging experience because it deals mostly with the complex problem of human emotion and behavior. It may be well to think of the program in terms of train ing and, before we embark on a training program, we must define the needs. I have seen examples of very effective programs and others that did not seem to accom plish the job. Begin and end the day with a safety thought. This can be done by having an at tractive, well maintained safety sign at the plant entrance. It may carry a brief safety thought, or it may show the number of in juries or elapsed days since the last reportable injury. Don't clutter it up with a lot of words or statistics. If your plant layout permits, yon may have a safety sign at the I purposely did not use the words "good" main exit that carries a message to encour and "bad" programs because I am afraid age safety on the highway and at home. that what we might call a bad program is not really that ifisn't worth'SnythingF--it is probably one of two things. Either it is out of place or premature or it is not properly presented. Something like trying to teach logarithms before the multiplication tables or it may be that the instructor isn't capable of teaching. We have a situation in our company right., now that illustrates my point. I will discuss this further under the next heading. We have been trying to find some effective way to measure safety effectiveness and eight of our plants embarked on pretty much the same general scheme. After one year we find some plants losing interest in its effec tiveness and others claim it's the best safety tool "we have developed for sometime. Every organization has a certain character; its needs differ from others; some are old and The first few minutes at yonr desk or in your work area should carry a safety thought Almost before I can say "hello" and "good morning" to my office force the safety supervisor appears to give me a safety audit for the past 24 hours. Tins includes injuries on and off the plant and near seri ous injuries. What happened--how it hapened--and action taken to prevent recur rence. Some plants put this safety audit on a tape and you can get it by dialing a certain number. Selling safety by placing appropriate signs at well travelled locations or at lunch count ers or cafeterias is helpful. A short safety message on automotive equipment--our com pany cars have the words "Drive Carefully" printed on each ride, and all cars .are equipped with safety belts. experienced; and others young and untrained, Establish a safety theme--Safety is an and I believe the needs of a particular group all-time job--Safety is our business, not our must be studied and a program planned to sideline--Safety is your responsibility-- satisfy the need. Safety is a way of life--these and hundreds An organization that lias been exposed to a well balanced safety effort for sometime does not need the same ABC fundamental approach as a group of new recruits with out any safety training at all I feel that this is an important point to recognize be of others can be used effectively oo- yonr letterhead, at the bottom of memo pads; or they may be printed on small inexpensive buttons and given to all employees. "Today 'I will work safely" buttons have been used effectively in some of oar plants. cause very often we hire young people who Your program should include a safety are unaccustomed to our industrial methods audit of all operations--and don't forget the and veiy often they are placed with older offices. It's surprising bow many unsafe hands without proper indoctrination, includ practices yon will find in the antral steno ing personal safety. graphic pooL Care also needs to be exercised in chang The use of proper equipment--safety ing people from one job to another. Before shoes, safety glasses, hard hats and many 15 1959 National Safety Congress other types of specialized equipment should- be well instructed in the safe operation of be studied. If a plant or area requires cer equipment in his area. tain types of safety equipment, it should be for everybody entering that plant or area-- yes, even the boss. Your safety program should include a sure-fire reporting system, both up and down the line. Communications in safety work is Your program should include the active just as important as monitoring information participation of the mechanic; production on the rifle range--you must know where worker, and operator, as well as members your shots are landing so you can correct of supervision. The safety proctor system, your aim. Proper functioning of committees when properly established, is most effective: and inspection teams is a must if your pro A member of each small crew is designated gram is to produce results. for one week (this may be varied according to conditions) as the safety proctor of his particular area and is given time each day (and don't make it too short) to look for any hazards or off-standard conditions. Promptness in handling unsafe conditions thus reported will soon build a feeling that safety is not only important but it's "my responsibility." When Toil'have made progress with cmthe-plant safety, you should stress the need for off-the-plant safety. "Safety is an alltime job" or "Take safety home with you" are types of slogans suggested to lack off this important effort. I repeat that proper safety attitudes do not result from an off and on procedure--it's an all-time job. I had a personal experience a few weeks ago that illustrates this point I asked one of the boys from the plant labor crew to help me at my home one Saturday morning and, during the course of the day, I asked him to knock the top off a big mound of concrete that had been left there by the construction men. I gave him a heavy steel point and hand hammer to do the job. He hesitated a moment and said, "Boss, I can't do this job because I haven't any eye protection." That's the kind of safety care and action that pays off. I had a pair of coverall gog gles in my back pocket all the time, and I assure you I complimented George most highly' tSn his safety attitude. ' Much more could be said on program but I want to cover the last item which I feel is most important--"measuring results." Ask almost anyone in your organization how thej' measure their safety effectiveness and they probably will say by the number of injuries or the frequency rate. Ask the top man in your state patrol how safe it is to travel on the highways of his state and he will probably recite some statistics about traffic accidents last year and what it looks like this year. How safe were we in our homes last year--27,000 people lost their lives in the United States. My friends, is this a measure of your safety or your lack of safety? Isn't it a measure of how unsafe we are? At .east you will have to admit it's a negative safety measurement. This is just measuring what has been--wouldn't it be wonderful if we could be positive in our measurement and see the rapids ahead before we entered into the swirls that toss us about and suck us under? You men and women of the glass and ceramics industry know that if proper proc essing conditions are not maintained you end up with a mess of junk on your hands. Do you just start things rolling and keep your fingers crossed until the cycle is complete, and just hope things come out all right? Or do you closely monitor the various condi tions of temperature, speeds, flows, additions, time and the many other variables that need Ask your employees to make a habit of adjustment? checking their homes and automobiles for Of course, you keep tab on every variation unsafe conditions or fire hazards. Yon will because that's the only way you can come find that your employees will -respond to up with a quality product Your effective these requests in surprisingly large numbers. ness is measured by the first-grade yield-- General safety rules covering the specific needs of each area should be posted in a well lighted location. Every operator should be not by the heap of junk at the plant dump. That's a measure of bow ineffective you were. "checked out" periodically to see if they are Why not measure safety effectiveness by understood. A new man on the job should monitoring die things that lead to unsafe 16 >per"Hou of 1 include a tp and down ety work is information enow where can correct ' committees if your pro program but vhich I fed esults." organization effectiveness the number te. Ask the w safe it is is state and tistics about hat it looks we in our : lost their re of your Isn't it a !? At .'east ative safety airing what srful if we retpeqt and en ) into d -A s glass and troper procaed you end hands. Do | keep your is complete, l right? Or ions condis, additions, s that need ry variation i can come ur effectiveade yield-- plant dump, fective you 9 ttiveness by I to unsafe Glass and Ceramics, Rubier Industries conditions rather than wait until things get so far out of control that you wind up with a broken leg or arm or maybe the loss of a life One year ago last May we, at Old Hick ory, embarked on just such a measurement scheme. I might say we were not the first in our company to try it. We more or less borrowed a system that had been tried for a short period in some of our other depart ments. You can call it a "safety control pro gram" or a "safety measurement index," or any other name, but it works like this; The plant is divided into ten major in spection areas. There are five inspections made each week and statistically, it is evi dent that each area under random drawing will be inspected on an average of once every two weeks. The areas to be inspected are drawn by the~saety office on Friday morning. This information is not disclosed until shortly before the actual time of in spection. The inspectors are members of super virion, including the staff and area super visors or equivalent. The inspectors for the forthcoming week are drawn on Friday afternoon prior to the inspection week. Fol lowing the drawing, the inspectors are ad vised of the day, but not the area, they are scheduled to make the inspection In order that they may reserve free time during that day. Two inspection times are drawn each day to allow the scheduling of the inspection with a minimum of conflicts to previous commitments by the inspector. The inspector proceeds, along with a member of the safety department, to the area 5 minutes prior to the time of the inspection and is accompanied on the in spection by the ranking member of super vision. In the event no member of super vision is available, the inspection is made as usual. Inspection time is one hour. Area supervision is responsible for cor recting any items uncovered and making a prompt report of the inspection to the safety department Inspectors observe two things: L Actions of people, classified as safety rule violations, unsafe practices, or poor safety judgment 2. Physical plant conditions, such as poor housekeeping where there is safety involved, equipment hazards such as inadequate guard ing, and other physical conditions of the plant which could produce injuries. Each inspection is given a numerical value as follows: Total items found (acts of people and physical conditions) divided by the number of inspection minutes. Charts of the areas inspected, showing their potential injury index, are posted in the area offices. In addition, the inspection team makes work cycle checks or parts thereof depend ing on the job, and sometime daring the inspection the staff member of the team con tacts at least three employees on some phase of safety. The employee may be asked what he con siders the greatest safety hazards of his job, how many times he is normally con tacted on safety matters, or what, in bis opinion, would make our safety program more effective. Also, be may be asked cer tain questions about the program for that particular month. His answers will, in part, be a measure of the effectiveness of our communications (If Ins supervisor is doing an effective contact job by being understood) and the employee's attitude in general. Prompt action is taken in those cases that appear to need attention. The safety department member of the in spection team makes sure that all of the inspections are carried out on a comparable basis. This gives more uniformity to our inspections and the variable index figures are not the result of one team being less critical than others. Again, with more experience, this item will become less important At the staff meeting each Monday morn ing, a member of the safety department re views briefly the results of the inspections for the previous week. We have had about 18 months of experi ence now with this type of measurement and it is the consensus of opinion by all that it is the most effective safety' tool we have developed in sometime. The results of our manufacturing effort are a measure of how well we control the processing variables. By the same token, our safety effectiveness requires continuous vigilance and checking the many factors that produce satisfactory performance. Our prob lem has been and continues to be to properly 17 1959 National Safely Congress identify* and measure a]] the variables that ' our lot as men reach into the tomorrows in affect safety effectiveness. their-search for the more abundant life We do not consider that the type of safety. Unquestionably these concerns, regardless measurement effort, which I have outlined, of how major or minor they may be, will is the perfect answer to this problem. On usher in new values and force upon us new the contrary', it will require much more methods to meet the new conditions. This is study and refinement to make it a more just as true in the field of personal safety effective tool. However, in its present form as it is in labor relations^ or foreign policy. it is serving a very useful purpose in pro moting a greater safety awareness and plac ing our overall effort on a higher plateau of accomplishment The question might wdl be asked, -if we cannot predict with any degree of accuracy what the changes win- bring--how can we prepare for it? This is a good question, how My comments thus far have dealt prettymuch with the present--what about the fu ture? What about "Safety in the Sixties" ever, I am convinced that regardless of the complexity of our future problems there is a common denominator of effort that will --What has been the record in the fifties? During the past 10 years, over 900,000 acci dental deaths have occurred in the U.S.A. --146,000 of these were industrial and the remainder, or about 785,000, were non-industriaL,,-Ttaffic fatalities accounted for over 350,000. A frightening situation to think abont I believe the foregoing analysis definitely suggests one basic fact--If the sixties are to be safer than the fifties; what we have make our work place, our homes and our communities safer places to live. Safety cannot be legislated--it must be lived--it must be accepted as a personal re sponsibility. We can insulate people from all the known hazards, but we can't do their thinking.. "As a man thinketh, so is he." So, in keeping with the theme of this Con gress, let us get "Safety in the Sixties" bymaking "Safety a personal responsibility." been doing is not good enough. We must A properly directed program at work will accomplish more--much more. The char carry over and be felt to some degree in the acter of our living is rapidly changing community. However, if we are interested, whether it be industrial or social. The