Document 3e55EMEnVQ8Rke2ZXyK7v3ZQD

m arila (a at mm PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS OR A COMBINATION OF DDT, DDD, AND DDE IN PENNED WHITE PELICANS Y. a. Creichus. d. j. Call, b m. ammann Experiment Station Biochemistry Deportmrnt A. Creichus Entomology-Zoology Department H. SHAVE Antmal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory South Dakota Slate University. Brookings. South Dakota 57006 The effects of PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) or a combination of DDT (l,l,1-trichloro-2,2-bii (p-chlorophenyl) ethane), DDD (1,l-dichloro-2,2-h/r (pchiorophenyl) ethane) and DDE (1, l-dichloro-2,2-/>fj (p-chlorophenyl ethylene) on organ weights, liver storage of vitamin A and carotene, selected blood chemistry parameters, and serum protein fractions were determined in penned white pelicans {Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) receiving a daily dosage of these compounds. Birds re ceived 100 mg of PCBs or a combination of DDT (20 mg), DDD (IS mg), and DDE (15 mg) injected into the first fish fed each day for ten weeks. A greater percentage of PCB treatment was retained in brain, liver, carcass and feathers than the percent age of DDT + DDD + DDE treatment. Liver weight as percent of body weight de creased (p < 0.01) in DDT + DDD + DDE-treated birds and increased (p < 0.01) as a total weight in PCB-treated birds. Spleen weight as percent of body weight was greater (p < 0.05) in PCB-treated birds. Neither treatment had a significant effect on the weight of the brain, heart, or kidney. Liver vitamin A levels were greater (p < 0.01) on a (itl% of liver basis in the DDT-treated birds than ih controls Signifi cant lowering of serum potassium and protein values was noted in both the PCBand the combination of DDT, DDD. DDE-treated bird;, while serum calcium values were lowered (p < 0.01) only in PCB-treated birds. Values of serum Inorganic phosphorus, uric acid and magnesium were not significantly changed by either treatment. Globulin fractions were unaltered by either treatment, but albumin fractions were lowered (p < 0.01) in the PCB-treated pelicans. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and organochlorine insecticide residues have been found in the tissues of piscivorous and raptorial birds (lloltnes el al. 1967, Walker el al 1967, Woodwell el oL 1967. Creichus et al. 197.7). Double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) and white pelicans (Pclccanus erythrorhynchos) lead the highest organochlorine insecticide and PCB residue levels of several animal species in South Dakota (Greenwood ct al. 1967, Moore el al. 1968, Creichus el al. 1968a, Creichus et al. 1973). Average body concentrations of insecticides and PCBs, respectively, were 280-and 30-fold greater in pelicans than in fish (Creichus dal. 1973). Anderson and Hickey (1972) slated that brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentals), double-crested cormorants and black-crowned night herons (Nycticorax nycticorax) Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Vol. 3, 330-343 ( W75) 1975 by Sjvrin^er-Vcrla^ New York Inc. 330 OS M 0269 74 mwimw .............. .. . .. .-Nsiap^ti STLCOPCB4010936 LORINATED r, DDD, AND ANS >006 amblnttion of DDT *dichloro-2,2-bir (p>phenyl ethylene) on ted blood chemistry enned white pelicans impounds. Birds re D (IS mg), and DDE A greater percentage era than the percent ; of body weight deTttsed (p < 0.01) as of body weight was I significant effect i levels were greater i in controls. Signifi ed in both the PCBerum calcium values of serum inorganic changed by either jnent, but albumin residues have been t at 1967, Walker -crested cotmorants os) had the highest il species in South at 1968a, Greichus . respc'-'ivrly, were arms xrift italis), icorar r.'