Document 3ek3VmNxxrvpz8gXzQLLaBvba

Q INTERNATIONAL LBAD ZINC R1BEARCH ORGANIZATION, INC. WAO'tON *v|ttvl. NtW H * o^ TIv I^h O**! U|4 coot *' a k j .x a . ..... ka^i ona m tat Propone! froa laotopat, Inc. Barlr* rtcilwS 4 favorable ni^BM froa you rafardlnf tha Prallaloary Proposal ptpirwi by Iotopa*, loo., 4 croup of ua art with thra to 41a> cut* tha feraulatloo of 4 detailed propoaal. {topreaentatlvee froa the tthyl Corporation and du Pont, u vail aa froa th* Aaerlcao Fatroleua Xnatltute, rtipooM to agr Invitation to neet aod apant a aoat lntareaV In* day at the Xeotopee, Zoc. offlea. All of tbeee preaect ware aoat lnpraaaed with our dlacuealoa. U you say froa the attached propoaal the Beaauraaaot technique* aod facllltlaa that tbla potential contractor haa aiculd provide the baa la for developing lnvalmble lnforwatlce about tha raaulta ct aodern uaee of lead ca cur anrlrcnatot aod tha anlnal lift oo thl* plnoat. Sloea It liiaa to ua that a creat easy unfounded allacatlooa of lead ocotasloatloo art beln* flveo credence la joverrawnt, ntdlcal aod yufcUc ioforeatlco cIrelee, wa believe It la Imperative that our loduatry obtain tha facta, for lcrtaoce, v bellev* that auch of tha land found In our aorlrocnaot aod tha human body la of natural orlcln aod ahculd oot ba aacrtbad to coo* tealoatloo by nan, but ao far wa bay* taao ucabla to docmaet our ballaf. Plea*# atudy thla propceal ear*fully aod ba prejnred to rota cn prorlaloa of ftnl* la tha near future. X will ba abla to aaod to you a ballot OO 4 apaelfle amount of nooay abortly, aa aooo aa X bara racalrad froa tha Anarlean fatrolaua Xnatltuta an Lodlcatloo of thalr financial lctereat la thla ttudy. ' Vary truly your*, tori aw attar rweeot Ecc 0. fowlar A PROPOSAL TO STUDY THE USE OT LEAD ISOTOPE COMPOSITION AS AN EXVIXOStfNTAL TRACE* B I Technical and Coat Propoael B fl Prepared for International Lead Zinc Reacarch Qrjanliatioo 292 Nadi ton Avenue B Hex Yorkt Sev York and The American Petroletaa Inatituta 12'1 As'ertje of the A.-*ricaa B New Tork, haw York B B [0A T5<r-ja D. Parka Vica Praaldant - Technical Robert C. Butler Vice Prealdent - Treaaurar laotopee, Inc. Proj>oal No. 6fr-H dune 1, 1 966 laoinj-ee, Inc. 12) Woodlarnl A*enue Weatvunit New Jefy 07651 yjr'rrjr; y> v-rj-' '.maw ijpy^wcrwgaw- -w -4 N 391.01 isa$f . * 5P^i -; tLx^V7^f *_*. -s. . ' V ^ '' tS *"' * " rl V VOWS'* * * ^ ***> * .;<a|ifts^.--:lj^%f|ffe|`fiftfl|^^ '*^r -firry----- ..-*v- ---- *?& ^ Isotopes, Inc. 11 I DISTRIBUTION Internet Ion*l Lead Zinc Reiesrch Organization 292 Kidlaon Avenue New York. New York I The Aoerlesn Petroleun Institute 1271 Avenue of the Americas New York, New York $0 copies IS copies Isotopes, Inc. 123 Woodland Avenue Westwood, New Jersey 07674 I I * I I 10 copies CONTEXTS I I. INTRODUCTION H g n. TECHNICAL DISCUSSION II-l TL Ceocheniat ry of Lead and the Environmental Health of Han 11-X The Origin of laotopic Variation* in Lead 11-4 i Natural Variation* of Lead Iaotop* Ccaposltion in. score or vow: II>10 m-i i Phase I. Analytical Technique Devaloporntand Evaluation 111-1 Fhas* II. Feasibility Study of Isotopic Characteriaation of Lead in Prleery Sources, Environmental Media, i and in Man 111-2 Phase III. Extended Envlroneental Studies 111*4 IV. ErrCRT AND COST IV-1 I V. PROJECT PERSONNEL V-l VI. FACILITIES AT ISOTOPES, WC. TON PHYSICAL AND RADIOTTRIC Vl-1 II ANALYSIS I I i Ii 1 * I ' T?* V& - *j*VTf Avew* ,./* T *t' .ai,w . , >`-"a3jr*iswrVv^,v * vct/?T"jf Hp*V *^K iSi ,7^ *> ** ** v " Je& ^* * ,f r**^ * c. ucs.'-w""!' *-"^1 '"" '~'"'0t$t. - > *3 I* IA11779 `fnjVi'Hi-Hi MiHtm'it iit r-,-7M'-%^^iiimiii,t#tiWr-8ni:7- Isotop**, Inc. 1-1 THE USE OF LEAD ISOTOPE COHPOSITIOH AS AH DiVIROKHEXTAL TRACE* I. INTRODUCTION A recent report by Patterson concluded froa basic nitcrUl b*l*nc nd geochemical considerations that nan os an Industrial animal has severely contaminated his environment and Is suffering lead insult on* hundred times greater than that present during his biological evolution. Th* report ftirtber concluded that this level of insult, because It was sustained Ins period too i abort for evolutionary adjustment, is s danger to the well-being of s large portion of our population. Such widespread environmental contamination urns regarded a* particularly serious because it is cumulative and cannot be easily reduced should s critical level be reached. The above conclusions are in contradiction to a considerable array of scientific opinion that ha* developed from extensive work in lead toxicology i and pharmacology. In general, the most prominent workers have concludedt 1) i that primitive man suffered lead insult no less thsn one-half that presently r%- experienced by industrial man, 2) that there is a well-defined threshold value of lead insult below which man can exist indefinitely without ham, and 3) that the present "normal" body burden (a* measured by th# lead content of blood) of about one-third the threshold value allows an adequate margin of safety. C' Patterson's approach to evaluating the implications of lead con tamination in man's environment was largely tchoretlcal, and because there la not sufficient empirical evidence available to either confirm or refute hi* argument the controversy remain* unresolved. The purpose of this proposal is to outline a is*march program for the development and application of modern maas spectrometric and rSdloieotop# analysts technique* in order to Identify th# UI.1I.U OMMwmaur iswwwwma^wwsp^yJWjrhmsWMJ^ y< Isotope*, Inc. 1*2 source* of lead in man'* environment, to compare the preacnt environment with environments of tha paat and to. elucidate tha mechanism* by vhich lead may bacon* available for biological aaainilatlon. By establishing tha feaalblllty of ualng tha laotopic character of lead aa an environmental tracer it la hoped that th* relative importance of various poaaibl* source* of avallabla lead can ba eatabllahed and that a better underatending of the nechanlsna of lead transfer will permit nore econoaical alteration of the environment If required. s i r. i I I a - 1' '' Sfct i Thg Cpochealstrv of Lead and the Envirorocntal Health of Han Lead occurs In nature as a dispersed element in various geological a environment* and, In addition, is cosnonly found highly concentrated in tha font of ora deposits* Load is wall known for its toxicity, but as a dispersed 8 element it is unlikely to be hamful because it is present only in very low a concentrations to wdiicb can has adapted during the course of his biological evolution* When lead is encountered in high concentration, however, it can be a baneful and n*n oust avoid environment* characterized by high lead concentrat Iona a whether such environments be natural or a product of Industrial contaalnation. Tigure 1. shows some of the routes by Uilch lead nay become available to ban fro* the primary sources in bvdro* V and ainea. i bedrock breaks down to fom soil* During the process, Soce of the B lead of the parent rock rmaii*s in the soil and s o b* is dissolved in ground- water which nay eventually enter into streams, fart of the lead results Irom B the radioactive decay of radon gas. It, therefore, nay be expected to have a B very different distribution fron dissolved lead inasmuch as part of it escape* into the atmosphere and later returns as natural fallout in rain. a Lika several trace elements lead becoaes concentrated in the organic material which forme coal. Thus when coal Is mined and burned lead My become B available to mn by a direct transformation of the bedrock. That this My be B a potent source of lead is indicated l>y results of ih* "Trt City Lrad Study" Uilch indicated Such hi giver atmospheric lead oreentrst Ions In the winter In Chicago B than Could be attributed to autoed>llv r.laust*. ticking a positive beans of identifying leed frum different sources the author of this sti-dy could only 1 Lunf* '*3it- ;*>< Isotope*, Inc. ix--s I I 1 - I p 2 I I I I I I peculate that the lead originated In coal fly a*h. Because geologic processes leading to the formation of coal are very different frw* those leading to hydro-' thermal or* deposits. Identification of lead froa thee* different sources by Iso topic characterisation nay be possible. Host of the lead in nan's present environment come* froa nines. It enters the environment as various industrial products ranging froa storage batteries to insecticides and lead alkyls In gasolines. If all of the lead In these various products were In fact available to asn there would no doubt be greet cause for concern. However, audt of the lead in lead products enter* the environment In Inert fora*. It Is known for cxaeple, that Much of the lead froa automobile exhausts Is found In relatively large particles thich fall out rapidly and become part of the soil. As long as food Is ioported froa country areas the level of Iced In roadside soil* Is not likely to be en important en vironmental health factor. On the other hand. Material In the aubolcron range may stay In the air for extended periods, be breathed In and have a high probability of absorption in the body. Thus there sty be available and non-available fractions of the sane Material. In general, lead which persists in the stnosphere for some tlaa, or finds Its My Into soil and water is scat likely to be available to plants and to MS. Hot all lead which is available for entry Into ran 1* hemful because It ray enter In * fr* which 1* absorbed with low efficiency. This l*d, al though evsiUbl* to Mn In a sense, ts not available for entry Into laportsnt biological processes. By Isotopic characterisation of leed In biological staple* It My be possible to Identify the Sources of lead biologically available to Mn. for esarple, if the lead Ingested froa plant Material Is largely unabsorbel * -is. - *'v/* x. " ;ii\: v- . r.'C.li'jp'.T ' * - ^<*4, -,,4> >' .;i-f'> UV'--^t rr ->: -''>V.I:*-'V- . < ..." 