Document 3QxQmnqqxrqg4dLgwGE2NB44E

M INERAL 9ZZ6t?N Lead' By O. M. Bishop and Edith E. den Hartos 4* GENERAL SUMMARY HE LEAD INDUSTRY in 1951'was characterized by a marked Tdecrease in imports, lessened mine output, and the greatest recov ery of secondary lead on record. Although consumption was 4 percent less than in 1950, new supplies were inadequate, and lead was withdrawn from the stocks of consumers, producers, and Govern ment to meet the demand. A ceiling price of 17.00 cents per pound, New York, was established January 26 on domestic lead, and selling prices were generally quoted at the ceiling until October 2 when the Office of Price Stabilization authorized an increase of 2 cents a pound. The increase became effective immediately and remained to the end of the year. Before October 2 domestic consumers could buy lead abroad at any price,, but after that date regulations prevented the purchase of foreign lead at prices over the domestic ceiling price plus TTUtY'j Unable to sell all of the lead they produced outside of the United States, certain foreign producers were forced to lower their prices, and there was every indication that by early 1952 additional foreign supplies would be available at the ceiling price. The total supply of 1,155,000 short tons of lead was composed of 388,000 tons of recoverable mine production, 518,000 tons of secondary lead, and imports (excluding scrap) equal to 249,000 tons, load con tent Consumption of lead, including that in pigments and chemicals, totaled 1,185,000 tons. Producers' stocks of refined primary lead declined from 28,894 tons at the beginning of the year to 18,518 tons on December 31, 1951, but antimonial lead stocks romained about the same. Consumers' stocks decreased 37,124 tons during the vear to 102,760 tons. . The droP in mine output from 431,000 tons in 1950 to 388,000 tons in 1951 was attributed partly to shutdowns at most lead mines and mills m the Western States from August 23 to September 6. The decrease in producers' stocks was due partly to strikes at the Selby, Omaha, Perth Amboy, Herculaneum, and Bunker Hill plants and to a fire at the Tooele smelter which curtailed production. The decline in imports was attributed almost wholly to the higher prices paid in foreign markets and to the existence of a domestic tariff that added to the cost of foreign metal. GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS 1U i'.k Government exercised limited controls over the lead industry owing to concern over possible shortages for defense require ments. Lead was brought under inventory control on February 10 through National Production Authority Order M-38. This order was smelting, redoing, and consuming phases o! the Industry. For details of mining operations, see rarlous State chaptors of this volume. 1 738 LEAD TABLE 1.--Salient statistics of the lead industry in the Unit (average) and 1947--51 in short tons 1942-40 (average) 1947- 1948 194 Production of refined primary lead: From domestic ores and base bullion.. From foreign ores and base bullion-- 383,640 381,109 72,960 69.901 339,413 67, 281 404 72 Imports (general): Consumption of pYimary and secondary Prices (cents per pound): New York: Mine production of reco'verable lead *........ World smelter production of lead................ 466,690 360,467 237, 638 9, 726 71,434 4, 294 1,060,644 6.82 ,7.71 6.42 418, 644 1,461, 800 441,010 400, 094 611,970 600,071 176, 638 1,680 60,752 1,623 276,013 7.186 63,907 411 1,172,000 1,133,896 477 412 289 2 10 96 14.67 18.04 1 16.0C 21. 5C 16.21 17. ie 384,221 390, 476 40 1, 466,000 M, 606,000 U, 70 1 > Includes Alaska. * Revised figure.' ' ' amended on May 28 to set forth certain limitations o of rated orders so as to provide for creation of a se pig lead to meet emergency conditions and to esta on the use of lead and lead products.' Beginning Jun order restricted the use of lead to not more than 10 average monthly quantity used during the first 6 mo prohibited its use tor any new purposes. Order M-7 26, placed the supply of soft pig lead produced by under allocation control as of September 1 to assure e tion. Effective November 1, imported pig lead was allocation control by Order M-76 as amended. DOMESTIC PRODUCTION Statistics on lead output may be prepared on a min refinery basis. Mine-production data, compiled on content in ores and concentrates, adjusted to account in smelting, are a better measure of domestic output and are most accurate for showing the geograph production. Pig-lead output, as reported by smel presents a more precise figure of actual lead recovery in a general way the source of crude material treat refinery output generally differs from the mine figure between mine shipments and smelter treatment of trateS' MINE PRODUCTION Domestic mine output of recoverable lead declin 1951 compared with 1950 and was the lowest annual Production during the first half of the year was at a r 1,063-ton average daily output for the entire year. and September production was considerably below 740 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1951 for the year, while output during the last quarter approximately equaled the average output per day for tho year. Production in 9 of the 10 States producing over 1,000 tons of recover able lead in 1951 decreased from tho 1950 output. Virginia's output was the lowest since the State's production was first recorded sep arately in 1939. In Arizona, Nevada, and Idaho mine production was the smallest since 1944, 1945, and 1946, respectively. On the other hand, Colorado produced moro lead in 1951 than in any year sinco 1927, and Montana's output was the largest sinco 1940. Of the total lead produced in the United States in 1951, 68 percent . came from 25 properties. Missouri continued to rank first among the States in the production of lead, and tho Southeastern Missouri district continued to be the largest producer of lead, supplying nearly 32 percent of the total domestic output. As in provious years, tho St. Joseph Lead Co. produced the bulk of tho district's output from its Bonne Terre, Desloge, Federal, and Leadwood mine groups in St. Francois County ana, as a joint venture with the National Lead Co., the Mine La Motte property in Madison County. Each mine is equipped with a mill; the 5 havo a combined daily capacity of about 28,800 tons of ore. In Madison County tho National Lead Co. St. Louis Smelting & Refining Division, operated itB Madison lead-copper mine and 1,200-ton flotation mill at Fredericktown throughout the year, except for a 7-week period in April and May when operations were stopped owing to a strike. The St. Joseph Lead Co. began construction of 2 new mills during the year, 1 at Hayden Creek and the other at Indian Creek. The Midwest Mining & Milling Co. acquired the Catherine and Fleming mine, formerly held by the Fredericktown Lead Co., and continued exploration and development work on the property. _ Lead production in the Tri-State district declined 14 percent in 1951, chiefly because of the lower grade of ore mined. This decrease occurred despite substantially higher concentrate prices than in 1950 and a 14-percent increase in zinc production. Tho Eaglc-Picher Co., Mining & Smelting Division, was by far the largest producer in the district and was followed by the Amorican Zinc, Lead & Smelting Co., Nellie B. Division. Other largo producers were tho National Load Co. St. Louis Smelting & Refining Division, Federal Mining & Smelting Co., and Bilharz Mining Co. In December 1951, 19 mine mills and 3 tailings mills were operating in tho district compared to 16 mine mills and 4 tailings mills in 1950. Mine production of recoverable lead in tho combined Wostorn States decreased 10 percent in 1951. During the year mines in these States accounted for nearly 60 percent of tne total domestic output or about the same as in 1950. Idaho continued to be the largest producer of lead in the Western States and second only to Missouri in the United States despite a 23- percent reduction in output in 1951. The decline resulted principally from a shortage of underground miners in late summer and early fall and a 2-week strike of mine, mill, and smelter workers in August and September. In 1951, 92 percent of Idaho's total lead came from the Coeur d'Alene region and most of the remainder from the Warm Springs and Bayhorso districts. Tho Bunker Hill & Sullivan mine at Kellogg was by far the largest producer. The 5 leading producing LEAD mines--the Bunker Hill & Sullivan, Pag umph--contributed over 59 percent of t important producers wore tho Sidnoy g Constitution, Sunshine, and the Frisco g ore and old tailings from the Coeur d'Ale of State output. Utah increased its output of lead 13 p leading properties were idle for about 2 The Uni tod States & Lark mine at Bingh producer. Other important lead-produc 'No. 1, Park Utah Consolidated, Silver Calumet, Butterfield, Chief Consolidated Treasure. These 10 properties supplied a lead. Of the total output noarly 88 p zinc-lead ore and 6 percent from lead ore. Lead production in Colorado in 1951 secutive year and was the largest since 1 mines, in order of rank, were the Re Tunnel-Black Boar (Idarado) group, Eag and Shenandoah-Dives group. Zinc-lea ores yielded 69 percent of State total lea and silver ores 9 percent, and lead ore 7 p Montana lead production in 1951 increa output and was tne highest since 1940. . M an increased tonnage of zinc-lead ore pro mines and dumps of the Anaconda Coppe stantial rise in production from the Mi operated all of 1951 in contrast to 6 m Other large producers were the Jack Wa property. Anaconda company-owned accounted for 78 percent of the State lead output 89 percent was recovered from z from lead ore. Arizona's output of lead inT1951 droppe total owing chiefly to a marked decrease load ore from the Copper Queen mine at reserves were nearly depleted. The St. was tho leading lead producer in the Sta followed by the Iron King mine at Humb Sahuarita, Flux group near Patagonia, Co and Aravaipa group near Klondike. Ab total load was obtained from zinc-lead ore Mine production of lead in California in from the record output established in 195 Mining Co. Inyo County properties, the trict, and the Shoshone group Resting Spr the bulk of the State lead. Moderate quan from ore from the Coronado Copper & Z and from flue dust accumulated at the site Copper Bmelter, both in Shasta County. total output was derived from lead ore an ore. 742 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1951 Lead output in Washington in 1951 decreased nearly 23 percent from the record quantity produced in 1950, chiefly because of reduced output at the Grandview and Bonanza mines. ;'l'he 4 largest mines-- Pend Oreille, Grandview, Bonanza, and Deep Creek--supplied 98 percent of the State total lead during the year. Over 77 percent of the output was from zinc-lead ore and most of the remainder from lead ore. Nevada lead output dropped 24 percent in 1951 comparod with 1950. Of the State total, 66 percent was mined in the Pioche district, Lincoln County. The leading producers in order of output were the Pioche group and Ely Valley mine, Pioche district; San Rafael mine, Quartz Mountain district; Copper Canyon mine, Battle Mountain district; and Bristol mine, Jack Rabbit district. About 77 percent, of the total lead output was recovered from zinc-lead and zinc-leadcopper ores and most of the remainder from lead ore. Production of lead in New Mexico increased 41 percent in 1951. Such a large percentage gain was to be expected as output in 1950 was unusually low, because most of the mines that shut down when metal firices declined in 1949 remained idlo several months in 1950. The argest producers were the Ground Hog and Bayard groups in the Central district and the Lynchburg mine in the Magdalena district. Zinc and zinc-lead ore yielded 80 percent of the State total lead and lead ore 18 percent in 1951. TABLE 2.