pres and we certainly should be, in reducing the ent atomic age is ushering in many new number and severity of accidents that hap areas of activity. Daily we read about al pen beyond the boundaries of our work most unbelievable development and discov place, this plant safety carryover isn't eries--man is literally reaching for the enough. It must be stimulated by active par moon. It seems to me that the challenge ticipation on the part of civic organizations of the sixties is to do a little catching up and public officials. so that the development of character and Those of us who really want to contribute moral responsibility is more in keeping with something worthwhile to the community ef our scientific growth. fort have an excellent opportunity' to do a As individuals and as nations; we must care for the well being of ourselves and our neighbors. I claim no originality for this statement--it is as old as life itself--but its antiquity does not detract from its implied responsibility'. I know of no way to forecast, within any acceptable degree of accuracy, the new prob lems that the many changes of the next ten years will bring. That the immediate years ahead will be challenging is, I believe, with out doubt. We will see a greater competitive awareness, a growing concern for our na tional solvency, a greater fear of opposing philosophies. Space flight is almost here and great public service by approaching the su perintendent of schools, the PTA, chamber of commerce, civic dubs, churches, boyscouts, girl scouts, YMCA, chief of police, and many others, and offer our services in planning and effectuating a program that will make our homes and communities safer and happier places to live. I am going to dose by telling a story-- incidentally, a true one. There is a small community* in the South with a population of about 5,000 people. .For the most part the people are employed in a local plant owned and operated by one of our large chemical organizations. travel to other planets is in advanced stages This particular company places a lot of of planning. These and anany more will be emphasis on personal safety, and about 18 moiSDws in in^ j regardless ay be. will pon us new ns. This is onai safety agn policy. iked, if we *f accuracy >w can we stion, howless of the us there is t that will s and our t must be ersonal reple from i*t do their so is he." this ConSixties" by rribility." work will greein the interested, during the that hapour work wer isn't let' Par ian. Jons contribute nuniiy efy to do a ig the su, chamber ches. boy of police, ervicesin [ram that tries safer a story-- s a small population t part the nt owned chemical a lot of id about Glass and Ceramics, Rubber Industries twelve years ago one of the engineers at this plant reasoned that if our personal safety was good for grownups it must also be good for school children, and he was in strumental in selling to the principal of the local grade school the need for a safety pro gram. It wasn't long before his enthusiasm spread to rite teachers and students and parents, and as a result the children of this school have, during the past five years, been nationally recognized twice as the safest school in our nation. Incidentally, the name of this com munity is Old Hickory, Tennessee. NOISE CONTROL -- SUCCESSFUL CASE STUDIES By J. C. RADCLIFFE Supervisor, Industrial Safety Section, Ford Motor Co, Dearborn, Mich. During the past ten years the question of noise and its affect on hearing has re ceived increasing emphasis. Noise has been receiving this emphasis because of our inefiased meriianirariem and automation of work processes. Parts which previously were toted from place to place manually, now are placed on conveyors which cany them over, under and around to a place where they are dropped or pushed onto a new work loading station. Compressed air is being applied to the problem of moving parts or activating machines, sometimes without concern about the noise produced. The actual application of power in any form necessitates the use of cams, levers, clutches--so that machines have many mov ing parts which must contact each other or the part bring worked. Every contact can cause noise, and these machines must be constantly maintained in order to eliminate loose parts or poor fits which will create a noise source during operation. The baric principles of noise control can be classified in the following manner: 1. control of noise at source, 2. segregation of noisy machines or equipment, 3. replacement "or change in procedures, 4/ preventive maintenance. Some noise reduction can be accomplished without difficulty by application of these four principles. In some instances machines or areas may be quieted by a single .method. Usually, however, multiple sources are pres ent and several methods must be used to secure the desired result Frequently;' the control may be so complex that the services of acoustical consultants are needed to bring about a non-hazardous working environment for employes. The measurement of noise exposures is best done with instruments that read in decibels--sooes--octaves--Humans respond slowly--we need tools. Ear plugs, muffs or combination of these protective devices are a last means of con trol. They will provide from 15 to 30 decibels of attenuation primarily in the high octaves. In some instances no other control can be used. If plugs are used, good fitting is paramount to having the men use them. One of the better pings is a plastic type with a beeswax inner sac winch gives lubrication and is pliable so that ear fitting is much better than with other plugs. These various control techniques, illus trate an area in which the safety engineer can exert his influence. By bring familiar with what has been done he can aid Ins company engineers in putting into effect good in-plant control measures. One other area where the safety engineer should be alert is in the field of workmen's compensation law. Gradually, many states are beginning to consider the passage of specific legislation for workmen's compensa tion payments for permanent partial loss, pf hearing. New York, Missouri and Wiscon sin already have such special laws. In other states, some.awards are.possible under the existing workmen's compensa tion laws. Still others have been consider ing-special legislation in their most recent meetings. I believe that the safety engi neer in industry must keep abreast of his own state's trends in this matter.- Where practical he should make himself heard'so that whatever legislation is finally considered is accurate, fair and one within which his company can function satisfactorily. 19 1959 National Safety Congress INDUSTRY RO.UNDTABL/E DISCUSSIONS GLASS AND FIBER GLASS DISCUSSION GROUP WILLIAM H. KOPPERT, Discussion Leader Safety Supervisor, Owens-Coming Fiberglas Coipi, Newark, Ohio Safety and Outside Contractors--Several members of the discussion group outlined their company's program on this subject Some do not have the problem in that they put outside contract people on the company payroll thereby automatically rendering them obliged to comply with the company safety rules. Some companies do not with the safety _ tors, feeling that suclj of the contractor representatives plant safety ru| tractor and eluding com] requirement only in cumstani All parj problems safety e from plai to be a of policin' 4. One company represented had so much difficulty with visitors that they were obliged to discontinue all guided tours of casual visitors. This would, of course, not apply to customers, vendors, etc 5. The minimum age permitted varied somewhat, running between twelve and six teen. company takes great effort to inare safety trained. supply safely glasses to the light plastic frame to get the glasses back the glasses to the ;oi--There was not this subject that flass and ceramic centered around achines, etc The [rich the partirijcussed, most of low the six or bus lockout pro- Certain in their for construe1 a help or a most vital con- involves the effec'(uipment as it is in Safety time that it is put variety of _ ject but it was _ parries have taken tivc protection and Essential elements of the are as follows: 1. Schedule only certain areas of'the plant to be seen by visitors. 2. Rope off aisles for large groups, or rope off areas not to be included in plant visits. 3. There was considerable discussion about signed releases. Various states give varying legal credance to signed releases. Even in the states were they are net worth much legally, some plants do require releases to impress safety on the visitor if nothing else. Committee Members-- on this subject veered into 'inanagement-union relations on and proved to be interesting. Regarding this heading, however, one com pany stated that the key part of the main tenance of their safety training program was that supervisors were obliged to contact each person once a month for two or three min utes on the subject of safety and report each contact Another company, the department safety committee is appointed by the plant manager and they operate on a full-time basis. More exact on this subject the matter of retura-to-work of disability employees came 20 had so much were obliged [5 of raai^l not apply to litted varied dve and six- effort to inrained. ty glasses to Elastic frame glasses back uses to the icre was not subject that and ceramic ered around nes, etc. The the particised, most of the six or lor' j pro fit vital con es the effec: as it is in>at it is put Members-- veered into relations on ing. _ er, one comf the mainrogram was contact each * three tninand report meat safety mt manager basis. e matter of loyees came Glass arid Ceramics, Rubber Industries up and several participants mentioned that their companies- were not in favor of the policy of returning employees to light work pending their complete recovery. Also this sometimes adversely affected their safety rec ord and they felt it was to the best interest of all concerned to wait until the employee is completely recovered and able to perform his regular duties before returning him to work. Budgetary Control Safety Costs--It was volunteered by one company that each de partment is charged with a percentage of all safety costs based on the number of mem bers in each department The question of whether one multi-plant corporation should^ at all for accidents and safey It was generally agreed th?j --not-^ charged real dollar coi realistic and further hampers the safety message. Discipline of Safety Rules--Each partici pant stated that they do not discipline em ployees for' violations of safety rules, if they were actually hurt as a result of the viola tion. They felt that the injury alone was sufficient punishment To this another repre sentative asked, "How can we effectively control accidents without discipline even if the person is hurt?" To this question some agreed; some stated that the supervisor should be disciplined for not seeing that the ^gfety rules; and some felt red man was unjust kStill others felt kjed on its inipline could ts an aid right Kaiser Aluminum & Safety Provisions /1 Plant: The group dls.1 visitors and outside cont|_ it was agreed that guiu planned. Usually the safetj lay out planned tour routes! areas that would minimize 9 ards. It was agreed that the^ guide, familiar with the plant atH routes, for each group of 8-10 v2i __Eeral quesJfhow serious year plant and Minimum age for visitors should 69 What , do you coa- at 12 years. It was agreed that teen-age"5" M Wnous machine hazard at groups usually require special provisions; your plant? What type of accidents and how such as, five visitors per guide since they frequent are they in connection with these . are very curious and active. Everyone agreed, machine hazards and what are your control that personal protective equipment that is re measurers? quired by the workmen in the shop areas, in cluded in the tour, must also be worn by the viators. The group then discussed the potential problems encountered, when outside contrac In general, the group felt that the most effective approach is to guard all moving machine parts that are six foot or less from the floor, either by enclosure or positive iso lation. It was particularly noted that ele tors are working in a plant It was agreed that the key step, is to include in the contract itself the stipulation that contractor person nel must comply with the plant safety regu lations. vated work areas must be carefully studied, as maintenance personnel, such as, tilers are frequently exposed if moving machine parts are not guarded. In discussing large drive units, employing overhead belt systems, it The majority of the group agreed that was stated that shielding is required to pre- 21 rf --At !S! m 1959 National Safety Congress INDUSTRY ROUNDTABLE DISCUSSIONS GLASS AND FIBER GLASS DISCUSSION GROUP WILLIAM H. KOPPERT, Discussion Leader Safety Supervisor, Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp., Newark; Ohio Safety and Outside Contractors--Several 4. One company represented had so much members of the discussion group outlined difficult}' with visitors that they were obliged i their company's program on this subject to discontinue all guided tours of casual Some do not have the problem in that they visitors. This would, of course, not apply to put outside contract people on the company customers, vendors, etc. payroll thereby automatically rendering them obliged to comply with the company safety rules. 5. The minimum age permitted varied somewhat, running between twelve and six teen. Some companies do not concern themselves with the safety practices of outside contrac tors, feeling that such things are the problem ofjhe contractor and not the principal. Other representatives included compliances with the plant safety rules as part of the outside con tractor and thereby enforce compliance in cluding compliance with protective equipment 6. One company takes great effort to in sure that the guides are safety trained. 7. Several firms supply safety* glasses to visitors, usually of the light plastic frame variety'. Some expect to get the glasses back and some simply gave the glasses to the visitors^ requirements. Still others require compliance Machine Hazard Control--There was not only in certain areas or under certain cir a great deal developed on this subject that cumstances that warrant was at all peculiar to the glass and ceramic All participants agreed that one of the big industry. The discussion centered around problems is the borrowing of both plant and guarding of belts, running machines, etc The safety equipment by contractor members various state codes with which the partici from plant stores. This was felt by some pants were familiar were discussed, most of to be a_ problem that needed a great deal them requiring guarding below the six or of policing. seven foot leveL The various lockout pro Certain states are more strict than others cedures were discussed. in their enforcement of state safety codes AH agreed that one of the most vital con for construction and thus this factor is either trols of machine hazards involves the effec a help or a hindrance as the case may be. tive guarding of new equipment as it is in Safety Provisions for Plant Visitors--A variety of practices was evident on this sub stalled and prior to the time that it is put into operation. ject, but it was dear that most member com Turning Safety Committee Members-- panies have taken steps to insure the effec The discussion on this subject veered into tive protection and safety of visitors. the field of management-union relations on Essential dements of the various programs safety and proved to be interesting. are as follows: Regarding this heading, however, one com 1. Schedule only certain areas of'the plant pany stated that the key part of the main to be seen by visitors. tenance of their safety training program was 2. Rope off aisles for large groups, or rope off areas not to be induded in plant visits. 