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Other Volumes in this Series Users of this volume will find much value in its companion volumes. Here is the list: TITLE VOLUME No. General Sessions and Detailed Index to all Volumes............................................................... Aeronautical Industries .................................................................................................................... Air Transport Industry.................................................................................................................... Automotive and Machine Shop Industries..................................................................................... Cement and Quarry Industries......................................................................................................... 1 2 3 5 Chemical Industries .......................................................................................................................... 6 Coal Mining Industry* ................... 7 Construction Industry* ....................................................................................................... $ Electrical Equipment Industry......................................................................................................... 9 Farm Safety........................................... `........................................................................................... 10 Fertilizer Industry............................................................................................................................. 11 Industry ................................................................................................................................... 12 ami Ceramics Industry.......................................................................................................... 1.** H*t;c Safety ..................................................................................................................................... 1- IndnsTriat Xursing ........................................................................................................................... 15 Industrial Subject Session* (5|"*n*orcd lvASSE>..................................................................... 1f* Maritime Industrie* 1 Marine Section!.......................................................................................... 17 Meat racking. Tanning and Leather Industrie".......... ................................................................ 1* Mctai- Industry ................................................................................................................................. PJ Mining Industry ............................................................................................................................... 2'"* Motor Transportation Im!u>try (U*mmercial Vehicle Sccti'-n)............................................. 21 Petroleum Industry ........................................................................................................................... 22 I'mver Press and Forging Ojieraticin*............................................................................................ 25 Printing and Publishing Indutry.................................................................................................... 2-s Public Employment (Public Emp!oycc> Saicty Committee)............................................. 25 Public Utilities Industries.................................................................................................................. 26 Pulp and Paper Industry*............................................................................................................... 27 Rnilr<iad Industry ................................... 2-* kubler Industry ............................................................................... 29 School and College Safety................................................................................................................ 5" Textile Industry ............................................................................................................................... .'1 Trr.riic Safety.........................................................................................................................................'2 Transit Industiy*................................................................................................................................. \V*^J Products Industries................................................................................................................ 5-t Safety and Its Relationship to Personality................................................................................. 55 PRICES OF EXTRA COPIES OFINDIVIDUAL VOLUMES TO MEMBERS VOLUME l to 9 copies 10 to 99 cofits 100 to 999 copies 1000 or more SIZE Each Each Each Each Less than 24 pages-- $029 SO23 $0.17 $0.17 24 to 48 pages-- 49 to 96 pages-- Over 96 pages-- 35 .46 .69 2) 25 .40 ' 35 M3 3a 25 35 38 Complete set ot Transactions (35 vol 5.)--S6.90 (1 m 9 copies). 6.30 (!0 to 99 copies). 