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FILE NAME: Z< DATE: DOC#: Z< DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION /,Dd ^Z . '. \ INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE MANUAL. ATse No. 25-0:'1 INDUSTRIAL TOXIC AGENTS CHEMICAL FORMULA AND SYNONYMS " PRINCIPAL PROPERTIES 'PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIAL USES POISONING-SYSTEMIC MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS ~ / OF ATMOSPHERIC CONTAMINANTS U.5. A'f'(r\, ;:J;(' POrc..(?5, ,~. 1 ,/"'Qlfi:of the Surgeon /' ' , 1/ ~ , HEADQUARTERS vAIR TECHNICAL SERVICE J WRIGHT FIELD, DAYTON. OHIO' . COMMAND WF~(A)-O-26 JAN 48,200 NO. 25-0-2 ;;i AMC MANUAL ''l,E!! 15 April 1945 '-) 0c) ~ oDo - o ::i >- .0 "0 ~ 2 o CL (j) .0 >roE "0 Ccu .mc:- CL FOREWORD "2 <t 1. Purpose and Scope: This manual supplement is applicable to Medical Corps ~ .0 officers, Medical Service Corps officers, and enlisted personnel engaged in the control ID c of occupational diseases, and will be used as a training aid for all industrial hygiene T) '6 ID activities and tactical units within the AMC. 2 '+o- 2. General: The contents of this manual describe toxic agents, suggested control m>, ..n measures, and health hazards, and include pictures of processes. :.:i ro c 3. Responsibility: The o~fice of the Surgeon, Hq AMC, is responsible for the prep- o ~ aration and revision of this manual. ::IzD: :5 :e 4. Initial Distribution: Initial distribution of this manual will be accomplished by 'c0 o the office of the Surgeon, Hq AMC. .!l? (5 5. Additional Copies: Requests for additional copies of this manual should be I<D.) submitted on AAF Form No. 1MB, through channels, to the Commanding Officer, :5 E AF Technical Base, Wright Field, Dayton, Ohio, attn: Wodd-Wide Publications ..2.- Distribution Section (TSWPD). u(j) 'n. 8 BY COMMAND OF GENERAL McNARNEY: 'c"o J. F. McCLENDON 3: ID CJ) Colonel, USAF (1J n. Adjutant General ,~ OFFICIAL: J. F. McCLENDON Colonel, USAF Adjutant General , I AMC MANUAL NO.2S-O-2 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE MANUAL SUPPLEMENT Pictures of Processes Processes Toxic Agents Suggested Control Measures Health Hazards HEADQUARTERS AI~ MATEalEL ~OMMAND WRIGHT FIELD. DAYTON. OHIO AMC MANUAL No. 25-0-2 Table of Contents 3: . ...~ ... g,.c: \!.. >.. oCl. -0 uj ::J :>. ..Cl -0 .,< <.) 2 Q 0. (j) .0 >. tU E '0 cc o >. TABLE OF CONTENTS tco Cl. }; Section Page I. Aero Repair ........................................... 1 11. Assembled Engine Cleaning ............................... . 2 Ill. Battery ...................................... 4 IV. Blacksmith. '.............. , .................. , .......... . 4 V. Block Test .............................................. , 6 VI. Carburetor and Ignition .................................. . 7 VII. Electroplating .................................. "....... 8 VIII. Engine Cleaning ......................................... . 10 IX. .Engine Disassembly ...................................... . 13 X. Foundry .................................. .. 15 XI. Heat Treating ............ , .. , ........................... . 16 XII. Hydraulic ........................... 17 XIII. Instrument Repair ....................................... . 18 XIV. Luminous Dial Repair ............................... ... . 20 XV. Machine Shop ..................................... , ' .. , . , 22 XVI. Minor Repair ................... , .............. .. .. . 23 XVII. Motor Vehicle and Miscellaneous Repair ........... , ........ . 24 XVIII. Office Appliances ......................... : .............. . 26 XIX. Paint and Dope. , ... ' .................................... . 27 XX:. Plexiglas .............................................. . 29 '0 QJ XXI. Propeller ........................................ , ..... . 30 '0. o <.) XXII. Radiator and Tank ..... '" .................. , ., ..... , ... , . 31 If) ro XXIII. Rubber Tank Repair ..................................... . 33 3: XXIV. Sandblasting ........................................... . 35 QJ cCoJ) XXV. Spark Plug Cleaning....... , ........ , ................... , . 