-r unrax) tm Physiological Effects of PCB or DDT Compounds in Fhelicnns 331 were among species which appeared to have suffered the greatest effects of the eggshell thinning syndrome. DDE (l,l-dichloro-2,2-6/'r (/r-chloroplicnyl) ethylene) was the most important pollutant associated with these changes, while effects of PCBs required further Investigation. They stated that eggshell thinning had occurred more recently in white pelicans. Residues of chlorinated insecticides and PCBs have been found in bodies and eggs of while pelicans (Greichus et at 1973). White pelicans were selected as experimental animals because of their close relation ship to the endangered brown pelican and their accessibility for study in South Dakota. Biochemical effects of DDT (l,l,l-tr1chloro-2,2-bi's (p-chioropheoyl) ethane), DDD (l,l-dichloro-2,2-btJ (p-chlorophcnyl) ethane) and DDE on another local fish eating species, the double crested cormorant, have been reported (Greichus and Hannon 1973). The objectives of this study were to: (1) determine concentrations and distributions of PCB or DDT and its metabolites in tissues of penned white pelicans receiving dietary doses of these compounds; and (2) examine effects of these compounds on organ weights, liver storage of vitamin A and carotene, selected blood chemistry parameters and serum protein fractions. Methods Twenty-seven wild nestling white pelicans were collected from LaCreek National Wild life Refuge, Bennett County. South Dakota in June and July, 1972. The birds were randomly placed into nine cages 8 ft. x 8 ft. x 6 ft., with three birds in each cage, and started on treatment July 17, 1972. Each bird received one of the following daily treat ments injected into the first fish fed each morning: Groups 1,2, 3 - Controls two ml of 85 percent ethanol; Groups 4, 5, 6 - PCB treated - 100 mg of Aroclor 1254 (Monsanto Chemical Co.) in two ml of 85 percent ethanol; Groups 7, 8, 9 - DDT, DDD and DDE-treated 20 mg of p,/>'-DDT, 15 mg ofp,p'-DDD and 15 mg ofp,p'-DDE in two ml of 85 percent ethanol. Six of the pelicans were females, with control, PCB and DDT groups having one, three and two females, respectively. All fish were weighed and each bird consumed an average of 695 g of fish per day. The average daily dietary intake of PCB and the DDT-complex (DDT + DDD + DDE) were 144 and 72 ppm, respectively. The fish used as feed were taken from Lake Poinsett, South Dakota, and averaged < 0.05 ppm of DDT and metabo lites and < 0.5 ppm of PCB. Birds remained on treatment for ten weeks, after which treat ments ceased and a two-week food stress was imposed. The stress consisted of a reduction in food intake to 300 g/day. The purpose of this stress was to determine effects of feed reduction on birds previously exposed to dietary PCB or insecticide. All birds were weighed every two weeks to the nearest 25 g. Weights of brain, heart, liver, spleen, and kidney were taken upon necropsy. Composite feather samples were DSW 026975 kt*' STLCOPCB4010937 MttBUtadiMMMMIa 332 Y. A. Greichus rt al. taken from the wings, breast, back and uropyglal area of each bird, finely ground, and one-g aliquots taken for analysis. Carcass samples consisted of five-g aliquots of the finely ground entire body less bill, feet and those tissue samples removed for residue analysis. Brain, liver, feather, and carcass samples were stored in a deep freeze (- 20C) for later residue analysis. Blood samples were taken from the brachial vein prior to treatment and stress, and by cardiac puncture at necropsy. Methods for determination of blood chemistries, liver vitamin A and carotene were de scribed in a previous paper (Greichus and