5.70 (100 or more copies). .VOX-MEMBER prices are double member price*, except volumes 10. 14. 30 and 32. NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 42$ NORTH MICHIGAN AYE. CHICAGO 11. ILL s * tM 22)302 jiiiiiiiiiNiiniMiiiiiiniiiniiniiiMiiiiiiiiiifiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiw lllllllllllllIIM M VOLUME 19 1953 TRANSACTIONS Current Safety Topics in the METALS INDUSTRY 05 presented in sessions of the Metals Section at the 41st National Safety Congress Our Best Safety Idea for 1953: Steel Plants Our Best Safety Idea for 1953: Foundries Our Best Safety Idea for 1953: Non-ferrous Teamwork in Safety. Management and Labor, Partners in Safety Is Investigation of First Aid Cases Worthwhile? Lessons from Investigation of Fires (Continued es next pojcj 5 & .7 8 9 10 12 NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 North Michigan Avenue Chicago 11. III. ^itiiiniiniiiiiiiuitMitmiuiiiiimnniiinitiutimiiniHiiiimiiiiiiininiotiitiHiiiiniiiiiiiniiiuiHiiiHniiiiuiiiitiiiHiii Current Safety Topics in the METALS INDUSTRY [<wf/nacJ from carer) The Fourth Dimension in Safety. . .. -- 15 Presentation of Awards.............................................................. Safety in Non-Ferrous Metals Industry. 17 18 Effects of Heat on Man.................................... 18 Heat Relief in Industry . .19 The Eye in Steel Warehousing Operation 25 Red Flags for the Supervisor . 26 How the Oxy-Acetylene Process Can Be Used Safely in Steel Fabrication 29 Reducing Potential Accidents by Reducing Equipment Failures 34 There Is a Man in the House 37 rmutUmniHuii4LukaiinHunafli^i*mmui;wmiianikiiaL4imiljatgiBy 'Hew 000 If safely is to keep pace with today's rapidly advancing technology, we must continually have "new approaches." Each year, at the Nations} Safety Congress, the ideas and experiences of many of the nation's top safety men are presented in the various sessions. Many of these ideas, devices and methods, first presented at a Congress session, later become generally accepted within their fields. In order to present this information conveniently and at small cost, the Congress Transactions are published m volumes, one for each Section or Division, along with a General Sessions and Detailed Index to all volumes. The 35 volumes of the 195} Congress Trans actions are listed on the las! page of this volume. Safety directors everywhere have found the Congress Transactions a useful aid in their accident prevention programs. In Industry*, for example, their judicious distribution to key personnel m management ;ind supervision has proved to lc of invaluable service. In preparing these Transactions, the proceedings of the Congress have lecn condensed and edited for reference purposes. Complete original manuscripts, with any charts or illustrations which were used, are available in National Safely Council files. Views expressed at the Congress or in this record are those of the Congress participants and are not necessarily those of the National Safety Council. THE METALS SECTION Thi- volume j- a record of the held at the 1^53 National Safety Congress by the Metals Section. The conduct of these Con gress sessions each year is only one of the many cooperative activities which the Metals Section carries on in behalf of its members, and for the benefit of accident prevention work in the metals industry* generally. The Section gives guidance in the preparation of a great variety of technical and educational material useful in the day-to-day aicty programs oi metals plants. The activities oi the Section are under the direction of its Executive Committee, the members o: which are listed at the close of this volume. 14 Sfttels /edniiry Flair eombaMtbk fibrous materials will also spread dome quickly aerou thdi sur face*. From these wo extreme* we cm sole down through many t^fpes of materials to those which are basically Incombustible. The difference* are great aod appearance* can be misleading. Combustible fibrosis mate rial* on be pamted to slew down the rate oi flame spread across tber surfaces. For tunately. many of these materials love tea examined and tested In the "Tunnel Ten* of Underwriters Laboratories* Inc* and the resulting dvta !* readily accessible. This data can be very helpful in reaching con- ctusfats as to the probable mctbnd of flame spread. ' There is another factor which explains some of the rather mysterious qtrick spread* lag fire* that rinefto so often testify leaped across a room or corridor. This is the so-called "flasbover*' chomctensttc utrirh has been observed in numerous tens. It is closely related to room temperature*. Ob servation* of test fires show that tetweea 4t)0 degrees F. and SW> degrees F. furniture ignites without flame contact, bat when tta room loaperatttre reaches the ririrmy of 600 degrees F. to 700 degree* F. a "flash* over" frojutnUj* occurs, and the entire r*em appears to burst two flame at care. Tbit is probably the explanation of ejt witness stories of flame* which seemtnsly kap across a room or doom a enrrtdnr with express train speed At this point 1 would lute to interject <m of my pet gripe*. That is the term "flash fire** Newspaper reporters nil use the term as if they knew what h meant? The public has seen the term so often that they think tlx? know what it mean*. Un fortunately 1 don't know what h tneins. and ! wish snme4te would let me m oa the secret Y have talked m many fire inventpaior* and have yet to aryi one trim can define the term. Any one of the fire situa tions 1 deseritad a few cmautei ago could he termed a flash-fire. So might a slow gas-air explosion flame voting through the vapor* of flamxnatde Itijw-J*. Although each one of there situation? 