Document 3Qzovbyga74MB1VMzXk8j9aY3

^^5685 Lead-Uid Storage Batteries are a Power Behind Defease HEN you step on the starter resenting vast reservoirs of sufficient W button of your automobile in emergency power to operate the tele the morning you initiate cerpthaoinne systems of large cities, illumi chemical reactions which release suf nate hospitals, run railroad signals ficient electrical energy to start the and light airway beacons. motor of your car. These chemical With the storage battery playing reactions take place between lead such an important role in our every grids pasted with certain oxides of day lives, it is little wonder that these lead and sulfuric acid. Reduced to combinations of lead and sulfuric the simplest terms, this is the storage acid are a major factor in the devel battery which lights the headlights, opment of war equipment. Every starts your car on the coldest of tank, truck, tractor, and plane relies mornings, and operates a dozen upon one or more lead-acid storage pieces of equipment designed for batteries specifically designed to meet vour safety and vour comfort. the demand for light, power and While our most common contact radio operation while a considerable with the storage battery is in automo part of the average submarine is bile service, many other batteries given over to the vast storage batter range in size from a vest pocket mod ies required by underwater propul el for a personal acoustical aid to sion. veritable giants--100 ton units--rep When the marine uses, as well as our armed forces rolling and our planes flying, is but one example of the rapidly expanding role which lead plays in the war effort. From time to time we will feature other es sential war uses of lead. Lead-acid storage batteries perform essential services in pursuit planes a5 well as bomb ers Among other uses, submarines rely on storage batteries for un derwater propul sion EWING GALLOWAY Cross section of storage battery ex posing lead plates and separators the innumerable industrial uses, of the storage battery are added to this picture, we just begin to realize the major part that lead, in the form of storage batteries, plays in the war picture. The storage battery, which is so largely responsible for keeping EWING GALLOWAY A lightweight storage battery spe cially designed for air transportation. An automatic sealing device prevents leakage during upside down flight ^ BUY DEFENSE SAVINGS BONDS AND STAMPS At all Banks, Post Offices, and Savings and Loan Associations 2-- -- L IA 2 56 86 Tin Shortage Demands Thorough Trial ol Available Substitute Solders IN is an essential metal of war. T It has also been an essential in gredient of soft solders for many vears. Now war has cut off from America its principle source of tin supplies in the Pacific, The govern ment. as a result, has found it neces sary drastically to curtail the use of tin in manv products including solder. Solder manufacturers and users are working diligently to find suitable substitutes employing reduced amounts of tin or no tin at all. The degree of success attained can only be determined by actual use of the new solders under operating conditions. Users, however, should give them every fair chance to do the job and to see if thev can not employ tin free or low tin solders. In fact it is an ab solute necessity to reduce the tin in solder to the amount permitted by the government. It is a patriotic duty to try to go even farther than the govern ment requi resin the conservation of tin. It is hardly to be expected that one new alloy or group of alloys can be quickly developed to replace the stan dard tin-lead combinations of the past and to do the variety of work those useful alloys have done. It is quite possible, however, that a number of new alloys can be developed, each of which will prove a suitable substitute for certain soldering operations. It may even be necessary to adapt solder ing methods slightlv to the new alloys. As an example, tin-free solders con taining small percentages of silver and the balance lead are now avail able. Lsers report finding these alloys satisfactory for certain kinds of sol dering but have had to modify their methods somewhat. They have a con siderably higher melting point than most tin-lead solders, but in many in stances this is no disadvantage other than to require hotter irons or higher temperatures. In some cases the higher melting point mav even be an advan tage. They can not. of course, be very successfully used to join low-melting metals like lead and the plastic range is limited. Another group consists of various combinations of lead, tin, bismuth, silver and sometimes antimony, the tin content being low. This group of al loys has a much lower melting point than the lead-silver group and a rea sonable plastic range. Reports indi cate they can be employed success fully for a number of purposes. In some cases, too, solder manufac turers report that much lower tin con tent solders are proving satisfactory for some purposes where a higher tin content was formerly thought neces sary. For instance an alloy of lead with only about 10 per cent tin and small amounts of phosphorus and other additions is being used for dip soldering operations and for tinning copper. Study of fluxes is just as important as study of solder