Hannon 1973). Scrum protein fractions were analyzed by electrophoresis using cellulose acetate strips which were processed on a recording densitometer (Gilford Instruments). Relative amounts of each fraction were de termined with a planimeter. Extraction and purification of DDT, DDD and DDE were accomplished by the Florisil column method (Stemp er at. 1964) as modified by Greichus et al. (1968b). PCB residues were extracted and purified according to the method described by Greichus et al. (1973). Quantitation of PCBs by gas-liquid chro matography was accomplished by comparing the areas of seven peaks in the sample to the corresponding peaks in the standard. The retention times of these peaks relative to p,p.DDE at 100 were 71, 84. 100, 107. 129, 1S4, and 179. Control DDE, DDD and DDT peaks were corrected for interfering PCB peaks, Extract dilutions eliminated any interfer ence between PCB peaks Bnd DDT, DDD or DDE peaks in (issues from treated birds. Pro cedural efficiencies for insecticides and PCBs were 90 6% and 95 t 9%, respectively, and minimum analytical confidence limits were 0.05 ppm and 0.5 ppm, respectively. Parameters of body and organ weights, liver vitamin A and carotene levels, blood chemistry levels and serum protein fractions in control and treated birds were analyzed statistically by the least-squares analysis of variance in conjunction with Dunnett's test (Steel and Torrie 1960). Results and discussion ; Concentrations and distribution of residues. Average concentrations of DDE, DDD and DDT were highest in carcass, followed by liver, feathers, and brain (Table 1). DDT comprised the smallest residue concentration in all tissues. PCB residues were also greatest in the carcass, followed by liver, feather, and brain. The substantial body fat depots of the birds undoubtedly contributed to the high carcass residue levels. PCB residues in cockerels fed 500 ppm Aroclor 1254 for 12 weeks were greatest in adipose tissue, fol lowed in decreasing order by kidney, liver, brain, muscle and blood (Platonow end Funnell 1972). Although the PCB treatment (100 mg/day) was twice the concentration of the DDTcomplex treatment (50 mg/day), the mean PCB residue levels in all tissues were greater than twice the mean level of DDT + metabolites. These data indicated that PCBs were more readily stored in tissues than the DDT-complex and/or were less easily metabolized. The DDT-complex was comprised of 40% DDT, 30% DDD, and 30% DDE, approxi mately the same proportions as found in local fish (Hannon et al 1970). Percentage m mm .......... DSW 026976 STLCOPCB4010938 II ?II5Ij ^1-l 3O o rn * ug f 2. *< g. s g g*- a ~ 2, r 32 sr J2 * ? s.? n p- < o s . 5S S2 27* S |5 aS < o g o: -3 o r1 * -> 5^^ o * -nc>> 'ni; ^Wi E. ?-3- 2, S 2 a tJ- l 3 E. cr JNO 2 <? o = S'*? | a 5 q. " 5?5 H~v ? nO_, 5-jraE !!Sr| = - oo -- O * g "5* * nO W 3 S. S m3 |5. rO; onQ.. Q v OJ S,U a3 w-t =r oe 2 O 5 ** 3 - Ie*D.a --FXw?.r3<2t- _5 ,r i i i t Table I. A verage Tissue Concentrations in Pelicans Treated Daily with PCBs or a Combination ofDDT, DDD and DDE i t. (ppm - Wet Weight Basis) Treatment 9 birds/froup i -59 Control* '-: Males = 8 DDE \ Females * 1 PCB i Ul PCB u 100 mg/day PCB Males = 6 Females " 3 DDT Complex J 50 mg/day DDE Males = 7 DDD a females " 2 DDT Co s: Total Careas Average Range Liver Average Range Brain Average Range 0.35 5.7 0.24-0.48 ZOO - 12.3 0.05 4.09 <0.05-0.10 <0.50-7.00 <0.05 2.99 < 0.05 - 0 05 <0.50-6.62 2130 1470-3000 290 110- 520 110 82- 170 328 262-417 53.9 38.4 - 62.6 15.4 8.34 - 23.1 370 27,3 - 493 62.9 40.2- 95.2 11.8 6.07- 16.7 161 75.4 - 270 18.6 11.1 - 30.1 7.38 2.95- 12.2 859 610- 1180 135 89.7- 188 34.6 17.4- 52.0 Feathers Average Range 0.08 1.74 <0.05-0.11 1.20-4.14 120 28.6- 