1* different fjurJ we must reeogmxe those difference* to trace tocni the source), we are allowing them all to be lumped under the term, "msh-firc." Dank ever accept this description from a witness! Instead, continue to question him evcteerzung roW of flame, position of flame, smoke present, odors and noises, if aay. Another clue helpful in tracing a fin tc. it* point of origin are the signs which poun to Is* direction of travel. In a Chfeago disaster, fire and explosion meed across the third floor of a factory. A* it went i: . burned only one side of each pillar and beam. Careful examination of structural members, as in this case, frequently will Jwr more and dcejf charring consistently ei the same side, which gives a clear fndirtiina of the dfrxetirei the fire was trsveting M**ving txtdrr draft eondid/ei*. it does no; tend v. read* lock and l*um the reversr vie of each structural member bat tends t* leap on to the next exposed surface. With tlcc pTeerdinc infomutirct. we ar frcqueitly aide :<t trace the fire hack to i-< point of origm. Then. ftM points <4 evi dence previously <Qro**cd. we can jc. together the circumstance* which hrus! together cumhuftihle matrrial* and a wro of fgtuflna. If tt iraees back t* a fitmarr meet. for example, we can reach cencin* siftfts as to whether or M there was {? kssdbtc material <lo*e ev*urh to the ke;* vniree. Combining this with 'w ksMticdgc >f ignition temperatnre* of eotnn^a mate rial*, it is fwihlc to determine bnr t!w arc suited. Thji is a critisil point in at March f<r tlie fire cause, because many, if r>'4 most mrestiuaticci* op here and_ (tie. The ver dict ; "fire tr*m faulty heating epii<r.en:.*' f "fire due i* dertrien! lrfea In base ment." The impomai |<4ni if we are to-learn anything for the future, is *'wfcy*" AVhy fid 'he furnace overheat! What haprencl M the controls! \llir? UTisl caused the dsetrUal spsem to overheat! Why didsT* the fuse or over current device prevent it! Very often the answer is there, panics* lariy i.i those first few immot< after the fire. 1<fmc anything if touched. I hare laid great stress tUt engineering rcs^au why this mfoneatirr. is needed, hut there is another and pcrhai* cvea more im* tenant factor involved and that is *hnifc If ntry tire was carefully investigated, it w*ub| le *<tc <4 the greatest possible deter rent* to anon. Fence this it not an arson meeting. I have leaned over backwards to stay away from the subject. However, a study of fire muses and arson inevitably The Fourth Oinmiws in Saftiy IS .Mae together. Both purposes codld be ad* nttabfy served by greater emphasis on the ^emulation of the cause of every fire aod nby a failure occurred. 1 believe that pho- : grafts ukea of the suspected pcist of rigtn of every fire would he of inestimable raise. When an explosion occurrs, it b crcs - >re Important to (ntvnfdiatefy obtain and record tmiortant information which corid !<e the lasts of fumre ctgtneeriag change*. rVtf cxamflw some time ago ao expbtba .-coned to a gas fired oven. This oven was equip|d with complete safety ruabus* :i<v> eerared*. ltc nermkele** it wn* aU-iou* that flame failure occurred as>l the cas valve failed to close. Why? llcfwe an iovesttca- ;>ci c*uM l< made a maintenance man dis* matlri tl^ cccnrols. The resu*;? We will sever knntr triial pan >f tliat system failed *:a:3 the nrxt one lik<w: and thro yunc*** -ay jay with hi* Sit. What on we txfw: fi:ct a* a result of Hc*e ir.vtf!!p:iin*r I*rrperiy uvi orefully *^>le tLr> will prnvfck us with tlx *Uia :hai trill w the failure* in .ur m*-dvni eftar4*e>. Arir.r-1 with :U- infiwmatka e will U- in a |- >2> a m lncrm=T the iMvlc-1 t> f ir.:*J *.uf unusual nrv nr.*! trill &ljk* in$lilj;K: r,u; rcla- ;vdy simple fire pr4itea thas ate laradt' atiirr i human failure-*. It is equally os important to investigate small industrial fires and classify and tabu late the results as it jj to probe major catas trophes. Our major Industrial fires were all small mcidems at one stage of their devel opment. By undemanding thoroughly the eoaditiccts which allow small fires to deveinp we will automatically eliminate major catastrophes. This is a p!a for careful, painstaking fire hirtRtpOuu of all fires, not just thnse Id which there is a suspicion of arson! J am certain that such o program will lurn op a kt sK-re *upidoe* ores than we are nw recording- I nod it very dimcull to <ti*tinguisli be- tweco tlx "krimmaP arsontt who sets a fire deliberately, and let u say the "U>. \riwuuy* arsonist who atloua a fire hazard to exiu despite repeated warnings and rectfjmmcndatiteis. In each case the cad result is tlx same, a disastrous fire. Only in setc ea*e tlx time I* definitely ki in adi-ancr, A weR puldtcrcd |<ngnn of tHnrr.ogh fovestfcauen* of every fire is bound t>* .fiscourage l-ih type* of arswtusts preveoidv described. This, in itself, will be a big step fornard: in addition, we will be obtaining data to enable us to make tlx ensux-cring changes utevsttry to nvike tin* a infer world to 4tkb to week :.nd Tire. The Fourth Dimension in Scdety By FRED C PRESCOTT Asst. Dir, Employee Relations. Caterpillar Tractor Co, Peoria, UL You have all seen three dtistsision movie* and probably have done some talkies with your friends about the possibility of tluee dinxnsicn televistMi mejuice in the future. For years we have lctowo about, talked bloat, and worked with the familiar three dimension* f safety--<du,*j;t\m# *n/or,*r* uvnt. and .