alloys. For instance, it will be found that some of the new solders will require different fluxes. Therefore, in trying out new solder compositions, different fluxes should also be tried if those formerly used do not prove satisfactory. Solder users may also, by close ex amination of their operations, be able to reduce the amount of solder used per joint and, in some cases, the num ber of joints. It may be possible to substitute other methods of joining for soldering during the duration, even though this may increase cost or prove somewhat less satisfactory. Anyone using solder, however, is urged to cooperate with manufac turers to reduce the total amount of tin used. Manufacturers will be more than glad to consult with customers along these lines and help with their particular problems. Since, at least for the present, there seems to be no one solution to all soldering prob lems, cooperation between manufac turers and users of solder appears to be essential so that the war aims of this country may be advanced. The table lists some of the solders mentioned in this article and gives some of the properties they are re ported to possess. SOME AVAILABLE LOW-TIN AND TIN-FREE SOLDERS Composition, Per Cent by Weight Liquidus Solidus Tensile Strength Bond Strength of Lapped Joints Spread of >4 Gr.' Sn Pb h Bi Sb Deg. C. Deg. C. Lb. per Sq. In. Lb. per Sq. In. Sq. In. 40 ! 60 97.3 i 95 10 90 10 , 87.75 20 80 20 78 30 70 30 69 15 20 !i 77.5 74.85 2.5 2.25 2 1 1.5 1.5 1.5 5 3 238 183 304 304 375 304 298 183 290* 275 183 267* 257 183 251* 264* 1 258* 0.5 258* 5,660 4,980 4,915 4,850 4,950 4,940 5,620 5,390 8,810 4,960 8,000 8,120 6,270 3,740 4,340 4,960 5,000 5,680 5,550 5,770 5,620 5,310 5,090 5,380 1.30 0.19 0.20 0.27 0.41 0.37 0.57 0.83 0.86 0.47 0.29 0.39 NOTE: Bond and spread tests were made on copper sheet. Tensile tests were made on chill cast strips of the alloys. * Determined in this investigation from cooling curves--other temperatures from literature. Above data from Metals & Alloys, March, 1942. Conventional 40-60 tin-lead solder is included in the table for comparative reasons. --3-- L IA25687 2SEBEB823B^3S39 f Early American Homes Visited by Washington The Tobias Lear House built about 1740 by the grandfather of Colonel Tobias Lear, who was private secretary to General Washington for 16 years. Famous as one of the homes often visited by Washington, this Portsmouth, S'. H. residence is now enter ing third rentury, protected by pure white lead paint OAYTOS S.VYDER OLONIAL ho mes. interesting al C ways as guides to early Ameri can culture, take on added meaninBguilt in 1773 at Eliza when thev have been intimately asso beth, J., Liberty Hall was the home of Colon ciated with the great men of our ial Governor William Livingston and later the home of Alexander The Timothy Bait House, Maplewood, -V. huilt in 1743 bv George Washington's cousins. Timothy and Esther Ball. Of gen uine colonial architecture, this house stands today almost exactly as it did two centuries ago, protected from deterioration now as in the past by pure white lead paint. At the time of the Battle of Springfield in 1780, George Washington spent many hoars in this house Hamilton. General and Mrs. Washington were entertained here for the night on their way to the first Presidential Inauguration. Lasting decoration of this his torical landmark is fur nished by white lead and oil paint JAMES S. CAWLEY JAMES S. CAWLEY nation's history. Most famous are those which were visited by George Washington during his generalship of the Revolutionary Forces or later as the first President of the United States. Many of these homes used during the Revolution as military headquar ters have since been turned into mu seums and, as such, are widely known. Lessgenerally knownare the privatehomes where Washington visited his friends and refreshed from his strenuous leadership of the Amer ican forces. Of this latter group three have been chosen for this month's Portfolio. Protected since the birth of the nation--according to available records--with pure white ead paint, these colonial dwellings Have remained virtually unchanged for over a century and a half. THIS IS NO. 12 OF A SERIES REPRESENTATIVE OF THE MANY AMERICAN LANDMARKS IN VARIOUS SECTIONS OF THE COUNTRY THAT ABE PRESERVED FOR THE FUTURE WITH PURE WHITE LEAD AND OIL PAINT. MANY OF THEM HAVE ALWAYS BEEN PROTECTED WITH THIS RELIABLE MATERIAL ACCORDING TO AVAILABLE RECORDS. --4-- LU^6eS is are leorge hip of iter as I'nited luring dquar0 muwidely ire the ington 1 from Amergroup this since ing to white dlings langed CNTRY BEEN Durability oE White Lead Paint un Plaster Solves Paint Quality Paramount Problems oE Interior Decoration Although surface conditioning should rightfully receive considerable emphasis in a general discussion, it is. in the final analvsis. the paint it LASTER is commonly styled with Beware Active Alkalis P paint, yet its decoration continues to be a source of confusion among Since fresh plaster contains active architects, painters and home owners alkalis which are most destructive to alike. This can be largely traced to an oil paint film, areas to be painted the failure to appreciate the difficul should be allowed to season thor ties associated with plaster mix ma oughly before applying the priming terials as well as the