3. There was considerable discussion about signed releases. Various states give varying legal credance to signed rdeases. Even in the states were they are not worth much that supervisors were obliged to contact each person once a month for two or three min utes on the subject of safety and report each contact Another company,'the department safety committee is appointed by the plant manager and they operate on a full-time basis. legally, some plants do require rdeases to More exact on this subject the matter of impress safety on the visitor if nothing else. retum-to-work of disability employees came 20 bad so much were obliged s of casual not apply to itted varied Ive and six- effort to inained. > glasses to lastic frame ' glasses back isses to the ere was not subject that and ceramic xed around xs, etc The the partiriJed, most of the ,six or oc' ^ pro- st vital cons the efter as it is inat it is put Members-- veered into relations on ""Jig. ' ..... tr, one comf the mainrogram tvas xmtact each three minand report nent safety nt manager basis. i matter of !oyees came Glass and Ceramics, Rubber Industries up and several participants mentioned that their companies were not in favor of the policy of returning employees to light work pending their complete recovery. Also this sometimes adversely affected their safety rec ord and they felt it was to the best interest of all concerned to wait until the employee is completely recovered and able to perform his regular duties before returning him to work. Budgetary Control Safety Costs--It was volunteered by one company that each de partment is charged with a percentage of all safety costs based on the number of mem bers in each department The question of whether one plant in a multi-plant corporation should be charged at all for accidents and safety costs arose It was generally agreed that if the plant is Hot charged real dollar costs, it is not very realistic and further hampers the safety message Discipline of Safety Rules--Each partici pant stated that they do not discipline em ployees for violations of safety rules, if they were actually hurt as a result of the viola tion. They felt that the injury alone was sufficient punishment To this another repre sentative asked, "How can we effectively control accidents without discipline even if the person is hurt?" To this question some agreed; some stated that the supervisor should be disciplined for not seeing that the people followed safety rides; and some felt that to penalize an injured man was unjust under any circumstances. Still others felt that the case should be considered on its in dividual merits and proper discipline could be issued to an injured employee as anaid in the total safety program under the right circumstances. CERAMIC DISCUSSION GROUP JOHN S. HALL, Discussion Leader Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corp., Columbiana Refractories Div., Columbiana, Ohio Safety Provisions for Visiting Groups in Plant: The group discussed provisions for visitors and outside contractors. For visitors, it was agreed that guided tours should be planned. Usually the safety department would lay out planned tour routes through the work areas that would minimize exposure to haz ards. It was agreed that there should be a guide, familiar with the plant areas and tour routes, for each group of 8-10 visitors. Minimum age for visitors should be set at 12 years. It was agreed that teen-age groups usually require special provisions; such as, five visitors per guide since they . are very curious and active Everyone agreed, that personal protective equipment that is re quired by the workmen in the shop areas, in cluded in the tour, must also be worn by the visitors. The group then discussed the potential problems encountered, when outside contrac tors are working in a plant It was agreed that the key step, is to include in the contract itself the stipulation that contractor person nel must comply with the plant safety regu lations. The majority of the group agreed that practical control of the safety regulations require that plant line management must re port all safety violations promptly, so that the safety or engineering department can fol low up immediately to obtain compliance be fore these sub-standard practices become established. Machine Hasard Control: Several ques tions were discussed including how serious is the V-belt exposure in your plant and how do you control it? What do you con sider the most serious machine hazard at your plant? What type of accidents and how frequent are they in connection with these machine hazards and what are your control measurers? In general, the group felt that the most effective approach is to guard all moving machine parts that are six foot or less from the floor, either by enclosure or positive iso lation. It was particularly noted that ele vated work areas must be carefully studied, as maintenance personnel, such as, oilers are frequently exposed if moving machine parts are not guarded. In discussing large drive units, employing overhead belt systems, it was stated that shielding is required to pre- 21 tl m Mi 1959 National Safety Congress dude the possibility of a broken belt, drop ping or flying out into the work area. Budgetary Control Safety Cost--Single and Multi-Plant Operations: One of the members of the group described in detail the system used by his company, covering multi plant operations. The system requires that cost estimates be made for each accident case. These are summarized and shown in a monthly report, which goes to the respon sible operating unit Each quarter the actual costs are charged against the operating unit's financial account. This method has been found to be very useful as it helps the op erating management to fully, appreciate the costs of accidents. The group agreed that accident cost reporting is of value and could be a useful part of every safety program. thp^sponr jctual ratu^ unit's l has been rips the op- preciate the agreed that e and could rognun. RUBBER SECTION SAFETY COUNSELOR IN A RUBBER PLANT By EARL E. GOLDSWORTH Safety Director, The Gates Rubber Co., Denver, Colo. I feel honored to be here today to talk about Safety at Gates. We are not one of the largest companies--we are sixth in size. Let's talk about our Safety at Gates. Rec ords from 1911 to 1936 are non-existent but it seems the company knew that it was having too many accidents and something had to be done about it. In 1936 Gates de rided it wanted to get more employees into the act, and a group known as the Safety Counselors was formed. Each department or area was to elect a representative for safety matters. Meetings were held as often as necessary. No supervisors were to be elected. The person who was elected had his regular job to do and in addition was interested enough in the program to want to help management do a better job in .safety. These elected persons (they are now appointed b>* the supervisor with the ap proval of the Safety Department) worked under the direction of the personnel di rector and their department head until 1942. In 1942 the job of the personnel director was getting larger and larger and so was the safety job, $o the company decided it needed someone who could give more time to safety, and a man from die engineering department was given safety as a parttime job. At this time a safety committee composed of two divisional superintendents, two shift foremen, the personnel director and safety director was also formed to assist and ad vise the safety department The company frequency rate was 2139 in 1942 and went to 22.41 in 1943. It was then derided that the safety engineer's job should be full time. More responsibility was placed on the safety counselors and through the ef*orts of the full-time safety engineer, the counselors and supervisory personnel, our frequency rate declined. At the end of 1958 our rate was 239, with the rubber industry rate bring 2.81. Our rate at the end of September this year was 0.00. We have unproved quite a bit. and we feel the counselor group has been a leading factor in lowering this rate. I have told you previously that the coun selors were originally elected but are now appointed, and when these persons come in to the safety department, we give them a counselor's booklet and go over it with them, explaining the job. These people are not forced to accept the job as a safety coun selor, however very few ever refuse it. They are appointed by the supervisor with the approval of the safety department The term of office is 12 months. These counselors are expected to attend 12 monthly meetings before their term is up. They can be removed by the safety department or their department head during this time, if we do not feel they are doing the job ex pected of them. If a counselor misses a meeting, he is expected to make it up. If the counselor misses three consecutive meet ings without a good legitimate excuse, he is ordinarily removed. Our safety counselor meetings' are held on the first Tuesday and the following Wednesday of each month in the company clubrooms or our roof garden, and coun selors are urged to read their notices each time to be sure of the meeting place. We hold a separate meeting for each shift: graveyard being from 6:00 to 7:00 A.M.; swing shift, from 10:00 to 11:00 P.M.; and day shift, 2:00 to 3:00 P.Mn on both Tues day and Wednesday. Some oF"the duties of a safety counselor are to attend the monthly meeting and they are allowed time and are paid for it They are allowed time to attend to safety matters in their area if arranged between their supervisor and them selves. If a counselor is unable to attend the meeting the foreman is asked to send a substitute so that his area will be repre sented, and our attendance is almost 100%. We want the supervisors to be represented in these meetings too, and we always have 23 1959 National Safety Congress one member of the safety committee and _ to check back on these with the foreman, one divisional superintendent attend. ' always 'being sure to give the foreman We have safety record boards in each de partment and more than one in some of the bigger departments and It is one of the jobs of the day shift counselor to keep this board in good shape. He is to keep the posters up and any other information that is sup posed to go on this board. enough tune to have been able to get the job done. Suggestions of a general nature which are not necessarily safety are sometimes brought up at the meetings and we attempt to iron out these and make any corrections neces sary. Each department has its own small first aid kit which the counselor is to keep sup plied with materials, getting them from our hospital. We ask our counselors to advise us if they will be unable to attend the monthly meetings or if they change departments or shifts. If they change departments or shifts Counselors watch for all types of unsafe equipment such as trucks, skids, ladders or hoists; they either tag them with a badorder tag, or inform the supervisor. We furnish badges and each counselor is expected to wear his badge while on duty. Some of these people wear them away from work and we have no objections to this. Whenever an accident occurs it is the direct responsibility of the supervisor to make a full and careful investigation with a report to the safety department. We are quite often able to prevent accidents by recognizing and eliminating causes. We ex pect the counselors to assist the foreman in these investigations. The counselors are right there doing the job and quite often are more familiar with the details than anyone. We also expect them to make sug gestions for the correction of conditions to prevent a recurrence. All of us know that unsafe acts on the part of an individual cause many accidents. We asked our counselors to watch for care less persons, and to either talk to them or have the foreman talk to them. If die counselors are unable to get action from their supervisors on unsafe conditions or unsafe acts, they bring these things to the attention of the safety department When counselors find an unsafe act or an unsafe condition, we ask them tb.write it down, make a record of the date, and to whom they talked about it We feel that this will prevent any misunderstandings later. We urge them to make contact with the individual or foreman immediately and not wait until the situation is past and the occurrence is forgotten. they are no longer counselors and their names go into an inactive file and they re main there until we are able to reappoint them in another department and allow them to continue their term. There are many other things not men tioned that the counselors do, and we stress in all of our meetings that unsafe acts are the number one thing they should always watch for and of course not do these things themselves. Part of the training we give our coun selors includes tips on the things they can talk about to other employees. Here are a few that we give them: 1. Open the conversation with a comment to which you know' the employee will agree. 2. Have a definite safety subject to talk about 3. Point out some of the unsafe acts that are done in your department and how they can be corrected. 4. Let the employee talk if he wants to, and you listen. 5. If you don't know' the answer, don't guess. Find out and then tell the em ployee. f>. If you leave the employee with a ques tion in his mind, go tack and answer it as soon as possible. 7. Get all unsafe conditions fixed as soon as possible and keep the employees ad vised of your progress. We also give the counselor an outline that he can use in talking to an employee if he can't think of something to say. This out line includes such tilings as the following: As we know' it takes time to correct some of the unsafe conditions that a counselor might turn in to his foreman, we ask them 1. He tells the employee what a counselor is and what he does. 2. He identifies his badge. e which are nes brought rapt to iron dons neces- 3vise us if he monthlv irtments or its or shifts and their nd they re0 reappoint allow them 1 not mend we stress ie acts are *uld always these things onr coun ts they can Here are a a comment ployee will ect *o talk () e acts that t and how : wants to, swer, don't il the em- ith a ques1 answer it ed as soon iloyees ad- outline that loyee if he This outillowing: i counselor M Glass and Ceramics, Robber Industries 3. He explains the procedure to follow if a person receives an injury, such as: re porting it on the same shift to his fore man; location of the first aid kit; telling him to he sure to have cuts and small scratches cared for; telling him where the hospital and first aid rooms are lo cated. 4. On machines he points out the special hazards. 5. On tools such as scissors and knives he tells the employee not to carry them point up in pocket; to use a sheath; and to use proper tools. 