36 Cl. XXVI. Spray Painting.......................................... . 37 ,~ :5 XXVII. Trichloroethylene Degreasing .......................... 39 XXVIII. Welding ..................... .. 40 WA, III i I 302, I NL r' ~ll . ')~ >/t., ~ ~ I ~:$ t ~ ~I ~\~I ..., .~ ') /t., ~Y-Q t~J ~~, D' / - ')~ "~~...... lio ' I ~~~~ ~, 5 ~ ======================================7===================================~.~~ Substance Concentration Substance ',:E - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Conc ---- entrati ----- - <.t~!2> Tetrachloroethane ......................................10 p.p.m. 0o.. 100 p.p.l o Tetrachloroethylene .....................................200 p.p.m. er.! Turpentine ......................................................700 p.p. :::> Toluene .. .. ............................................200 p.p.m. 200 p.p.l Xylene .. .............. ......................................200 p.p.I U ~ (1) 100 p.p.m. Trichlorethylene ... ........................................200 p.p.m. 100 p.p.I ~ Zinc oxide fume.........................................15 mg/cu.I (1) .0 m>E -cs cro DUSTS .?:roL.. 0.. Millions of particles per cubic foot of air-light field count. 1:' <ti Substance Concentration Substance >- ..Cl (1) Concentratio . '6 (1) Alundum ...................................................................... 15 Asbestos .....~ ................................................................ 15 :::2: Silica (based on percentage of free silica in the dust CS Count x%...................................................................... ~ 5 10% .. .. .... ........ ................ .... ................5 :3 Carborundum .............................................................. 15 Cement ........................................................................ 15 Feldspar ...................................................................... 10 Foundry ......................................................................20 15 12 Granite ........................................................................25 ("low") .... .. .............. .................................5 m . . . 25-35~~~..::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::':::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::~d c j H medium" ....................................................................2~}- :m5 i::ri~~ f ; 10 Mica ..............................................................................50 10 Nuisance ......................................................................50 Pottery .........,......... ...... ....... ............................... ......... 4 Organic ........................................................................50 PyrophylIite talc ..........................................................25 10 ~~~~s~.~.~~ ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::~* .~ 50.g Silicates ........................................................................ 15. Q) :5 Slate .... ...................................................................... E 1~ '0 ... 1~ ~ Total dust. .....................................................................5Q' g, z~.;, g, .~ ; ~ 3 SILICOSIS AND SIMILAR DUST DISEASES The pneumoconioses represent a class or type of daisyeabseesapopflitehde tluonagnsywphaitchholdoegvieclaolpcoslnodwitliyonasoaf trheseulltunogf occupational exposure. The term "pneumoconiosis" m produced by the inhalation of dusts. It is common further to classify pneumoconiosis according to the chief con- stituents of the dust producing the condition; for eroxdamucpelde, bsyiliccoasribsonpropdarutciceldesb, yetsci.licSa,inacsebessiltiicoosissispirsodthuecemd obsyt asbestos, siderosis produced by iron, anthracosis p important and control measures effective in preventing silicosis are applicable in the prevention of other forms of pneumoconiosis, this discussion will be limited chiefly to reporting the cause and prevention of Silicosis. Definition of Silicosis: A disease due to breathinmg ialiiar rcyonnutadiunliantgiosniliicna b(oStih0l2u),ngcsh,aarancdtecrliizneidcaallnyatboymsihcoalrltynebsys