erroneous con coat. Generally several months are ception that just any old paint, ap required for the carbon dioxide in plied at any old time, will assure sat the air to neutralize the "live" surface isfactory results on interior surfaces. alkalis which not only tend to retard The fact is that although interior oxidation but also eventually "burn" paint is not directly exposed to weath- through to spoil the decorative finish. ing. surface preparation and paint Care should be taken during this pe quality are just as important to the riod to see that the plaster is sealed durability of mural treatments and against future penetration of mois maintenance economy as on siding, ture which would only serve to carry sash and trim. This is particularly unneutralized alkali from the base to true in the case of unseasoned plaster contaminate the surface behind the which contains chemicals destructive paint film once again. Where the to an oil paint film as well as where plaster is found to be laid directly exposure to dirt, grease and similar to the backside of the sidewall lack abuse requires frequent washings to ing a lath base, check up on all flash maintain cleanliness and decorative ings and joints as possible 'innels beauty. for the future seepage oi sture. With normal lath constructi an ex self which determines the durabilit\ and consequent economy of any deco rative treatment. As a result, it is bv far the safest policy to be sure that specifications require that all paint be mixed right on the job from the pure ingredients according to the proved, standard formula for each coat. "On-the-job" preparation alone gives absolute security as to paint quality and correct formulation which pay big dividends in the long run. Limitless Color Variations The priming coat which has proved most effective on plaster is composed of 3 parts (by volume) soft paste white lead and 4 parts lead mixing oil or lead reducing oil. Be certain that this initial coat is brushed in well to achieve complete saturation, because, unless the surface is sealed tight, oil will be drawn from the I White Lead for Durability Here is where pure white lead amination of sidewall moisture bar riers should suffice to tell the story. body and finish coats reducing the durability of the decorative finish. Follow with two coats of equal paint comes in. The chemical affinity of white lead for linseed oil which Wash Neutralisation Possible parts soft paste white lead and one of the above flatting oils, brushing each results in the most weather resistant When it is inconvenient to wait the out smoothly with long, even strokes film for exterior exposure likewise full time required for the "natural" to eliminate bristle lines. By the produces the most economical, dur seasoning of plaster, which is in simple addition of paste colors-in able coating for interior surfaces. The variably the case in defense construc oil, a limitless number of colors and firm, but pliable white lead film not tion. artificial seasoning is achieved tints are readilv produced. What is only eliminates the possibility of un by a wash prepared by dissolving two more, this "equal volume" mixture sightly chipping and cracking but is pounds of zinc sulphate crystals in a dries out to the dull, velvet-like finish impervious as well to dirt, grease, gallon of water. Brush the solution ever popular on interiors. On the rouge and a myriad of other common on well and then allow the plaster to other hand, when specifications call causes for mural discoloration en dry out thoroughly before applying for a gloss treatment merely substi countered under normal living condi the white lead primer. This may take tute boiled linseed oil for the flatting tions. Consequently, any stains which several days, but the delay is in vehicle in the flat finish coat. Drier may result are easily removable by significant when compared to the is unnecessary with either boiled simple washing with soap and water. time required for "natural" ageing. linseed oil or a flatting vehicle. --mllL LIA25689 Installing Lead Lnder the Sew Emergency Plumbing Standards T is essential that everyone con I nected with building construction be thoroughly familiar with the ma terials and methods prescribed by the new emergency plumbing standards issued bv the Defense Housing Coor dinator. These standards, it is un derstood. will apply to all govern ment construction and will be used as a basis for issuance of priorities for private defense construction. Since lead is one of the materials that mav be used under the emergency stand ards. some suggestions are given here on adapting lead to their require ments, keeping in mind that the basic purpose of the standards is to con serve material. In that connection it should be pointed out that if a complete lead and cast-iron iob is done under the emergency stan-.arils. die saving in weight of material required may run as high as 8 per cent of that needed for the same layout done in screw pipe. Right there one advantage of using lead may be seen. Because of the flexibility of lead, the layouts may be modified to effect further savings if lead is used. The emergency standards contem plate nine basic layouts ranging from a one-story, one-family dwelling to a three-story, three-family building. In this article the first