6. He just talks about general safety. Some of the things he can talk about are: the company policy, department records, gog gles and respirators; smoking, running, and horse-play; elevators, trades; and ' many, many other things. We also expect our counsdors to know what to do in case someone is injured, such as: where the location of the stretchers are, how to open them, how to place the patient on it, how to cover them up, and the trans port route to the hospital. We have our own hospital with seven full-time doctors and four full-time dentists. We also have twenty part-time specialists on our staff. Our health plan indudes the families of our employees. This means we are caring for some 20,000 people with various health and accident problems. In one of our monthly meetings during the year we have a fire prevention discus sion. At this time we talk about house keeping, the causes of fires, where our ex tinguishers are located, the land to be used, how to use them, and what to do with them after use. After a counselor has completed his term of twdve meetings, he is digible for what is known as a counsdor Club. It is one of the most exdusive clubs here at Gates because to be digible for membership you must have completed a term as a safety* counsdor. This dub elects its own officers, committees, and sponsors many worth-while activities. Dinner meetings are hdd once a month.. It is an honor to be a member of this dub. Also at the completion of thdr term, we give them a penal in appreciation of thdr service as a counsdor. On the back of the booklet we have what we call a safety check list We make many uses of this list, such as going out in the plant asking a person if they know what number 7 or number 5 or any other number might be. Sometimes prizes are awarded if they know the answer. Foreman and super visors also use it to promote safety. You may wonder how many of these counselors we have. Our day shift which includes the Tuesday and Wednesday groups, has approximately 75; swing has 45; graveyard has about 35. Our safety program indudes many other thing' in addition to these counsdors and we have tried all lands of ideas to prevent aeddents and make the workers safety con scious, concentrate on thdr work. We find it is seldom that an aeddent occurs through lack of knowledge; it is caused by em ployees not thinking about what they are doing when they are doing it. We furnish all types of safety equipment We have our own safety shoe store. Each year we set up some goals that we try to achieve. This year we want to beat a plant record of 48-days straight run without lost time. We want to get a two-month period during the year without any lost time in it We also want to achieve a frequency rate of 2.0 or better for this year. We believe "safety is a fact" I once heard someone say "not production and safety, but production with safety." I be lieve this can and will be done if we keep working at it in every industry in the land. Finally, we who are safety people and who believe in the prindples of safety must lend ourselves and our knowledge to our com munities to help prevent the terrific toll of off-the-job aeddents that we now have. Let's all work for more and better safety in this coming year. 4- 25 1959 National Safely Congress DERMATOSES AS RELATED TO THE RUBBER INDUSTRY By R. A. MANNING Manager. Safety Department, The Goodyear Tire ft Rubber Company, Akron, Ohio Dermatoses are abnormalities or inSanc cause the integrity of the skin has already tions of the skin and we will concern our broken down and allows for more easier ac selves only with those occupational in origin. cess by an potential irritant When one realizes that from 65-70 per cent of all occupational diseases reported in the United States are dermatoses and that about 50 per cent of compensation money expended is for this one problem, amounting to over $100,000,000 annually, it is a portion of the work environment that must he controlled. In the rubber industry, dermatitis must rep resent approximately $1,500,000 annually as it is estimated that 1JS per cent of all der matoses occurs in our industry. Surveys conducted in industry show that at any one time, approximately 1 per cent of the plant population will have a dermatoses. We estimate in our plant that OB per cent of our plant population will be affected and that about OB per cent will be a compensable case averaging $146 per case. This average is about one-half of the national average as our figures do not reflect the cost of a plant hospital with full-time physicians that han dle the vast majority of our cases, except when a dermatologist is required. There are certain predisposing causes of dermatitis, including: 5. Race; has less bearing than originally supposed, however, different types of skins can be important In general, blondes react more adversely to actinic rays than do bru nettes, dry skins react more adversely to volatile solvents than do moist skins, etc 6. Season of the year; has an effect be cause in the summer when less clothing is worn and more skin surfaces are exposed, coupled with additional perspiration.'Tnost dermatitis is seen. In addition, outside activ ity may influence or aggravate existing skin conditions more readily in the spring and summer as our climate then allows us to en gage in yard work, painting projects and gardening of all kinds. However, winter can also generate problems in that many em ployees are not as amendable to taking showers following a work shift due to the cold weather and customary personal hygiene breaks down. 7. Sex; b a factor in the overall problem as women tend to maintain a higher level of personal cleanliness than men and also us ually report minor skin disorders much more 1. Age; in that younger workers new on quickly than the male employee, so that many the job will frequently develop a problem cases of dermatitis do not develop into a within the first month of employment Then problem of any consequence a "hardening" effect takes place if dealing with a primary irritant and little trouble is experienced thereafter. It sometimes happens that an allergic type response will develop in some workers after many years of success fully working with materials. 8. Personal hygiene; b probably the great est factor in thb overall problem. Poor housekeeping in the work environment ex poses the worker to large quantities of mate rial and imdeanliness in the worker not only does the same, but allows prolonged, intimate 2. AUfcrgv; is always a factor when deal contact of materials with the skin of the ing with industrial materials and particularly employee. in the last few' years as many of the newer materials seem particularly prone to cause sensitization. 3. Perspiration; can act as both a diluting agent and also as a wetting or solubilizing agent thereby allowing greater, more inti mate skin contact The actual causes of dermatitis may be classified as: 1. Chemical and can be further sub-di vided into primary skin irritants and sensi tizers. A primary irritant affects the skin at the site of contact if it b permitted to remain In contact for a sufficient period of 4. Existing skin disease; appears to make time at adequate concentration. It has a workers more susceptible to dermatitis be direct chemical or physical action on the 26 / .) ran, Ohio has already e easier ac- n originally tes of skins londes react ian do brudversdy to skins, etc n effect bedothing is re exposed, ation, most stride activxisting skin spring and vs us to enrojects and , winter can many em- to taking doe to the mal hygiene all "roblcro he: of ad ^Jo usmneh more o that many slop into a y the greatdeni. Poor nnnent ex es of mate:er not only ed, intimate kin of the tis may be her sub-diand sensits the skin omitted to t period of It has a on on the Glass and Ceramics, Jiubber Industries skin either combining with the skin or taking could be eliminated or reduced in severity some essential ingredient from it. Some ex by good personal hygiene on the part of amples are adds, alkalies and most of the the employee. Frequent bathing, change of organic solvents. Sensitizers usually exhibit clothing at reasonable intervals, adequate at no observable manifestation on the initial ex tention to personally maintain the highest posure, but within a so-called "incubation" standard of housekeeping at his personal period of five days to two weeks subsequent work station and exercising a common-sense exposure can result in a definite and often approach in personal habits all can make a pronounced case of dermatitis. Of course significant contribution towards reducing the certain materials, some of the amines, are incidence in the work population. both primary irritants and sensitizers. Protective clothing or ointments are other 2. Biological agents; such as fungi and approaches that it may be necessary to utilize parasites must also be listed as potential skin to control your problems in this field. A note irritants, but in the rubber industry they pre of caution on protective ointments or creams; sent little exposure potential from an occu to be effective they must be properly chosen pational standpoint. for the exposure involved and properly used. 3. Mechanical; causes consisting of pres sure; friction, cuts and abrasions etc, all of which can become rites of secondary in fection and/or allow skin diseases present on If not, they can often cause more dermatitis than they prevent by sealing contactants next to the skin and actually holding them in contact with the skin. other parts of the body t relocate. In closing, I would like to summarize and 4. Physical; agents such as heat, cold, and radiation may also contribute to the derma toses by generating perspiration, breaking the integrity of the skin or by energy absorp tion that produces demonstrable skin changes. Prevention of dermatoses follows well point out that dermatoses is a major occu pational problem in American industry and a recent survey conducted by the National Safety Council revealed that 12 per cent of the injuries in the rubber industry were at tributable to this problem of dermatitis. established principles in the field of safety and industrial hygiene engineering. The first point to attack this problem, as with most, is in the pre-placement examination. Care must be exercised to place the employee in an en To avoid the problem, avoid the exposure. Maintain good housekeeping through ventila tion and personal effort, maintain good personal hygiene by providing adequate wash ing facilities and encourage their use (water vironment that his particular physical con less hand cleaners can be placed right at dition will contribute to successful employ work stations if necessary) and educate the ment Secondly, ventilation for removal of employees as to why certain measures are potential irritants from the work environ being taken and get their active support and ment and maintenance of good housekeeping participation in your preventive program. can do much to alleviating this expensive and Employee and employer alike can mate vexing problem. Third, the employee has as rially benefit financially and health-wise from much or more at stake in this situation as a sound and adequate program of dermatoses the employer and the majority of dermatoses prevention. YOUR SAFETY LINE FOR '59 By WAYNE L. CHRISTENSEN Supervisor, Field Force, Ohio Division of Safety & Hygiene, Columbus, Ohio - If you are employed in industry in the State of Ohio; the odds are better than one in four that you are bring exposed to the educational safety approach of "Your Safety Line for '59." Our orders from industry for material to conduct the program indicate that it is presently bring used by 1,965 com panies which employ in excess of 884,608 27 1959 National Safety Congress people. Use of the monthly posters only by_ breakdown of the steps necessary for the other companies carries our monthly theme* foreman or supervisor to prepare his presen into more than 11,000 Ohio plants. tation of the material dealing with each This safety program is truly a product of Ohio industry. It was created originally by a group of industrial safety people in northeastern Ohio, most of whom are mem bers of the Northern Ohio Chapter of the American Society of Safety Engineers, for monthly* theme This can be done in either of two ways. It can be used as the basis for a personal contact between the supervisor and his men individually. It is equally adapt able as an outline for a more formal group or departmental safety meeting. the purpose of promoting industrial safety In addition to this material dealing with in the greater Cleveland area. It was de the monthly themes, it contains information signed to bring some of the safety techniques on the objectives of a safety program, man bring used effectively by the larger indus agements' responsibility*, methods of devel tries into use in the smaller industries. oping a safety organization, the importance The Industrial Commission of Ohio and its Division of Safety and Hygiene became aware of the program and. recognizing its potential value, arranged to develop and pub lish it in exchange for permission to use it of proper employee placement, the effect of a good employee-training program on safety performance and the value of encouraging employees to carry* their safe habits into their off-the-job activities. on a statewide basis. This, then, is a brief The two earlier editionsjof this manual outline of the back-ground information. Tt is well to move on to a discussion of the program itself. The basic principles of the program are 1 A recognition by responsible management of the need for such a program, 2 A deter mination of the steps necessary to make the program effective under the conditions in which it is to operate, 3 The establishment of the inspection system and control re quired to assure that the program is con tinued in full force and effect, and 4 The deal witfTsuch other subjects as proper rec ord keeping to provide information regard ing hazardous conditions or operations, the value of careful accident investigation, the importance of a carefully planned inspection system, and a step-by-step outline of a job safety analysis. You can see that over the three-year pe riod this program has presented and ex plained nearly every safety technique known to industrial safety men. You will notice that these suggestions on creation of a system of communication which will guarantee that everyone who is con cerned with the program knows what his responsibilities are and why he must meet the use of the various techniques are pre sented only* to the person in charge of the program. We believe that on this skeleton each plant can build the type of program them. which it feels is most desirable for its par It would be appropriate to compare the initiation or installation of this program to the founding of a new business organization. ticular needs. It can be as simple, as prac tical, or as elaborate as each management wants it to be. You must first establish the business. You The second piece of material provided in must then determine the method by which this program is the Supervisor's Discussion the product is to be produced. Next you Guide While it is sufficiently* different in must establish a system of iiispectiorT'or appearance from the manual that there is quality control which will assure that you no difficulty* in distinguishing between them, are consistently producing a product of sal it bears enough resemblance to assure that able quality. Finally, you must sell the prod it will be recognized as a part of the pro uct gram. We will attempt to convince you that the It contains a brief statement dealing with program meets all of these requirements. the importance of the role played by the This is "Your Safety Line for '59." The supervisor in a safety program. It also manual was designed for use by the person presents the same outline for the develop in charge of the safety program for the ment of the various monthly themes as was entire plant It contains a complete listing contained in the manual. Each company can of the monthly safety' themes for the entire obtain enough of these to issue one to each year. In addition, it provides a complete foreman or supervisor. 