'IV - p- vr - J' I Isotopes, Inc. II-4 l and la allainated In the facet It may be lsotopieally distinct from airborne laad tdilch is absorbed through the lungs and shove up in the urine or la accum ulated In the bones or teeth. The use of lesd Isotopic characterisation is a scans of identifying the geochemical and biochemical pathways followed by lead to and through an, dependa on the existence of natural isotopic variations. The extent to which useful Isotopic distinctions exist and the principles thich explain their origin are discussed in the following section. .flu .grUla-gMutgcic .Yarlgtltrot .In. head ,. I Variations in Isotopic abundances occur widely in nature and in general stem from two dlatinct sechanisme. The first concerns the thcroodynanical properties of ieotopic com i pounds in chemical, physiochemlcal or biochemical process. Since the reaction kinetics sre oast dependent, a lighter isotope will react sore favorably than i a heavier one in the ease reaction. The differences sre more marked in the i lighter elements, in particular in hydrogen, capbon, nitrogen and oxygen, the biological tissue building elements. The second source of isotopic sbundsnee vsriatlon occur* where an existing isotope is sited with a daughter product of a radioactive decay aeries. h>taseluo-40, for instance, decays to srgon-40 and changes the argon M>i3i40 I ratio with tiae. Of particular Interest to the present discussion Is the contribution to the world's lead Inventory by the decay of the unstable I elements uranium er*l thorium. Common lead la found to comprise a mUture of four stable Isotopes, l^'i v^v^KS^1^ 1^mfH- .1wpT K. ,Mg.- 7^(W^glWP^gnpSPw JV204, Fb-206, Pb-207, and Pb-208. There are also as many at sixteen different radioactive lead isotopes known, but the principal one pertinent to thia dle- cuttlon Is Pb-210, alto known at Radius D. I Lead-204 it not knovn to have been forsed by ary natural decay or any other nuclear reaction. It, thue, constitutes a measure of the original lead which I wat forsed td>en the element* were formed, sometime* known at orleevtl lead. t {fegsgtir B The laotopic ratio of Cps po t L-rtd mined today reaultt from the addition to primeval lead of radiogenic lead, Fb-204, Pb-207, and Pb-201, forced fro* the dtcay of uranium and thorium. rigure (2), (3), and (4) thow the decay tchecet for the three radioactive families resulting In the stable Isotopes of lead. The half* I live# of the parents, 0-234, 0-235, and Th-232, being the longest in each series, determine the ultiaete rates ob fulldup of the radiogenic Isotopes. In the earth's crust as a whole, Pb-2CX> and Pb-20* are being produced at about the same rate at I tha present tlse, while Pb-207 is being produced at a much slower rate because of the low abundance of <7-235. In cerly geological time, however, when (7-235 ms I much more abundant, Pb-207 wes being formed more rapidly than Pb-206. The differences in the Isotopic ratios of common lead ore may be, therefore, ettributeble to the manner of theaddition of the radiogenic lead to 7* X*' the primeval lead. 1. The oret may have been separated froa their source* at,dO'ifferent I tloet. Recently asperated ores esn be expected to contain greater ^.entitles of radiogenic lead than ores separated earlier. 2. The abundance of each radioactive parent omy have been variable. \ 3. The intermediate daughter nuclides preceding lead in Ihe three decay acheoea !wy have been differently dispersed prior to becoming lead. 1 9mmm why. 1S39 Ci J - csa EJ3 *33 - LIA11787 Isotope*, Inc. 92 U 91 Po ACTINIUM FAMILY U ?3J ft* 731 /9` /q r.or 10 s 90Th 89Ac 4**3 Tk ttr 0T / A Ac ttr Tk til 88Ro 87 Fr 86Rn XA* ttl # A ft m ft* ttl /o85A1 At tiS 0' 8-4 Po 8381 AN til 0' ft m X Xi tn 0' 82Pb 8ITI /os* tor T1 tor n tl 1 124 124 124 130 13* <34 134 134 MO M2 M4 M4 " - " 1 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- N riyxi $. 4 giji^rrji. u.y uitai.yt-'i v iiupjt-sw^pgi.iy ? rny,yeyiwig II-7 % 3-M M( <l*d)0]` 0@ ssi @ feu ; .'n.yftifrt i f ' LIA11788 02 U 91 Po z 90Th k 89Ac 88Ro 87 Ft . 86Rn 8SAr 84 Po 630 i f 82Pb 8ITI -5? % ypwpwylyw** THORIUM FAMILY .9 -- * *-- 4# ' ' Tli !2I 0- %----- --- * *e 221 'pr * 4 224 22* At 2i 0' Xr> tit 0' p* tit /= i 14 0' Ah to* 0` m T1 to* 4* tto ricm 4. / y- N T*. 222 Ut \sf 1 * <^i .1 > l^--1!>A||B.y '^ 'X ' "II *91 S&t i .3 k - 1 I I I 1 '.3 Isotopes, Inc* II-9 4. The foregoing causes nay becosse conblned, In mny proportion/ to oak* new or* bodies in a variety of geological processes. The existence of th* isotopic abundance ratios has bcn widely used to determine the history of lead or* deposits, eostiy galenas, and uch has been published discussing the possible Interpretation of the considerable nuaber of neesureswenta in the literature. It Is, however, the fact, and the characteristics of, these variations In najor Industrial lead or* areas that are pertinent to the present discussion. One of the prise objectives of the proposed study Is to differentiate in can and his environment between lead derived fron local natural sources snd that frocs distant areas via Industrial sources snd pathways. To schleve this, it must first be demonstrated that the isotopic ratios of lead In local soils and groundwaters can be distinguished fro* lead derived free the Mjor industrial erees. This would appear to be clearly possible In certain areas. In others the rang* from the separate aources My overlap such that definitive results are impossible. It is tbs prlMiy purpose of the Initial investigation under this project to define ths extent to which the Identification of specific sources Is possible in the present urban scene. An additional pa rantter which My prove to be a valuable tool to characterise lead in n d snd bis environment is the specific activity of ths radioactive Jb-210. leads associated with little residual 0-231, Such at Industrial load, would contain little 1V210. Soils and groundwotars on the other hand ahould contain considerable quantities derived from the U-23S in the weathered bedrock. This could b a W4aful Indicator of whether or not ths lead in plants is soil or atmosphere derived. IIUJMIW'IHKIJUH S.WI1W SIR' Isotopes, Inc. 11*10 Jfatmral, VarlaUam eJMsad Iaatogt CoagclUon A* a reault of tha factor* discussed above, significant variation la lead l*otops abundance* ar* observed In lead source* froa different geocheoical backgrounds. Table 1 abow* a selected list of lead staples froa various Mining districts to eaphaaiia the (rest range In composition. Also given la tha value for "primeval" lead a* derived froa a uraniuer- free Metallic aatcozite. Tha lead In the Manganese nodule froa the ocean floor probably represent* th# average cospoaitlon of aoluble lead that entered the Pacific Ocean over the past few hundred years. In each geographical area the geology of the surface will detcradne the lead isotops coepotition in the drinking water and In food grown In tha soil. The Isotopic variations In tolls over tha world will vary aa widely as that in saaples of lead Hated In Table I. The Indicated experimental error show* that lb* natural variatlona ar* large compared with the analytical capability. Soee Mines or Mining districts have rather unifora Isotopic composition. Lxasplet are Broken Hill, Coeur d'Alene and Dalnat. On the other hand, wide variatlona ar* observed In tha Hlsaiaalppl Valley type ores such aa those of Southeast Missouri District and the Trl-St*te District In western Missouri, nevertheless, th* sversg* lead Isotope composition frees these areas is reasonably uniform U>*n integrated over weeks of alntng. Variation* In th* isotopic cospoilt Ion of lead produced byth# lead alkyl Manufacturers **>uld relate to th* original source* of lead in th* pool, changes in the ratio* of these source* and th* Method of warehousing the raw notarial. Soa estimate of th** variations can b mede from th# record* of procurement and handling, hot better value* can probably be obtained by analyses of production on a periodic basis. - cr'.'Jwv ? Isotopes, Inc. 11-11 In the New York City area, for exaople, an Initial survey should a Include the laotopic composition of lead lnt drinking water, average diet (perhaps frost routine A. E. C. Sr90 sanples), lead In gasoline (ssaple najor a depots), lead in Consolidated Edison coal, and average lead In city