--Mine production of recoverable lead in the United States, 1942-46 (average) and 1947-61, by States, in short tons State Western States and Alaska: Alaska............................... .............. Arizona............................................. California......................................... . Colorado....................................... Idaho............................................... Montana............ ............................ Nevada............................................. New Moxlco.................................... Oregon............................................. Bouth Dakota................................. Texas................................................. Utah................................................. Washington..................................... Wyoming...................................... Total.............................................. West Central States: Arkansas.......................................... Kansas.............................................. Missouri........................................... Oklahoma........ .............................. Total.............................................. 3tateseasl of the Mississippi River: Illinois............................................... Kentucky......................... ;............. New York........................................ Tennessee........................................ Virginia............................................ Wisconsin..................................... Total............ Grand total. 1042-46 (average) 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 167 18.401 6.760 16,908 84,466 13, 652 6.044 6,031 7 32 48 62, 247 4,497 1 200, 241 264 28, 666 10,080 18,696 78,944 16,108 7,101 6,383 12 8 78 40, 008 6,369 221,367 329 29, 899 9, 110 25,143 88,644 18,411 9,777 7,663 7 16 170 66,960 7,147 262,166 61 33,668 10,318 26,853 79, 269 17,966 10,026 4,662 12 4 132 63.072 6,417 243,000 149 26,383 15, 831 27,007 100,026 10, 617 9,408 4,160 17 129 44,763 10,334 257, 803 21 17,394 13,067 30.336 76,713 21.302 7,148 6,846 2 2 43 60,46t 8,002 231,227 1 8.368 174, 966 16, 660 190,904 18 7.286 132, 246 14,289 163,838 22 8,386 102,288 16,918 127, 614 1 0, 772 127,522 19.868 167,163 0 9,487 134,626 20, 724 164,846 33 8,947 123,702 16, 676 149,257 2,646 194 1,674 123 3,467 1,295 9,399 418,544 2,325 214 1,496 22 3,803 1,166 9,026 384,221 3, 605 216 1,231 4,703 861 10,706 390,476 3,824 187 1,317 257 3,313 857 9,755 409, 908 2, 720 66 1,484 113 3,254 632 8,178 430,827 3,100 107 1, 600 14 1,608 1,391 7,680 388, 164 LEAD Mines in States east of the Mississipp less lead in 1951 than in 1950. Decrease a 54-percent drop in production from Vir mine of the New Jersey Zinc Co. was id because of a strike. Lead is produced ch product of zinc and fluorspar mining in t Small quantities of lead were also re mined in Alaska, Oregon, South Dakota, TABLE 3.--Mine production of recoverable lead ^ that produced 1,000 tons or more during an 1947-51, in short tons District Stato 1942-46 (averago) Southeastern Missouri re Missouri............................. . 170,946 gion. Coeur d'Alene region......... Idaho.................................... 78.616 West Mountain (Bing Utah...................................... 28,334 ham). Trl-8tato (Joplin region).. Kansas, Southwestern 28,808 Missouri, Oklahoma. Summit Valley (Butte)... Montana........................... . 3, 796 Park City region................. Utah.................................... 12.060 Upper San Miguel Colorado........ .................... . 1,919 Cnsn (Darwin)............... ..... California......................... . 3. 747 California (Leadville)........ Colorado...... 4.701 Tintlc...................................... Utah..................................... 6. 686 Melallne................................ Washington....................... . 4,028 Pioche..................................... Nevada......................... . 3, 248 Red CIlfT................................ Colorado.......... ................... 1.341 Old Hat.................................. Arizona.......... -.................... 3,822 Dig Dug.................................. -- do ................................. 1,496 Animas.................................. Colorado.............................. 2. 687 Central................................... New Mexico.................... 3. 957 Warm Springs...................... Idaho................................... 2, 949 Pima (Sierrltas, Papago, Arizona................................ 1,479 Twin Buttes), Rush Valley and Smelter Utah...................................... 3,483 (Tooele County). Kentucky-Southern Illi Kentuoky, Southern Illi 2.626 nois. nois. Pioneer (Rico)...................... Colorado.............................. 2,468 Uppor Mississippi Valley. Iowa, Northern Illinois, 1,608 Wisconsin. Bossburg.......................... ... Washington........................ 133 Bayhnrso................................ Idaho.................... 1.410 Ilarahaw........ ....................... Arizona............................... 2. 720 Warren (Blsboo).................. ....... do......... ........................ 6.002 Austinville............... .. Virginia................................ 3,262 8t. Lnwronoo County........ New York........................... 1,674 Ileddlcston...................... .. Montana......................... 2,680 Aravalpa................... ............ Arizona........................... .. 226 Crcede.................................... Colorado........................... .. 426 8nofTeIs................................... ------ do................................... 821 Magdalena............................ New Mexico.......... .......... . 1,264 Northnort (Aladdin).......... Washington....................... 134 Tomlcnl................................ Colorado.............................. 281 Ophlr..................................... Utah...................................... 780 Eureka.................................... Colorado............................... 93 Modoc.................................... California............................. 247 Smelter (Lewis and Clark Montana.............................. 1,286 County). Alder Creek.......................... Idaho.................................... 64 Ten Mile............................... Colorado...... ........................ 490 Eagle.................................... Montana.............................. 1,166 Battlo Mountain.......... Nevada................................ 66 Resting Springs *............. .. California......................... .. (0 < Figure not shown in order to avoid disclosure of Individual c 1 This district Is not listed In order of 1051 output. 302512--54- 18 744 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1951 LEAD The 25 leading lead-producing mines in listed in table 4, yielded 68 percent of the 10 loading minos producod 51 percent an percent. Detailed information on the producti districts in the Unitod States may be fou volume dealing with the mine productio load, and zinc in the various States. Fiq u k e 1.--Mine production of recoverable lead ' by months. TABLE 6.--Mine production of recoverable lead by months, in short to Month 1960 January........................................ February.................................. . March-..................................... . April.......................................... . May.............................................. June............................................... July............................................... 36,084 34. 716 38.960 36; 432 37,900 37,439 32,037 1961 35.102 32,804 36,474 32,972 33,637 32,148 30,040 August..... Septorubo October.... Novembe Decombor Tota SMELTER AND REFINERY PR Pig (refined) lead produced in the Unit three principal sources--domestic mine pro ores and base bullion, and scrap materials (t smelters)--and is recovered at primary re bullion, and small quantities of scrap and process scrap exclusively. Of the 13 pr United States, 6 combine smelting and ref only base bullion (containing approxima gold and silver, and small quantities of from the ores smelted), and 2 confine t Refined lead and antimonial or "hard" lead Erimary and secondary plants. Because ard lead, such as battery scrap, melted output from this type of operation is Statistics on the production of refined lea plants are given in the Secondary Lead sec 746 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1961 Of the 13 primary smelters in operation in 1951, all but 2 consumed substantial quantities of primary materials in tho form of ores and concentrates. During the year these 11 plants consumed 435,894 short tons (lead content) of this type of material, of which 18 percent was of foreign origin. In 1950, 511,433 tons (lead contont) of ores and concentrates were consumed, 17 percent of which was foreign. Active Lead Smelters and Refineries.--Primary lead smelters and refineries operating in tho United States in .1951 were as follows: California: Selby--Selby plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. (smelter and refinery). Colorado: Leadville--Arkansas Valley plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. (smelter). . Idaho: Bradley--Bunker Hill Smelter, Bunker Hill & Sullivan Mining & Con centrating Co. (smelter and refinery). Illinois: Alton--Federal plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. (smelter and refinery). Indiana: East Chicago--U. S. S. Lead Refinery, Inc. (refinery). Kansas: Galena--Galena plant, Eagle-Picher Co. (smelter and refinery). Missouri: Herculaneum--Herculaneum plant, St. Joseph Lead Co. (smelter and refinery). Montana: East Helena--East Helena plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. (smelter). Nebraska: Omaha--Omaha plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. (refinery). New Jersey: Barber--Perth Amboy plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. (smelter and refinery). Texas: El Paso--El Paso plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. (smelter). Utah: Midvale--Midvale plant, United States Smelting, Refining & Mining Co. (smelter). ' Tooele--Tooele plant, International Smelting <fc Refining Co. (smelter). REFINED LEAD Primary refineries in the United States produced 422,000 short tons of refined lead in 1951 or 18 percent less than the 1950 output of 514,000 tons. Of the 418,000 of refined lead produced from primary sources during the year, domestic ores and base bullion were the source of 82 percent and imported ores and base bullion of 18 percent, the same propor tions for domestic and foreign materials as in 1950. Tablo 7 gives the production of refined lead by source material and country of origin. Details of the sources of lead from domestic ores are given in the Mine Production section of this chapter. TABLE 6.--Refined lead produced at primary refineries in the United States, 1947-61, by source material, in short tons . Source 1847 1948 1949 1060 1951 Refined lead: From domestic oros and base bul lion.................................................. From foreign ores..................... From forolgn baso bullion.............. 