350 15.6 18.9 13.4 47.9 7.25- 27.6 8.56-29.2 5.20-20.6 21.0-77.4 o IM No samples in controls had concentrations of DDD or DDT above the minimum analytical confidence limit of 0.05 ppm. O' C (/> ^1 si o o oO DO oU I o CO CO CO 334 Y. A. Greichus et al. compositions of DDT. DDD and DDE residues respectively, were 14, 46 nd 40 In liver, 21, 34 snd 45 In brain, 19, 43 and 38 in carcass, and 28, 39 and 33 in feathers, Metabo lism of DDD from DDT and of DDE from DDT in the pigeon {Columba livie) has been re ported (Bailey et al. 1969a), Bailey et al. (1969 a and b) reported that DDT, DDD and DDE had half-lives of 28, 24 and 250 days, respectively, in the pigeon. The percent age Increases of DDD and DDE and the percentage decrease of DDT in the pelican tissues from the original treatment percentages Indicate a rapid metabolism of DDT and a slower change or elimination of DDD and DDE. Brain tissue has been reported to be more useful than other tissues In diagnosing poisoning from insecticides (Shekel et al. 1966, Greichus and Hannon 1973). In 72% of the present samples, feather concentrations of DDT DDD + DDE were as close or closer to those of the brain than were the levels in the liver or carcass. In 56% of the ttmples, concentrations of PCBs in feathers were closer to those in the brain while In 44% of the cases liver concentrations were closer. There were no samples in which circass concentrations of DDT complex or PCB were asclose to those of the brain as concentra tions in feather or liver. Whereas liver concentrations of the DDT complex and PCB's were always higher than brain concentrations, feather concentrations varied. These data suggest that feathers, which are relatively easily obtained, may be preferable to other tissues in indicating concentrations of DDT plus metabolites and PCB in the brain. No gross signs of intoxication were observed in the pelicans. Average brain residue levels ir.i ranges for the DDT complex and PCB's were 35 (17-52) ppm and 1 10 (82-170) ppm, respectively. Cormorants dying from DDT poisoning had brain residue concentra tions of DDT + DDD + DDE ranging from 69 to 302 ppm (Greichus and Hannon 1973), while pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) dying from orally administered Aroclor 1254 had ranges of 320 to 770 ppm in ihe brain (Dahlgren etal. 1972). No pelicans had brain residues of either the DDT complex or PCB's as high as the lower limits observed for intoxication of cormorants and pheasants. Body and organ weight. DDT complex and PCB treatments had no significant effects upon pelican body weights (Table II). Females were significantly lighter (p < 0.01) than males throughout the study. Control, PCB and DDT complex groups lost 20, 17 and 18%, respectively, of their body weight during the two-week stress. Considerable amounts of body fat remained at necropsy. Fat depletion or weight loss have been reported as aigns of poisoning by some insecticides (Stickei et al. 1966) and PCBs (Vos etal. 1971). Fat reserves and healthy body conditions of tire pelicans in this experiment probably en abled the birds to withstand the DDT and PCB treatments without effects upon appetites or body weights. Birds in the DDT treatment group had decreased (p < 0.01) liver weights when ana lyzed is percent of body weight (Table II). PCB-treated birds had increased (p < 0.01) liver weights on a total weight basis. Decreases in liver weight have been reported in the double-crested cormorant fed a combination of DDT + DDD + DDE (Greichus and Hannon 1973). However, large increases in average liver weight were found in pigeons fed DDT and DDE (Bailey et al. 1969 a and b). Increases in liver size in birds adminis- i .. .................................... ... iijii.i.iamin DSW ...... 