air. It a would appear fro* Table I that Identification of these sources In the huaan lead burden aay be feasible. a B I I I I i laotopea, Inc. 11-13 TABU I 8 laotoplc Coepoaltlon of Selected LI at of Lead Snap lea PbI06/Pb104 Pb507/Pb2* I Canon DUblo (laeteorite) So. Africa (Boaetta Mine) 8 North Meat Terr. (Con Mine) Cobalt, Ontario Broken Hill, X. SW. Coeur d'Alene, Idaho (Sullivan Mine, B.C.) 8 Baleat, X.Y. franklin, X.J. Montana (Boulder Bathollth Mlnea) Cerro da Paaco, Peru Kaacot, Tenn. S.C. Mlaaourl (Av.) Trl State (Joplin) (Av.) 8 Hanfaneae Module 8 (Ocean rioor) Cxperlnental Error 8 9.5 13.6 14.1 14.9 16.3 16.S 16.9 17.4 1B.1 lB.I H.6 30.5 33.3 11.9 > .05 10.5 14.1 15.1 15.3 15.6 15.6 15.6 15.7 15.6 15.7 15.4 16.0 16.1 15.7 .05 8 8 l i Pb208/PbJ0 39.4 53.B 53.9 54.5 35.9 36.4 36.9 57.7 31.5 39.0 39.7 39.9 41.6 34.7 0.1 aMji-j.;, in. score or w o r k The proposed study of the use of lead Isotopic composition as aa environmental tracer will be carried out la three phases. Hies* Z will be concerned with the development and evaluation of analytical techniques. Za Phase 11 the feasibility of using Isotopic coeposltlon to characterise the I Iced In prlsery sources, environmental sedla, and In man will be established, and the use of tree rings ss [aleo-environmental indicators will be Investigated. Rksse III will extend the techniques and principles established la previous phases to several different geographical locations in order to prove the gener ality of their application I Phase 1. Analytical Ttchnlcut Devdocncnt and Evaluation The unique aspect of the proposed approach to the study of environ mental lead la the use of stable and radioactive isotopes to characterise the lead fro* various environmental sources. Although such experience has bent gained, (to a large extent by isotopee, Inc. personnel) in measuring lead isotope rstloa, in measuring low concent rat ion of lead by isotope dilution, and In orasu ring low levels of 1VJ10 radioactivity, the problee* associated with I the ultrs-wicroanalysls required fur environmental samples oust be approached I with care and thoroughness not cocmonly exercised In routine trace analysis. The first sis nonths of vorfc, these I, will, therefore, be concerned with I construction of s lead-free laboratory, production and testing of leSd-fre* reagents, preparation of standards, and establishing the 1 tails of defection of I the methods used. iv?;'*?***> ' v^vss* .i-ySv'J:i~ r '-.'.r'. - The precision and occur*./ vbtalieM. fr U,ih the abundance and isotopic \ measurement S will be defined, interralibret Ion will be conducted between the lead abundance ocesurtecnts done at lautopea, Inc, by the isotope dllutlon-aass spec- :_v^vA\U^e'-v. troseter set hod and those done by laboratories using the d tthUone-colorlaetric technique. I I B I i g i I I I I 8 II < I Procedure* for *aaure*ent of IV210 in low level aaaplcs will be established and evaluated and the uae of FV210 for yield determination in chmical concentration procedure* will be developed with particular regard to the aaple Metric*** Study of typical environmental Maple* will be done to check the procedure*. Isotopic analyala of lead alloy* froa t*tra*thyl*l**d manufactur*r will be undertaken to etabll*h the range of Isotopic variability to be expected In leaded gasolines. Throughout Phase 1 a continuing effort will be devoted to etudylng the problea of environmental lead In broad perspective and totard the end of thl* tine attention will be directed toward dtlgn of critical rxperloent* to be performed In Phase II. PSaa* II. feasibility Study uf leotoplc Characterlaat ion of L*d In Primary Sources. lcYlrorecntal Media, and In Hen__________________ _____________________ Following the thorough dev slop-rent and evaluation of lead ieotope Measurement technique* for environmental aasples In Phase 1* pilot atudle* will be conducted to teat the feasibility of using leotoplc characterisation as a Mean* of distinguishing various sources of environmental lead. A* reeult of experimental design studies undertaken In fhas* I, at least two areas in th* Sew York City area will be chosen for environmental sampling. An stteapt will be made to identity and characteflia primary source* of lead such as bedrock and soda, coal and fly-a*h, lead alltyls in gasoline, and tobacco, background information on the *4-*ple* enelyted will b studied In order to understand the origin of th* isotopic exposition observed. In general th* lead In primary sources Is not available to mm*. It ust first enter into environmental e*dla such as sir. water, erd food plants to become a biological contaminant of man. The sources of sen,ironaantal lead - i: l: K' r 'i I I -< B I available to wn vLU, therefore, be sampled and coopered with the primery sources in the mb i eree to determine which primary source* are responsible for the evallahle envlroneental lead* A third aspect of the pilot studies will Include isotopic charac* terisatlon of biMR staples including bone, teeth, blood, and urine to determine the relation between available environmental lead and that actually found in nan himself. In both die selection of staple type and procurement of samples of human eatcrlal guidance and cooperation will be sought from experts In Iced biochemistry end toxicology. To place the results of the environmental sampling program in historical perspective it is important to establish the feasibility of using tree rings, soil" pro files, and sedimentary layers as records of changing levels of environ mental lead, lead isotope atudirs of tree rings are particularly important because relatively high lead concentration in outer tree rirjgs has been used as pries facie evidence of eevere environmental contamination. The validity of these conclusions cannot be ecceptcd unless it can be shown that the lead in the zones of high concentration is isotcpically different froo the lead in the bedrock and soil and the same as that in the atmosphere. Our ueaaursmcnts will be cepeble of esteblishing these important relationships. It is anticipated that correlative environmental studies will be undenmy during the tiee period of these 11. Ltcharge of information with these programs and isotopic analysis of significant ea*ple* will enhance the value of the whole research project, because the isotopic tracer technique may be especially valuable in Investigstions of lead metabolic* in biological tysterna close attention will be given to the development of cooperative research program*. i Fh< III. Extended Environmental Studies. Once the analytical Methods for lead l*otopic characterisation ard I/' tha feasibility of their application are well established, study of different 1 geographical location! will be undertaken, Aroaa with different geology. Meteorology and lnduatrlal activity will be studied using the New York City pilot studies as Models. During this phase continued and increased participation and coopera tion with other groups and agencies is anticipated. The specific scope of work I to be undertaken in Fhase 111 cannot be defined at this tine because it is strongly dependent on the results of the feasibility study in Riase-Xl snd the extent end nature of the cooreletive study prograss of other groups. I>-s I I\ I S r*"s8? ~-(~iir~irwi i>Tr-ii--r frr *"imr r jr * -* ` * `* - * - ~i---------n-~Mf i r r iWriiflfrViniri iiMrniiirtwmi'T'ii'iiriiiiTMwitMntimi'rri'iiriifr^Trn-'iiirin-Tir - j gjy, > T|- h n.jiy mri-iij'iu 1 g f* , , ' ' -v .v ^ * ' -5 f <'**- -* -'W.l ^ ^ ^ i * M j> Isotopes, Inc. l I .^1 I I< I ' f iv. crronT a x d c o s t 1*0top**, Inc. regsrds th proposed prograa a* a basic research ffort which will require the utilisation of uniquely qualified personnel* The protran Must also hav* sons expensive and apaclal facilities at Its disposal. Isotopes, Inc. will provlds both of thssa requtreMents within tba basic cost of tba project scientists. Tht project scientists will hav* office space, clean chsalcal laboratory with special hoods, solid source ms s spectroaetsr. Mission spectrotraph, electron diffraction and electron nicrotraph at tbelr disposal. They will b*v all necessary secretarial, drafting and technical support, la the technical ares this will Include electronic support, data processing. Machine shop effort end chenlcal technician labor. The basic costs also Include the continuity advisory support of Drs. Kulp, Villi,, Friend and Bat* at described above. The work is divided into three pheset, each of six Months duration. Funding My therefor* be don* In six, twelve or eighteen Month increoente. It la understood that quarterly technical review* and alx Months technical reports will be part of Isotope*, Inc. coaeiitnent. Further, It Is agreed that sines the cuetmer Is primarily buy try *e level of effort** that the scope of work My be Modified it * reeult of the Quarterly fcevtev*. Particularly, if Is expected that redefinition end elaboration of the scope of work for Phases 11 and HI will occur prior to the Initiation of phase II. In phete I no direct charge* are Involved except travel and tub* tatenc* saexntng two tripe to the Mldwaat. In Phaas II, an allowance is Mdt for additional travel Involved In let'll sampling. In Phaae III, it Is fc-^V-eJ-vVV-C-dtetyi^S er- iiy laotopea, Inc. IV-2 . "\ f anticipated that there will be aona Increased travel and a requirement for on* epecial aaaplJng gear. In all cre* the direct chargea will be billed aa actual plue an adalnlatratlve charge of 10*. '.'WiWgye Phe I July 1, 1966 - Deceaber 31, 1966 (tlx aontha) Technic*! Effort Protect Coat Rata per Month Incl. All Support Total Sclantlat-Project Director (6 aoa.) AeeocUto Sc lent let (5 aoa.) Chcalat (3 aoa.) $5060. 