381.108 60,838 63 339,413 00, 829 6,462 404,449 71,413 1,476 418,800 80. 241 3. 204 342, 044 71,984 3,006 Total from primary sources... From scrap............................... 441,010 J5,602 406,604 4,962 477.338 23, 230 508,314 6, 465 417, 693 3, 893 Total refined lead...................... Average sales price ncr pound.......... Total calculated value of primary re fined lead*....................... . . 466, 672 $0.143 411,646 $0.179 600, 668 $0.168 613, 769 (0.136 421,686 30.173 8126,130,000 3146,000,000 $160,840,000 $137, 246,000 3144,622,000 > Excludes value of refined lead producod from scrap at primary refineries. LEAD TABLE 7.--Refined primary lead produced source material and country of Source Foreign ore: Total... . Foreign base bullion: ...................... 1047 381,100 6. 952 3, 648 5.623 17, 096 27,719 60,838 30 33 63 69,901 441,010 ANTIMONIAL Antimonial lead output at primary re above the 1950 level but was well below 1948. Production increased at 3 of th the alloy. Distribution of antimonial refineries in 1947-51 by source material the average antimony content. Although antimonial lead is an impor of base bullion, the quantity derived fro part of total domestic output. The m from the smelting of antimonial lead Production data from lead-smelting pl exclusively are summarized in the follow TABLE 8.--Antimonial lead produced at prim States, 1947-6 Year Produo* Antimony contont tlon (short * tons) Short tons Percent 1947........................................ 1948........................................ 1949......................................... 1061.......... ............................. 80.076 100, 764 41,402 67,069 66,309 4,933 6,760 3,386 4,604 4.416 6.7 5.7 8.2 7.8 6.7 SECONDARY L Some scrap lead is treated at prima part is processed at a large number of treatment of secondary materials. Se tho form of refined lead, antimonial lead, 748 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1*51 LEAD Secondary lead recovery in 1951 was the highest on record--7 percent above the 1950 figure--and exceeded tho domestic mino output of recoverable lead for tho sixth consecutive year. Data on recovery, by type of plant, in 1947-51 are shown in table 9. Detailed information on secondary lead appears in the Secondary Metals-- Nonferrous chapter of this volume. TABLE 9.--Secondary lead recovered in the United StateB, 1947-61, in short tons 1047 1948 1040 1050 1961 As refinod metal: 15,062 96,843 4,962 120. 961 23.230 120, 306 6,465 123,868 3.803 166,023 Total......................................... 111,606 131,003 162,020 120,313 108,910 In antimonial lead: 66,466 209, 479 49, 626 194,027 32.705 140,037 38.383 187, 267 34.303 196,060 Total......................................... 265,035 134,630 243, 662 124,616 172. 742 86,816 225.640 127, 322 229,963 110,231 Grand total: 611,970 600,071 412,183 482,276 518, no $140,423, 420 $170,025,418 $130, 249,828 $130,214,260 $179,266,060 TABLE 10.--Consumption of lead in the Unite product, in short t 1960 1951 Metal products: Ammunition........................ Bearing metals..................... Brass and bronze................ Cable covorlng..................... Calking load......................... Casting metals..................... Collapsible tubes................ Foil......................................... Pipes, traps, and bonds___ Sheet leaa............................ Solder..................................... . Teme metal.......................... Type metal............................ Total motai produots.. Storage batteries:1 Antimonial lead.................. . Lead oxides............................ Total storage batteries. 38,438 38, 241 21,461 131.080 63, 460 19,296 13,386 3,041 41,361 30,778 94,606 3,806 24, 776 40, 242 35. 410 29,868 131.863 46, 644 22, 497 13,067 2,881 33,006 31,210 82,466 2,061 28, 236 616,627 600,009 212,464 109.838 186,945 175, 646 398,400 376,384 Pigmen Othor To Ohomlc Totra Misce T Miscella Annea Galva Lead Weigh To Other, u G i Classified under "metal produots" before 1950. s Iooludea lead oontent of leaded ilno oxide production. LEAD PIGMENTS TABLE 11.--Consumption of lead in the United The principal lead pigments are litharge, white lead, rod lead, short tons 1 sublimed lead, leaded zinc oxide, and orange mineral. These products are manufactured for the most part from metal, but some ore and Month 1960 1961 concentrates are converted directly into pigments. Details of tho production of lead pigments arc given in tho Lead and Zinc Pigments January.. February and Zinc Salts chaptor of this volumo. . March... April____ t May........ .. CONSUMPTION AND USES June........ July........ 83,671 76,491 88,030 84,673 100,620 103,443 96,686 126,022 101,603 120,826 118,372 102,624 94,468 81,427 August. Septemb Ootober Novemb Decemb To Domestic lead consumption (including lead in lead ore consumed directly in the manufacture of load pigments and salts) totaled 1,184,793 short tons in 1951. Of the total consumed, 749,590 tons was refined soft lead and 296,555 tons was contained in antimonial lead, 26,205 tons in unmelted white scrap, 45,784 tons in "percentage metals" (the alloy pig metals derived from the secondary lead in dustry), 24,303 tons in copper-base scrap, 29,538 tons in drosses and residues, and 12,818 tons recovered from ores in leaded zinc oxide. In 1951, 42 percent of all lead consumed was used in the manufacture of metal products (excluding storage batteries). Production of tho 3 largest lead-consuming items--batteries, cable coverings, and tetra ethyl fluid--took 54 percent of all lead consumed during the year. Batteries took 32 porcent and cable covering and tetraethyl fluid each 11 percent. Includes lead content of leaded rlno oxide production. TABLE 12.--Consumption of lead in the United S and type of material, in s Unclassified................................................................................................ Total...... .......................................................................................... Formerly classified under metal produots. 1 Excludes 12,818 tons of load contained In leaded xlnc oxide, 750 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1961 STOCKS i Producers' Stocks.--Lead stocks, as ropbrted by the American Bureau of Metal Statistics, are shown in table 13. Stocks of refined and antimonial lead include metal held by all primary refiners and by some of the refiners of secondary metal who produce soft lead. According to reports released by the American Bureau of Metal Statistics, monthly stocks of refined lead and antimonial lead in 1951 were, on the average, less than half of the tonnago hold in comparable periods of 1950. Inventories totaled 25,339 tons on December 31, 1951, compared with year-end stocks of 35,619 tons in 1950. TABLE 13.--Stocks of lead at "smelters and refineries in the United States at end of year, 1947-61, in short tons (American Bureau of Meta) Statistical 1947 1048 1049 1060 Total............................................................................. Lead In baso bullion-- At smellers and refineries........................................... In transit to reflnories.................................................. In procoss at refineries................. _............................. Lead in ore and matte and In procoss at smeltors.. Qrand total................................................................. 13,634 7,604 21,328 7,652 5,447 16,328 29,427 77,100 127,054 20,050 0, 604 38, 644 9, 697 4,101 17,939 31,737 70,373 140,764 61,320 0, 006 70, 424 16, 304 3,696 15, 661 35,021 95, 481 201,626 28,804 6,726 35,610 11,903 4, 950 16, 341 32. 203 60, 757 137, 669 1061 18, 618 6,821 25.339 11,316 3, 909 15, 700 30,924 07,817 124,080 The Bureau of Mines annual survey of primary smelters and refiners indicated stocks of 28,894 tons (lead content) of refined soft lead at plants on January 1, 1951, and 18,517 tons on December 31, 1951. Primary antimonial lead stocks at these same plants totaled 6,152 tons (lead content) at the beginning of 1951 and 6,367 tons at the end of the year. In terms of lead content, stocks of ore and concentrates at the operating primary smelters and refineries increased from 42,346 tons to 44,378 during the same period. Tho inventory of base bullion at refineries that receive base bullion as a raw material and at smelters that produce base bullion for shipment to refineries was 11,658 tons at the beginning of the year and 12,731 tons on December 31, 1951. Stocks of in-process base bullion or work lead at four combination smelter-refinery plants are not included in reports to the Bureau of Mines. No direct comparison can be made between these data and the figures of the American Bureau of Metal Statistics. Figures re ported to the Bureau of Mines represent physical inventory at the plants, irrespective of ownership, and do not include material in process or in transit. Consumers' Stocks.--Consumers' stocks of lead decreased 27 per cent during 1951. The decline was consistent through the first 6 months, was reversed in July, and then continued tne downward trend through the remainder of the year, dropping from 139,884 tons on January 1 to 102,760 on December 31. Stocks of antimonial lead fained 2 percent and percentage metals 9 percent, but stocks of rened soft lead dropped 35 percent, white-metal scrap 42 percent, copper-base scrap 8 percent, and drosses 46 percent. LEAD TABLE 14.--Consumers' stocks of lead in th 1948-61, by type of material, in sh Year Reflnod soft lead Antimonial load Unmoltod white scrap Perce me 1948......................... 1940......................... 1950 `....................... 1051......................... 62,077 64,642 87,285 66,731 35,088 1G, 837 27,737 28, 221 4,828 2, 957 6, 400 3,140 i Rovlsod figures. PRICES The two major markets for lead in the and St. Louis. Much of the lead prod prices normally based upon quotations i pension of trading on the London Metal the London market has had no direct in tions, and the differential between St. Lo remained 0.2 cent a pound, an amoun charges between the two cities. The price of lead was controlled by the during 1951. Ceiling prices were establi 1951, at the highest price (for each seller) tween December 19, 1950, and January ceiling prices were established. The bul at 17.00 cents per pound, common lead, price remained in effect until October Stabilization permitted a rise of 2 ceats a in price occurred in 1951. TABLE 16.--Average monthly and yearly quote York, and London, 1949-6i, in Month ` 1040 St. New Lon* St. Louts York don * Louis January..................................... February...............*.................. March.,.................................... Anrll.......................................... May........................................... Juno............................................ July............................................ August...................................... September................................ October..................................... November................................ December................................. Average.......................... 21.32 21.32 18. 73 14. 00 13. 67 11.85 13.30 14.60 14.85 13.23 12.33 11.80 16.18 21.50 21.60 18.01 16.16 13. 72 12.00 13. 66 16. 01 15.06 13.42 12. 62 12.00 16.36 22.10 22.10 22.10 10.28 17.08 16.46 14.69 15.66 15. 51 13. 79 12. 79 12.12 16.96 11.80 11.80 10.78 10.43 11.62 11.61 11.46 12. 73 15.60 16.84 16.80 16.80 . 13.10 1 St. Louis: Meta) Statistics, 1962, p. 631. New York: Me Metal and Mineral Markets. 