28 sap' for tiic re| WesenB with each lone in other as the basis the supervisor equally adaptformal group dealing with s infoimatioR rogram, manids of develle importance the effect of am on safety encouraging S habits into this manual " 3 proper rec ation regardperations, the stigation, the led inspection line of a job hree-year pe lted and exmique known . iggestions on tue- re preha Jot the this skdeton of program : for its parpie, as pracmanagement provided in 's Discussion different in hat there is stween them, assure that of the pro- dealing with tyed by the m. It also the developemes as was xnnpany can one to each Glass and Ceramics, Rubier Industries These two pieces make up the material An attempt has been made to present the provided for use by management and its information contained in these booklets in representatives in developing their program such interesting and attractive style that the and preparing to present it to the employees. employees will want to carry them home Thar importance in the program car.:: at with them and share them with their fam be stressed too heavily. ilies. They are available in quantities which The other materials provided are designed make this possible. as aids to assist in getting the monthly' mes Much of what has been said to this point sage to the employee. is not new to many of you. The heavy con Probably the most impressive of these is centrations of rubber industry in Akron and the monthly safety streamer. It is designed other areas of Ohio insure that many of you to provide the quid: impact type of message. are using all or major portions of this pro Each month it presents the theme in colorful gram. For example, to mention only one Day-glo ink against a contrasting back company, it can be stated that "Pattern for ground. Kleen-stik has been applied to each Progress" is a major portion of the world end of the streamer to provide a quick, eas wide program of Firestone Tire and Rubber ily displayed safety reminder. Some plants company. Other major rubber companies display them on machines, on wall space in also follow the program and use its material frequented areas, or on mobile equipment in company' and employee publications. We Possibly less impressive but equally effec tive is the monthly safety poster. Designed primarily for bulletin board use, it is in encourage all Oluo industries to use or adapt the various parts' of the program to meet their individual needs. tended to serve as a constant reminder The question has been asked, "How is it throughout the month of the importance of possible for a state agency to provide such the roonthiy theme to each individual job. a program to the industries of that state Careful use of the multiple illustration tech without any charge for it?" The answer is nique helps to deliver a personal message to . simply' this. The Division of Safety and each employee. Hygiene is not a state agency in the usual Both of these items are available in the sense of the word. We operate, under the quantities necessary to make the monthly conditions established by a constitutional safety theme an obvious part of the safety amendment in Ohio, on a sum set aside from communication system. the employers' contributions to the Work There are two types of safety material connected with "Pattern for Progress" which are designed for direct distribution to the employee. The calendar card is designed to be car ried in the wallet of each employee and is man's Compensation Fund. This amount is not to exceed one per cent of such contribu tion. Actually, therefore, all employers are sharing the cost of the program. Those who do not use it are allowing a portion of their money to be spent in the interest of others. available in sufficient numbers to permit its We are trying % means of "Pattern for bring issued to each employee of a company Progress" to achieve these results. using the program at the beginning of the year. It carries a twelve-month calendar on one side and a complete listing of the safety' themes for each month of the year on the reverse side. The monthly employee booklet, which is many times referred to as a payroll insert takes some interesting or unusual fact and ties it in with the theme of the month in colorful fashion. While this type of book let can be used as a payroll insert where pay envelopes are used, we believe they achieve their greatest value when handed to each employee at the time of a personal safety (1) We are attempting to show manage ment not just its responsibility for the safety of its employees but also the advantages which a carefully developed accident pre vention program creates. Reduced costs, improved morale, and better public relations are among these. - (2) We are attempting to provide for the foreman or supervisor, who has been recognized as the "key" man in safety, some of the aids or tools which will enable him to fill that important role with maximum ef ficiency. contact or in connection with the monthly (3) We are attempting to convince the meeting where such meetings are held. employee, who many times is inclined to con- 29 SS ill pi iSKii jj & ?mivi? m i m 1959 National Safety Congress sider safety as a company program with no _ April --Keeping Neat Can't Be Beat particular meaning to him, that there is Subject--Good Housekeeping something in it for him. May --Use the Right Tool Property We are convinced that, when each of these Subject--Hand Tools element? is recognized and given its proper attention, the frequency and severity of in dustrial injuries will be greatly reduced. When management assumes its rightful role as the leader in creating and maintain ing conditions favorable to safety--a climate in which safety can grow and develop, when supervision provides the instruction and training and the constant reminders neces sary' to make safe operations possible, and when the employees recognize that they sim ply cannot afford to get hurt--on or off the June --When Away Make Safety Pay Subject--Vacation Safety July --Check Hazards--Work Safely Subject -- Check Hazards and Then Work Safely August --Be Alert--Don't Get Hurt Subject--Obey Safety Rules September--Foresight or No Sight Subject--Sight Conservation October --Fire Feeds on Careless Deeds Subject--Fire Prevention job; we will be moving toward an injuryfree experience such as has not yet been known. November--Think Safe -- Plan Safe--Be Safe Subject -- Safety--A Thinking Some one has said that we do not so much Man's Protection need to be taught as to be reminded. Re ports indicate that a majority of injuries are caused, at least partially, by conditions which had previously been recognized as hazardous. This must not be accepted as an indication that training is unnecessary. We simply can not afford to assume that the em December --Safety Spells Merry Christmas Subject--Safety is a Personal Responsibility All of these subjects deal with conditions which our records indicate as common causes of injury to Ohio industrial employees. ployee knows the hazards of his work. Many of the smaller industries for whom We must work diligently to eliminate the this program was originally developed have known hazards from an operation. This can said to us, "It's a fine program but we have best be accomplished by means of the job no one in our organization who is able to safety analysis. Once the job has been made direct it for us." as safe as sound engineering methods can make it, we need to train the employee in proper job behavior and to remind him of proper procedure when deviation from die accepted methods are observed. To meet this condition, we are developing as part of "Pattern for Progress," 1960 .model, a baric safety manual for Ohio in dustry. This will be a permanent type of publication--not one designed for annual re We have been dealing with the past and vision. It will contain all of the accident present What does the future of "Pattern prevention techniques which have been set for Progress" hold? We are going to con forth in our annual programs of the past tinue all of those features of the program three years; together with much that is new. which experience had indicated to be good It will he so dearly presented and effectivdy and effective. Minor changes will be made j!lusirate<Lthat it can be used easily by peo to give a little variety or a little more ap ple without previous safety experience. peal to sqpie of the material. The monthly themes will be continued. Those selected for 1960 are as follows: January --Think Twice--Don't Fall Once Subject--Falls Then, for those companies who fed the need for a safety training program, we will offer, using this new manual as the text book, a course in safety for supervisors in which all of these methods will be taught, February --Safety's in Your Hands explained and demonstrated. It is planned Subject--Material Handling to offer this program for use by the selected March --Lock Out or Tag Machinery company representatives during working Before Repairing hours on the plant premises or as an eve Subject--Lode Out or Tag Sys ning training program for representatives of tems numerous area industries. This latter type 30 Property i iafety Pay afety k Safely zards and . Thinking Christmas Personal conditions ion causes yees. for whom oped have t we have is able to fag ss,' 1960 Ohio int type of umual re: accident been set the past at is new. rtfectively y by peoice. fed the i, we will the text visors in e taught, ; planned e selected working : an evetatives of tter type Glass and Ceramics, Rubber Industries course mil be conducted at a centrally lo cated place and be open to all who care to attend. This, then, is our first step toward "Safety in the 60's." The volume, bearing that name, published by the National Safety Council, which was recommended reading for all who present papers at this Congress, opens Chap ter 2 with this quotation: "The health of the people is really the foundation upon which all their happiness and all their powers as a State depend." Benjamin Disraeli, one of England's great prime ministers, made this statement in 1877. It is no less true today. We believe the greatest gains in industrial accident prevention in the sixties will be made through engineering and education. When we have engineered maximum safety into an' operation, when we have completely instructed and continuously reminded our employees concerning safe procedures, when we have convinced everyone concerned that safety is good business, we will find that we are preventing injuries which, at present, are described as unavoidable. We can do a better job in the field of ac cident prevention. We must raise our sights toward higher goals as experience proves that the goals previously set are too easily attainable. "Leisure can destroy us--unless we use it to release new and vital powers, in ourselves and others." SAFETY PROBLEMS IN PLANT MAINTENANCE By RICHARD T. WISE Manager, Maintenance Service, B. F. Goodrich Footwear & Flooring Co,, Watertown, Mass. Believe it or not, there is probably no other group in the plant any happier than maintenance people when plant equipment is running properly. They like to see the equip ment operating smoothly, bring used prop erly, and turning out the product When repairs are required, they would like to do the job easily, quickly, and safely. Mainte nance people have the normal dislike for working against a time limit, working under pressure and with others looking over their shoulders. Maintenance work has its own hazards, working conditions, methods, and procedures. The installation mid repair of equipment, maintenance of plant buildings and grounds, working with electricity, steam, liquids under pressure, compressed air, etc. expose mainte nance men to a similar yet continually chang ing pattern of hazards and working condi tions. The overall plant safety program should be supplemented by separate safety activity originating with maintenance management and supervirion. This activity should direct intensive effort toward two major problem areas: 1. The hazards involved in maintenance work. 2. The development and maintaining of a high level of safety awareness among maintenance personnel. These two areas are also basic problems in any safety program. They are particularly important in maintenance operations because of the nature of the work performed and the characteristics of the employees. Let's re view bow these problems apply to mainte nance personnel. 1. Maintenance Operations Are Hazard ous-- There are few occupations in industry as hazardous as the usual maintenance opera tion. Maintenance men are continually using hand tools or power tools, working in, around, oa4op oLand under machinery. They work above ground on ladders, platforms, roofs, and staging; they work below ground in trenches; pits or tunnels. They use chains, wires, machines, drills, brushes, tools and wrendies of numerous, types and sizes. The hazards are many and change with the job bring performed. Each craft--the electrician, millwright, pipefitter, machinist, etc.--has its own particular dangers. Even the janitor is exposed to hazards in cleaning work. The greatest hazard of the electrician is naturally electricity itself, but surprisingly 31 1959 National Safety Congress lew electricians are hurt from this source. perience and instructions, the men seem very Far more are hurt in falls from ladders than * much aware of the dangers of their particu from shock. We have had two demonstra lar trade. Apparently they relax during the tions of this in our plant in recent years. A preparatory and cleanup phases of the job, former electrician is now doing maintenance or when going to and from various plant clerical work as a result of a fall from a areas. This is when injuries often occur. ladder several years ago. The back injury he received prevents him from performing electrician's duties. He is quite unhappy be cause his present pay rate is less than that of an electrician. Can a man get hurt walking in the plant area? He certainly can! We had a lost-time accident in June when a janitor was walking to his regular job assignment at the rubbish disposal platform. His feet became entangled In April of this year an electrician stood in a piece of baling wire on the road, he fell on a portable platform to remove a I HP and fractured a rib. motor from a storage shelf. He fell from the platform right feet to the floor and fractured a shoulder bone. He has since recovered and returned to work. In August a production employee walked between two small flat-bed trailers parked parallel to each other. A third trailer, parked at right angles to the first two, blocked the The carpenters' greatest hazards are the three-foot passageway between the two power tools available for woodworking. trailers. The employee did not see the third These tools are wonderful aids-for improved, -trailer, fell over it and fractured his arm. quality and quantity of work performed, but must be treated carefully. How many car So much for hazards in maintenance op erations; there are plenty of them. Let's penters have you seen who are missing a consider the second problem. finger joint or two? Here is a trade where injuries do occur in the area where we would expect, the fingers and hands. 