3720. 2200. $30,460 11,600 6,600 65,660 I Direct Chart** Travel and Subalatence 2 Trip* to Hid Veat, total day* Eat. 800 Total $56,160 I Phaae II - January 1, 1967 - June 30, 1967 (*lx aontha) Technical Effort Protect Co*t Rate oar Month Incl. All Support Total Sclentlat-Project Director (6 aoa.) Aaaociat* Sclentlat (6 o*.) Ch*iat (6 aoa.) 5060. 3720. 2200. 30,4ao 22,320 13,200 66,000 Direct Chart** I Travel and Subalatence Total Eat. 1,000 $67,000 Phaee 111 - July 1, 1967 - December 31, 1967 (ala aontha) Project Coet I Technical Effort Sc lent let-Project Director f* .) i Ifvrl# All 50*0, Aaeoclate Sclent let (6 Me*.) 3720. Cheat*t (6 Me.) 2200. field Saaple* (4 *k >.) 2200. Total 30,460 22,320 13,200 a.aoo 74,600 plrect Chart#* B Travel and Subeietenre Special >Mplir C*r Total Eat. 2,000 5,000 $61,600 JOBS r^Cii 'v~ e.T; Isotopes, Inc V-l V. PROJECT PPtSOKVH. The proposed analytical method* research project will be conducted by a special project group established within the technical organisation* Dr* Donald I*. 5chut* will serve as the Project Director and principal Investigator. Dr. Schuts la a geochemist on the Research Department staff and la currently responsible for the Xuclear Operations Section of that Department. He la highly qualified to direct the proposed lead isotopic analysis research by virtue of hla extensive experience In the development of a variety of analytical nethods for determining trace element concentrations in seawater. Aa Project Director, Dr. Schuts will be responsible for the scientific direction and manage ment aspects of the research studies. In this position he will report to fir. C. C. Crouthamel, Director of Research of Isotopes, Inc. Several senior scientists in Isotopes, Inc. who have unique background* from which to contribwts to this program will advise Dr. Schuts in the direction of this project. These Includei Dr. J. Laurence gulp who tms directed major research program* in lead isotope geochemistry, essss. spectrooetric development, worldwide radioactive fallout and the movement Of strontium-90 in the human food chain! Dr. James P. friend, a physical chemist with-extensive experience in the field of atSKmpherlc aerosols and particle studies! Dr. George L. Cate who has - ' ** conducted numerteas research studies Involving isotopic lead determinations and lead geochro<w>*tryi and Dr. trie H. Willis who I* experienced in research work based on mast spectrometer e^asurneents of stable isotope ratios and low level radiological determinal ions of cartoon-14 and other radioisotopes. Mr. Roland Rologrivov, head of the Stable Isotopes Analysis Sect Ion of tha Scientific Services Department, wilt serve as the physical analyst for Isotopes, Inc. V-t this project* He will be primarily responsible for the perforeence of mm spectrooetrlc snslyse* and the developewnt of eultable new analyela techniques. Dr. J. Harlon Waapler of the Georgia Institute of Technology Earth Sciences Department, who has dona significant work in isotopic analysis of lead In very low concentration, will participate in the progren la the suwser of 1966 and will continue as an advisor in analytical techniques. One qualified technician will be assigned to the project group to assist in ssnplt preparation and analysis and to perform initial data reduction calculations. Detailed resides of the professional qualifications and experience of the scientists assigned to the proposed project group are included at the end of this section. Publication lists are also Included and have been annotated with asterisks (* ) to Indicate those papers which are especially relevant to the lead isotope analysis studies. V a a a a i a a p i a i a > i isornis, me. RESUME CCORCE L. BATE, Pb. D. Scientist - Dr. Bata serves on the Research Stiff st Isotopes, Inc. ss a specialist In nuclear physics. As Associate Project Director of Project PIVOCCHIO, he has over-all scientific and adelnlstratlve responsibility for the coordination of the research studies for the project and partici pates In specific phases of the research when necessary. Project studies are In the areas of nuclear paraoeters, geology, meteorology, (as analysts techniques, and local air analyses. He is also conducting theoretical studies of the potential usefulness of radionuclides forced by fast neutron spallation reaction* and heavy particle reactions vhtch accompany the detona tion of nuclear devices in various geologic aedls. Dr. Bate previously directed a project to establlah and evaluate erthods for the detection of ultra-low-level radioactive gaseous effluents frv* nuclesr operations. H* has additional responsibilities on the Patents, Radiation Safety, and Technical Studies Conslttees of the coepsity. Before cosing to Isotopes, Inc. In l'HS, Dr. Bate taught advanced physics courses as a Professor of Physics st Wheaton College and vas respon sible for the Installation of a radioisotope laboratory there. True* l*S4 to 10AS Dr. Bate served as s part-tie-- Research Consultant and Associate st the Argonne National Laboratory. His work there produced the first definitive assay of t Sorter* In both stone and Iron *>teorltes and led to further definition of the abundances of certain other elements in cosatc and terrestrial sources, later research permitted further development of oodels of nuclear fission by evaluation of escltatlon functions and angular distribution of fragments of nuclear fission induced by charged parttcle bossbardoent. As a Research Assistant at the Laoont Ceologlcal Observatory of Columbia University free IV51 to 1?M, Dr. Bate performed research which led to a determination of the age of the earth. Dr. Bate received a ft.A. In Physic* fr>* Princeton University In 104S and an M.S. In Physic* from the California Institute of Technology In Inlfc. He was awarded a Ph. 0. In Vj.-irar Cwophyslrs fr*% ColusM* University in I'J.M. Dr, Pate Is a oc-*`'r of Phi fwts Kap;>e sod Sigma XI, He holds eeoVrships In the Asw-rlran Association of Physic* Teachers, the American Association for the Advancrswnt of Science, and th (Vm hcnlral Society, KSgp ,-- V v- y t- : :_;.v i mm\ i, i f -is r h'-ifcg^C:<*&- isoms, me PUBLICATIONS CEORGE L. BATt J. L. Kulp, C, L. Bate, W. 0. Ault and H. W. reely, "Lead and Sulfur Irotoptc Abundance* In Hiatlaslppl Valley Calenaa", Bull. Ceol. Soc, Aa. 67, 123-124, January 1956 '** J. Laurence Kulp, Ceorge L. Bate and Bruno J. Cilrttl, "New Age Determinations by the Lead Method", Proc. Ceol. Aaaoc. Can. 7, 15-24, Kay 1955 *** J. Laurence Kulp, Ceorge L. Bate and Wallace S, Brocker, "Present Statu* of the Lead Method of Age Determination", Am. Jour. Science, 252, 345-365, June 1954 Ceorge L. Bate, J. R. Hulienga and Herbert A. Pot rati, "Thorium Content of Stone Meteorite*", Science 126, 612-613, September 27, 1957 *** C. L. Bate, D. S. Miller, and J. L. Kulp, "laotoplc Analyila of Tetraaettyl Lead", Analytical Chrm. 29, 54-44, January 1957 Ceorge L. Bate and J. R. Hulienga, "Abundance* of tathenlua, 0*!um and Uranium In Some Conte and Terrratrial Source*", Ceochlmlca at Coamochlmlca Acta 27, 345-360, April 1963 C. L. Bate, H. A. Petrstr and J. R. Hulienga, "Scandium, Ch reel us and Europium In Stone Meteorite* by Slaultaneou* Neutron Activation Analy*!*", Ceochlmlca t CoMtoChlalc* Acta IS, 101-107, 19(0 C. L. Bate, H. A. Pot rati and J. R. Hulienga, Thorium In Iron Meteorite*! A Preliminary Investigation", Ceochlmlca et Coemochlatca Acta lj[, 115-125, 1954 C. L. Bate, J; R. Hulienga and H. A. Pot rati, "Thorium In Stone Meteorite* by Neutron Activation Analy*!*", Ceochlmlca et Coemochlmlca Acta 16;, 44-100, 1959 Ceorge L. Bate, R. Chaudhry and J. R. Mtillenga, "TI*|on fragment Angular Dlt rlbut Ion* and Croat Sect ton* for Deuteron-tnduced Tlxton", Phy*. Rev. 131, 7?2-734, July 15, 19(3 Ceorge l. Bate and J. R. Hulienga, T!*(on and Reaction Crot* Section* in the Uranium Region vlth 4- to 12- MeV Proton*", Phy*. Rev. 133, B 147l-14"76, March 23, 19(4 J. f. C.|oiler, C, L. Bate and J. R. Hulienga, "Tlttlon nt Angular Distribution# In Charged-Peit Ic le-lrelieved ll,ton of Re * ' ", Phy*. Rev. JJ6, B 1333-1344, December 7, 10(4 tsrnns, me. PUBLICATIONS CAM. C. quXmtAHEL C. C. Crouthanel, Editor, "Regenerative Galvanic Syatms", Monograph in Aa. Chen. Soc. Advances in Chenistry Series, 196ft (in press) C. C. Crouthmel, D. C. Stupegla, C. H. Stevens and P. Kafalas, "Capture-to- rission Ratios of U2, and Pu9 in CBR-l, Mark III", Nucl. Set. Eng. 21, 179-1*5, February 19ftS C. E. Crouthanel and D. C. Stupegla, Review of "Techniqun of Inorganic Chenistry", Nuclear Che*. 