**rp/rrtep. I would tike tu top: ale^uj the fourth dimensicn of safety. Tltis fourth dimenshei is /erhuriosm--the cite that give* the other three tbrir real driving power. If 1 could draw a picture thawing tlxse dmwirion* 1 would make nikutam the base by which the other three are supported. Without en thusiasm. any of the other three dimensions would fall flat on thdr faces. Yes. enthusiasm would have to be the base *li it also can't help Ivi.Tg a viuJ ;on of cadt of the other ctimetffoxtK jmagme, if you can. trying to carry uut aoy educational program trhboui U. It Would be tike shooting your fireworks in the rain. Regardless of how pretenibus your display, the whole thing would be bound to Sctle ool Chances arc good you wouldn't eras get your hutnsetor off the ground. And without an enthusiastic build-up pepperinr the way. let me ask you: How far Into a* cf all our fine safety book*, articles. : 16 Strtah induxiry pamphlets 6q yen think we'd ever get a reader? And could you imagine on enforcement |mgnn uuhost your a/orcemem men gloving with enthusiasm? Suppose they merely quoted the rules* dryly pointed out the hazard, and routinely utd the oSender hour many had teen injured by such vio lations. Vo you think ter a mutate the offender it going to tot hi* dien and re lent? Chances are you'd have to wake him op at Ian once during year discourse, and 1 dare say you'd hare a laard time keeping atvafc* yourself. No, you dont get very far ta year enforcement (rt^rsa whnut en thusiasm. Sow this enthusiasm hu tu carry o\tr cvoi to your qtgmeeting. Safety engineer ing isn't a dry matter of rules and principles and prefclcsi-sotvifls. I'nlcs* youVe got real otthmiasm about making an Operation safe, ur improving an existing situation, your coginetring can't redcct your best efforts. Your ideas vail be weak-kneed because you didn't have edluiotm enough to help de velop them all the way. The bet safety ideas arc bum trim enthusiasm conceive* them. promotes than. and triumphantly carries them through to folfittmem. Granted we seed enthusiasm How do we get it? The only answer 1 laum* is tough to twallow; vv generate oar au Enthusiasm comes from the top down and it is as eon* tagiou* as the measles. Yes can't drive, shore, or coax it up from the bottom. Just as an iShmrauoa. suppose you plan a meet ing on fire prevention. Sore, every October ts Fire Prevention Meath. That makes it easy--nothing to prepare, just get out Ian year's notes and don them off. The same rid notes are reworked, a new date placed on them, and Arc ml&tncs before the meeting nans they are handed to the leader. Ill wager titc meeting will go something Eke tliis: "Yes, it's October again--another meeting on ore prevention. Lets see. fel lows: 1. Fires arc cosily: 2. fires put a lot td people out of work; S. fires could osk loss of life: 4. fires are really bad things and we must all do our best to eliminate them at their oorce. Now let's hear from yon fcUosn on this all important subject of fires." In this pre sentation, in this example, there has been a complete Ktdc of our fourth dimension, mtfmsbsn* and because of that, she meeslrtj; las suffered Huw different h would lave beat If sonw good, thoughtful preparation had gone rat* thb meeting. A slim color mom, if the facilities were available, color slides, model-. amSoue lordripaifon. // you hot* m/Aic rianti ytmV fiam and you'll conduct a* tojaiUh meeting. It ait nor fault that we let a cuaferax* leader wih on the rise. We injected very liulc enthusiasm in lus pan of the program I'copSe didn't come to our meetings an! wltcn they came, they slept. In the ton > year* we have been working lard with meet ings tu give them sparkle, interest and a new loot Starting right at the top. we took a dec*, imerest In the program, bought a magnetic rejecter, made two sound movie#, prepare*! hand'48* for our meetings; put showman ship in the (maiwitet. using Aarar! I*ard* blackboards, t&do, and other aid< Jut attendance at these meetings during tlx past jear lias dmiblcd. Enthtisiisut brought the full house. At IVoria. wc have an expression, `Fut handle* on ft." In other words, give us some thing we can think about and possibly use Now Id's try *&d put handles on the fourth dimsrinv which fa oor opinion. Is sm: important and must Ur a part of a really *ueev>>ful safety program. How do you in ject tins into a program it it is ran alrrady t>resaxt the desired amounts? (. Stan at the top and radiate this enthu siasm for the ali imtvruni vdt yuu are doing. Or the example setter for this chain reaction of ouhosiasm. 