1 Conversion of English quotations Into American money bas Federal Reserve Board. ' \v ffii II J'A 752 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1961 The official London price of 136 per long ton of lead (equivalent to 17.00 cents per pound computed on the 280.00-cent per pound base), fixed by the Ministry of Supply on November 1, 1950, remained in effect until April 1, 1951, when the Ministry raised the price to 160 (20.00 cents). The price was increased again on Julv 14 to 180 (22.50 cents). On October 1 the official price was reduced to 175 (21.88 cents), at which level it remained for the balance of the year. (During the latter half of 1951 sterling exchange rates varied between 278.63 and 280.00 cents per pound, hence actual dollar prices were at times slightly less than the 21.88-cent equivalent shown). FOREIGN TRADE2 Tariff.--There has been a tariff on load for well over a century, ranging from a low of 15 percent ad valorem to a high of 3 cents a pound. The import duty set by the Tariff Act of 1930 on lead-bearing ores, flue dust, and mattes (lead content) was 114 cents per pound ana on lead bullion, pigs, bars, scrap lead, antimonial lead, type metal, babbitt metal, solder, and alloys not specifically provided for, 2% cents per pound. In accordance with the Mexican Trade Agreement of January 30, 1943, these rates were reduced to % cent and 1%, cents per pound, respectively. In June 1948 these duties were suspended for 1 year by act of Congress. As the Congress took no action on a bill to extend the suspension beyond June 30, 1949, the expiration date of the original legislation, the import duties provided for in the Mexican Trade Agreement were reinstated automatically on July 1, 1949, and continued at those levels tliroughout 1950. Abrogation of the agree ment, effective January 1, 1951, restored the full duties established by the Tariff Act of 1930. The Mexican Agreement was reaffirmed on June 6, 1951, reestablishing the 1 Xs-cent and %-cent duties on pig lead and lead in ores and concentrates, respectively. Imports.--Total imports of lead declined to 258,000 tons in 1951 or less than half the record quantity of 542,000 tons imported in 1950. The drastic decline resulted from the reluctance of foreign producers to export lead to the United States, when tho Free World market price for lead was considerably higher than the United States ceiling price. However, since foreign demand could not absorb the avail able foreign lead, stocks in the hands of producers accumulated until producers were compelled to reduce prices. By the end of the year Free World prices were essentially at the United States level. Of total imports, 178,900 tons (69 percent) was as pigs and bars, 67,700 tons (26 percent) in ore and matte, 9,100- tons (4 percent) as reclaimed, scrap, etc., and 2,300 tons (1 percent) in base bullion. Canada supplied 32 percent of the pigs and bars, Mexico 21 percent, Yugoslavia 20 percent, Peru 18 percent, Australia 8 percent, and other countries 1 percent. Imports of ore and matte came principally from Peru, Bolivia, Africa, Canada, and Australia. * Figures on Imports and exports compiled by M. B. Price and E, D. Page, of the Bureau of Mines, from records of tbe U. S. Department of Commerce. LEAD TABLE 16.--Total lead imported into the United S pigs, bars, and reclaimed, 1947-61, by c |U. 8. Department of Com Country 1047 Oro and matte: Chllo.................................................................................. 6, 616 7,054 6,234 14,833 3,048 1 Other countries............................................................... Total ore and matto.................................................. Bose bullion: 3,065 10, 477 424 60, 762 286 1,265 40 Total base bullion................................................... 1,680 78 10, 639 60, 070 Tfofftp Other countries.............................................................. Total pigs and bars................................................... Reclaimed, scrap, eto.: Chile ...................................... 1,650 86, 783 1,151 1,120 4 159,613 478 1. Ill 8,070 202 62 Philippines...................................................................... 60 31 5,330 78 41 433 Other countries.............................................................. Total reclaimed, scrap, eto...................................... Qrand total................................................................ 114 16,025 227,870 i Data are "general imports,'* that to, Include lead Importe entering the country under bond. m * In addition to data shown "flue dust or fume containing lo (lead content), imported as follows--11 tons. * Revtood figure. < Less than 0.8 ton. 754 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1951 TABLE 17.--Lead imported for consumption in the United States, 1947-51, by classes 1 [U. S. Department of Commerce) / Year Lead In ores, flue dust, and mattes, n.s.p.f. Short tons Value LeArl In base bullion Short tons Value Pigs and bars Short tons Value Sheets, pipe, and snot Not other wlso Short tons Valuo hod (vnluo) Total value 1947.... 44,442 $8.661,174 1948-.. 33,932 8,850,607 1949.... 121,848 34,397,026 1960.... * 95,068 >21,046,414 1951.... 31,470 8,310,145 1,768 $416,643 168,705 $38,008,443 10,922 3,239,135 244, 692 80,922,779 1,133 374,954 272,437 80,148,110 > 1,148 > 193,366 >434,410 >104,340,646 178,896 63, 641, 204 67 $42, 434 181 100, 610 178 101, 084 207 78, 111 265 123,377 $10, 453 35. 554 20.830 78, 600 174, 2G5 $60.111,208 100,068, 022 119,054.978 >129,613,216 74,426,044 i Id addition to quantities shown (value Included In total valuos), "reclaimed, scrap, etc." Imported as follows--1947:15,963 tons. $3,072,161; 1948: 28,897 tons. $8,320,428; 1940: 14,07(1 tons, $4,003,074; 1050: Revised figures, 22,524 tons, $3,876,999; 1961: 7,890 tons, $2,100,389, and flue dust or fume containing lead and zinc and other minerals or metals, (lead content) imported as follows--1951: 11 tons, $70,804. Figures Include lead received by the Qoverament and held In stockpiles, but exclude Imports for manufacture In bond and ex port. which are classified as "Imports for consumption" by the U. 8. Department of Commerce. Revised figure. TABLE 18.--Miscellaneous products containing lead, imported for consumption in the United States, 1947-61 (U. 6. Department of Commerce] Year Babbitt motol, soldor, white metal, and othor combinations contain ing lead Typo motal and antlmonlal load Gross weight (short tons) Lead content (short tons) Value Oross weight (short tons) Lend content (short tons) Value 1947................................................ 1948................................................ 1949................................................ 19501.............................................. 1961................................................ 264 267 281 4,345 1,633 171 184 127 2.744 988 $208,185 213.614 459, 236 2,814, 264 1, 494,792 2,406 14, 732 6,861 12,618 9,336 2.219 13,163 6,207 10,682 8,660 $753.664 . 6,279,080 2, 255,909 3, 431, 650 3,845, 671 i Revised figures. Exports.--Total exports of pig lead in 1951 were 1,281 tons comiared with 2,735 tons in 1950. Export restrictions imposed under the Cxport Control Act of 1940 remained in force throughout 1951. LEAD TABLE 19.--Lead pigs, bars, and anodes exp 1947-51, by country of destination [U. 8. Department of Comm Destination 1947 Country: 894 Chile.................................................................................. 63 10 62 62 10 12 38 9 7 23 19 44 16 100 (*) 24 3 60 27 30 40 Total............................................................................. 1,623 Continent: ' Europe...................................... ....................................... 144 1,079 119 134 47 1.623 $338, (90 i In addition 102 tons of foreign lead was reexported in 1947, none none In 1951. > Less than 0.6 ton. WORLD REVIEW Lead is produced in many countries, Mexico, Australia, and Canada--have acco of the world output in recent years, as is a 21, which show world mine and smelter pro 51, insofar as statistics are available. Algeria.--See French Morocco. Argentina.--The chief lead-producing d Aguilar, where the Compania Minera Agu the St. Joseph Lead Co., operates the Agu duction in 1951 was 70 porcent of the m change difficulties which made it difficult to equipment. During the year, 199,904 me from which 26,219 tons of lead concen represents an increase over the previous ye milled to produce 23,777 metric tons of c 756 MINERALS YEARBOOK. 1961 centrate was smelted at the National Lead Co., S. A., smelter at Barranqueras, Chaco Territory. Australia.--Both mine and smelter output of lead increased slightly above the 1950 level despite continued shortages of labor and supplies and the requirement that producers supply domestic needs at a price approximately one-third of that received for export lead. Mine out put in 1951 was 228,000 metric tons or approximately 14 percent'of the world total. The most important districts aro Broken Hill, New South Wales, and Mount Isa, Queensland. Other large deposits occur at Captain's Flat (Lake George Mines) New South Wales and the Read-Roseberry mine in Tasmania.i * * 4 TABLE 20.--World mine production of lead, 1946-61, by countries, in metrio tons 1 (Compiled by Paulino Roborts] Country * 1040 1047 1048 1049 1950 1061 Chile...................................... ..................... Finland ... ____ __ .______ Italy.............................................................. 1.016 18.100 180.780 081 870 8.434 100.650 26.213 86 2,200 307 140 8,290 2,807 11,202 16.378 476 <> 100 13,000 4,344 140,144 8.371 20 44,518 10,016 376 3,224 Tunisia U. S. 8. R.*7.............................................. 38.002 21,200 8,055 162 48,000 2,807 304,336 46, 623 1,206 1,047 21,200 21,800 109,770 220.437 1,971 3,482 670 400 11,310 26,610 22 *30 146,662 } 161,727 21,121 3,607 <*i 172 * 6,223 () *260 182 72 7, 495 7,645 2,336 2,603 21,200 28,600 14,766 22,344 036 1,280 o) () 143 200 24,000 30,400 * 6,208 * 6,672 000 300 223.133 193,317 03 273 16,801 13,220 141 206 64,814 48^ 638 12,701 308 3,406 10,874 636 () 203 13,100 30,382 66 20,868 12,340 133 63,000 *3,228 348, 668 64,786 33,600 20.702 215 23, 670 13, 210 2,766 166 76,000 * 2,432 364,232 *62,861 . 1,222 10,000 216,018 4,297 180 26,361 : <} 144,045 2,850 () 380 130 0,036 731 *37,200 40.044 2,051 3,164 440 () 34,600 9,132 *143 220,703 20 14,160 301 06,367 650 17,860 746 () 630 83 38,400 31,660 169 23,000 14,800 *200 160 90,000 > 2, 505 371,860 *72,144 1,408 * 20,000 222,604 4,440 2,838 *20,000 228,407 4,522 31,203 78 30,032 *2,000 *150,317 143,103 3,318 ( ) * 229 142 11,450 1,814 * 48,760 44,830 *2,307 3,000 * 270 300 38,300 10,800 130 238,078 * 12 13,006 *300 02,118 870 18,000 846 () 630 * 4,000 (} 30 136 10, 605 2,604 68,134 60,368 4,662 3,300 464 (*) .. 38,738 12,672 136 226,468 66 14,104 *300 82.360 671 18,000 *000 (0 470 33,680 32,257 * 178 22,673 19,200 260 >600 111,600 3,338 300,838 86,030 30,230 65, 746 *300 16,069 21,260 600 600 128, 400 4,168 362,135 78,760 *1,160,000 *1,359,000 *1,424,000 *1,635,000 1,643,000 1,679,000 i Lead may be produced In Brazil, China, Cuba, East Germany. India, and North Korea, but accurate data on production are not available and estimates by the senior author of chapter bave been Included In the world total. . * Estimate. Revised figure. 4 Tonnage recoverable from ore. -- * Data not available; ostlmato by tho sonlor author of the ebaptor Included In tbo total. Exports. T Smelter production. LEAD TABLE 21.