2, X. F. Johnson et si., Nucl. Sci. Eng. 19, 25*, June 1964 C. C. Crouthanel, Editor, "Progress In Nuclear Energy", Series IX, Anal. Che*. Ill, Parts 5-7, 1963 C. E. Crouthanel, Editor, "Progress in Nuclear Energy", Series IX, Anal. Chen. Ill, Part 4, 1963 C. C. Crouthaael, Editor, "Progress in Nuclear Energy", Series IX, Anal. Chen. Ill, Parts 1-3, 1962 C. Catrousia, R- Heinrich, and C.E. Crouthaael, "Recent Mvancr* in Cruntinf Teehnlifie*", Chapt. 1 of "Progress in Nuclear Energy", Series IX, Anal. Chen. It, 19*1 C. E. Crcuthasel, Editor, "Progress la Nuclear Energy", Series IX, Anal. Chen. II, 4*9 pp., m-i C. E. Crouthanel, Editor, "Applied Cama-Ray Spect rotortry", internal'1. Series of Monographs II, ,440 pp., I960 C. E. Crouthaael, "Intrinsic Variables", Chapt. 1 of "Applied Caasna Ray Spectronetry", Intemat'l. Series of Me>ographs, 1-24, I960 W. Managan and C. E. Crouthanei, "Estrinslc Variables", Chapt. II of "Applied Gamsa-fUy Spect ronet ry", Intemat'l. Series of Monographs, 25-93, 1 960 C. E. Crotithaaei, "Cal ibrat Ion of the Detectors", Chapt. Ill of "Applied Cmsa-Ray Sped rnnet ry", Intemat'l* Series of Munog raphs, 94-109, I960 C. Catmusl* and C. t. Crout Sane], "Specific Applications", Chapt. 1H of "Applied Oaessa-Kay Spect rmet ry", Intemat'l. Series of Monographs, 110-155, I960 C. E. Cr*i thane 1, R. He in rich and C. Cat moils, 'Tie Quant I tat |ve Detemlnation of fission ami Nuclear React |i*> Products", talanta (4), 3'<<>-4,)7, 19S* c. I* Cnvllase) and C. Turk, 'IW'UisirMl Iwi of Pile Constants by Cleniral Metlus]a", Reactor Operational Problem J, 192-195, 195? C, C. Cr*>utlianel and C. Turk, "tvternlnat |ii of Nurlrar Reactor Constant* by Clentcat Met)*"!*", Peaceful Uses f Atonic Energy! l'n<. Intemat'l, Conf, , Ceneva, 1965 C-.-fc. C mu thane l and H. Diehl, "(-* Analysis Apparatus Employing the Velocity of S.aind", A.al. Cbm. 20, SIS, June ms MlgmpwtMWRj A* the Director of the Research Department at Isotopea, Inc., Dr. Crouthasel direct* the contract and ln-house research activities of the company. HI* staff Include* ripert* in * variety of *cimtific discipline* including nuclear and radiochnittry, geochemistry, geology, oceanography, biochemistry and nuclear physics. Dr. Crouthasel was employed at the Argonne national Laboratory as a Senior Chemist froa 1950 to I9t>5. Hr Initially developed nethoda for the analysis of reactor fuel and was responsible fur the organisation and super vision of the radiochemical prvgrxs in the Chemical engineering Div Ision. Tor twelve ye. r* he wa* tl>e Croup Leader of the Reactor Chenlstry Croup, with rraponalbl 1 iry for the detemination of reactor material* cross section*, drvrlopamt of activation arthod* aaaociated with fast breeder reactors, and development and application of such sophist{rated counting technique* as gas proportional,scintillation, and solid state apectroeetrrs. He is well-known for his pioneering work on the development and application of tod 1us iodidet hall tun activated scintillation apect rvewters and no Ill-channel analyser y tea*. Daring the past five year* h* has been primarily engaged In ttwdie* of fused 11-1 Iquld wt.il system* nrd their application to the direct con version of heat to electricity. These activities included c,tensive basic retearch in fused salt and lotersetal 1 Ir system* with particular mphaaia on the solubility of the lithiuit halide* end sidlum halide* In Itn#-dlelectrlc covalent solvents such as fu*ed lithium hydride and anhydrou* acetic acid. In addit Ion "he-ha* Investigated the there, dynamic prupertlr* of bimetallic system*, fused. salt binary aid ternary *y*tr-*, and sited intrrmetal 1 Ic fused salt systems. He also designed an Inert helium atmosphere bo* as a basic research unit which has been widely copied and reproduced at Argonne as well as sany other laboratories. Dr. Cmuth-wwl received a B.S. In Chemistry aid Hathematlc* In 1942 fro* Ca*tern fc*rrne College aid Ms H.A. In Analytical Chemistry In 1949 free* l!<*tor> Culvers Ity. Doctoral research wa* done at lie, State University are) he obtained hla hh.D. in Inorganic Chemistry In 19)0. He has been author of nor" lion 4J paper* In Ms field* of Invest Igat Ion aid ha* edited aid civil rlt-.itT*i siibet ant Ial ly to four h*nli. Dr. Cri'uth.vnel I* a wsber of the Aju-rlcan Chemical Socirty, t he American k>.clear Society, t lie Research Society of An.-rlta, the Hew York Academy of Science, vd the American Assoc 1st ion for the ASa>i'p*eid of Si Ir'X'e. mom me RESUME JAH3 P. miDfO, Ph. 0. Senior Sc lent let Dr. Friend ia a physical chemistry specialist on tha Research Department staff and alao acta aa th* Senior Scientific Adviaor for tba Drpartrent. He la presently conduct In* detection probability atudiea and field experlaenta under Project P1.N0CCH10 for tire VELA On-Site Inspection Program. He ia alao engaged in reaearch in the field of atmospheric chemistry. Th1a work Include* atudiea of the coopoaIt ion and characteriatic* of stratospheric aerosols and the relatlonahip of radioactivity to particulate natter in the atmosphere. In addition. Dr. Trient* la directing a study of the mechanism* of transport in the stratosphere and deposition on the ground of radioactive fallout. Dr. Trlend served a* Director of Project STAR OUST for laotopea, Inc. In this capacity he coordinated th* effort* of meteorologists, inter pretive scientist* and analyst*. Under th* Hi(h Altitude Sampling Program, he studied fluid flew In air sampling devices and worked on the calibration of the WU-2 sampling duct*. Other eiperienc* at Isotope*, Inc. ha* included studies of tha physical and chen leal properties of env Irotoental particulate materials and aerosols, cstabl ishii-g procedure* for tavpilrg of particulate ratter in the atmosphere and in tolls! and preparation of procedure* for plutoniun analyses and interpretation of these analyse*. He wet alto co-author of tha AtC report "Study of the Ceneral feasibility of Radioisotopes Hrthods in th* Natural Ca# Industry". He ha* supervised the analytical effort* In tha (a* counting laboratory where carbon-14, hydrogen-3, rsdluo-226 and radon measure ments are aad*. Prior to hit deployment at Isotopes, Inc., Dr. Trlend was employed a* a Physical Cheelst at the perkln-tlmer Corporation where he performed gas chromatographic investIgetIon*. taring hi* military service. Dr. Friend was assigned to the Arty Chesicel Center where hi* vurk involved the development of infrared Instru mentation and the detection of rhee>lr*l warfare agents In the atmosphere. Dr. rrlend received both hi* M.A. (lefJ) and Fh. D. (10`6) in Physical Chemistry frtm ColimM* University. Hl tlmsls subject was micro* wave Spectroscopy. He received a R.5. In Chemistry free* Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Is a *c*Ier of the ft.lluwlrg professional societies) Aster trsn Physical Society, toerlcan Associat Ion fur the Advance ment of Science, and Sign* It. 1 1 I 11 e I 1 I I I It. C. Lemer, B. P. Dailey and J. P. Triend, "Microwave Spectrun and Structure of roralc Acid", J. Chea. Pby*. 26, 6M, 1957 J. P. Triend and B. P. Dailey, "Microwave Studio* of the Structuro of Cyclopropyl Derivative*", J. Chea. Fhys. W, $57, 1MI J. P. Triend, C. X. Barnett and B. L. Critide*, "Study of the Ceneral Pcaalbllity of Radioisotopes Methods to the Natural Gas Industry", U. S. Atoalc Energy Corn i sal on Report SYO-27J3, 1964 J. P. Triend, "The Behavior of Kuclear Debrl* fron the Upper Ataosphere Rochet Detonation* a* Deteralned in the Hi|h Altitude Saapllnf Prograa", Proceedings of the Upper Alaosphere Saapllng Synpoeiua, Part I, J. D. Shrev*, dr., Cd. SCR-420, 1961 J. P. Triend, H. V. Teely, et. *i., "The High Altitude Sampling Profraa", Voliaes 1 - S, 4. P. Triend, editor, C. S. Departaent of Defense Report CASA-1300, 1961 Co-authored nine quarterly pro<re* reporta In Project STAR DUST, 0. S. Departaent of Defci^ee Report# DVSA 1371-U:-?, 1961 - 1964 M. V. Teely and J. P. Triend, "Evidence on Stratospheric Circulation froa Heasureaenta of Radioactive Bosh Debris Injected above 20 Kb ", paper presented at Kill Ceneral AeSeably; IUCC, Berkeley, California, 1963 J. P. Triend, "Stod lee of Xuclear Debris in Precipitation", AEC-JfTO 241S-12, Xoveaber 1964 *# J. P. Triend and D.M.C. Thc*es, "The Drteraint!ion of the Particle Sire Diatribv t Ion of the Particulate Material Collected during the Double Track* and Clean Slate I Event* of Operation *0UtM CfASTlX", Av*E Report 0-20/65, 1964 B. Davldaon, J. f. Triend and H. Seita, "buserlcal Model* of Diffusion and R*irv out of Stratoepheric Radioactive Materials", Tellua 1966 (In Pr#*)a J. P. Triend, "Properties of the Stratospheric Aerosol", Tellu* 1966 (In Prete)  'a i 4 i .1 A ROLAND KOLOCItIVOV, B.S. Senior Associate Scientist Mr. Kologrivov ha* had tlx year* experience in MU spec trometry particularly related to the isotope dilution aeaaurcaent of rubldtua, strontiua, potassium, argon, uranium, thorium and lead. At Isotope*, Inc. he has supervised the installation of the Reynolds type ms s spectrometer used for gas measurement* and the Shields type (CCC-ll-TOJ) Instrument used for solid source measurements. He designed and supervised the construction of the high vacuum futloo syste* used to prepare staple* and calibrate the isotopic tracer* used in the isotope dilution art hod. These syateas utilise the most recent development* in the state-of-the-art of ultra high vacuua technique* oriented to geochemical age deteraination*. Hit present work includes supervision of the east spectrometry laboratories. Mr. Kologrivov was previously cap toyed at the Lamest Geologi cal Observatory of Columbia I'nlverslty where he was in charge of the pots**(un-argon dating laboratory. These analytical techniques also utilise.! h jh sensitivity gas -j h pec truce try and ultra high vacuum techniques. Other work at Columbia In 1 vers It y Included 1c m level detection of radius In human bone and developmental work on 1c m level nuclear detectors and counting techniques. - Mr. Kologrivov received a B.S. in Chralstry from City College of New York and l* a member of the American Vacuua Society, the New York Academy of Science*, the Acer lean Nuclear Society, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. s i L; :| M Liawnw'-p1 .aw WWS1 . *"JW-VJ Will -CWJa USW .......... ' ' ` r $?