026978 STLCOPCB4010940 id 40 In liver, sen. Metabor has been re- DDT, DDD The percentellcan tissues and a slower n diagnosing I. In 72% of as close or ; $6% of the tiin while in vhich carcass is concentrax and PCB's . These data ole to other rain. srain residue 10(82-170) r concentrannon 1973), roclor 1254 ns had brain jDserved for scant effects C 0.01) than !7 and 18%, amounts of reported as tiaL 1971). uobably enon appetites s when anaip <0.01) orted in the relchus and J in pigeons rds adminis- Table II. Organ and Body Weights ofPelicans Treated Daily with PCB's or a Combination of DDT, DDD and DDE Organ and Organ weight (g) % of body weight treatment No. Means* Std error Means Std error Brain Control PCB DDT Female Male Heart Control PCB DDT Female Male Liver Control PCB DDT Female Male Spleen Control PCB DDT Female Male Kideny Control PCB DDT Female Male Body Weight Control PCB DDT Female Male 9 17.79 0.51 9 17.63 0.34 9 18.29 0.38 6 16.86b 0.43 21 18.95 0.21 9 37.45 3.76 9 38.48 2.SI 9 41.50 2.84 6 34.23c 3.20 21 44.06 1.56 9 74.99 3.59 9 88.72" 2.40 9 71.31 2.72 6 72.52b 3.06 21 84.16 1.49 9 3.04 9 4.33 9 3.33 6 3.06 21 4.07 0.53 0.35 0.40 0.4 5 0.22 9 35.84 4.18 9 37.42 2.79 9 35.13 3.16 6 31.41* 3.56 21 40.86 1.73 9 4280 9 4720 9 4810 6 4090 21 5130 190 130 150 160 80 0.4 2 0.38 0.38 0.42 0.37 0.87 0.81 0.86 0.84 0.86 1.79 1.90 1.48" 1.81 1.64 0.07 0.09* 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.85 0.79 0.7-3 0.79 0.79 . 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.06 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.10 0.07 0.08 009 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.10 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.04 Values for means were statistically adjusted for differences in numbers of males and females in each group. bFemales significantly different from males at p < 0.01 level. `Females significantly different from males at p < 0.05 level. `Significantly different from control at p < 0 01 level. Significantly different from control at p < 0.05 level. 335 DSM 026979 I. r it f. t WWW fPSS WWUP'^iLMWWW>wwi|||)|jiijjiiui>iui ' STLCOPCB4010941 336 Y. A. Greichus et al. tered PCBs have been reported for pigeons (Bailey and Bunyan 1972), Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) (Vos et al. 1971, Biiman et al. 1972), pheasants (Dahlgren et al. 1972), and chickens (Vos and Koeman 1970). Spleen weight taken as percent of body weight was significantly greater (p < 0.05) In PCB-treated pelicans than in controls. Spleen atrophy induced by feeding PCBs has been reported in chickens (Vos and Koeman 1970, Flick et al. 1965), and in pheasants (Dahlgren et al. 1972). There was no effect on spleen weight due to DDT treatment in the present experiment. No significant weight differences due to treatments were detected in brain, heart, or kidney analyzed on the basis of total organ weight, or organ weight taken as percent of body weight. Dahlgren et al. (1972) observed decreased heart weights in pheasants administered PCBs. Kidney enlargement with PCB treatment Iras been reported in pheasants (Dahlgren et al. 1972), in Bengalese finches (Lonchura striata) (Presst et al. 1970) and in chickens (Flick et al. 1965). Greichus and Hannon (1973) did not find significant differences in cormorant heart or brain weights due to treatment with a com bination of DDT, DDD and DDE. Female pelicans were lighter in body weight (p < 0.01) than male pelicans. Females had amaller brains (p < 0.01), hearts (p < 0.01), livers (p <0.01), and kidneys (p <0.01) than males. Spleen weight differences between sexes were not significant. Liver carotene and vitamin A levels. No significant differences due to treatments were