2. Mcrdosdite your product. It's a good sac. Put it in attractive aee packages. Just because it's old stuff, don't wrap h in a newspaper when all others arc using nxriem, colorful, plastic coverings. J. Give proper credit. Others along the . line can't become enthusiastic H the} never arc recognized lo the form of a tliank you" for good safety performance. Results la this field are achieved through the efforts of many people ami way* mu*: he found to thank than, either through personal Utter*, a personal thank you. a story in the employee paper. Uk local newspapers, or some other method. Prtuotcritm *>/ Wawndr 17 i. No OQ8 on get embusiasro when they are talking ab'/ui what'* wrong. And things are vtug when acridera* are happening. Dot emphasize what it right. Don't dwell on die fact that two per cent i<f the people had accident*. No cute can get enthusiastic about that. But titer can certainly get fired op whh tlte statemm: that $$ per ecu of the preple are driuu tbmgi right and didn't gri hurt. Scrap isn't reduced narly as effective!} when ;ngde are told bnw tnaeb scrap i{reduced rub shift a* what they are trU how many g'od pieces are produced. Safety people have a tough job in tinarva tecausc they are always tailing nItf>r *ekm (MNihaq is utcoz so it h a*y tri get into the halo: of thtnlong and tailing in negative terns. He nn cord against this and emphasize the things that are right in a positive manner Changing J*"p!e around in yir wr. safety organization can be a pvri w> Vi generate enthusiasm for new a*ipt- meat*. *, To be nnlnihftir wy rm.i law on J- jeetive in view and thnruugldy enj/.y >><ir t<aruh of that djectKi. Settle a purj^ne and drive to that u<al whatever it i*. If yna d*aT hate ctrlm-fo-m ::j tom the reu&t wtiy. and in w J**ittfr, you may learn that enthusiasm ** leior fctM in check b> cironv.Mwrc* uiuri: can Ic corrected. *. Ikm't nm l< pnfct of liltinc 4r.rec`emhusarm In' failing to report back to them about what happened tu their idea or project. 1 A group of trained safety people wh* are instilled with the feelins <*f on the team can accoaplbh mure result* (aster than any similar group who only have the trark for money feeling. An enthusiastic woriaag safety teams pas'* off. 10. In the end, if you canaot find or got- crate oitlwtianR, it might be wri! to seek none other Une of work. For your own find something m which you eta lensM crahusiasttc. for enthusiasm Is one of the important dements of success. I Riwniler a *tt-ry of a fatnou* trapeze artit who w-as instntciing hi* student* how to perfonn on the high tar. Finally, having dveo full exrianatuet* and mstrnciUeiS, he tuM tltem to demonstrate their aUBty. ttac student, looking up at the inserurc perch upon which he cram perform wa suddenly filled with fear. He true ctanptetriy. He had a terrifying virion f himclf falling to tlte ground. He couldn't move a muscle -J can't do it! 1 can't do nr, he gasped. The instructor put hi* arm around the L-y's slutulder and said "Son. can U. and I will tcQ you how.* Then he made a wise statemem. He arid "Thr-sw per Ivart wer the lor and your body ml) f>Jl--w." Tlat remark gave the n/vvice Ute m- ecnUve he needed Keracmber that sentence. i*tit yuu*' kmn y.wrr ortititT, I*ut your heart into deter- tntrune uifcrrr you aest M po end irket pu rojuj r.t do. Make h so important to jm riot yea win oh take no for an autvcr. Kxjvti thr Arxf. not the coops/, ft is what i- in yetr heart, cither good or had strong *w wcUk. iliat usually and finally come* t-i ' H yia want a pol program ynu't! art it /; ym ct U xrith riaerre erjhvrio/t*: Presentation of Awards By W. J. M. REDWOOD Safety Supvr Industrial Kdarions Dept. Algesia Steel Corp^ Ltd, Saolt Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada I (tare puff**dy included the ladies tn ty dutlon. They are definitely part of our -occcs* a* a safety orcanteaiwn. J psrucularly refer to mother* and rivet who give us not on)}* the incentive to work safely uurtclw*. lot tlte tu^jdrattun tltey give u t>guard and guide the manpower of industry. Safety tw kxtecr ronfilne* it* activiuc* :* the boundries of a phuit. it overflows into the surrounding communities. Safety Is a eon- M> Metals Industry Tip No. 2 Tip Xo. 2 can be helpful in classifying a pneumatic tool problem. In descaling a roll the operation is done very much in the same fashion as one would descale sled plate or nick concrete. Three years ago this opera tion was quite hazardous because of poten tial accidents associated with the breakage of chisels. Lacerated nr broken fingers were common because of the inevitable exposure of a man's hand when an end of a chisel broke oft. . To understand the fundamental* under* lying this failure, wc measured from the origin of the failure to the end of the chisel as recommended by the suggestion for an alyzing failures. Results of measuring 360 such failures produced a frerpiencv distribu tion which told us immediately that the fail ures did not occur at :!e same jot. They varied over