mentioned only is discussed in full, since the principles remain the same. It is further con templated that in lead and cast-iron jobs, lead will be used for all branch wastes and vents 2 in. and less in di ameter, bends and traps, except that where a 2-in. vent runs from one story to the next, it will be run in cast iron instead of lead to avoid the necessity of additional support against sagging. Shown in the drawing is the re quired rough plumbing layout for a one-family, one-story dwelling. In frame construction, to avoid cutting joists, the side outlet sanitary T is placed at a level which permits the lead bend and waste to pass just be low the bottom of the joists. If the bearing joists under the partition be tween which the cast-iron stack passes are spaced 8 in. on centers, the ver tical inlet of the lead bend will just clear the next joist when the center of the inlet is roughed in 14 in. from the finished wall. This assumes that joists, except bearing joists, have the customary spacing of 16 in. on cen ters. The horizontal lead waste from the lavatory is just below the space be tween the bearing joists. A long out let lead P-trap for the tub is wiped to the vertical lavatory waste above the bend, the space between the bear 6-- -- ing joists providing room for it. The lead waste and vent, with P-trap. stubs, and ferrules wiped in, is made up on the bench to provide a 2-ft. center to center spacing between the vertical waste and vent and the stack. Thus usually only one stud will have to be bored or notched to permit the passage of the horizontal vent. The stubs for the lavatory and combination sink and tray are at the same elevation, which is 15 to 16 in. above the finished floor. The stubs should be branched into the vertical waste with a downward sweep. Long outlet lead P-trap is used to rough-in for the bathtub to save a joint. There are several ways of saving material by using lead on this instal lation. As the drawing shows, the branch vent mav be run directly from <-lA ^569 0 a point just above the fixture to the stack by giving it two 45 deg. bends. This saves 6 or 8 in. of pipe as com pared with a vent run all the way up vertically and then horizontally to the stack with a 90 deg. bend. Also in stead of using the customary f-in. lead bend for the water closet with a 3 x 4 x 2-in. side outlet sanitary T. either a 4 x 3-in. lead reducing bend or 3-in. lead bend expanded at the inlet to fit the closet and floor flanse by the plumber may be used. This saves cast iron by making a 3 x 3 x 2-in. side outlet sanitary T possible and saves brass by requiring only a 3-in. ferrule. If an expanded 3-in. bend is -used, however, the plumber must be extremely careful not to thin the walls. Although the foreaoing discussion has mentioned onlv the P-trap. lead drum traps may also be used under the new standards. Paste White Lead Enhances White Oak Desk and Panels OST of us are inclined to M think of white lead only as a good dependable paint material, ser viceable but not very versatile. e use it as a matter of course on the outside of our homes and on the walls of our rooms but when we want to finish a piece of furniture we usu ally turn to varnishes or lacquers. However, a smart bleached wood ef fect can be produced by the use of white lead and wax in a very simple process and with no other tools than a brush and a few pieces of rag. R. Doulton Stott, architect and in dustrial designer, specializing in plas tics, took advantage of the decorative possibilities of wood finished in this manner when he planned his new of fice in New York. He has made ef fective use of the texture and color of natural wood as a foil for the sheen and brilliance of plastics and glass. The accompanying photograph shows the reception room of his suite where the furniture and lower wall panels are of riff sawn white oak which have been rubbed down with pure white lead paste. In this case, the white lead has been rather thor oughly rubbed off the surface, leav ing only the voids in the grain of the Reception alcove in the New York Office of R. Doulton Stott where desk and paneling are treated with paste white lead wood showing white where they are filled with the lead. The result is a color uniform, especially on a large warm light tan color with the pattern surface. A coat of paste wax com of the grain of the wood showing as pletes the process and an occasional a delicate texture. More of a bleached waxing and polishing is all that is wood effect may be obtained by leav needed to keep the finish in perfect ing more white lead on the surface condition. but care must be exercised to keep the While this sort of finish is more --7-- striking when used on the more open grain type of hardwoods, it can be used effectively on walnut and birch and especially on mahogany, both true and Philippine. Of course, using white lead in this manner is more or less a trick but it is a good trick to know and shows what can be done by clever hands with the simple plain materials that are always readily available. L IA 25691 Waste M, Want Vnt" for Lead W / ASTE not, want not'' is an old adage that applies par ticular^ in the present critical times and architects, contractors, plumbers arid sheet metal workers as well as others dependent upon lead can ap ply it with benefit to