observed on liver carotene levels (Tabic III). Liver vitamin A levels were greater (p <0.01) in DDT-treated pelicans than in controls when examined on a pg/g of liver basis. Cormo rant liver stores of carotene and vitamin A did not show any consistent differences due to DDT-complex treatment when compared on pg/g of liver basis, but total amount of vitamin A in the liver was lower (Greichus and Hannon 1973). Vitamin A content of livers of PCB-treated birds were not significantly different from controls when compared on a pg/g of liver basis or on total amount present in the liver. Seram chemistry evaluations. Means and standard error values of blood chemistries in control, PCB and DDT-complex treated pelicans are given in Table IV. No significant enim sodium changes were observed due to treatment or sex. However, sodium levels were significantly raised (p < 0.05) by stress in this experiment. Sodium values ranged from 145 to 162 millicquivalents (meq)/liter and were similar to values presented by Bell and Sturkie (1965) for chickens, turkeys, ducks, and gulls, and with the values of Greichus and Hannon (1973) for double-crested cormorants. These data indicate that serum sodium levels are similar for several avian species. Serum potassium levels were decreased at the final bleeding in the PCB (p < 0.05) and DDT (p < 0.01) treatment groups. Stress also produced a significant lowering (p < 0.05) of serum potassium. Males had significantly higher levels (p < 0.01) than females at the time of pre-stress bleeding. A possible explanation for a lowering of potassium with stress is that the lower Intake of food was not compensated for by renal conservation. The QSW 026980 STLCOPCB4010942 tpanese quail its (Dahlgren :p < O.OS) in EBs his been in pheasants )T treatment aln, heart, or at percent of in pheasants reported in (Preist el al. did not find i with a com- . Females had <0.01) than atments were ter (p < 0.01) basis. Cormorences due to ai amount of A content of aen compared chemistries in no significant sodium levels values ranged presented by the values of indicate (hat p < 0.05) and ing (p < 0.05) females at the am with stress creation. The Physiological Effects of PCB or DDT Compounds in Pelicans 337 Table HI. Liver Vitamin A and Carvtcne Values of Pelicans Treated with PCBs or a Combination of DDT. DDD and DDL Treatment Vitamin A Control PCB DDT Female Male tig/g of liver No. Means* Std error 9 20.3 9 16.8 9 34.9b 6 25.8 21 22.2 4.9 3.3 3.7 4.2 2.0 Total mg/liver Means Std error 1.52 0.40 1.47 0.26 2.36 0.30 1.72 0.34 1.85 0.16 Carotene Control PCB DDT Female Male 9 74.0 9 64.9 9 64.7 6 65.1 21 70.6 14.3 9.5 10.8 12.2 5.9 5.55 5.95 4.54 4.76 5.93 1.22 0.81 0.92 1.04 0.51 Values for means were statistically adjusted for differences in numbers of males and females in each group. bSignificantly different from control at p < 0.01 level. kidney is much less able to conserve potassium than sodium during periods of interrupted uptake (Tasker 1971). The further decreases with PCB and DDT treatments may re flect structural changes in the kidney influencing absorption or secretion rates. Histologic and ultrastructura) changes in renal tubules of rats have been reported after administering chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides (Treon el al. 1955, Boyd and Chen 1968, Fowler 1972). Significant decreases in serum protein were observed at the time of the pre-stress bleeding for PCB (p < 0.01) and DDT-complex (p < 0.05) treatment groups. Slight de creases in serum protein levels have been reported in Japanese quail given DDT (Ernst 1966) or dieldrin (Call and Call 1974), and in dieldrin-treated dogs (Walker et al. 1969). The significantly higher (p < 0.01) final protein