--World smelter production of lead, 1946tons 1 [Compiled by Pauline Roberts] Country 1046 1047 1048 Argentina.......................... .......................... Australia........ ............................................. Austria......................................................... Bolgluin *..................................................... Brazil............................................. .............. 16,100 130,666 4,476 23,702 420 17,800 161,003 3,705 40,620 402 Canada...... .................................................. 160,360 147,104 China................................................... . 14 771 Czechoslovakia................................. . 2,800 4,460 Franoe..^......................... ...................... 32,010 20,218 French Morocco........................................ Germany: East Gormany...................... ............ } *27,0119 i <<) West Germany.................................. 1 * 24,860 Greece................................. ........................ 1,127 048 Guatemala........................... -.................... 131 110 Hungary....................................................... 10 60 234 Italy............................................................... 14,209 17, 701 Japan..................... ........................... 4,032 6,108 Korea: 260 North Korea....................................... 2,000 2,000 Mexico....__________________________ 137,742 217,827 Northern Rhodesia................................... 8.371 16,601 Peru............. ................ ......... .......... 36.478 32,810 Poland........................................... ............. 10.016 12,761 Portugal....................................................... 260 321 Rumania............................. 3,226 3,316 64 Spain............................................................. 32,346 34,382 Sweden................................................... 11,223 0,220 . .Tunisia......................................................... U. 8 8 R................................................... 7,408 48,000 0,801 63,000 United Kingdom *.......... ................... ... 2.640 2.846 United States (refined)7........ . 306; 717 400,018 Yugoslavia................................................... *32,600 40,400 17,8 162,0 0,36 06,03 < 7,67 146,2 8 6,7 38,2 2,81 (*) * 40,3 1,1 (* 6 20.73 6,9 2 (*) 187,0 13,22 34,20 16,87 2 (*) 26,31 6,22 * 17,05 75,0 2,31 363,0 *40,20 Total (estimate)............................. 1,067,000 1,320,000 *1,306,00 i Data derived In part from Monthly Bulletin of the United Nations, Industry (Imperial Institute, London), and the Yearbook of tbe Amer > Revised figure. Includes scrap. * Data not yet available; estimate by senior author of chapter Include Estimate. * American and British zones only. 7 Figures oovor load refined from aomostlo and foreign ores; rofinod loa not Included. Four companios--the North Broken Hill, South, Ltd., the New Broken Hill Consolidat solidated Zinc Corp., Ltd.--mine and mill During 1951 tho Consolidated Zinc Corp., Ltd. of developing and equipping its mine for incr course of the year the company mined and mi containing 58,981 tons of recoverable lead. and milled 211,608 tons of ore (16,706 tons rec for the account of New Broken Hill Consolid company made excellent progress during the of the No. 19 level and construction of new min and power plant, which were expected to be p 1952. Broken Hill South, Ltd., reported mini ore which assayed 12.0 percent lead, 12.1 perce of silver por ton. The tonnage mined by No increased slightly, but recoveries of both lead an 758 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1961 the ores treated from the British, Junction, and Block 14 areas were partly oxidized. ; The Electrolytic Zinc Co. of Australasia operated the Hercules and Roseberrv mines in the Read-Roseberry district of Tasmania, in creasing both reserves and output of lead during the year. Output of ore for the year ended June 30, 1951, was 159,429 long tons, which yielded 10,084 long tons of lead concentrate, 40,153 of zinc concentrate, and 3,781 of copper concentrate. Mount Isa Mines, Ltd., which owns and operates the great Mount Isa deposits in Queensland, continued its operations at a normal rate. During the year the company became interested in working the Protheroe lead mine at Northampton, Western Australia, which pro duced about 500 tons of lead concentrate monthly. Bolivia.--In 1951 Bolivia exported 30,000 metric tons of recoverable lead in ore. Small miners continued to dominate the lead industry and provided 63 percent of the total lead exported, with the Aramayo and Hochschild groups furnishing 15 percent each. Although official figures were not available on the amount of lead smelted in Bolivia, it was known that the 3 smelters at La Paz, Cochabamba, and Tupiza had a bullion capacity of about 500 tons per month. A fourth smelter under construction at Oruru was expected to increase total capacity to an estimated 700 tons of bullidn per month. Canada.--Although the value of recoverable lead from Canadian mines was 17 percent greater than in 1950, the output (143,000 metric tons) was the least since 1933. The Sullivan mine of the Consolidated Mining & Smelting Co., Kimberley, British Columbia, continued to be the principal source of Canadian lead. Ore produc tion in 1951 at this mine totaled 2,533,212 short tons compared to 2,680,962 tons in 1950. As in 1950 the grade decreased somewhat because of the mining of lower grade ores and the dilution consequent to mining pillars. The company milled about 10,000 tons of ore daily, using a combination of sink-float and flotation equipment. The waste from the sink-float plant, which amounted to about 25 percent of the feed, was used for backfill in the mine. Lead concen trate was treated at the company smelter, Trail, B. C., with ores and concentrate from other properties. Production of refined pig lead at the Trail plant totaled 162,712 tons in 1951 compared with 170,364 in 1950. Work progressed on construction of new lead smelting facilities that would both improve metallurgical efficiency and increase capacity. Accumulated and current lead-bearing residues from the Trail zinc smelter were to.be smelted. The Big Bull and Tulsequah Chief mines in northwest British Columbia came into production during the year, jointly producing 250 tons of complex ore per day. The Yale Lead and Zinc Mine, 30 miles northeast of Nelson, B. C., began producing at the rate of 190 tons of ore daily in April. Other mines wero being developed in British Columbia and Nova Scotia, and exploration of the Pine Point mine on the south shore of Great Slave Lake was continued. French Morocco and Algeria.--Perhaps the outstanding develop ment in the lead industry abroad in 1951 was the increased production of the mines of French Morocco. Mine output of 68,100 metric tons of lead was 40 percent above that of 1950. It was unofficially reported that Soci6t6 des Mines Zellidja milled 835,889 tons of ore to recover LEAD 38,885 tons of 74-percent lead concentr percent zinc concentrate. The compan oro-troatmont capacity of 3,300; it was sc ore after August 1, 1952. Total Zellid to be 27,000,000 tons, of which 10,000, Other important producers of lead in Soci6td des Mines d'Aouli and the Com des Mines. The lead-zinc district extends into a Soci6t6 Nord Africaine du Plomb was containing 16 percent zinc and 2 percent 'directed from Zellidja, and plans provide daily at Zellidja's No. 1 mill beginning ab The lead smelter of the Society des M Heimer produced 18,400 tons of refined lea smelter was said to be 4,000 tons of conc Guatemala.--Output of the Caquipec Alta Verapaz more than tripled that of greater except for transportation difficul ranged from 20 to 42 percent lead, were s and Canada for smelting. Small produ Huehuetenango continued to mine and sm market by primitive methods. Mexico.--Mine production of lead dec higher prices permitted lower grade ore According to the annual report to the sto cisco Mines of Mexico, Ltd., shortage of curtailment of production. The company of ore compared to 623,000 tons in 1950 a 64.34-percent lead concentrate, 68,462 ton centrate, and 6,148 tons of 26.24-percen reserves at the end of September 1951 wer 6.60 percent lead, 9.35 percent zinc, and 0 South-West Africa.--The Tsumeb Cor rich and important Tsumeb mine near territory. In spite of transportation diffic railway.between-Tsumeb and Vsajos, prog of facilities and production. In the yea concentrator treated 392,780 short tons of of lead, 11,231 tons of copper, and 12,847 Sinking of the new vertical 7-compartme to a depth of 2,460 feet by the end of 1951 to 4,150 feet and equipped with a hoist an 2,000 tons of ore daily. During the year gated a lead-zinc deposit near Windhoek Co. expanded milling capacity at the A property near Grootfontein. Tunisia.--During 1951, 12 mines in Tun lead concentrate containing 21,250 metric period the Megrine, Diebel Hallouf, and B 39,350 tons of ore ana concentrate to pro pig lead. 802612--04-------,40 LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AN Lead and Zinc Pigments TABLE 1.--Salient statistics of the lead and zinc p States, 1942-46 (average) an and Zinc Salts 1912-46 (average) 1947 1948 By Robert L. Mentch * GENERAL SUMMARY Production (shipments) * of principal pigments: White lead (dry and Red lead............ do___ Zinc oxide..........do----Leadod zlno oxide Lithopone.......... do___ > 72, 041 47,126 123.081 133,912 67,384 139,822 68, 787 30,004 167,060 160, 771 81,469 165,024 40,07 30,78 164,77 160,96 67,44 140,03 ODERATE declines in shipments of lead and zinc pigments and M zinc salts featured the industry in 1951. However, owing largely to continuing defense activities, shipments remained Value of products: (42.106,000 >$90,199,000 >$90,916,00 All eino pigments........ 37,434,000 63,801,000 65,647,00 Total......................... . 79.640,000 >164,090,000 >166, 462,00 substantially above those of 1949. Decreases from 1950 to 1951 in Value per ton received by shipments of zinc pigments ranged from 3 percent for lithopone to 31 percent for leaded zinc oxide.- Litharge and white lead (dry and in oil) declined 13 and 22 percent, respectively, while red-lead shipments \were approximately the same as in 1950. Zinc salts (zinc sulfate and zinc chloride) decreased 2 and 6 percent, respectively. Decreases in shipments of pigments and salts are attributed partly to decreases in the volume of business in industries that are important consumers of these products: Passenger-automobile production dropped 20 percent in 1951 (truck output rose 7 percent), and con producers: White lead (dry)......... Llthargo......................... Leaded zinc oxide........ Lithopone..................... $166 174 164 130 134 79 Foreign trade: Lead pigments: Value of exports... Value of imports.. Zinc pigments: value of exports.. Value of Imports.. $1,212,000 7,000 2, 637,000 6,000 $308 333 313 180 204 105 $1,041,000 160,000 6. 664,000 31,000 $36 39 38 21 24 11 $070, 00 633,00 6, 229,00 7,00 sumption of natural and synthetic rubber declined 3 percent (natural rubber fell 37 percent and synthetic rubber increased 41 percent) Export balance. 