* . ' K* **' >-*s-'-' - -; "; '* r. Mv-* :-.-. ' .s.-rf *i W7^ r-f 'ZZgtf^F r t** r*.*- - I ieonns, me PUBLICATIONS i i I AI p I jI I I as R. K0L0CR1V0V A. Walton, A. Kologrlvov and J. L. Kulp, "The Concentration and Distribution of Radius in the boreal Hunan Skeleton", Health Physic* 1_, 409-416, 19S9 J. L. Kulp, R. Kologrlvov, J. Haller and l. Koch, "K-AR Age a on Rock* fro Eastern Creenland", Kature 194 . 95J-9SS, 1962 ** j. t. Kulp, R. Kologrlvov, J. Haller and L. Koch, Turther laotopic Age Measurement* on Rocka froa North-Eastern Creenland", Nature 196, 160, 1962 J. L. Kulp, R. Kologrlvov, J. Engel* and E. J. Catanzaro, "A** of the Tordal, (iorwjy Pegmatite - A Correction", Ceochla. et Coaaochln. Acta 27, 647-84*, 1963 J. 1. Kulp, R. Kologrivov and W. W. Haableton, "K-Ar Age Measurement* on tha Kansas Basement", full. C.S.A., 1963 I 44i *trg?. '!W11 1 | ISOTOPES, IOC, RESUME J. LAURENCE KUEP. th.D. President Dr. Kulp ht directed vtd* variety of research project* In th* general are** of geochemistry and radlochcaistry; These have Included various aspect* of th* dlssemtnatton of radioactive debris Into the geosphere and biosphere. Major project* have been Project* HASP and STAR DCST (world wide radioactive fallout in the atmosphere), blogeochemlstry of Sr90 and C*l3^, movement of bomb-produced C1* In the atmosphere, biosphere and oceana, mathematical model for the prediction of fission product* In post-attack diets, dccontaalwtlon of aircraft froa fission debris, plutonlua hazards fro* non nuclear accidental destruction of device* and Project Vela Cloud Cap. Geochronology has also been a focus of study. Investigation* have been made on the develojevent of the method of radiocarbon dating and Its application to archeological sod geological problems In such diverse area* as the constancy of cosmic ray flu*, the origin of petroleum and the development of the human culture In South America. The K-Ar, Rb-Sr and U-Pb methods of dating rock* have been developed In Dr. ICulp's laboratory and applied to rv.atwrous geological probiros. In 1962 a definitive geological tla* scale was produced. Other fundamental Investlgat Iona have been In the field of Isotope geochemistry a* applied to the origin of the Mississippi Valley lead ore*, of the porphyry copper of the t--':rhver( ef salt duae sulfur deposits, th* uranium deposit* of the Colorado Plateau and the age of the gold urea of bead, S.D. Sludie* utilizing lead and strontium Isotope variation* have helped shed light'* on certain problem* of th* evolution of the continents and ocean basins. In space science. Dr. tulp has been concerned with the geologic mapping of the moon by guiu spectrometry, the age of meteorites, the probable source* of water on the lu-vir surface and the radiation background to be eipccted In els-lunar space. Trom 1947 u< tll lott, Dr. gulp was on the faculty of Columbia University, >* Professor of C*~ yh** I s t ry. Troa 1954 until lo;5 h was Director of the Geochemistry la'*>ratory at the t,vw.nt Geol/.g Ir a 1 Observatory^ Me Is presently associated with Cl**ahla a* an Adjunct Professor. Me has served as a consultant to Industrial fires, military groups, and other Government agencies, l.e, Esso Standard Oil, Mumble Oil, Kennec<>|t Copper, Culf Research arxl Cb^velojuveot , RaM fu,jv.rat ( :f>, U.S.A.r., Army Ordinance Corps, U.R.A.f.C., federal Coverrcvent of West Ceifsaoy, Dr, Rulp was a found lag Director of Isotopes, In*, and served tn a consulting rapacity as Wnluf Scientific Adviser until {Vcesatvcr, 1964 when he be, ane president ,.f the c ejji.y, lie- Is s ivet.tr or fellow of the following scientific i,t (eji Aserlcin Chemical A-cIrty, American Ihyslcal Society, Geo logical Society of America, Oe--.het. a 1 Society, Mineralogiesl Society of America, Aascati.n of pet r.> t. ,_ > 'geologist a, Anerl.an G. <>{>hy s lea l Union, Society of Sigma XI, American Asavlati>,n fur the Advancement raf Science. J.L. Kulp, 'Origin of the Hydroaphere", Ool. Soc, Aner. Bull. 63. 326-329, 1951 J.L, Kulp and D.B. Carr, "Surface Are* of Deep-ana Sedlnent*", Jour. Ool. 60, 145-159, 1952 J.L. Kulp, H, Volchok, M.D. Holland and D.B. Lrlcaon, "Thick Sourca Alpha Activity of $o* North Atlantic Cor*^, Jour. Mar. Be*. 11. 19-25, 1952 D.B. Carr and J.L. Kulp, "Age of a Mid-Atlantic Bldga Baaalt Boulder", Ool. Soc. Aner. Bull. 64, 253-254, 1953 J.L. Kulp, "Carbon-14 Mraaorreu-nta on Ceologic Suspire", Atoolca 4, 1953 J.L. Kulp, "Clltlc Chaise and Badloleotoplc Dating", Proc. A*. Acad. Art* and Sol., S>spot tun on Clinatlc Change, ClLaatic Change, cdt. by Harlow Shapclry, Hup. 16, 201-201, 1953 B J.L. Kulp and H.L. Volchok, "Comtancy of Coaatc-Ray Tlux (her the Paat 30,000 Yrara", fhy. Bcv. 90, 715-'1< 1953 M.D. 11,1 land and J.L. Kulp, "Tranpurt and CV-^>ltlnn of I'ranlun, lonlua and Badlun In Klwra, Ocean and Ocean S*dle-nt", Ceochtsica *t Cosjarchlaica Acta 197.213, 1954 H.D. Holland and J.L. Kulp, "Ihe IVchantiu* of kraoval i f luitlua aud Aadlia frue* the Ocean*", Oeochlnlca et Comochlnlce Acta 1, 214-244, 1954 I A. V. Crntw, A.O. KlrahenUaiai, J.L. Kulp and W.S. Broeckrr, "The Katural Trltlia Content of At>phcrlc Hydrogen", ihya. Bev. 93, 250, 1954 B C. L. Cate and J.L. Kulp, "2,topic Ccpoltlon of Coawon Lead fron So. Africa", Scl. 122, 970-971, 1955 B D. B. Carr ami J.L. Kulp, "l'e of to Deter*In* Argon Behavior In Varu>4* 5y*tm", Bcv, of Scl. intr. 26, 379-341, 1953 D.B. Carr, P.t. tVi.%.n, V.J. ftm*vkrr and J.L. Kulp, "P>ta**lu*-*rgon Age Hrthexf4, Prt.e, of Sub,-C". on Nuclear Ceoph/*lc* tonf. at =Pettn State, Sep I fiber 1955 {5 v <y '* B. J. Client a>l J.L. Kulp, "Radon Leakage fra* Radioactive Mineral*", An, Miner*!, *2., 4*l-4>f., 1955 J.L. Kulp, "lei,topic Dull'g and the Geologic Tie* Scale", Ool, $> , Anar,, pc. paper 62, ri.r.7o, h fig*., 19J5 n^j^rjPWflJ/WW" *WMBfgyf-l. .k,5LliHSHi.it,J.Uitf-HMtill pW s`f?'*1: >*' fr-- - -. VH t .v^-. r- v-,: A*^ -- . .; v-.i; --; '%*.<-ai&m>i".:. K-jrsitffXii * <,.- * ;>... r; . ~ * sa.^.^" -j' - : . -> />' " V: ' >ag, ifefe^La&SL^acfrg^aiflii^ . .... v. ^ _ v . vv-Vt*.^; ; . ,isoropc s, m J.L. KULP, (Publlcattona. Page 2) K.K, Tureklan end J.L. Kulp, "Ccochcartatry of Strontiurf*, Ceochlalca *t Coaaochlnlc* Acta 10. 245-296, 1956 D.B. Ertceon, W.S. Broecker, J.L. Kulp and C. Wollln, "lata Pletatoceoa Cllmatce and Dcrp-aca Scdlnente", Scl. 124. 385-3*9, 1956 K.K. Tureklan and J.L. Kulp, "The Strontium Content of Human Booae", Scl. 124, 405-407, 1956 W.S. Broecker and J.L. Kulp, "The Radiocarbon Method of A(a Determination", American Antiquity 22, 1-11 1956 f D.R. Carr and J.L. kulp, "Patakalum-argon Method of Ccochronomctry**, Bull. Ceol. Soc. Aarr. 68, 763-7*4, 1957 . C.l. Bate, D.S. Miller and J.L. Kulp, "leotoplc Analyala of Trtreethyleaa", Analytical Chc. 29. 64, 1957 K.K. Tureklan, P.W. Caet and J.L. Kulp, "Eolation Spectrogrtphlc Method for the Determination of Strontlua In Silicate Metarule", Speclrochl*. Acta & 9, 40, 1957 W.S. Broe.kcr and J.L. Kulp, "Laaont Radiocarbon Moaurr*rnta IV**, Scl. 126. 1324-1334, 1957 X- P.C. Dunoti and J.L. Kulp, "I'e-rt Caeet and the Cos lot Ion of the Atao afihe re" , V': Ceothlricu it Cw>thlalca Acta U, 2.*l9-292, 159 B.J, Cllett I, J.L. Kulp and T. Baian, "Oociicnlit ry of TrlllmP*, Tran#. I Aarr, Ceophye. IV.ton 3**, 107-816, 1958 f: B.J. Cllett 1 and J.L. Kulp, "Iritlua Tracer In Arctic ProMena", Scl. 129. IV, 901-903, 1759 J^l -. A, Walton, R, Kologrliov and J.L. Kulp, "The Concrnt rat ton and Distribution i of Radium In the hornet iKain Skeleton", Health fhyalce 409-416, t'i$J A.R. Scbulrrt, t. tVdca, t. Lrnhoff and J.L. Kulp.-Sr'*0 Dlatributlon In th* Skclrtn*/*p Mrlth ftiyslc* 7^t 62-6*, ** J.L, Kulp, J.C. Cobh, L.t. to'* an.I D.S, Miller, "Oolo*leal Tine fcale", Mature 1_V4. fl.A. 62-PA. 63, l'J9 J.L, Kulp, "The Ceoli.glral Tine 5. ale", prr*erSed at Jnternelloio 1 Cco 1, Correa# In Copc'iKjjen, Aiafu*! 