levels in females than in males agrees with findings in chickens (Beil and Sturkie 1965) and Japanese quail (Call and Call 1974). The protein levels for both sexes were quite similar two weeks earlier. However, there was a significantly greater (p < 0.05) effect of stress on serum protein levels of males than females. Serum uric acid levels were not affected by PCB or DDT-complex treatment, but stress significantly lowered (p < 0.05) levels from about 20 mg/100 ml to about 8 mg/100 ml. This is in accordance with the findings of Siller (1959) tliut high protein diets increased plasma urate, wltile starvation caused a significant depression. Serum calcium was significantly decreased (p < 0.01) in PCB-trcated pelicans at the ! time of final bleeding. This was not due to decreased food as there were no significant DSM 026981 n n.mapmwi t .r ; * STLCOPCB4010943 DSW i O to Table IV. Means and Standard Errors of Values of Blood Chemistries in Pelicans Treated Daily with PCB's or a Combination of DDT, DDD and DDE* Sodhim (meq/liter) Std Treatment No.b Means error Potassium (meq/Iiter) Std Means error Protein g/100 ml Std Means error Uric acid mg/100 ml Std Means error Calcium mg/100 ml Std Means error Phosphorus mg/100 ml Std Means error Magnesium mg/100 ml Std Means error Pre-stress Bleeding Control 9 PCB 9 DDT 9 Female 6 Male 21 144.7 146.3 146.4 146.6 145.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 8.57 8.50 7.15 7.32* 8.82 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 3.87 3.23c 3.414 3.40 3.60 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 19.88 18 94 20.02 21.60 17.63 0.08 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.04 9.69 9.51 9.42 9.47 9.62 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 6.15 0.01 0.55 5.50 0.01 0.71 5.17 0.01 0.7! 5.28 0.01 0.52 5.94 0.01 0.79 0.05 0.04 0.01 0.05 0.02 Final Bleeding Control 9 PCB 9 DDT 9 Female 6 Male 21 160.7 156.8 157.9 162.4 154.5 0.2 6.28 0.16 0.1 3.92<> 0.1 I 0.1 3.20= 0.12 0.1 4.11 0.14 0.1 4.83 0.07 r----------- - 4.16 3.75 3.81 4.59f 3.22 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 8.11 8.18 8.51 8.93 7.60 0.04 10.20 0.03 0.03 8.73c 0.02 0.03 9.58 0.02 0.04 9.16 0.02 0.02 9.85 0.01 5.08 0.02 0.42 0.02 5.39 0.01 0.44 0.01 4.97 0.01 0.89 0.01 5.42 0.02 0.65 0.02 4.88 0.01 0.65 0.01 Values for means were statistically adjusted for differences in numbers of males and females in each group. bAU samples were run in duplicate Significantly different from control at the p < 0.01 level. Significantly different from control at the p < 0 05 level. Females significantly different from males at p < 0.05 level. rFemales significantly different from males at p < 0.01 level. STLCOPCB4010945 1 ' Significantly dillrtrnl Irom cviilml iltcp 'Mil fin' d Significantly different from control at the p < 0.05 level. 'Females significantly different from males at p < 0.05 level. fFemales significantly different from males at p < 0.01 level. `i i i t i i Table V. Serum Protein Fraction Values in Pelicans Treated Daily with PCBs or a Combination ofDDT, DDD and DDE Treatment Albumin No. Mean Std error 1 Pre-treatment Bleeding 9}i Control 9 1.5 0.4 ; PCB 9 1.5 0.2 DDT 8 2.0 0.4 IS Pre-stress Bleeding Control PCB DDT 9 9 8 1.4 1.3 1.3 0.1 0-04 0.1 . i 1 O Final Bleeding Control 9 1.5 02 PCB 9 1.1' 0.1 DDT 9 1.5 0.1. a Globulin Mean St d error 2.0 0.3 1.3 0.1 1.3 0.2 1.0 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.7 0.1 N.D.b N.D. N.D. 0 Globulin Mean Std error 1.1 0.3 0.9 0.2 1.8 0.3 1.0 0.1 0.8 0.04 1.0 0.1 N.D. N.D. N.D. 7 Globulin Mean Std error 0.5 0.3 0.9 0.2 1.3 0.3 0.8 0.1 0.5 0.04 0.7 0.1 N.D. N.D. N.D. Total globulin Mean Std erTor 3.6 0.7 3.1 0.4 4.3 0.6 2.8 0.2 2.1 0.1 2.4 0.1 2.6 0.3 2.5 0.1 2.2 0.2 A/G ratio Mean Std error 0.4 5 005 0.47 0.03 0.46 0.04 0.49 0.62 0.60 0.05 0.02 0 04 0.56 0.4 2 0.68 0.07 003 0.06 ,, |O |^ 1 U i *Data are expressed in grams per 100 ml fcNo data. 