generalized fibrotic changes, and the development of of breath, decreased chest expansion, lessened capacity for work, absence of fever, increased sust:eptibility to tuberculosis (some or all of which symptoms may be present) and by characteristic X-ray findings. A. Principal Properties: 1. It occurs in two forms, free and combined. Ttehs.e Ofrfeethseilifcraese assiliacags rwouhpicharoeccduerfininitenactoumrep, oquunadrstzinis tthhee form of Si02 The combined forms are silica most common. Quartz is a hard mineral and chemically resistant to reagents. Other forms of free silica are Opal (Si02H 20), amorphous hydrated form, tridymite, cristobalite, and siliceous glass, or vitreous silica. B. Principal Industrial Uses: 1. Owing to the fact that the earth's crust contains so great an amount of silica, it is obvious that those occupations concerned with the driving of tunnels, development of highways, and mining are frequently associated with a silicosis hazard. Those industreiefsintihnagt ohfavoeretso, dthoewuisteh othf esapnrdocaenssdinggraavnedl ifnodrussttrruiacltuursael of mineral products, such as the smelting and r purposes, the carving of stone, particularly granite, the manufacture and use of certain abrasives, and the processing of the various forms of free silica, expose workers to this hazard. C. Pulmonary Effects: 1. Modes of entry a. Inhalation o( free silica particles 10 microns and less in size. 2. Symptoms a. The subjective and objective signs of silicosisrevsaernyt,aaccccoordrdininggtotothteherattyepeo,f edxetveenlto, pamnedndt uarnadtiodengorefethoef pulmonary fibrosis, and when infection is p complicating pulmonary infection. From a medical point of view, there is no sharp line of demarca- tion as to stages of silicosis. However, by means of a description by stages, the progressive nature of h. the disease may be First Stage: Chest better illustrated. film indicates early nodular fibrosis, the individual mayor may not exhibit such clinical evidence as slight shortness of breath upon exertion, and some cough. The geprral appearance is that of a healthy individual, and there is no appreciable decrease in capacity to perform usual duties. c. Second Stage: More advanced nodulation is shown by X-ray, and there may be some evidence of localized aggregation of nodules and pleural thickening. Definite shortness of breath upon exertion, cough more pronounced, chest movements sluggish, and expansion usually decreased. The individual may be able to continue at his usual job, although less effectively. d. Third Stage: Fibrous changes as shown by X-ray film are further accentuated. Nodules are larger and assume conglomerate form, showing large shadows corresponding to areas of dense fibrosis. Shortness of breath is marked and distress~ng upon slight exertion. Cough is increased, and may be dry, but is usually productive. Chest expansion is decreased even upon forced inspiration. The indi- vidual'~ capacity for work is seriously and permandeinntglythinejucroemd.plete occupational history, past and e. The diagnosis is based upon historical data, inclu present medical history; clinical, laboratory and X-ray findings. Except by autopsy, silicosis cannot be diagnosed definitely until X-ray examination reveals characteristic shadows of both lung fields. Other evidence of complicating pulmonary disease should be included in the diagnosis. -82- .' r ~ I I...~ !, " ',,81 ~;. I J \ 3. Predisposing Causes a. Age and geographical in itself is no great factor. b. Previous exposure seems to have a definite influence in predisposing to silicosis. c. Role of Infection: Infection developing along the respiratory tract may be of importance. Acute pneumonic conditions as well as the more chronic lung changes such as chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, bronchiolectasis, emphysema, asthma, and pleurisy all tend to decrease the ability of the lung to rid itself of foreign materials, through lessened lymphatic drainage and decreased power to force the bronchial secretions and foreign matter from the lungs. 