2. Maintaining a High Degree of Safety Awareness-- Pipefitters are exposed to bums from hot pipes, steam, and hot water. They handle piping for compressed air, water to 2300 p.s.i,, and various other liquid materials. Theirs are the usual hazards of working in close quarters, of lifting, of pulling on wrenches from a cramped or strained posi tion. Yet our Pipe Shop's lost time injuries of recent years have resulted from falls. One man slipped on an oily spot on the floor; the second stepped through a Celotex ceiling I find it not too difficult to develop an initial awareness of job hazards and the use of safe methods among maintenance person nel. I fed that maintenance men are a step above the normal factory worker in basic intelligence, independence, and ability to find solutions to problems. Craftsmen al ready recognize many of the danger spots in their jobs, and are receptive to efforts made to reemphasize these hazards and point out new ones. of a warming oven. The difficult task is to maintain, to a high degree, the safety attitude and the awareness Go through each of the crafts, and you of job hazards that has been developed. This will find numerous hazards that are part of requires continual, persistent effort until the the work of the millwrights, tinsmiths, ma new attitude and higher level of awareness chinists, oilers, etc: Go through the minor becomes a habit with each man. Many an injury reports and you'll find numerous^eutSy - -time craftsman has performed a par nicks, bruises, scraped skin, foreign bodies ticular repair job in a certain way for a in skin Resulting from working with tools number of years, and nothing has happened. and machinery. Janitors and matrons, in Now we tell him his method is unsafe. If spite of wearing gloves, receive cut or he is independent enough (and maintenance jabbed fingers and hands from sharp objects men can be quite independent), stubborn thrown into waste paper containers. Wet enough (we all have our share of men with floors bring mopped, floors bring wbxed, and this characteristic), or the selling job is not lifting of rubbish cans are daily hazards for good enough (we may "goof," too), he will these employees. continue with the old method. Some day So often it seems that injuries occur that either he or his buddy will be caught; a are not directly connected with the hazards near miss or a serious injury will result. of maintenance employees' jobs. From ex Then hell be convinced. 32 i se^veiy eitt jticudtmrig the of the job, nous plant n occur. n the plant a lost-time 'as 'walking the rubbish e entangled oad, he fell yee walked ers parked iler, parked blocked the the two * the third d bis arm. enance ophem. Let's of Safety develop an ind the use ice personnen are a worker in and ability ift' n al- _Js in Torts made I point out . to a high : awareness loped. This *t until the awareness Many an ed a partray for a happened, unsafe. If taintenance , stubborn t men with job is not a), he will Some day caught; a wll result. Glass and Ceramics, Rubber Industries Tied in with this development of a safety b. They help indicate to each employee awareness is a basic characteristic of men. the interest of supervision and management Men are showoffs; many men are would-be in safety* of employees, both on and off the supermen. The National Safety Council has job. statistics to show that seven out of ten per sons who die in accidents are males. Thirty years ago the average white female lived three years longer than the average white male; today she can expect to outlive her man by more than six years. The male is the one who normally tackles the more haz ardous job, who will be less careful, who will drive himself a little harder, who will take a little more of a chance at both work and at play in order to accomplish whatever he sets out to do. Call it aggressiveness, drive; showoff tendency or whatever you trill; it is a characteristic of men that makes a safety awareness program more difficult. These then are the two major-problems taring a safety program for maintenance I have no way of knowing the effective ness of these letters as they are a part of our overall program. At the Akron plant, the letters were mailed directly to the home of each employee in the maintenance or ganization. This enabled the employee's family to become aware of the safety pro gram and perhaps exert an influence on the employee. At the Watertown plant, the supervisors distribute the letters to the employees. This seems to work satisfactorily. One supervisor, however, did say that he handled some of the letters twice--once when he passed them out and the second time when he picked UTan~up~off' the floorr^ personnel: (1) Hazards of the trades, and (2) maintaining a safety awareness. We have a three-part program at work on these problems. We feel that this program is in a similar positiori as the undertaker, who wired a man and informed him of the death of his mother-in-law. The undertaker asked if the deceased should be cremated, Several of our shop supervisors supple ment these letters with their own bulletin board posters. They watch newspapers and magazines for pictures of industrial acci dents. When a suitable picture is found, the supervisor decides on the poster wording, and we prepare a safety poster using the picture as the central point. One electric embalmed, or just buried. After a short time he received the following answer, "Do all three. Don't take any chances." In our three-part program, we do all shop poster caused considerable comment among all shop personnel, even though it pertained to an injury on a high voltage electric power line. three. We don't take any chances. This Part 2--Supervisors' Safety Meeting-- program consists of: Safety meetings of 45 minutes duration are Part 1---Safety Letter--Every 6-8 weeks I prepare a letter for distribution to each member of the mechanical shops and sani tation department. The subject matter is held once a month for maintenace super visors and foremen. A meeting program is built around a review of minor injury re ports, lost-time injuries, if any* occurred, and discussion of specific hazards in main alxeays some phase of employee safety. One tenance operations. From time to time, one letter may call attention to unsafe acts or of the supervisors is asked to prepare a conditions that appear, on the minor injury .short presentation on a subject of his own reports; another may outline some phase of" choosing and to lead the discussion. This tool safety; another letter may recognize an requires him to do some study on a phase excellent record in one or more shops; an of maintenace safety, and provides him with other letter may emphasize off-the-job practice in leading a discussion. Safety films safety. This last subject is particularly ap and supervisory training type films are some plicable at Christmas time and during the times used as part of the meeting program. summer vacation months. The letters have Occasionally representatives of equipment caused both favorable and unfavorable com suppliers instruct the group in the proper ment They perform two important func and safe use of the maintenance shop tools tions: and equipment. We devoted part of one a. They direct attention to some phase meeting to a "brainstorming session" on cer of safety that pertained to each employee, tain plant safety hazards. Each meeting has his department, and fellow worker. two objectives: To obtain maximum par- 33 m 1959 National Safety Congress tidpation of supervisors and foremen, and . employees. This is the more difficult yet to provide them with information on a spe the more rewarding task. cific subject that the}' can use in their daily The dollar cost of injuries receives its contact with their men. share of attention in the supervisors' monthly Part 3--Personal Safety Contacts-- meeting and occasionally in a safety later Each supervisor and foreman has instruc sent to all maintenance employees. Tins cost tions to contact two of his men daily on is translated into dollars of sales that our some aspect of safety. Observation of the company salesmen must obtain to cover the man's handling' of tools, work method be injury cost, perhaps in terms of new equip ing followed, proper use of protective equip ment for the maintenance shops that the ment as goggles, shoes, masks, gloves, etc, injury cost represents, or into any other provide subject matter for a safety contact Knowledge of the man's off-the-job in terest such as boating or camping, provides an opportunity to mention safety points along these lines. The supervisors encourage the men to think about and look for better methods or better tools to do certain repair jobs. This is always a good subject for a safety contact _AJietter method-or--better tool will usually enable the man to do the job safer, easier, and faster. The most effective part of any safety pro gram is frequent personal contact of each employee by his supervision. The key to any successful safety program is the interest and efforts of first-line supervision. These are the beliefs that we follow. This means that the supervisor himself must sincerely believe in safety. This means that the su pervisor must set the example by bis own actions. This means that the supervisor must provide enthusiasm for safety. Only then can he put the message across to his men. My job and your job is to be sure that we sincerely believe in safety, that see set a good example by our actions, and that we have our own frequent personal con tacts with the men we supervise Safety' contacts, safety selling and safety emphasis must be an unbroken chain between all levels of management, supervision and employees. terms that we feel make an impression on the employees. Does this type of program work? Yes, it does. Several years ago at the Akron plant my group of 160 maintenance employees had five lost-time and 87 minor injuries between January and middle September. One pipe fitter died from internal injuries ten days aft.gr his accident. Tins same group, after the program outlined above was started, went 14 months before the next lost-time injurj' occurred. At the Watertown plant tins program was begun in early 1938 for 315 maintenance employees. Comparing the year 1958 with 1957, minor injuries dropped 21 per cent from 348 to 277; lost-time in juries dropped 50 per cent, from 6 to 3, while manhours worked dropped 13 per cent In 1939 to date, manhours worked have decreased 3 per cent, minor injuries de creased 6 per cent, and lost-time injuries have held even with 1958. This year's per formance is simply holding onto the gains achieved in 1958. Something new must now be added to the program to increase the level of safety awareness that exists among maintenance personnel. "Accidents are caused--they don't just happen" is certainly true in today's machine age. "Accidents can be prevented" also was never truer than it is today. Many out standing safety records demonstrate the This is our three-part prqgram for main- truth of these statements. Any safety effort, tenance personnel. It supplements plpnt-wide large or small, requires an Investment of safety activity. This type of program is not persistence, originality, work and perspira new or startling, but persistent and continual tion. The return on this investment is sub effort will make it effective. The equipment stantial in a reduction of suffering, pain and side of safety, such as proper tools, guards, probable disability, in keeping experienced protective equipment, etc, are important and people on the job, in less out-of-pocket in are given considerable attention by the su jury and compensation cost, in improved pervisors and foremen. Major emphasis, morale and efficiency of employees. Yon, however, is placed on the development and your supervirion, your employees and your maintenance of a safety attitude, of positive company benefit from such safety effort. thinking toward safety hazards, of a saftey Where can you obtain a better return on awareness among supervisors, foremen and your investment? 34 receives its MS* monthly afety letter s. This cost es that our o cover the new equip ts that the any other pression on Yes, it tkron plant ployees had ies between One pipes ten days roup, after as started, t lost-tune :own plant f 1958 for paring the es dropped 5t-time in11 6 to 3, 3 percent rked have juries dee injuries *t tlw must now Tease the sts among lon't just s machine also was hny outtrate the ety effort, tment of persjnrait is sub pain and perienced ocket inimproved es. You, and your y effort, eturn on Glass and Ceramics, Rubber Industries RADIOACTIVE PROBLEMS IN THE RUBBER INDUSTRY By JOHN G. WOOD Chief Application Engineer, Tracerlab, Inc., Waltham, Mass. The use of radioactivity in industrial There are generally three types of radio plants is increasing at a steady rate. Various active materials available--alpha, beta and reports issued by the AEC indicate industrial gamma. Each by virtue of its own physical savings to date in the order of hundreds of characteristics is useful in its own particu millions of dollars. Management, in some lar way. Alpha rays are very large par cases pressured into it by their competition, ticles, comparatively speaking; and are very is looking at these figures and wondering highly ionizing; This particular character what use to make of this new tooL istic makes alpha particle radiation very use Industry's attitude toward isotopes has ful in deionizing air, Le, to remove static changed greatly in the last few years de charge in unwanted areas. spite the fact that many people, when they Beta emitting isotopes might be used for think of radioactivity, hear a loud explosion a variety of reasons. In many cases they and see a hnge mushroom-like doud coming^ might do the same job as alpha materials out of the horizon. Great progress haslieen "But they are much easier to measure and made in allaying the fears of those wanting are not generally as hazardous. While alpha to use this new tool but there are still many ray materials are not very penetrating, beta obstacles which have to be overcome. rays are moderately capable of passing The plant safety man who in the past may have been concerned only with high voltages, combustible solvents, toxic chemi cals, etc, now finds that he must have a new set of answers for the AEC, the De partment of Labor and Industries; the Public Health Department, the fire department, the police department, insurance company and various transportation agencies. Tins hasn't hindered progress; on the contrary, in some ways it lias helped to promote a greater understanding of the hazards involved in the u$e of radioisotopes. through only thin materials. Gamma rays, also measured very easily, are extremely penetrating and are most useful industrially for that very reason. Special emphasis must be placed on the use of radioactive tracers. In many of our industrial plants the first instance of radio isotope use is in the case of a particular tracer study--an evaluation--which