a two-inch length. Tit Xo. 2 suggests that this is a metallurgical proln lem. Therefore, we investigated the factors iliat we thought were related to this failure. We learned iliat each chisel was subjected to bending stresses due to off-center impact and these bending stresses started failure in the surface layers. The exact location of each failure was dictated by mimite irregu larities in the surface. Each chisel had on its surface an unavoidable layer called a de- cafburized layer and it is* a recognized fact that decarburization does not resist repeated stress as well as material not decarlmrized. We were faced with the problem of either removing the decarlmrized layer or strength ening it. Wc derided iliat strengthening it would be the most practical and we chose to try shot pecning the surface of the chisel*. By this method, the surface of the chisel is sprayed with the steel shot which doses up any pits in the surface and induces favor able compressive stresses in the decarburized layer. # Our first tests were conducted on a lot of 1.000 chisels. One-half of the lot was the so-called standard chisels that served as a control group tliat would give us an accu rate picture of the performance of unpeened chisels. The remaining lialf of the lot was shot peened to strengthen the surface layers. With 500 standard chisels after 14 days service, there were 360 potential accidents, with 360 broken chisels and 140 dulled ones. With 500 shot peened chisels after 39 days service, there were only 10 potential acci dents with 10 broken chisels. 13 broke: through the stamp mark, and 477 dull or.t-i While this was an encouraging improve ment, we did not stop development work We learned that by revising our peenir.^ technique slightly, we could reduce the 1-Jy dull chisels in the standard chisel pile to 2. Our records show that potential accidenthave dropped from about 300 per 1.000 mar. hours to less than 1 per 1.000 man hours Broken Gouges Tie same reduction in potential accidentwas reproduced in another tool known tire gouge. The origin of failure varied con siderably as was indicated by the length <: the broken lips. Tip .Vo. 2 provides the clue as it did in the case of the chisels and. ::: this instance, too. hundreds of potential ;*..* ridents have !cen eliminated by shoi peenir.. the gouge*. * Stripper Tongs As with the preceding cases of failure >: jticumatic tools, the same technique? are ap plied to analyzing failures in heavy' equip ment. A device used to remove ingot* tr*':-. their molds is known as a stripping tone Our records sliow that many of the*c tong* liave spread or lave broken suddenly in th past. Fortunately, we did not have any ac cidents; but no one could guarantee immu nity under the circumstances with whirl, they were used. In examining the failure* in accordance with the suggestion advance*:, we learned Out the origin of failure varied widely. Some failures were near the lower end*, some were near the pins, and some were midway between the pins and the end- Tif So. 2 suggested a material investiga tion. Wc investigated the stresses that conM Ire set up m the tongs under various toad*, jiarticularly when sticker ingots were beinc removed. We learned that the materia: should be considerably stronger to witli gand normal operation. We immediatcl? changed the material specifications from an nealed plain carbon steel to heat treated alloy steel and almost overnight improve ment was noted. ' Instead of spreading at the gripping sur faces. the new tongs resist spread. But. more important, is the elimination of breakage In over two years of service tlrere lias n**: Ireen a case of potential accident. There Is a Man in the Mouse 37 Axle Failures Axle failures on rolling stock constitute one of the most serious potential accidents we have to deal with. When an axle breaks, r.o one can predict final consequences. For tunately. we have never had a lost time accident due to such failures but we did have a potential as high as 12 in one year. As many as 12 broken journals, off cars -ccurrcd in one year. They were all at the -.me location, the radius at the end of the bmrnal. Tit So. 2 suggested a design problem. We studied the design and learned that :he inch radius at the end of the journal was a stress raiser and it actually increased -tresses by nearly 2 times. The responsible factor was obvious to us as investigators, but we felt that we needed visual proof to support our theories. It occurred to us that it tire theory was correct, then both ends of :he axle were exposed to the same stress levels and. although it appeared that only one journal was broken off. the "unbroken end*' should be cracked. To prove this point, we examined the "unbroken** journal and saw nothing. Realiz ing that cracks of this nature are too tight :o see with the naked eye. we wrapped an ordinary welding lead around the "unbroken** journal and passed current Through the lead. This magnetized the axle and after sprin kling magnetic power on the journal we brought oat the clinching evidence. Here was proof that the potential accidents were originating in tire radius. We redesigned the axles and after three and