3,737,000 7,414,000 5, 669,00 compared with 1950. The value of sales of varnish and lacquer materials was 5 percent greater than in 1950, the value of public con struction increased 27 percent, and the value of privato construction 1 Reported as sales before 1946. > Includes shipments of basic lead sulfate In 1946, figure for whic ual company operations. * Excludes value of basic lead sulfate; withheld to avoid disc was approximately the same as in 1950; paint and construction gains, however, in part reflected rising costs of materials and labor. Supplies of lead and zinc, the chief raw materials of the pigments industry, were smaller in 1951 than in 1950; yet the demand for these as metal continued high, causing a reduction in quantities available for the manufacture of pigments and also partly accounting for the decreases in shipments. Ceiling prices were established for lead and zinc on January 26, 1951, at the highest price (for each seller) at which sales were made between December 19, 1950, and January 25, 1951. The supply-demand situation in lead le Authority Order, M-38, effective Februa limitations on inventories of lead and other than ores and concentrates. This o 28 and again on July 26 to set forth certa ance of rated orders to permit equitable provide for the creation of a set-aside r emergency situations, and establish limita Thus a number of ceiling prices were maintained for both lead and zinc. The bulk of lead and zinc sales, however, was at 17 cents per pound and 17.50 cents, respectively. These prices were for common lead products. National Production Authority Order M 1950, restricted civilian use of zinc metal lead, New York, and Prime Western grade slab zinc, East St. Louis, and remained in effect until October 2, 1951, when the Office of Price Stabilization permitted rises of 2 cents per pound for both metals. Lead- and zinc-pigment price quotations maintained their historic ally close relationship to pig-lead and slab-zinc prices throughout the year. There were virtually no fluctuations, owing to imposition of ceiling prices by the Office of Price Stabilization early in the year. Quotations advanced up to 2 cents a pound shortly after the 2-cent rise in lead- and zinc-metal prices in October. Zinc-pigment pricos reached alltime highs during the year. Lead-pigment prices, although 1951 to an average quarterly rate of 80 p first 6 months of 1950. Rated orders a were to be in addition to the civilian lim restricted to a 45-day supply or to a "pra inventory," whichever was less. This ord 1951, to restrict use of Special High-Grad quarter commencing July 1 and each cal an average quarterly rate of 70 percent period; consumption of all other zinc was the earlier order. Under NPA Order M relatively high, did not attain the record levels of 1948 and early 1949. 1950, producers of zinc, zinc oxide, and o 760 762 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 196 1 required to accept rated orders for shipment in one month exceeding 10 percent of production. Shipments of white load (dry) and of tho "in-oil" variety dropped 18 and 28 percent, respectively, from 1950 totals. Shipments of the "in-oil" variety, moreover, were the smallest by far since long before the beginning of the present century. White lead (dry) shipments, except for 1949 and 1918, were also smaller than at any time in more than 50 years. Litharge shipments decreased 13 percent in 1951 but were well above average yearly shipments during World War II. Shipments of red lead were approximately the same as in 1950 but considerably lower than'in World War II years. Figure 1 shows' trends in shipments of lead pigments for 1910-51. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AN Shipments of zinc oxide (lead-free), although declining 8 percent in 1951, were comparable in quantity to those during the World War II period. Shipments of leaded zinc oxide decreased 31 percent from the previous year, the largest drop among the products covered by this report. Shipments of lithopone were down 3 percent from the 1950 total and considerably lower than all years from 1925-48, in clusive. Trends in shipments of zinc pigments are shown in figure 2. Shipments of zinc salts changed relatively little compared with 1950; zinc chloride decreased 0 percent, and zinc sulfate fell 2 percent. The distribution of shipments of pigments to consumers in 1951 remained essentially the same as in previous years. The paint industry continued to be the largest user of white lead, leaded zinc oxide, aDd lithopone, accounting for approximately 81, 99, and 75 f>ercent; respectively, of shipments. In addition, 42 percent of red ead shipments, 22 percent of zinc oxide shipments, and 11 percent of litharge shipments went into paint man makers were the chief users of litharge a and 47 percent, respectively, of producers zinc oxide to the rubber industry remained o half of total shipments. Relatively sm lithopone, and leaded zinc oxide are also use The ceramics industry ranks fourth in con pigments, being surpassed only by the p rubber industries. In 1951, 15 percent percent of zinc oxide shipments, and sm lead and red lead were used in making cer Titanium pigments continued to furnish lead and zinc pigments in paintmaking. of titanium pigments were at alltime highs respectively, above the previous records e quate plant capacity and shortages of raw m factors in titanium-pigment production fo even greater increases. At present, the B liberty to publish statistics covering pigm PRODUCTION The value of shipments of lead and zinc p of that for basic lead sulfate, which cannot b an 8-percent increase over 1950 despite tonnage. Lead pigments and zinc pigme 764 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1061 LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND percent, respectively, of the total value in 1951 compared with 53 and 47 percent, respectively, in 1950. ; TABLE 3.--Lead pigments shipped by manufac 1942-46 (average) and 1947-51, For many years, figures on "sales" were used; in this series of reports as a better guide than production to activity in the pigments industry. Beginning with 1945, the base tvas changed to "shipments" to conform Year White load Basic lead or sublime with data compiled on Bureau of Mines load and jzinc schedules. Available information for 1945 (the year of change) indicates little Dry In oil Total White difference between sales and shipments in that year. In reporting tonnages of pigments, an attempt is made to avoid all duplication, one of the chief problems being that finished pigments frequently are blended to make another product. Basic lead sulfate and zinc oxide, 1942-46 (average)1___ 1017.............................. 1918............................... 1949............................... 1950........................' 1961............................... >38,228 30,075 26, 651 16,719 28,506 23,369 34,415 29,712 19,619 11,636 16,670 12,056 > 72,641 68,787 46,070 27,366 46,178 35,415 6,642 !') (> ) (*) ) for example, are blended to make leaded zinc oxide, and in this instance the pigment weights appear in the total for the last-named class only. Pigments consumed by producing companies to make Eroducts beyond those covered by this report--that is, paints, storage atteries, and other articles--are considered as shipments. 1 Basic lead sulfate for 1046 Included with white lead (dry) In ord pany operations. ' 1941-45 average; tee footnoto 1. Flcuro withhold to avoid disclosure of individual company op Basic lead Sulfate.--Because there was LEAD PIGMENTS Bureau of Mines is not at liberty to pub sulfate for 1946-51. _ Shipments of lead pigments decreased 13 percent in quantity but Red Lead.--Shipments of red lead in 195 increased 12 percent in value in 1951 compared with 1950. Substantial same as in 1950 but were 25 to 35 percent lo ains in average prices received by producers increased the total value, hipments of white lead (diy and in oil) and litharge declined 22 and years. Orange Mineral.--No shipments of oran r 13 percent, respectively, while red-lead shipments were slightly higher than in 1950. in 1947-51 Litharge.--Although declining 13 perce Average values of load pigments reported by producers reached litharge shipments remained at a compa alltimo highs: The yearly average for white lead (dry) was $426 per exceeded only in 1947, 1948, and 1950. In ton, 27 percent above the 1950 average; red lead sold at an average of been the largest quantity pigment of the gro $397 per ton, an increase of 26 percent; and litharge brought $383 per Battery manufacturers produced 77,000 ton, 31 percent higher than the 1950 average. or suboxide of lead in 1951 for their own use White lead.--The general decline in shipments of white lead--first quantity compares with 80,000 tons in 195 evident in the late 1920's--continued, as competitive pigments sup Oxide production required 73,000 tons of pi planted both classes in many. paint formulas. Total shipments in 1950, and 53,000 tons in 1949. declined 22 percent and, except for 1949, were the lowest by far since much before the beginning of the twentieth century. ZINC PIGMENTS AND S ` TABLE 2.--Production and shipments of lead pigments 1 in the United States 1960-61 Owing to substantial gains in average pr the value of shipments of zinc pigments in despite an 11-percent decrease in the qua 1950 1951 ments of zinc oxide (lead-free), the most ments in tonnage and value, declined 8 pe A ' Shipments. Shipments zinc oxide fell 31 percent; and shipments Flgraent Produc tion ' (short tons) Short tons Valuo Total Average Produc tion (short tons) Short tons Valuo * Total Average percent. _ Producers' average values attained new the records established in 1950. Average v shippers were as follows:. Zinc oxide (lead- White lead: Dry................ In oil*........... Red lead.............. Litharge.............. 27,954 16, 778 34,066 178,225 28.506 16,670 35. 072 177,058 $0. 553.687 7,403, 032 11,013.908 51,887,453 $336 444 314 292 22,982 11,177 31,065 162,156 23,350 12,056 35, 352 154,753 $9,052,883 0, 007,291 14,025,182 69, 287,2C2 $426 498 397 383 of 21 percent; leaded zinc oxide, $320 per ton and lithopone, $141 per ton, or 14 percen Shipments of the zinc salts--zinc chloride 6 and 2 percent, respectively, from 1950 1 Except for basic lead sulfato, figure for which Is withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company operations. 1 At plant, exclusive of container. 1 Weight of white lead only, but value of paste. pared favorably with tonnages in previous the two compounds were $85 and $160 p pared with $73 and $131 in 1950. i 766 : MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1951 TABLE 4.--Production and shipments of zino pigments and salts in the United States, 1950-61 I960 ` 1061 Pigment or salt Pro duc tion (short tons) 8bort tons Shipments Value i Total Average Pro- duction (short tons) Short tons Shipments Value 1 Total Average Zino oxide'......................... 161.074 Leaded zino oxide1.......... 63,194 Lithopone........................... 99,321 Zino chloride, 60* B......... 63,843 Zino sulfate........................ 23,687 160,829 63,973 106,660 64,664 23,912 *41,439,269 16,762,888 13,129,363 4, 703,260 3,124,413 $268 262 124 73 131 163,714 60,972 107, 619 62,627 23,603 147,710 44,341 102,837 '60,730 23,624 $46,948,219 14,179,993 14,470, 742 5,162, 382 3, 769,826 $311 320 141 86 160 1 Value at plant, exclusive of container. * Zino oxide containing 6 percent or more lead Is olassed as leaded tine oxide, tine oxide include a email quantity containing less than 6 percent lead. In this tablo data for leaded TABLE 5.--Zino pigments and salts shipped 1 by manufacturers in the United States, 1942-46 (average) and 1947-51, in short tons Year Zino oxide Leaded sine oxide Lithopone Zino chlo ride (60* B.) Zino sulfate iso.......... :..................... '................... 