themselves and the country. The supply of lead has been more plentiful in relation to war needs than that of most metals. All war demands are being taken care of and. in addition, a large part of civil ian needs. Nevertheless more lead could be used for civilian purposes. For that reason mine production of lead is on the increase. While that is the principal source of lead, a vast tonnage equal to a third or more of the mine production is derived from secondary sources such as old storage batteries, sheathing of removed cables, pipe, solder joints, foil and other lead products that for one rea son or another have outlived their usefulness. Everyone can help to see that this secondary source is maintained at a maximum throughout the war and thus aid builders, plumbers and others who use lead to get enough for their requirements. Architects should specify lead wherever essential to health and secure construction, but should keep in mind, at the same time, supply limitations. Builders, plumbers and sheet metal workers should see that all old lead products for which they have no use are sold to waste material dealers, who in turn return it to the lead refineries where, by proper processing, it can be brought back to the high degree of purity reuired in lead products meet ing the Commercial and Lead Indus tries Association Standards. Every lead craftsman should immediatelv scour his shop for any such material and dispose of it. He should also see that he doesn't allow such material to collect uselessly in his shop in the future. Every pound of lead should be kept working all the time. The following articles and reprints contain information, drawings and specifications on the use of lead products helpful to architects, engineers and others in the construction industry. They are available, free of charge, upon request to the Lead industries Association, 420 Lexington Avenue, New York City. WHAT TO EXPECT FROM WHITE LEAD PAINT An attractive 28-page booklet with charts, formulas, and mixing instructions cover ing some of the problems of painting and how white lead meets these problems. PAINTING YOUR HOME by Dr. F. L. Browne, Senior Chemist, Forests Products Laboratory, Madison, Wise. A discussion of house painting reprinted from American Forests, May, 1939. SOME PAINTING PROBLEMS AND THE ANSWERS By Dr. F. L. Browne, Senior Chemist, Forests Products Labora tory, Madison, Wise. Reprinted from the National Real Estate Journal, Sept., 1939. STAMFORD'S DOUBLE LIFETIME HOME A complete analysis of hard lead flashing, white lead paint, lead plumbing, plywood and red cedar Certigrade shingle details and installation methods. Reprinted from the American Builder, July, 1939. SHEET LEAD INSTALLATION DE TAILS A detailed analysis of the principles and application of lead flashing and sheet lead work for small homes. Reprinted from Sheet Metal Worker, June, 1939. BRUSH UP ON YOUR PAINTING A practical article on the selection and application of paint reprinted from House Beautiful, June, 1941. LASTING LEADWORK IN MODERN PLUMBING By T. N. Thompson, Technical Editor, Plumbing and Heating Journal. Reprinted from Plumbing and Heating Journal, Feb., 1939. HOW LUMBER AND PAINT KEEP YOUR HOME ALWAYS IN STYLE A brief digest of the advantages of painted lumber homes with color-styling suggestions and other interesting informa tion. COMMERCIAL STANDARDS: Calking Lead, CS94-41 Lead Pipe, CS95-41 Lead Traps and Bends, CS96-41 Official publications by the Government Printing Office of the above Commercial Standards as promulgated by the U. S. Department of Commerce through the National Bureau of Standards, effective June 25, 1941. NEW SIMPLIFIED STANDARD FOR LEAD TRAPS AND BENDS File size leaflet with new standards for lead traps and bends as well as existing standards for lead pipe and calking lead, and other informative data. In addition such sources of lead as foil wrappers from cigarette, tea and other packages should be disposed of in the same way. Empty shavine cream and other collapsible tubes are sources of both lead and tin. There are other things you can do to make the lead supply go as far as possible. While using lead for evenpurpose for which it is intended, avoid waste as far as possible. Crafts men, suppliers and dealers in lead and lead products should avoid ex cessive stocks or "hoarding" of new lead products. They should only stock what they need to keep their busi nesses running smoothly. Finally we urge everyone to "waste not, want not" so that all essential lead requirements may be filled. We have suggested here a few ways of helping your country and yourself. The savings you make may seem small, but remember that there are thousands of users and suppliers throughout the country and that in the aggregate they might save many tons of lead. The few pounds of lead you save may make the bullets which save an American life, the storage battery in an American bomber, err the plumbing that will keep a defense worker healthy and happy. SPECIFY MATERIAL rrON REQUEST* THE LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION WILL BE GLAD TO MAIL "LEAD" REGULARLY. FREE OF CHARGE, TO THOSE INTERESTED. AND WILL COOPERATE WITHOUT OBLIGATION IN THE SOLUTION OF YOUR LEAD PROBLEMS c*^fe>l55 PRINTED IN U. S. A. BY PUBLISHERS PRINTING COMPANY NEW YORK CITY L fA 25 692