one-half years of service, not a single failure has been reported. Shear Knife Breakages Shear knife breakages are one of the worst kinds of potential accidents because of the possibility* of flying pieces of steel. All of the knives were in operation cutting steel 1reams. Some of the knives were spalled and some were broken. When the knives are examined carefully, the origin of failure is found at a different location, thus indicating a metallurgical problem. A careful study of this problem showed that high frictional heat was being devel oped during cutting operations and caused tiny heat check? to open upon the suriace and finally leading to these serious potential accidents. By changing the analysis of the material to provide heat resistance we have completely* wiped out these failures provid ing safer operating conditions for the shear men. If we have improper balance of material, design, and load, we can expect unplrasant consequence*, including potential accidents. By applying Tit So. 2. or. Tip .Vo. 2, wc have shown how it is possible to achieve proper balance of material, design, and lead, and bring about several pleasant consequences, including reduced potential accidents. There Is a Man in the House By M. BRUCE GORDON Supvr. Employee Services. Industrial Relations Dept. Engine and Foundry Div.. Ford Motor Co.. Dearborn. Mich. Mv discussion is the story of supervisory *afety training in the Engine and Foundry Division of the Ford Motor Company. Before we get into the details of that pro gram you might like to know something about our division and its relation to the overall company* operation. The engine and foundry* division is pri marily responsible for the manufacture of all automotive engines used in the company's jiassenger and commercial vehicles. This includes the Lincoln. Mercury and Ford overhead-valve \*8 engine* and the Ford "6" overhead-valve in-line engine. We also build a complete line of industrial engines as well as a lank engine tor the Armed Services. We have eight operating plants, four of which are foundry* operations and the re maining four are engine machining and 3$- emh1v plants. Our employment approxi mates 33.000 employees at the present time with a very* wide range of job cla*fitica- tions. 38 Metals Industry Our safety departmoit consists of twentyfive safety engineers and statistical person nel each of whom is charged with the re sponsibility for employee safety in specific areas of our operation. The safety record of our division is comparatively good, espe cially in our foundry operations where the frequency rate is SO per cent below the industry average. The management of our division is well balanced, having the advantage of the en thusiasm and drive of youth and the leader ship and guidance of men with long years of experience. The safety of our employees is of prime importance to them and their support and participation in the safety pro gram is the major factor in its success. The value of training to a well balanced, efficient organization is given full considera tion, particularly in the field of employee safety. In charging our supervisors with the responsibility lor the safety of their employees, we recognize the importance of providing them with the *t<v!s with which to meet this responsibility. In addition to the support and backing, which is so impor tant to the supervisor, the matter of safety know-how, provided through a training pro gram. is of prime importance to the effec tiveness of the supervisor in matters of employee safely. Obviously, the better we can equip him to meet his employee safety responsibility, the better result we will get in terms of a reduction in our accident ex perience. We are convinced that the most effective way to accomplish this purpose is through conference-type management train ing meetings. Our setup provides that mem bers of supervision attend one of these onehour training conferences each week. The subjects for discussion include industrial economics, employee relations, methods, qual ity, cost, employee safely and other related manufacturing subjects. At the present time one conference each month is devoted to a studv of effective methods in the field of employee safety. This brings us to the supervisory safety training program in the engine and foundry division. This is a formal program develojed by the training section in conjunction with the safety unit. It consists of twelve one-hour conferences aimed at belter equip ping supervision to meet their employee safety responsibility. We have attempted to presort the subject in a little different man ner than usual in an effort to maintain con tinuing interest and, at the same time, get it over in an effective and lasting manner. While we cover certain generalities in the program it is, for the most part, devoted to a study of specific safety problems and their effective solution. Thus each supervisor takes away from each conference not only a recognition of his safety responsibility but a thorough and practical means by which it may be effectively met. Detail leaders' guides are provided for the use of the train ing section conference leaders who conduct