4. Pathology a. Tissue reaction to dust: It has been shown that silica in solution or non-crystalline form exerts a toxic action upon the tissues which leads to the proliferation of fibreblastic cells, while other dusts have been either completely absorbed, leaving no scar tissue, or have remained unaltered in the form in which they were injected. h. Size of Dust Particles: Since dust, to exert its harmful action, must enter the finer divisions of the lung, the particle size of the atmospheric dust bears a definite relationship to the injurious effect produced. The silica must be present in the air in particles small enough to eorer the finer air spaces and of such dimensions that the phagocytic cells may engulf them. The natural defenses of the respiratory tract probably prevent many particles larger than 10 microns from ever reaching the finer divisions of the lung, and such as do are likely to be expelled with the bronchial secretions. The soluble silica plays a definite part in the production of the disease, and the size of the particle also affects the rate of solution, due to the fact that the smaller the particles, the greater the total surface area exposed to the action of solvents. 5. Prognosis a. In the main, the prospects for recovery for cases of Silicosis are not favorable. Even when removed from dust exposure, the disease often tends to progress and to be complicated with tuberculosis. If the individual can be removed from his dusty occupation before serious damage to the lungs has occurred, his chances of maintaining his working capacity are fair. 6. Standard of Dustiness a. In an investigation of the granite cutting plants conducted by the U. S. Public Health Service, most of the workers were found to be exposed to an averagge of about 60,000,000 particles of dust less than 10 microns in the greatest diameter per cu. ft. of air. The dust contained 700/0 silica, of which about 350/0 was in the form of quartz or free silica. Under such conditions, there was an almost universal occurrence of silicosis among those exposed twenty years or longer, and a large proportIon of workers devel~ped pulmonary tuberculosis. It was found in this investigation that little or no evidence of lung injury could be observed in workers exposed to a concentration of between 9,000,000 and 20,000,000 particles, so that this report suggests in broad limits a tentative concentration of air dustiness which can be tolerated over a period of years without serious consequence. Obviously such an estimated limit would be valueless where conditions are dissimilar. Most accepted permissible limit is 5 million particle~ per cu. ft. (size range 5 to 10 microns). While obviously dust containing 90% silica is more harmful than dust containing 60%, it is not certain that the relative harmfulness is one of strict arithmetical proportion. Another value of dust counts lies in their use as a measuring rule to indicate the relative efficiency of devices and the method adopted to suppress dust within an industry. t~:~ ~ ~c j ~ " 0 ~' 0 (/) 5 ::::J >, ..a ""0 QJ I Cl .8 0 I~ D.. (j) .0 f, >re- ii E 3;t ""0 C tu ! I -2 co i 0.. ,) ~ 1:: :5 it: t .... ~ >- ~ Ll ~' Ql ~ c "[5 I~' '6 Ql ~ ~ 0 .>rno- :.:J ro c :0g Z Ql -S '0 :ec 0 ~ 0(.) Ql - E *~ U Ql ':5. 0 (.) U) ('(l S QJ 0) co 0- r;') :;:; c 0 "iij ~ IT: f::: Q' ..c: I- D. Sanitary Corps Officer: 1 1. Measures for control of dust hazard. 2. Maintenance of existing control measures. 3. Supervision of protective devices for workers exposed to dust hazard. E. Medical Control: 1. Pre-employment placement examination should include X-ray of lungs. All persons who have chronic infections of the upper respiratory tract should not be exposed to dusty occupations. 2. Periodic Examinations a. A yearly complete physical examination which should include X-ray of lungs. 83 F. Suggested Silica Periodic Check: 1. Name, Address, Age, Race, Sex, Department, Age Began Work and Number of Years Worked. 