1948........................................ 19(9............................. " 1960................................................... .......... 1951.............................................. '" 133,912 160,771 160,968 110,132 160,829 147,716 67,384 81,469 67,441 63,973 44,341 1 Reported as sales before 1946. Zinc Oxide.--Shipmenta of lead-free zinc oxide were 8 percent lower in 1951 than in 1950, owing partly to the reduced availability of raw materials from which the oxide is produced. Leaded Zinc Oxide.--Shipments of leaded zinc oxide declined 31 percent in 1951, the largest decrease among the pigments covered by this report. Four grades of leaded zinc oxido, classified according to lead con tent, are produced in the United States. The bulk of the output, however, is the 5- to 35-percent grade' only relatively small quantities of the other grades--5 percent or less lead, over 35 to 50 percent lead, and over 50 percent lead--are produced. Production by grades in 1951 (1950 in parentheses) was as follows: 35 percent lead and under, 46,960 (54,641) tons; over 35 percent lead, 4,012 (8,553) tons. Lithopone.--Shipments of lithopone fell 3 percent below those in 1950 and were much lower than in all years from 1924-48, inclusive. TABLE 6.--Production of zinc oxide (lead-free) by processes, 1946-61, as percent of total Process 1946 1947 1648 1949 I960 1961 American process (ore and primary residues) French process (metal and scrap)..................... Other.................... ..... Total................................ 76 73 . 76 71 72 17 17 16 17 18 8 10 9 12 10 100 100 100 100 100 18 7 100 LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND The lithopone statistics in this report ar ordinary lithopone sold as such plus the ord of the high-strength product. Consumption of ordinary lithopone in the m lithopone has diminished to very small prop boon downward almost continuously since was used in making the titanated product. for this purpose in 1951 was 55 percent bel 1950 and the smallest on record. The litho are included in the totals for ordinary lithopo TABLE 7.--Titanated lithopone produced in the lithopone used in its manufacture, 1942-46 (ave tons Year Titanated lithopone produoed Ordinary lithopone used Yea 1942-46 (avorage).............. 9.000 2.000 2,100 8,160 2,200 1,700 1949...... ........... I960............ :... 1961.................. Zinc Sulfide.--In 1951 as in several pre company produced zinc sulfide, hence the Bu liberty to publish figures for this pigment. Zino Chloride.--Shipments of 50 B. solutio 6 percent in 1951 but were at a compara exceeded in only 4 earlier years. Zino Sulfate.--Although zinc sulfate shipm in 1950, the total was the third-highest on percent below the peak established in 1946. RAW MATERIALS USED Lead pigments and zinc pigments and salts a variety of materials, including ore, refined m materials as scrap, residues, ashes, drosses, an as in 1950 and 1949, approximately 94 percen was derived from pig lead and the remainde in ore used to make leaded zinc oxide, about was from foreign sources. The sources of zin as follows: 76 percent (73 in 1950) from ore percent from slab zinc, and 15 (17) percent fr about 19 (22) percent of the ore used was of Tables 8 and 9 give the quantities and sour manufacturing each: pigment and salt. Pig clusively, either directly or indirectly, in ma litharge, red lead, and orange mineral and is u ing basic lead sulfate. The lead content of l from basic lead sulfate, which in turn is made to pig lead in the table. Zinc oxide is the onl siderable slab zinc is used. Ore is employed oxide, leaded zinc oxide, lithopone, zinc sulfide lead sulfate. Over half of the zinc contained in 1951 and 59 in 1950) and virtually all of th .'Y > `V b....". t:. ' ( .* * j*'. !* iii ii- i- 768 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1951 percent in 1951 and 1950) produced in the United States are derived from secondary material. The proportion of zinc oxido production derived from metal and scrap dropped to 24 percent in 1951 compared with 29 percent in 1950. For a number of years before tho United States entered World War II, there had been a large increase in the quantity of secondary zinc used in manufacturing zinc oxide. The scarcity of supplies of both metal and scrap caused the proportion of the total oxide made by the French proccss-^which uses only metal and scrap--to drop sharply in 1942 and to continue comparatively low in 1943-46, despite the fact that tho total percentage from metal and scrap rose in 1943 and continued upward almost without inter ruption m 1944-50. The production of zinc oxide from metal and scrap accounted for tho following percentages in relation to total production: 41 percent in 1939, 10 percent in 1942, 19 percent in 1943, 22 percent in 1944, 25 percont in 1945, 26 percent in 1940, 28 percent in 1947, 26 percent in 1948, and 29 percent in 1949. TABLE 8.--Lead oontent of lead and zino pigments 1 produced by domestic manufacturers, 1960-61, by sources, in short tons Pigment I960 1951 Lead In pigments pro* duced from-- Ofe Domestlr Foreign Pig lead Total lead In pig' meats Lead In pigments pro duced from-- Oro Domestic Foreign Pitt lead Total lead in pig ments Leaded zino oxide.......... Tolol...................... 12,600 J2, 006 2,001 35,807 30,884 165,428 2, 06J 232,209 35,897 30,884 165,428 14,067 246,876 11,237 J 1,237 i,58i 27,400 30,680 141,215 1,581 199,504 27,409 30,880 141,216 12,818 212,322 > Excludes lead in basic lead sulfate, data for whlob are withheld t.o avoid disclosure of Individual coni' pony operations. TABLE 9.-- Zinc content of zinc pigments 1 and salts produced by domestic * manufacturers, 1960-61, by souroes, in short tons I960 1951 Pigment or suit Zinc In pigments and salts produced from-- Ore Domes- For Uo eign Sluh zinc Second ary ma terial 1 Total zinc In Pig ments and salts Zinc In pigments and salts produced from-- Ore Domes- For tlo eign Slab zinc Second ary ma terial 1 Total zino In plKroents and salts 00,412 22,327 16,866 26,910 5,274 0,380 1,607 30 Total pigments... 102,738 29,108 16, BOO 2,127 461 19, 749 128,354 77. 805 18, 275 16, 655 32,220 21,364 4,040 11,494 19,411 7,684 2,010 69 31,243 179,985 100,853 24,331 15,714 14,346 14,346 4,710 7,298 2,203 453 06 SS8 14,909 11,098 126,644 25,410 20,851 172,905 14,078 7,669 (Excludes zino sulfide. data for which oro withheld to avoid disclosure of Individual company operations. (These figure* are higher than thoso shown la the report on Secondary Metals--Nonfcrrous Localise they Include slno recovered from byproduct sludges, residues, etc., not classified as purchased scrap material. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS A CONSUMPTION AN LEAD PIGMENT White lead.--The paint industry is by lead, generally accounting for 90 percent o of this pigment. Available statistics show but this is probably due to the inability data , on end-use classification. It is kn white lead sold to the Government has b for want of information on actual end substantial part of the entire "Other" cla under paint. Shipments to ceramics make ticizers and stabilizers accounted for 4 an total distribution in 1951. TABLE 10.--Distribution of white lead (dry a (average) and 1947-61, by indus Industry 1942-46' (average) 1947 194 66,117 1,282 5,242 72,641 61,265 1,665 6,857 68,787 40 1 3 46 1 Reported as sales before 1946. i Shipments of b&slo lead sulfate included with white lead for pany operations. 1 Includes the following tonnages for plasticisers and stablllto Basic Lead Sulfate.---A distribution of by uses has not been available for publica tons went to the paint industry, 200 tons 686 tons to other industries. Substanti are also used as an intermediate produ zinc oxide. Such quantities have always under leaded zinc oxide rather than basi Red Lead.--Producers' deliveries to m teries again accounted for the largest p ments---47 percent compared with 50 p past, the paint industry was the secon pigment, taking 42 percent (40 in 1950) tively small quantities were used in makin TABLE 11.--Distribution of rod-lead shipments1, by industry, in short Industry ' 1942-46 (average) Storage batteries......................... Paints............................................ Ceramics....................................... Other.............................................. Total................................... 25.242 17,424 859 3,600 47,125 1 Reported a* sales before 1945. 1947 20,883 11,362 977 2,842 36,064 194 14 10 1 3 3a 770 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 165 1 Orange Mineral.--No shipments of orange mineral have been reported since 1946, when 78 tons went to the ink industry, 18 tons to the color-pigment industry, and 27 tons to other industries. Litharge.--The largest single use of litharge is for storage batteries. This use took 61 percent of total shipments in 1951 and since 1947 has accounted for roughly two-thirds of all shipments. The ceramics industry is the second largest consumer of litharge; shipments for this purpose were the second highest on record in 1951 despite an 18-percent decrease from the previous year. Shipments to insecticide makers were 47 percent less, than in 1950, the largest drop among the end-use items in this report. Tonnages used for chrome pigments and varnish increased 11 and 28 percent, respectively, while shipments to oil refineries and rubber manufacturers decreased 6 and 13 percent. Shipments for use in floor coverings, regularly a very small item, increased over eight fold in 1951. TABLE 12.--Distribution of litharge shipments 1942-46 (average) and 1947-61, by industry, in short tons Industry 1042-46 (average) 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 Storage batteries......................... Ceramics...................................... Chrome pigments......... .......... . Oil refining................................ Insecticides.................................. Varnish....................................... Rubber......................................... Floor coverings........................... Other........................................... . Total.................................. 65,354 11.290 0,440 6,741 18.660 3. 184 2,956 166 6,291 123,081 111,840 18.360 9,228 7,688 7,288 4,268 2,205 141 6,042 167,050 100,645 19,979 7, 455 7,248 6, 033 4,424 2; 836 152 6,004 154,776 77,163 13,299 8, 657 5,720 6,353 4,286 1,398 62 5,214 121,052 105, 558 27,771 10.017 6. 488 10,651 4,347 3,047 220 0, 559 177,658 94,064 22,815 11,117 6,068 6,691 6, 684 2,641 1,772 6,001 164,763 1 Reported u sales before 1045. ZINC PIGMENTS AND SALTS Zinc Oxide.--The distribution pattern of lead-free zinc oxide ship ments was essentially the same m 1951 as in previous years. The largest tonnages went to rubber manufacturers, 48 percent (52 in 1950); the paint industry, 22 percent (25); and ceramics makers, 7 percent (8). Shipments to all consuming industries, except manu facturers of coated fabrics and textiles, whose consumption increased TABLE 13.--Distribution of zinc oxide shipments1, 1942-46 (average) and 1947-61, by industry, in short tons Industry 1942-46 (average) 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 Rubber......................................... Paints........................................... Ceramics...................................... Coated fabrics and textiles . Floor coverings........................... } Chemical warfare....................... Other............................................. Total................... ;............ 