1900 J.L. Kulp and J.L, t>l.k, "Radiation Haard from Contaminated Aircraft", Jour, f Ih-alth Ibyetre, I960 & j&~ # ' \- _v ---A [2- '" 4-^ r,s.v. T*1 ^ *5z , ^ v -r .' '--h,. -. 5 -- It-'aMf i *?" "TSC ......ats.. e&iBOTone. me. J.t. ICULP. (Publteat Iona, Page 3) J.L. gulp, "Radionuclide* In Han fro* Nuclear Tfiti*, Agrlc. and Food Che*. 9, 122, 1961 J.t. ICulp, "Geologic Ttaa Seal*-, Set. 133, UOS-1114, 1961 I J.L. ICulp, A.A. Schulert, E.J. Hodge*. E.C, Anderaon and W.H. Langhaa, Sr90 od c.137 ln North Aaerlcan Mil**, Scl. 133, 1768-1770, 1961 J.t. gulp, "Prediction of tha Sr90 Concentration In the World Population", rollout Conference, U.S. Atonic Energy Coeolaalon, November 1961 J.L. gulp and J. Engela, "Dlacordancea ln K-Ar and Rb-Sr laotoplc Agea", I Radioactive Dating, Intern. Atoslc Energy Agency, 219-238, 1963 I I -%-T^ `"1^^ W&Mi ajfrjggMuueacM! .ews^ygwwtWAW" mm wm in sr ^fcr zjy? " ^^5 f * ~^V '*** *' "* * T51" '*' * * 5 ,\ *i*-i-^*>'^.vv-> . <.-^.a- < ;v 4 - * '* + * c *$% % r^\ ?' . * ' * ** V\ 'i~--4 ^' ' 4 iiadim --Ji--"p-T*3 laxateiiaii I I a I B I P i tsoropis. me RtSUME d o s al o r. scmrrz, ph. d . Sclentlt Dr. Schutx 1* washer of tKe scientific ataff In the Raaearch Department at Uotopes, Inc. In thla position he provide* extensive experience and capability to the research staff In the field* of geochemistry and oceanography. He ha* recently been assigned a* Manager of the Nuclear Operation* Section of the Research Department to excrcUe over-all technical and adalnljtratlv# rc*pon*lblllty for project* involving reicerch and development of nuclear teat detection and on-tlt* inspectloti technique*. Dr. Schut* 1* uniquely qualified for thla coordinating reponibillty bec*u*e of hi* prevlou* experience *a the Director of Project P1N0CCH10 where he uprvi*ed the development of radiological technique* for the detection of clandextlr.e nuclear weapon* teat*. He alao bring* a valuable geo logical and oceanographic bacVground to thla poaltion which require* a broad know ledge of env Irorwr.tal factor* and their Influence on nuclear operation* project*. Hla earlier work at laotopea, Inc. Included the developeent of Improved technique* for extracting inert gaar* from air samples, and the evaluation of internal ga* proport (oral counting method* for radiometric aaaay of (operated ***. In addition to hi* laboratory atudle* on tlms# problem*. Dr. Schutx alao participated In and directed field operation* In connection with several contract research programs. before coel-g to Isotope*, Inc., Dr. Schutx was a Research Staff Geologist In the Djart-.-nt of Ceolocy t Yale tnivrralty. His work there waa primarily concerned with the d*>.*l...p=*nt of analytical technique* for the deter minations of trace element* In seawater by neutroo activation and X-ray fluores cence analysis. In a, study of the geochenicsl problem* of aarine trace element economy end distribution, these method* were spplled to a world-lde sampling of aeawatsr. The samples included those collected by Dr. Schutx in the Antarctic during the winter of I'kbJ-OA or- the oceanographic research vessel ELIAslM. He ha* also studied the distribution of silver in Connecticut stream* and the Long Island Sound by emission spedrtgrsphlc aral>sl* In an Investigation of the effect of industrial processes on the trace element concentration of river water. At Rice University Dr. Schutx completed a stat tat leal study of regional variation* In the chemical cse>posit 1 on of tasaltic rock*. Dicing the suwtera of lSh and r>$6 he worked for hear fre-h Mining Company on geochemical prospecting projects In the states of ttelne sod Arlxona. s Dr. Srh'itx received Ms ph. D. In Geology in 1064 fries Yale University. HI* thesis vs* (-(.cx-erned with tie .< r sph ic* 1 and vertical distribution of over eighteen trace elements in seSwstef. lie received an M.A. In Geology fries Rtc* University In lt>l si-1 a (1.4. In Geology In l`*14 fries Yale University, lie Is member of 1 Ignm XI, t> Geochemical Society and tie. Aeverhan Geophysical Union. mkr A^ ;m-i ^v' -, a,, y> r' ... 4 .. sw 'lygpiMp'iiy" V-->.*,V,,iV'TA'-'~ iSefROV *-sJ3 LIA11815 A J .* -i X.'^^fcSa^SftBEaGSOF PTjrTst** V;.: ...v , . . V.; ...s.;v.^-: ..-y^,. : .. B /MWffi me pu bl ic at io n s 8 I DONALD r. SCHIITZ Donald r. Schuti, "A Method for the Determination of Several Trace Element* a In S* Water by Neutron Activation", (Abatr.) Paper preaentad at Tran*. Am. Ceophyalcal Un. 44, 632, June 1963 a D. r. Schutx and K. K. Turekian, "Determinatloo of Some Tract Element* In Seawater by Neutron Activation", (Abatr.) Paper preaented at XIII Central Assembly, Inter. Union of Ceodeay and Ceophya. 9, 33, Berkeley, Cal., August 1963 a Donald r. Schuti, Karl K. Turektan and Ernst Bolter, "Neutron Activation Determination of Several Trace Elements in Sea Water by Ca* of an Internal Plus Monitor Technique", (Abstr.) Paper presented at Second National B Meeting, The Society for Applied Spectroscopy, 34, San Diego, Cal., October 1963 B D. T. Schuti and K. K. Turekian, "The Distribution of Saleniw, Antlaiony, Silver, Cohalt, and Nickel in Sea Water", (Abatr.) Paper preaented at Trans. Aa. Ceophys. Un. 43, 11S, Mirch 1964 I K. K. Turekian and Donald T. Schuti, "The Trace Element Economy In the Ocrar.*", Piper preaented at the Syspcalus or. Marine Biochemistry, Graduate a School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, October 1964 (to be puhi islwrd) Ernst Bolter, Karl K. Turekian and Donald T. Schuti, "The Distribution of a Rubidium, Ceslua and Barium in the Oceana", Ceochlalca at Coamochiaica Acta 2, 1439-1466, 1964., a Donald T. Schuti and Karl K. Turekian, "The Investigation of the Geo graphical and Vertical Distribution of Several Trace tleewnt* In Sea Water being Neutron Activation Analysis", Ceochlttlca *t Coeaochlsic# Acta 20, a 239-313, 1963 -- Ikctoral Dlssertat icev, Yale University, 1964, "The Geographical and Vertical Distribution of Several Tree* Clements in S*a Water" a Dnneld T. Srhutl and K. K. Turekian, "The Distribution of Ccdalt, Nickel, and Silver In Cfcean Water Profiles Around Pacific Antarct lea", .lour. Ceephys. Research 70, 3319-332R, 1963 B / ^' e*4--: j> -V?- - > ISOTOPES, ISC T rV OCTV'flWir'- iYii '.;v*v RESV> i: me h . wnxis, nw d . Senior Research Scientist Dr. Willis la Manager of the Scientific Services Department at Isotope*, Inc. He hs* responsibility for the Mass Spectrometry, Cas Analy sis, Radiochenlstry, Kadiftissay and Solid Phase Analysis activities of the company. A significant portion of the analytical research and routine tarple analyil* work under his direction Is conducted In support of Project* HOCCASIN and PIXXXHIO of the VEtA ONSITE Inspection Program. In addition, Dr. Willis personally participated In Project Pre-bRtCCIA sampling and analysis In con m** nection with Operation 10SC SHOT at Aachltka Island, Alaska. Prior to Joining Isotopes, Inc., Dr. Willis was an Assistant Director of Research In the University of Cartridge, England. He established the Dost advanced radiocarbon dating laboratory In the United Mngdors with wide applica tions In Quaternary Research, Soli Science and Archaeology. His geological In vestigations also Include the study of palaeotenperature* In fojaalnlferal deposits using the relative abundance of the stable oxygen isotopes In a double collector Isotope ratio oass spectroneter. The existence of artificial radio carbon tn the atmosphere due to thermonuclear weapon tests led him to study the activity level* at ground level and the lower stratosphere using high-flying aircraft of the R.A.T. In conjunction with A.V.R.E. Aldernaston. being the evst prolific of gaseous fallovt products, the distribution ol radiocarbon in the atmosphere with tine yields considerable lnforsvitlort concerning troposphere- 1 stratosphere tslxir.g times. the radioactive carbon dioxide was collected on rvlec-lar sieves In special wlrg-tlp ducts and recovered by vacuum fumaclng. The cs-asurcnrr.t* were Initiated shortly after the violation of the noclrar test ooratorlua In October, lr"'l and are still continuing. Dr. Willis Introduced teaching courses In Isotopic Ceochrsslstry at Cambridge University and lectured Irr Quaternary Strat igrsphy. He was President of the Cocnlssion on the Absolute Age of Quaternary Deposits which convened as part of the Internet local Quaternary Association in Denver, Colorado In 176S. At Cambridge he wn* a nr'-i*.-r of the coesnlttne directing net*orolgtcl studies I of the It .l-erslty ss well Ss supervising the control arvj housing of radioactive substance*. I Earlier In his career Dr. Willis wns employed hy Socleoolc *nd Radiological Dr-v*lnpn*>-.t Lahorator l* in cheaslcal dosimetry under the auspice* of the United Kingdom Atiwic Er.crgy Authority. I It* r*c*tv4 Ms t*h, 0. in ludtoc!>e*> 1 *try from Cambridge University In lbjj *nd * I). Jc. In I'd? In Physic* at King* College, Umdon. 1 1 ......... miih i ii "Mu wnir MUHIHs iii 11 ' ' ..... 1 j j C. H. WILLIS H. Godwin, D. Walker and . H. WlUli, "Radiocarbon Dot Inn and Postglacial Vegetatlonal Hlatoryi Scaleby Moss", Pro. Roy. Soc. B. 147. 