2. Present: a. Specific Occupation h. Specific Industry c. Number Years In: (1) Dust (2) Non-Dust r , 3. Past: a. Specific Occupation h. Specific Industry c. Number Years In: '1 (1) Dust (2) Non-Dust 4. Past Illness: 5. Present Illness: a. Cough h. Shortness of Breath c. Fatigue d. Others 6. Physical Examination: '5 7. Laboratory: 8. X-Ray 9. Remarks: SELECTED REFERENCES Ri/er and Dallavolle, Public Health Reports, vo!. 54, No, 3, 3 March 1939, pp 352359, A Study of QuartzFusing operations with special Reference to the Measurement and Control of Silico Fumes. Sayers and Jones, Public Health Reports, vo!. 53, No. 33, 19 August 1928, pp 14531472, Silicosis and Similar Dust Diseases. Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., Industrial Health Section, Silicosis. Sections XVI-XVII AMC MANUAL No. 25-0-2 ;c 'J.g> >- 0.. HEALTH HA1ARDS o o uj Dermatitis may be caused by carbon tetrachloride, petroleum distillate (gasoline ::::> and petroleum naphtha), benzol, toluene, acetone, amyl acetate, lead, ethyl alcohol, >. .0 butyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, turpentine, caustic cleaners, oils, and greases. ~"0 .$ 1. CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.-If in sufficient concentration may cause an acute 2 0.. narcosis. Most ,common effect is chronic poisoning which injures primarily the G) .0 kidneys and liver. >ro . 2. PETROLEUM DISTILLATES (gasoline and petroleum naphtha).-May produce E an acute anesthetic action or may produce a chronic type of poisoning usually asso- "0 c m ciated with nervous symptoms. 1";- 3. BENZENE (benzol).-Is a very toxic material and usually presents a picture of m0.. aplastic anemia. This type of clinical picture is seen after prolonged exposure. The 1:' acute type of poisoning produces inebriation. <u 4. TOLUENE.-If in sufficient concentration has a narcotic action. May produce >. .D death. Toluene is methyl benzene. QJ C 5. ACETONE.-There are no cases of poisoning reported in man. Experimentally '0 '6 on animals, has an acute narcotic effect. QJ ~ 6. ACETATE (amyl, butyl and ethyl).-Slight possibility of causing irritation of '0 c- eyes and respiratory passages and mildly anesthetic. There are no fatal poisoning m cases reported in man. 15 ::J 7. ALCOHOL (butyl).-May produce blood changes with renal and hepatic degen- ro c eration if inhaled over a long period of time. o ~ 8. TURPENTINE.-Inhalation of heavy fumes causes symptoms of a mild anesthetic Z poison. It is excreted by the kidneys and nephritis is not an uncommon result of long (!) :5 exposure to turpentine fumes. a c 9. CAUSTIC CLEANER.-May produce dermatitis and conjunctivitis along with .9 caustic effect. t5 2 10. OILS AND GREASES.-Usual damage is an oil dermatitis which can be con- (5 o trolled by proper corrective measures. . ID :5 .Eg "0 ID '0.. SECTION XVII o o (J) ro MOTOR VEHICLE AND S ID 0) m MISCELLANEOUS REPAIR 0.. Cl) PROCESS.-Repair of gasoline motors and related equipment. TOXIC AGENTS 1. Carbon monoxide. 2. Gasoline. 3. Lead. 4. Asbestos. 5. Oils and greases. SUGGESTED CONTROL MEASURES 1. Local exhaust ventilation. 2. Protective clothing, gloves, aprons. 3. Approved-type air line respirators for continued exposure or approvedtype toxic dust respirator for intermittent exposures to dusty operations. 4. Protective hand creams. 5. Strict personal hygiene. HEALTH HAZARDS Dermatitis may be caused by petroleum distillate (gasoline and petroleum naphtha), oils, and greases. 1. CARBON MONOXIDE.-If in sufficient concentration, will produce anoxemia, causing unconsciousness and death. 24 AMC MANUAL No. 25-0-2 Section XVII Exhaust ventilated grinding wheel for brake shoe grinding. Exhaust ventilating system for removal 0' carbon monoxide during motor tune-up. :::(' c 3 Exhaust ventilating system for removal of carbon monoxide during motor tune-up. 2. GASOLINE.-May produce an acute anesthetic action or may produce a chronic type of poisoning usually associated with nervous symptoms. 3. LEAD.-May produce any of the symptoms and signs of plumbism. 4. ASBESTOS.-A prolonged exposure may produce asbestosis. 5. OILS AND GREASES.-Usual damage is an oil dermatitis which can be controlled by proper corrective measures. " ~ rf. I I ;<: l ~ f-I I ~,~ : I "= ~,($ ~.s f l~~ <- 25 ~ ~,~\ ''