65, 472 28,654 4,786 9,293 f l 10.308 15, 409 133,912 82,248 32,867 11,350 9, 100 4,735 20. 471 160,771 82,895 26,779 12,327 9, 474 4.938 14, 545 150,958 58,406 26, 205 6,082 5.200 2,666 10,584 110,132 82,044 39,609 12,670 6,303 3.670 15,534 160,820 71,507 32,934 10, 324 7,265 3,114 22, 572 147,716 1 Reported as sales before 1049. Includes the following tonnBges for rayon: 1047--7,302; 1048--3,200; 1040--4,470; 1090--1,890; 1091--6,278, LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS A 15 percent, declined in 1951. One com oxiae for chemical warfare purposes; but, is not complete, the tonnage is included fication. . Leaded Zinc Oxide.--Leaded zinc oxid exclusively as a ipigment in paint manu percent of total shipments was for this (less than 1 percent of shipments) are u Shipments of leaded zinc oxide were we year, and, as a result, stocks increased c leaded zinc oxide is produced from ores ra materials improves its competitive pos when metal and scrap are in short supply TABLE 14.--Distribution of leaded zino oxide and 1947-61, by industry, Industry 1942-46 (average) 1947 19 55,049 105 2,230 67,384 77,994 131 3, 334 81.459 6 6 Reported as sales bofore 1945. Lithopone.--Lithopone is used princip paints, varnish, and lacquers; approxim shipments are to these industries. In 195 75 percent (74 in 1950) of the total. Th in paper manufacturing increased 69 per second largest use of the pigment. In other purposes except printing ink decl turers of coated fabrics and textiles, r dropped 39, 19, and 13 percent, respectiv TABLE 16.--Distribution of lithopone shipments ' by industry, in shor Industry 1942-46 (average) 1947 19 Paint, varnish, and lacquers *. Paper............................................. Coated fabrics and textiles___ Floor coverings........................... Rubber............. ............................ Printing Ink................................. Other.............................................. Total.................................. 110,911 4,010 5,646 9,856 1,087 () 8,312 139,822 134.830 4,069 8,421 9,048 3,085 (4) 5, 571 165,024 10 . 1 ( 14 1 Reported as sales before 1046. . Includes a small quantity, not separable, used for printing * Revised figure. ` Included Id "Other" before I960, exoept for those quantities r Zinc Chloride.--Statistics on the en chloride shipments are not available. Th wood preserving, battery manufacturing, and as a soldering flux. 772 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1951 Zinc Sulfate.--The textile (rayon) industry has been the largest consumer of zinc sulfate since 1946, when agricultural use led; in 1951 the quantity used for rayon foil 10 percent from 1950 but was higher than in all years except 1950 and 1949. Agriculture and chemicals continued as the second and third largest uses, with shipments for agricultural purposes decreasing 4 percent from the previous year and shipments to producers of chemicals increasing 53 percent. Ship ments for textile dyeing and printing in 1951 wore almost 11 times higher than in 1950, by far the largest gain for any one end use of any of the pigments covered by this report. Shipments for flotation re agents, glue, electrogalvanizing, and paint and varnish processing decreased markedly in 1951. TABLE 16.--Distribution of zinc sulfate shipments 1942-46 (average) and 1947-61, by industry, in short tons Industry 1942-46 (aver age) 1947 1048 1949 1960 1961 Cross Cross Dry Cross Dry Cross Dry Oross Dry Cross Dry weight weight basis weight basis weight basis weight basis weight basis Rayon............................ Agriculture................... Chemicals..................... Textile dyeing and printing..................... Flotation reagents___ Olue............................... Electrogalvanlilng___ Paint and yarafsb processing.................. Other............................. 6,601 6.977 2,113 272 1,017 490 266 1.260 1.639 8, 210 7.827 2.120 00 i, 112 024 233 61 1.300 6.173 6,126 1,439 38 717 444 140 61 804 9.000 6,210 1,734 102 1,632 601 310 121 1,034 7,333 10, 691 4,248 4, 429 1.193 1,197 00 1,360 402 206 30 921 463 217 104 603 1.191 1.6A4 7, 967 11,217 3,696 6.841 861 1.879 21 146 757 962 370 679 164 324 685 189 079 2,780 8.322 10,073 4,880 6,688 1,377 2,871 129 1.400 727 868 404 390 203 190 119 32 1,820 2,116 Total................... 18.564 21,647 16.007 21,613 in,ios 20,006 16,200 23.012 18.041 23,624 7.925 4,847 2.243 1,103 736 337 129 20 1,274 18.074 1 Reported as sales before 1946. PRICES Total and average values received by producers for lead and zinc pigments and zinc salts are given in the tables in the early part of this chapter. Average values for white lead and red lead established new peaks in 1951, 17 percent and less than 1 percent, respectively, oyer the previous highs set in 1948. The average value for litharge was only 1 percent under the 1948 record. As previously stated, lead- pigment quotations were relatively steady throughout the year, the only notable changes occurring on October 2, when the price of lead advanced 2 cents a pound. Average values received by producers of zinc pigments reached unprecedented highs in 1951, with gains over the previous peaks, recorded in 1950, ranging from 14 percent for lithopono to 22 percent for leaded zinc oxide. Quotations for pigments began at high levels and increased up to 2 cents a pound in October following the rise in zinc-metal prices. New highs were also recorded for zinc chloride and zinc sulfate; averago values were 16 and 22 percent, respectively, above the peaks established in 1950. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS TABLE 17.--Range of quotations on lead pig at New York (or delivered in the East), [Oil, Paint and Drug Product 1948 White lead (basic lead carbonate), dry, corlots, barrels................ ........................................................ Basic lead sulfate (sublimed load), loss than car- lots, barrols.................. ;........................................... Red load, dry, 96 poroont or less, loss than car- Orange mineral, Amorlcan, small lots, barrels... Llthargo. commorclal, powderod, barrols............ Zinc oxide: . American process, lead free, bags, carlots... American process, 6 to 36 percent lead, bar- French process, red seal, bags, carlots........... French prooess, groon seal, bags, carlots___ Fronoh process, white sea), barrels, carlots.. Lithopone, ordinary, small lots, bags................. Zinc sulfldo, less than carlots, bags, barrels........ Zinc chloride, works: Solution, tanks..................................................... Fused, drums....................................................... Zinc sulfate, crystals,1 barrels................................. 16. 00-22. 16. 76-21. 18.00-25. 20. 60-27. 10. 00-24. 10.00-13. 10. 2.5-16. 11.26-14. 11.76-16. 12. 60-16. 0. 28- 0. 10. 76-14. 3. 00- 3. 6. 28- 7. 4. 66- 6. Includes granulated. FOREIGN TR Foreign trade in lead and zinc pigm minor importance in relation to dom modities. A "favorable balance of trad exports over value of imports--is gen to these products. In 1951 the value compared with imports valued at $2, sented increases over 1950 of 155 perc for imports. Imports of white lead (basic carbo lead-compound entries, were 7 and 1 pe shipments; and. imports of zinc oxide the outstanding zinc-compound item percent of domestic shipments. Small lead, lead suboxide, lead arsenate, an also imported for consumption in 1951 Lithopono and zinc oxide are the tonnages from the United States. Expo to 20,473 and 8,895 tons, respectively, exports of 9,357 and 3,094 tons. The 1 20 and 6 percent of the total shipment Litharge, white lead, red lead, and l by the United States, but exports con shipments by domestic producers. 1 Figures on imports and exports compiled by M. B. Pric records of tho U. 8. Department of Commerce. 774 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1961 TABLE 18.--Value of foreign trade of the United States in lead and zinc pigments , and salts, 1949-61 [IT. 8. Department of Commerce] Imports for consumption Exports 1019 1960 1961 1949 I960 1961 Iseari pigments: white load................ ,,............................. Red lead............................................ ....... Litharge.................................................... Other lead pigments................................ Total................................................. . Zlno plgmonts: Zlno oxide.............................................. . Llthopone................................................... Total...................................................... Lead and tine salts: Other lead compounds........... ................ Zinc chloride............................................ Zlno sulfate.................................. ............ Total....................................................... Grand total......................................... . $73, 485 11,*18 31), 822 17,148 142,503 $271,036 27,114 4, 670 40,781 $880, 073 80,351 788,064 32,373 313,600 1,796, 761 $270,888 408,491 471,143 0) 0) $213,344 194,930 611,942 (') 0) $272,096 266, 008 446, 201 <0 o 49,809 1,081,815 14,470 2,053 179,11)7 61,852 1,275,41)2 779, 291) 1,607, 205 875,820 3,238,686 0) (') 0) 151,166 1,018,913 1,248, 638 3, 516,916 030,464 3,420,118 2, 124,307 6,864,500 4 2,660 6,472 1,065 30,447 11,202 2,654 68,009 194,695 16, 606 9,126 42,704 281,433 203,691 1,061,090 3,008,058 186,091 (') 8 o c> 216,034 (') 8 o (') 163,216 (') (') (') 0) C> < Data not available. TABLE 19.--Lead pigments and salts imported for consumption in the United States, 1947-61 | tf. 8. Department of Commerce] . Short Ions Year While lead (basic carbon ate) Red lead Litharge Lead suhoxldo Load pig ments n. s. p. f. Lead arsenate Other lead com pounds Totul valno 1917.. i_____ ______ 22 416 33 GO 1918....................... .. 203 217 1.001 34 30 633,776 1010.............................. 161 23 Dll 23 Q 0) 142] 007 1050.............................. 911 70 12 67 27 2 344,656 19.M___ :...................... 2.675 215 1,855 63 7 180- 1,868] 034 1 Less than 0.6 ton. TABLE 20.--Zinc pigments and salts imported for consumption in the United ' States, 1947-61 IU. 8. Dopartmont of Commerce] Short tons Y ear Zinc oxide Dry In oil Llthopone Zinc sulfldo Zinc chloride Zinc sulfate Totul value 1047........................ 1948........................ 1949........................ 1950........................ 1951....................... 117 27 239 6,093 1,772 1 Less than 0.6 ton. 0) (i) 10 <>) 1,201 704 295 33 210 169 1,317,141 714 201 1,140, 624 LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AN TABLE 21.-- Lead pigments and salts exported fr [U. 8. Department of Comm Year S White lead Red loa 1947........................... ............................................ 1948......................................................................... 1949................................. .................................... 1950......................................................................... 1951......................................................................... $63 7 603 9 699 1.0 815 6 767 6 TABLE 22.--Zino pigments and salts exported fr [U. 8. Department of Comm Year Short tons Total value Zinc Lltbooxldo pone Ye 1946................................ 10,966 9,651 1047................................ 19,082 13,662 1948.............................. 8,642 21,016 $2,911,457 6, 654,260 6,228,962 1949............ 1960............ 1961............ 302512--54- 50