in many instances leads to the use of the radioactive tracer as an rid in production and quality controL Usually by the use of very simple experiments and inexpensive equipment, in Many people find it reassnring to know that so many different groups are concerned with their problems; and each in its own way, because of its own particular expe rience can make its contributions and rec ommendations to thrirjprogram. Never .in the technical history of mankind has such a tremendous body of knowledge regarding safety techniques been developed in such a short peiod of time. A look at the safety dustry has been able to increase its knowl edge of chemical - and physical processes resulting in better products and more effi cient production. The two important characteristics of radio active tracers are: 1. They exhibit the same chemical and phys ical behavior as their non-radiochemical counterpart; and are available in the form of a liquid, solid or gas. They, therefore; record of the industry will show that you can count the number of serious accidents can be added to a system without disrupt ing the chemical or. physical balance. on the fingers of one hand. When we think 2. They are easily detectable through layers of the unhappy fate that befell many of of solid materials and therefore then- the early experimenters who did not realize presence can be determined without ac the dangers in working with tins new phe tually bring seen. nomenon, it is apparent that we have come The tracer technique Is one in which a long way since the discovery of x-ray radioactivity is introduced into a system, some sixty years ago. courses through it, and finally gets detected 35 / 1959 National Safety Congress at some critical moment or period; gener Another > section of the Federal Regula ally, because of the extreme sensitivity of tions, 10 CFR 20, is specifically devoted to our detection instruments, extremely small safety considerations and is entitled "Stand quantities are required. The amount of ards for Protection Against Radiation." This radioactivity in a luminous dial watch is is often supplemented by state codes which sufficient in many cases. are generally patterned after the federal reg In order to procure radioisotopes in excess ulations. There is also available a wide vari of the typical quantities listed below, the ety of safety booklets issued by the Na intended user must first obtain a license tional Committee on Radiation Protection from the AEC. The form which must be and Measurements which is sponsored by the used is entitled "AEC 313" and requests the National Bureau of Standards, working answers to several questions which will in through its eleven subcommittees. These dicate to the license reviewer the amount of booklets are indispensable guides to those experience and training of the user, the engaged in the use of radioactive materials safety equipment available, and adequacy of and are available by purchase from the Su the proposed safety program. perintendent of Documents, Government When this license is approved a form Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C "AEC 374" is issued whose identifying num Some of the titles of these handbooks are: ber must then accompany all purchase or 1. Safe Design & Use of Industrial Beta- ders to suppliers of radioactive materials. Ray Sources; Z X-Ray Protection; 3. Per Newly revised licensing procedures will soon permit purchase of certain types of measuring and quality control devices with out a license. In this case the supplier of the device must furnish the AEC with com plete manufacturing drawings and details of all safety features. Distribution procedures and the maximum amounts of radioactive material that can be procured from a supplier without a specific license are all dearly listed in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 10--Atomic En ergy, Part 30, entitled "Licensing of By product Material," commonly referred to as 10 CFR 30. A partial list of the quantities of radioactive material and the forms in which they can be purchased without ob taining a license from the AEC is listed below: AEC Exempt missible Dose from External Sources of Ionizing Radiation; 4. Radioactive Waste Disposal in the Ocean; 5. Radiological Mon itoring Methods and Instruments; 6. Safe Handling of Radioactive Isotopes; 7. Pro tection Against Radiations from Radium. Cobalt-60 and Cesium-137; and & National Committee on Radiation Protection & Meas urements. It is a commonly accepted fact that the two hazards we face in working with radio active materials are the internal and external hazards. The internal hazard is that which is created by airborne radioactive material in the form of fine dust or powders and va pors winch may potentially be ingested or in haled. This hazard can be a serious one when the radioactive material has a strong affinity for a particular organ in the body and becomes totally lodged in the organ. Elestrof Half lift The National Committee on Radiation lion Source Protection & Measurements has established Antimony-125 Caldum-45 Carbon-1^ 2.7 years _ 1 . 10 f63days 10 10 5568 years so, 50 certain maximum airborne contamination levels as well as maximum concentrations in water which are permissible to humans. Cesium-137 30 years i 10 These are dearly listed in both the state Chlorine-36 3.08x10^ years i 10 and federal regulations. AH industrial labora Cobalt-60 5.27 years i 10 tories must evaluate the possibility of this Iodine-131 Nickel-63 8.08 days 85 years 10 10 type of exposure to their personnel and a 10 provide, if necessary, the proper safeguards, Promethium-147 2.6 years Ruthenium-106 1.0 years 10 , 10 such as properly designed and ventilated l 10 exhaust systems, protective dothing includ Strontium-90 25 years 0.1 1 ing coats, shoe and head covers, and proper Sulfur-35 87.1 days 50 50 respirators. All operations must be evaluated Thallium-204 4.0 years 50 50 and the question asked "What, if any, is the Tritium (H3) I2J5 years 250 250 overall possible internal hazard to the indi- 36 ^gular d,. Ed to tied "Standiation." This codes which federal reg- a wide variby the Na- Protection sored by the s, working ees. These s to those e materials om the Su- vernment D. C ibooks are: strial BetaMi; 3. PerSoorces of ive Waste gical Mons; & Safe s; 7. Pto il Radium, k National n & Meas- t that the nth radioid external 'ha- 'hich e 1....irial rs and wa sted or inaious one > a strong the body organ. Radiation stablished amination entrations i humans, the state al laborar of this nnel and feguards, ventilated g includid proper evaluated iy, is the the indi Glass and Ceramics, Rubber Industries vidual, both under the normal operating con Tracerlab had developed a new badge ditions and in the event of an accident?" called , the .Twin-Film which consists of a Permissible limits for external exposure have also been established by the National Committee on Radiation Protection and Measurements. It is apparent that alpha and beta emitting material offer no great problem from the standpoint of the external hazard. However,;<>working with gamma isotopes in. the larger amounts usually requires consid plastic holder and two separate films. One of these films is exchanged and evaluated every week and is indicative of any large weekly fluctuations. The other film remains in the holder for a 13 week period, at which time it is returned for processing and is in terpreted as the total dose received in a 13 week period. eration of such factors as the amount of ac All photographic emulsions have a thresh tivity, studding, distance and working time: old dose below winch exposure cannot be Since the distance factor is so important in detected accurately and the magnitude of this reducing whole body dose, some veiy ample dose is dependent cm the film used, method devices have been designed which permit the of development and interpretation, but in operator to accomplish certain jobs three feet general, varies from 20-50 mr. It is there away from the source of radiation. fore obvious that even though the 13 weekly films indicate no detectable dosage, at the The latest trend in the considerations cut end of the 13 weeks the wearer may have maximum permissible whole body exposure; bad 13 x 50 or 650 mr of exposure for the including Wood-forming organs or gonads, quarter. On this basis if a badge was worn for favors the acceptance of the 5(N-18) for 13 weeks and showed no detectable exposure, mula. It states that the maximum permis- and since our lower limit of detection is 20 ' able accumulated dosage in roentgens (which mr, then we can accurately state that the is a term denoting biological dose and is wearer was not exposed to more than 20/13 easily measureahle) to the individual at any or 1.6 mr/week. age is equal to five times the difference be tween his age and 18. Consider conventional film badge services, then, that state that their lower limits of de It has-been recommended that except for tection for gamma rays is 50 mr. Thus, if establishing administrative procedures the an employee were exposed to 40 mr/week present permissible weekly tolerance, which for 50 weeks, then his yearly exposure could is J R per week, he dropped but that the have been undetected but could have actually airrent 13 week permissible maximum which been 2,000 mr. is 3 roentgens be retained, and that the yearly increment should not exceed 12 ro entgens. Therefore, while the total accumu lated dosage at any age would be fixed, the yearly increment could be exceeded in the event that such a person had some reserve to fall bade on. The film badge has the unique advantage of indicating radiation exposures in the form of a permanent record. A review of the legal aspects of film service indicate that the mere subscription to a seryice may not be sufficient protection. In the event of litigation, the film processor's experience and technical These new* regulations in effect reduce the competence may be points of issue; his meth currently acceptable rate of exposure and ods must include the use of a densitometer make it therefore mandatory that good rec and control films exposed to various types of ords be kept of radiation dosages on a yearly radiation. The actual films themselves (not basis, a?id that such records always be avail just the report) must, be available as evi able for reference and furnished to an in dence and identification of the film as the one dividual if transferring to another radiation actually worn by. the subscriber must be installation. positive. There ate a variety of devices which are Twin-Film Service bar Leen designed to used to measure a radiation dose to the indi meet all known, requirements of federal and vidual Perhaps the most sensitive and com state legislation regarding exposure records. plete is the film badge. Its main element is a All films and film reports are kept by Tracer- film which darkens in ratio to the radiation lab and in the event of litigation, Tracerlab exposure. With the newly lowered radiation can provide expert and impartial "Third limits, it was necessary to increase the sensi Party" testimony on the accuracy of its tivity previously available by this technique. method and the results declared. 37 m 1939 National Safety Congress There are also available to those using whose function it is to review all current and radioactive materials a large variety of both, planned uses of radioactive materials. It geiger tube and ionization chamber type in should be composed of supervisory personnel struments. The design of this equipment has and at least one individual who would be been improving steadily and many reliable familiar with the overall company program. instruments are available commercially. Care should be taken in the selection of the proper type of instrument and operating instructions must be carefully studied because of the energy characteristics of the various types of radiation. One instrument may be 40 per cent efficient in the detection of one type of particle, but only 1 per cent efficient in de tecting another. Some of these instruments are discussed below. A health physics committee should be composed of supervisory personnel from all the departments using radioactive materials. The head of this committee should be a member of the isotopes committee described above. The function of this group is to set up all plant radiation safety procedures and also to directly supervise the program as it applies to their own departments. It would also have the specific function of carrying Many industrial plants today are beginning out a radiation indoctrination program on a to use radioisotopes--but the approach is a personal basis. very cautious one--perhaps like the young ster tasting-a new-food. Today's engineers and scientists, always looking for the new approach, invariably come around to consid ering the use of radioisotopes. At first a few microcuries will do, but soon many millicuries are better. According to the federal and state regulations, the plant responsibility for the safe use of these materials must be assigned to someone and this is usually the plant safety man or perhaps someone in in dustrial hygiene. Pre-employment, annual, and termination physicals are recommended for all personnel coming into contact with radiation. Such information is highly valuable since it can possibly uncover those individuals who have some fears and anxieties concerning their work as well as those who might currently be suffering from some deficiency which might under some circumstances at a later date be attributable to radiation damage. For this same reason, periodic blood counts are recommended. A trained health physicist is not essential All radiation surveys which are taken both in the greatest majority of cases and suffi on a routine basis as part of the program or cient education and training can be accumu as a result of certain requirements listed in lated in a short time. Training courses are 10 CFR 20 should be maintained in a per available at the Oak Ridge Institute of Nu manent file. Some thought should be given clear Studies and can also be obtained at to the proper type of form and should in several industrial firms and universities. A. clude such information as: Name of person variety of literature has been published and making survey, date, instrument type and typical safety programs applying to specific sensitivity and methods used. radioisotope applications may be available. A very important part of the program is to One of the very first problems in many maintain a complete inventory of all radio cases is to assure management that every active materials in the plant An accounting thing is under control and that no one will system should therefore be devised which get hurt. Certain of the personnel in the will immediately indicate the amount and area will need special reassurance regarding type of radioactive material purchased, being the actual or imagined hazards. %We can used, stored and disposed of. usually predict what the questions -will be and the answers might be as follows: "No, v<~u won't become radioactive"--or "There isn't enough to make you sterile"--or, "There's nothing wrong, that's natural cos mic background"--or "No, it can't explode." In the event that any material is delivered to any company licenses to dispose of radio active materials, a record should be kept of the quantities as well as a brief description of the material. In a typical limited use industrial applica tion the following items should be considered in organizing a good safety program. All aspects of the radiation safety program specifically as it applies to actual personnel handling procedures should be a matter of company record. Such records have a tend An isotopes committee should be formed ency to be too limited in content and leave 38 I ok. Xx and laterials. It ry personnel to 'would be ny program. : should be nel from all re materials, should be a ee described >up is to set icedures and ogram as it s. It would of carrying ogram on a termination ill personnel ation. Such since it can is who have eming their ht currently ency which s at a later iamage. For ! counts are e taken both pir ^am or nfci. Jed in id in a perild be given I should in of person it type and rogram is to f all radio* t accounting rised which unount and based, being is delivered se of radiobe kept of description ay program tl personnel 1 matter of ave a tendt and leave Glass and Ceramics, Rubber Industries too much room for individual discretion. A typical set of instructions should include such items as: ]. Discussion of potential radiation hazards 2. Proper use and calibration of survey and personnel monitoring equipment $. Detailed description of handling proce dures for alt operations 4. Safe storage of radioactive material when not in use 5. What to do in the event of an accident Finally, and perhaps the most important aspect of any safety program is "What do you do in the event of an accident?" Acci dents are bound to happen and many of us may be familiar with several that have al ready taken place. Such accidents could re sult from:,. ........ ...... 1. Spillage of liquids or powders containing radioactivity 2. Power or mechanical failure in the lab oratory exhaust system 3. Evaporation of uncovered radioactive liq uids 4. Radioactive powders made airborne bygusts of air 5. Chemical explosion 6. Breaks in vacuum equipment 7. Accidental volatilization of radiochemicals 8. Mechanical damage causing rupture and resulting in leakage from sealed sources, particularly radiography, clinical or beta gauge sources 9. Fires which consume radioactive mate rials and result in the release of radio active gases or particles If the proper steps are taken following an accident, a certain situation can be analagous to the dropping of a bottle of add on the floor. If improperly handled, loss of prop erty, materials and production time, as well as certain degrees of hysteria, can result Such hysteria may not only be present in the plant itself but could extend to the outside community. Experience has indicated that the overall loss suffered is a function of the period elapsed between the time the inddent took place and the time it was discovered and, most important of all, the nature of the initial corrective steps taken. An improperly devised plan of action can only serve to ag gravate the situation and unfortunately a few of these instances are now a matter of record. If I had to prepare a list of general pro cedures to be followed in the event of the unusual accident, it would read as follows: 1. Evacuate the general area--shut off all ventilation--close all windows and doors and seal the room if possible. This should help to isolate the area affected and prevent the further spread of radioactive contamination. 2. Monitor all personnel for contamina tion and secure medical aid. Several tests are available to help us determine the amount of material that may have been inhaled and in some cases some corrective action can be initiated. 3. If serious enough, notify the nearest AEC office as required by law. They will generally visit the site and help in evaluating the overall hazard as well as planning reme dial action. 4. Do not attempt to re-enter the affected area--but contact a firm which is experi enced and equipped to handle such a situa tion. A radiation emergency kit has been de veloped which should be a standard item in radiation labs. It is shown below and is in tended to include all items which might be needed should an emergency arise. Each particular use of radioisotopes is unique in some way and in this brief sum mary I have only been able to deal with generalities. Any industrial hygienist or plant safety man having some minimum amount of training, the proper instrumenta tion, a well developed educational and safety program can adequately manage most indus trial radiation problems. Any worker in a plant, so directed, need not fear radioactive materials any more than he does working on a lathe or plugging an electrical cord into a wall socket 39 OFFICERS OF THE GLASS AND CERAMICS SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1959-60 General Chairman--John' Y. SKendall, Harbison-Walker Refractories Co, Pittsburgh, Pa. First 1 'ice-Chairman--Eovas L. Wray, Ball Bros. Co. Inc., Muncie, Ind. Second Ficc-Chairtnan--Clinton Ballinger, Owens-Illinois Glass Co., Gas City, Ind. Secretary--A. H. Burkett, Owens-Illinois Glass Co, Libbey Glass Div, Toledo, Ohio. Program Committee--Clinton Ballinger (Chairman), Owens-Illinois Glass Co, Gas City, Ind.; *H. Y. Gardner (Wee-Chairman), Owens-Illinois Glass Co, Toledo, Ohio; *Harry A. Jackson, Frigidaire Div, Plant No. 3, General Motors Corp, Dayton, Ohio; Joe E. Morrison, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co, Pittsburgh, Pa.; John S. Hall, Kaiser Aluminum < Chemical Corp, Columbiana Refractories Plant, Columbiana, Ohio; *John B. Fullen, Kopp'Glass, Inc, Swissvale, Pittsburgh, Pa. Engineering Committee--*W. G. Hazard (Chairman), Owens-Illinois Glass Co, Toledo, Ohio; Charles Casey, Thatcher Glass Mfg. Co, Inc, Lawrenceburg, Ind.; Edwin L. Wray, Ball Bros. Co, Inc, Muncie, Ind. Health Committee--W. E. Allison, M. D. (Chairman), Ford Motor Co, Nashville, Term.; W. G. Hazard. Owens-Illinois Glass Co, Toledo, Ohio; Russell W. Frank, Ferro Corp, Cleveland. Ohio; John Y. Skendall, Harbison-Walker Refractories Co, Pittsburgh, Pa. Memhershif- Committee--Dale H. Kuhlman (Chairman), Libbey-Owens-Ford Glass Co, Rossford, Ohio. Safety i'romoti.m Committee--E. S. Knepper (Chairman), Continental Can Co, Wheeling, W. Ya.: John Y. Skendall, Harbison-Walker Refractories Co, Pittsburgh, Pa.; William H. Price. Owens-Coming Fiberglas Corp, Toledo, Ohio. Safety Contest Committee--John J. Foster (Chairman), Foster-Forbes Glass Co, Marion. Ind.: Lee B. Hawthorne. Jr, A. P. Green Fire Brick Co, Mexico, Mo.; *J. H. Gatrell. Blue Ridge Glass Corp, Kingsport, Tenn.; Clinton Ballinger, Owens-Illinois Glass Co, Gas City, Ind. Off-the-Job Committee--J. E. Edwards (Chairman), Ford Motor Co, Nashville, Tenn.; Willlam H. Price. Owens-Coming Fiberglas Corp, Toledo, Ohio; Dave F. Quigley, ..... `NenlrAmerican Refractories Co, Cleveland, Ohio. Associations Committee--Richard Stein (Chairman), American Radiator & Standard Sanitary Corp, Tiffin, Ohio; Ai H. Burkett, Owens-Illinois Glass Co, Toledo, Ohio; Robert W. Moulton, Ball Bros. Co. Inc., Muncie, Ind. Newsletter Committee--William H. Koppert (Chairman), Owens-Coming Fiberglas Corp, Newark, Ohio; John J. Foster, Foster-Forbes Glass Cb, Marion, Ind.; W. E. Allison, M. D.. Ford Motor Co, Nashville, Tenn.; Joe E. Morrison, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co, Pittsburgh, Pa.; *W. G. Hazard, Owens-Illinois Glass Co, Toledo, Ohio; Dale H. Kuhlman, Libbey-Owens-Ford Co, Rossford, Ohio; E. S. Knepper, Continental Can Cb, Wheeling, W. Va.; Clinton Ballinger, Owens-Illinois Glass Co, Gas City, Ind.; T. E. Edwards, Ford Motor Cb, Nashville, Tenn.; Richard Stein, American Radiator & Standard Sanitary Corp, Tiffin, Ohio. 40 ville, Tcnn.; Ferro Corp, tsburgh. Pa. ' telinsr, / Pa.; Co., Marion, -fo.; *J. H. wens-Illinois rille, Tenn.; F. Quioley, & Standard >ledo, Ohio; :rglas Corp.. E. Alusox, Plate Glass o; Dale H. tinentaJ Can i Gty, Ind.; an Radiator OFFICERS OF THE RUBBER SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1959-60 General Chairman--W. J. Dooling. B. F. Goodrich Footwear and Flooring Co., Watertown, Mass. 1'iVf Chairman in Charge of Program--F. W. Saxos, U. S. Rubber Co., New York, N. Y. Secretary--Ray Hart. The Dayton Rubber Co., Dayton, Ohio. Xnesletter Editor--F. C Starbird, Firestone Tire and Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio Engineering Committee--E. A. Turner (Chairman), Goodyear Tire and Rubber Compan; of Canada. Ltd, Toronto, Ont, Canada; C. R. Covert, Industrial Products Div, Good year Tire and Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio; *G. H. Burkharot, General Tire and Rubber Co, Akron. Ohio Health Committee--W. A. McGauslaxd, M. D. (Chairman), B. F. Goodrich Footwear and Flooring Co, Watertown, Mass.; W. L. Hogue, Tr, M. D, Firestone Tire and Rubber Co.. Akron. Ohio; W. E. McCormick. B. F. -Goodrich Co, Akron, Ohio; R. A. Manning, Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio Sfembership Committee--Co-Chairman--East Division--G W. Kruger, Carlisle Tire and Rubber Div. of Carlisle Corp, Carlisle, Pa.; Co-Chairman--IVest Division--D. M Carsox, U. S. Rubber Co, Detroit, Mich.; *G E. Beck, St. Clair Rubber Co, Marys ville. Mich.; *M. R. Batche, Firestone Tire and Rubber Co, Akron, Ohio Poster Committee--F. F. Frame (Chairman), Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company oi Michigan, Jackson, Mich.; E. E. Goldsworth, Gates Rubber Co, Denver, Colo.; J. H. Hager. Ohio Rubber Co, Willoughby, Ohio. Trade Associations and Liaison Committee--E R. Gardxer (Chairman), Akron Chamber of Commerce Safety Council, Akron, Ohio Pules and Regulations Committee--S. T. Burrows (Chairman), Mansfield Tire and Rubber Co, Mansfield, Ohio Publicity Committee--N. G Loxgee (Giairman), U. S. Rubber Co, Passaic, N. J. Statistics Committee--X. R. Hunter (Chairman), Dunlap Tire and Rubber CorjEfBuifalo. X. Y. Mechaiycal Goods Committee--F.\ F. Davis (Giairman), B. F. Goodrich Sponge Products, Division of B. F. Goodrich Co, Shelton, Conn.; G. E. Rose, The Wooster Co, Wooster. Ohio; F. S. Steyexson, Firestone Tire and Rubber Co, Xoblesville, Ind. Reclaim Manufacturing Committee--*R- M. Boyles (Chairman), Midwest Rubber Re claiming Co, East St. Louis, IIL; G G. Travers, U. S. Rubber Reclaiming Co, Buffalo. X. Y.; R. P. Ayer, Naugatuck Chemical Co, Naugatuck, Conn. Rubber Laboratories Committee--E. J. Francois (Chairman), Research Center, U .S. Rubber Co, Wayne, X. J.; F. B. Williams, Carlisle Tire and Rubber Div. of Carlisle Corp, Carlisle, Pa.; D. Lydy, Goodrich-Gulf Chemicals, Inc., Port Xatches, Texas 42 her Company * Div, Goods and Rubber "ootwear and : and Rubber Dhio; R. A. sic Tire and Won---D. M Co, Marvv. Companv or ^-y.H. ron Chamber e and Rubber Fire Safety Committee--*R. W. Fickes (Chairman), Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co, Akron, Ohio; P. E. Dery, Dominion Rubber Co, Ltd, Montreal, Canada; J. J. Raytkwich, U. S. Rubber Co, Joliet, 111. Ofi-the-Job Safety Committee--*S. A, Wright (Chairman), Inland Manufacturing; Div, General Motors Corp, Dayton, Ohio; E. F. Meiz, Copolymer Rubber and Chemical Corp, Baton Rouge, La.; A. C Howard, Kelly-Springfield Tire Co, Cumberland, Md. Plastics Committee--R. G. Forejt (Chairman), General Tire and Rubber Co, Jeannette, Pa.; U. G. Cork, U. S. Rubber Co, Mishawaka, Ind.; F. A. Menges, Goodyear Aircraft Corp, Akron, Ohio Synthetic Manufacturing Committee--L. W. Boulton (Chairman), Poljmer Corp, Sarnia, OnL, Canada; K. K. Ketchel, United Rubber and Chemicals, Baytown. Texas; H. M. Archer, Petro-Tex Chemical Corp, Houston. Texas advisory Committee--*T. H. Boyd, Manhattan Rubber Div. of Raybestos Manhattan, Inc, Passaic, N. J.; *R. A. Bullock, Corduroy Rubber Co, Grand Rapids, Mich.; *T. J. Cain, Jr, B. F. Goodrich Co, Akron, Ohio; *G. D. Cross, Firestone Tire and Rubber Co, Akron, Ohio; *W. M. Graff, U. S. Rubber Co, New York, N. Y.; *J. L. Dean. The Firestone Tire and Rubber Co, Memphis, Tenn.; *Roland Kastell, U. S. Rubber Co, New York, N. Y.; R- H. Wilson, M. D, B. F. Goodrich Co, Akron, Ohio Staff Representative--J. Edwin Croushore, National Safety Council, Chicago, III. Past Genera] Chairman igc Products Co, Wooster. Rubber ReCo, Buffalo. Center, U .S. v. of Carlisle s, Texas 43 Other Volumes in this (1959) Series Users of this volume will find much value in its companion volumes, which offer the complete record of the 47th National Safety Congress! Here is the list: Vol. No. Title 1 to 9 10 or Copies more i General Sessions and Index to ail Volumes....................... . $ .65 2 Aeronautical Industries; Air Transport............................. . .40 3 Automotive and Machine Shop; Power Press and Forging .65 4 Cement, Quarry and Mineral Aggregates....................... . .40 5 Chemical and Fertiliser........................................................ A5 6 Civic Leadership; with Church, Home, Women, Youth.. .65 7 Coal Mining........................................................................... . .65 8 Commercial Vehicle.............................................................. A5 9 Construction; Public Employee............................................ A5 10 Electrical Equipment............................................................ . .40 II Farm................................................................................. \... .40 12 Food and Beverage; Meat Paddng, Tanning and Leather Products; Trades and Services................................... .65 i3 Glass and Ceramics; Rubber........................... .................. .65 14 Industrial Subjects Sessions (ASSE)................................. .90 15 Labor...................................................................... .65 16 Marine................................................................................. .65 17 Metals ..................................................................................... . .65 18 Mining ..................................................................................... .65 19 Occupational Health Nursing.............................................. . .40 20 Petroleum ............................................................................... . .65 21 Public Utilities ....................................................................... AS 22 Pulp and Paper; Printing and Publishing............................. A5 23 Railroad...................................................................................... .40 24 School and College..................... ............................................ .90 25 Traffic ....................................................................................... .90 26 Transit ................................. ........................................ ........... . .65 27 Wood Products; and Textile.................................................. .65 28 iarly Morning Sessions............. ............................................ .65 $ A5 .35 A5 .35 A5 A5 A5 .55 AS 35 35 A5 A5 .80 A5 A5 A5 A5 35 A5 A5 A5 35 .80 A0 AS A5 A5 COMPLETE SETS (28 Volumes)............................................ $10.50 JI0A0 Stock No. 022-29--1 022.29--2 022.29--3 022.29--4 022.29--5 022.29--6 022.29--7 02239--8 022.29--9 02239--10 02239--11 02239--12 02239--13 02239--14 02239--15 02239--16 02239--17 02239--18 02239--19 02239--20 02239--21 02239--22 02239--23 02239--24 02239--25 02239--26 02239--27 02239--28 022.19 All prices shown are subject to a 10 per cent discount to National Safety Council members. NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 NORTH MICHIGAN AVE. CHICAGO II, ILL. 200026002 44 PRINTED (N V S.A 022.29--13