'Significantly different from controls at the p < 0.01 level. \ Tl f 340 Y. A. Grtichus el al. effects of this stress on calcium levels. Plasma or serum calcium levels were unchanged In chicks fed 150 ppm of Aroclor 1248 for 2.5 weeks or 100 ppm of Aroclor 1248 for 4.5 weeks (Rehfeld el at. 1972), and in Japanese quail fed up to 75 ppm of dieldrin for two weeks (Call and Call 1974). Serum inorganic phosphorus levels were not affected by treatment, sex, or stress in this experiment. Likewise, Call and Call (1974) found no significant changes in serum inorganic phosphate levels in Japanese quail fed dieldrin. Serum magnesium levels of the pelicans were not affected by treatment, sex, or stress. Rehfeld et al. (1972) reported that chick plasma magnesium levels were unaffected by PCBs in the diet at levels up to 150 ppm. Serum protein fractions. Albumin was lowered (p < 0.01) in PCB-treated pelicans at the time of the final bleeding, but not in DDT-treated birds (Table V). Wassermann et al. (1973) reported that Aroclor 1221 lowered rabbit albumin levels while DDT and dieldrin caused slight increases. Lowering of serum albumin was noted in the present experiment after the food stress had been imposed. No significant changes were noted in globulin fractions at the times of the pre treatment or pre-stress bleedings, or in total globulin at any time. Individual globulin fractions were not readily separable and identifiable on the spectrophotograms following stress, so a single measure of total globulin was taken. Wassermann el al. (1973) re ported decreased gamma globulin fractions in rabbits administered organochlorinc insecti cides and PCBs. There were no significant changes in the albumin/globulin ratio (A/G) due to either treatment. Acknowledgments This paper was approved for publication by the Director of tffe South Dakota Agri cultural Experiment Station as paper No. 1250 of the journal series. The authors wish to thank Dr. Louis Locke, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Maryland, for hit valuable assistance in necropsy of the pelicans and Dr. W. Lee Tucker, Agricultural Experiment Station Statistician, for the statistical analyses performed in this study. , This research was supported in part through National Science Foundation Grant No. GB-19121. References Anderson, D. W., and J. J. Hickey: Eggshell changes in certain North American birds. Proc. XV Int. Ornith. Cong., p. 514 (1972). DSW 026984 m* t... B B i' Ek !' Ik C? f Fu n.; Gr. Ck Gr. 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Wassermann, M., D. Wassermann, E. Kedar, M. Djavaherian, S. Cucos, and S. Ventura: Effect of organochlorine compounds on serum proteins. Bull. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. 10,42(1973). iriiiiijmhi '1 "'appwwww DSW 026986 STLCOPCB4010948 oc. 99, 496 ns in British i prongltom ^68). cchlorinated ;ils. C*n. J. rfld birds in i polychlorions. Poultry York, N.Y.: egg yolk and (1964). is and bodies ius and J. J. J., Academic tory animals. nlorinated birmatlon, liver s: Polychlorl. with special . and residues acide residues he toxicology re of rats and id S. Ventura: on. Contamln. Physiological Effects of PCB or DDT Compounds in Pelicans J43 Woodwell, C. M.t C. F. Wurster, Jr., ind P. A. Isaacson: DDT residues in an East Cosst estuary: A case of biological concentration of a persistent insecticide. Science IS6, 821 (1967). Manuscript received May 15, 1974; accepted August 22, 1974 J $ ms HIT'.... .. aw'.qjypi.*'* HIIUJ i. inu.')U 026987 JPTFW- - t"--- STLCOPCB4010949