352, 1957 H. Godwin, R. P. Suggate and C. H. Vlllit, "Radiocarbon Dating of th* Costatic Rise In Ocean level", Nature 181. 1518, 1958 H. Godwin and E. H. Will la, "Radiocarbon Dating of the Late Glacial Period In Britain", Pro. Roy, Soc. B. ISO. 199, 1959 H. Godwin and C. H. Willis, "Csnbrldge University Natural Radiocarbon Measurement l", 1959 H. Godwin and E. H. Willis, "Csabrldge University Natural Radiocarbon Hcasureernt II", 1960 H. Godwin and E. H. Willis, "Csnbrldge University Natural Radiocarbon Measurement Hi", 1961 H. Codwln and E. H. Willis, "Caabrldg* University Natural Radiocarbon Measurement IV", 1961 H. Codwln and E. H. Willis, "Csabrldge University Natural Radiocarbon Meaturerwnt V", 1961 H. Godwin and E. H. V|)lls, "Csabrldge University Natural Radiocarbon Measurement VI", 1963 H. Godwin and E. M. Willis, "Cambridge t'nlverslty Natural Radiocarbon Measureapnt VII", 1965 H. Codwln and . H. Willis, "Radiocarbon Dating of Prehistoric Wooden Trackway*", i Nature 1M, 490, 1959 E. H. Willis, "Atmospheric Radiocarbon Activity In 1959", Nature Ul, 551, i960 E. H. Willis, M. Tauber and K. 0. Munntch, "Variation* In the Atmospheric Radio carbon Concent rat ltr owr the Past 1500 Years", Radiocarbon 11., 1, I960 *vv,> E. II. Willis, "Post Glacial Eustatlc Rise In See level", Inter. Ronf. Ptlr Vorurwl rrOhgescblchte V, 24, i960 E. H. Willi* and A. C. MniMock, "Atmospheric Activities and toting Prnceshires", Advances Inorganic snd Rsdlocbeelstry 5, Academic Press, New York 1941 E. >1. Willis, "The Validity of Radiocarbon toting". Tines Science Rev. 4](, 1H1 E. H. WUlla, "Marine Transgression Sequence* In the English TenlaO'Is", Annals N.Y. Acad, of Sciences 9S, 36S, 1961 M. '-vr .'L.r: ^ ^ *#*.*& I LIA11818 -- * *:t H'''' .. --^ r_1e, _ ,, iso t o pes, m E. H. WIllIS (Publication* cont'd) A. G. Smith and E. H. Villi*, "The LandnM Phase at Fallahogy, X. Ireland", Ulster J. Arch. (In press), 1962 E. H. Willi*, "Radiocarbon Da tint", Science In Archaeology, Those* A Hudson, London, 1969 E. H. Willie and A. C. Haddock, "Stratospheric Radiocarbon Concentration* at S4 X. during 1962", J. Ceophy*. Re*. (In prea*), 1963 R. H. S. Perrin, E. H. Willi* and C. A. A. Hodge, "The Dating of Huau* Podzols by Radiocarbon", Nature, April 1964 E. H. Villi*, A. G. Haddock and F. Alonso, "Radiocarbon fro* Nuclear Testa 1962-1964" (In preparation) E. H. Willis and H. Godwin, "Antiquity of Xeluaslua Seeds", Hew Phytologlat, (In press), 196S I ;"F 1 I W'*1 I sgiS. v- * ' J. MARION WAMPLER, Ph. 0. Consultant Dr. Wampler U currently an Assiatant Professor In the Esrth Sclencsa Department of the Ceorgla Institute of Technology, fr 1963 to 1965 h* was a Research Associate at Brookhaven Vat ions 1 Laboratory and in 1965 served as a 3uam-r Research Participant at the Oak Ridge Rational Laboratory. Mis research endeavors include isotopic studies of lead in sedimentary and mrtaeorphlc einerals, in tektltes and related rock samples, and in archaeological objects and related lead ores. He has done uranium-lead age determinations and Mossbauer spectroteetry of iroct in clay minerals. I Dr. Wacpler is co author of s number of articles dealing with isotopic composition and concentration of lead in some carbonate rocks, isotopic studios of lead In sedlantsry pyrlte, use of lead isotope analysis to determine the E provenance of archa.ologleal samples, and isotopic comparison of lead from Ivory Coast tektlte* and Bos-=tv l Crater material*. ' Dr. Wampler nceiini hi* Ph. D. In Isotope Ct<*!ltry from Colusbia i University in I'M; hi* P.A. In Chemistry frees Prfdjjrvjtrr College in 1957. He is a Bomber of the American Geophysical Lnlon, the Geoctweiical Society, the American Association for the Advancement of Science and SigM Xi. I PublIcat ions I J. M. W'sepler snd J. L. Kulp, "Isotopic Composition and Concentration of Lead In *<ese Carbonate Rocks", Petrologic Studies! A volume to honor A. T. Budding tom, Ceol. Soc. Aeterlca, 105-114, November I*>s2 B I. M. Waopler and J. L. Kulp, "An Isotopic Study of Lead In Sedimentary Pyrlte", Ceochie. et Cocrwchlo. Acts, 2*, 9, 1410.14$|, September 196* *! H. W*nplr or><5 RoVrrt H. fcriM, *%*r of A-*!)'!> to EWtrralfv# tho frov^ryincf of Archifolo^kiil (In fr^;*rat ion) *t* M. D. H* aM A.t. ' n, "Wotoj'ic C4^*j*4rl#on of Ivory Cfa9t Tpktite* #rwj fw.nt**twi Crater >tat *r tal (In trej-arat loo) freo I I ,v pippp l gyiP-ir,I'RTOIIIJW o f r r V * i y \ V 1 I I I I I 8< 1 I A. Mtti Sptctroattiy Tb* cuts apectrometric capability coapriaes three modern hi(h precision Instruments which cover a wide rente of application*. A Reynolds Cat Analysis inatrusent with a 4.S" radius tub* and 60* sector focusslnt la equipped with ultra high vacuus techniques such that the ultimate detection sensitivity is S x 10 * cc of argon. A Shields type solid source east spectrometer manufactured by Consolidated Clectrodynaelcs has a 12" radius tube with 60* sector focussing. This is the principal lntnenrnt for load abundance and Isotopic ratio deter minations. The over-all sensitivity of this machine for lead assay is SiaaaerUed below I Sens it jvlty Measurement Precision Aa total Nad ppa solid sarples Lead isotope ratlo* High 20*720?, 206/20* to 0.2% 20 m< definite 206/204 to 0.4% Is* 206/207, 206/201 to 0.JX 206/21>4 to U S ug probably with a 1 Ittl* development 0.1 Mg Lead sVuidsnc* ly iftvtry* dJlut lo* . ^fj>nu. 11 of value) liW 2oX ot Vllwt) 0.002 wg Assuming no blank 0.0OO1 Mg Assuming no blank Could be lowered if very li-w rtsgmt blank Is schleved 1 0.1 0.4* 0.1 ppe* liquid < soft tissue * 0.2 ppm 0.05 pfm *^ * 0.001 p{* 0.004 ppm 0.001 ppm i' l . ^~K' * ' *r^' ' _-' ~ ,. ' ^-s.%'- T' >,v ^r.; tj" ^ 5?b^CrS^i -J)'-a.;:~.-- > - t&Ai ,. ... t l .. ^vi^ '"~t ~i [Tifft iW'.inTirtl mm ii mt-iiC .rti Isotopes, Inc* m&mm VI-2 The third instrument which complete* the wide coverage of Isotope*, Inc. capability 1* Nuclide Corporation RMS-15 spectrometer with 6" radlu* nd 60* sect or focussing with double bean collection. Isotopic difference* of one pert In ten thousand cen be eessured routinely. B< Solid Particle Analyst* A filtered air clean room facility Is equipped with two modern electron microscopes, a Hitachi HU-11B with resolution of S X and a Philip* EM 75 FXM with a 30 A resolution. In addition an optical laboratory 1* equipped with a Letts Ortholux Pol microscope and an Aaerican Optical Phase Contrast mlcro*cop*. C. Emission Spectrograph Elemental analysis Is performed on a Jarre11-Ash 3.5 meter Ebert-sount, research grating spectrograph. B 0. JUdloassay Isotopes, Inc. offers a ccmprehensiv* rang* of Instrumental Ion for the measurement of high, medium low end ultra low levels of rsdiosetlvity, details of which are given below. I Beta counters I (40) low level - background 0.2 - 0.4 cpm range - up to 500 cp (12) fedlan level background 1.5 2.5 cpm I range - up to looo cpm (5) High level - background 5 - A cpm range - 100 - 2000 cpm (2) Ant i*Mt Ic A#*p|e background 5 rfm range - up to 2000 cpm 2 Alpha-he!a Counter* - background 1 cpm alpha, 40 cpm beta iijiaj >. 'V - mu -uJ jgm/ .iwjtbt-tt'-ffegmr'Mn' *<y,?.'-^T;*rr , -rT *"" 'r m suwffyjm .^awwjjif-^jpiw -> sS.-*-t-s;V:V.-; -'s , - -:'`* .- >t, * ^. 'L^fiSAjU*lJk ~- - ' ',^ - y'**t*'~''> 4'r*' 1 's' ~- ' - ' J. ?-' -'^s.-. t ,.y^ -' -^-:"t- ' - < 'V S&'PT.. :. j.A-~Lfc laotopea, Inc. LIA11822 *9' " stifil <? t -*.<? :-W! ajgaffigjjk VI-J Scintillation apcctroosters (2) 3x3 Nat (Tl) Crystsls, SO Xav - 4 Mav gaaroi energies, resolution 7.SX "Well" Nil (Tl) Crystal, SO Xev - 4.0 Mev, tesolutlon 11.5* (2) X-ray Spectrooeters, S Kcv - 25 Xav, background - 1 cpa Bcta-Caana Colncldanct Spactroostar t energy P anergy - 10 Xav to 4.0 Mav 0.3 Mav to 3.0 Mav pV`,V, I Backgrounds - 0.1 - 0.2 cpm Liquid scintillation spectrooetar (Automatic) - Packard Trl-Carb (4) Solid Stats Alpha Spectrometers I Backgrounds RcsolutIona .005 - .01 20 - 60 Xav Xanga ant Ira alpha anargy ranga Total ga^a&a counter [U.-Viro.in4 - 134 cpo All (tm energies (2) X-ray proportional counters 8 Background - 1 cpa Xanga - up to 1000 cpa (3) Alpha Scintillation Countra Background - lass than 0.4 Cpa I Xanga - up to 4.0 Mav alpha part Ida* 4 Absoluts Calibration Countar 1 Background - 7$ cp (2) Ce(lt) - largo voliau gwi datactora Resolution 4 I Xav tv*rgy raiga - 30 lr< . 2 Mrv I 'fWk- C. lad-fra laboratory Tac 111ty A now laboratory facility all! ba devoted to tho project and will l>a furnished with lead-free surfaces snd flit I 'd*. Teflon containers will t-a *rr: i' ypi .yw *9**^ px iw ;, pi .y,i>i m wiiwrfiipwi1ii i 'fmn.n j^ ^ V LIA11823 ^w^r~ * ' -v'sJSU^U.^-H?f>-- 1 **ss-*-**?*&%-' o--Tv*r3s"<.^fa ^*'*_r^sfi^r`. 4 '-'' -p-*i.<< * <V>> t' r "t Ja ',/,*j : % - , ^e- t " 'Sv % ' . J' ^fU 5. ^ejs^'vy er;*' . r, * *. b' j verier.- -1 V*V ' ~^,r v~ frnti-^ rtiftStfif fiii 'li I ~~f'*jfHn*i~i'r n leotopee, Inc. VI-4 ueed where poeoible to ovoid conteainetlon of reagent*. Critical work will b conducted In bench top hood* provided with duet-free elr euppltee. LW,; 1 ca 1 Brim Hjljii IMWI. I'ljirfi Minnir~~ ir '~ I 11 IIT"I --I