these meetings. While our initial outlay was something over $10,000, wc firmly believe that the results more than justify* it. The subject matter of the twelve sessions is as follows: 1. Why Safety 2. The Principals in Accident Prevention 3. The Principles of Accident Prevention 4. The Principles of Accident Prevention 5. Training the Xew Employee 6. Training the Old Employee 7. Mechanical Inspection 8. Good Housekeeping--Personal Protec tive Equipment 9. Accident Investigation--Statistics 10. Analyzing a Job for Safety 11. Analyzing a Job tor Safety 12. Humanity in Safety Session One: IPhy Safety--is devoted to exploring the reason why employee safety occupies Such an important place in the industrial scheme of things. We will discuss it more in detail a little later. Session Two: The Principals in Accident Prevention--has to do with the responsi bilities of the principals on a well balanced safety team, the supervisor and the em ployee. The mutual interest ox the super visor and the employee are discussed and it is brought out that working as a team they can accomplish a high degree of safety in dqcirtmcntal operation. Session Three and Four: The Principles in Accident Prevention--in reality is an exploration of the well worn subject best known to safety man as the three E*$. We felt that the usual presentation of engineer ing. education and enforcement as factors in accident control was rather dry and ineffec tive. It was also felt that it did not go into There Is a Han in the House 39 enough detail to effectively present the fac tors in accident control. Therefore, we took the liberty of dispensing with the three E's snd looked at the subject strictly from the standpoint of the major factors that con Session Nine: Accident Investigation-- takes up a study of the principles of acci dent investigation and, in particular, helps the supervisor to develop a technique in scientific accident investigation. tribute to good industrial accident control. The following is a result of this thinking and we present them as a substitute for engineering, education and enforcement: Session Ten end Eleven: Analysing a lob for Safety--is, in effect, a proving ground for the previous nine sessions. Actually wliat we try to do is to put into practice in 1. Safety Engineering 2. Mechanical Protection X Safe Practices and Rules 4. Working Conditions these two sessions all of the principles of safety as brought out in the previous con ferences. This is accomplished by develop ing. in the conference room, an industrial facility irom the ground up. By that I 5. Publicity and Promotion 6. Personal Protective Equipment 7. Safety Education and Training S. Accident Investigation mean, we take a plot of ground, build a building on it, purchase and install machines and equipment, select and train supervisors, employ and train employees and finally pro duce a product. Throughout the entire de o. Rehabilitation velopment the theme is one of considering Session Five: Training the New Employee --is devoted to a study of the problems of getting the new employee started off on the right foot safety-wise. Specifically it deals with the formal New Employee Orientation Program that is xn effect in the engine and foundry division which is designed to pro appropriate and adequate safety at each step. Session Twelve: Humanity in Safety--is the dosing session and is devoted to the responsibility of industry to operate a safe plant. It further explores the rights, privi leges and responsibilities of all of us as American ritizens and workers. ride the supervisor with an effective means by which he can give the new employee his basic training in safety. Session Six: Training the Old Employee --is, in fact, a continuation or follow-up on training the new employee. However, it specifically has to do with a formal Super visor-Employee Safety Contact Program whereby the supervisor meets formally with his employees once each two weeks to dis cuss safety with them. This is the story of our Supervisory Safety Training Program. Now. I would like to go back to Session One: JJ7:y Safety--and give you pans of it as it is put on for supervision by our con ference leaders. Since the material is writ ten around the industrial supervisor it will, therefore, be necessary for each of you to assume the role of, say, a foreman in one of our production deparunoits, or maybe you would like to be a general superintendent. Session Seven: Mechanical Inspection--is In any event, take your choice and we will devoted to a study of various types of ma have a look at Session One. chines and equipment in terms of detecting the hazards that can be effectively guarded. This session provides a good foundation for the supervisor in carrying out his part of a formal monthly Mechanical Inspection Pro gram which is designed to detect and correct mechanical hazards. Many of you members of supervision have probably asked yourself the question many times, "Why is safety so important?". "Why docs upper management place so much em phasis on it?*', "Why do they spend so much money to guard machines and to proride the many safety devices?" "Why do they sup Session Eight: Good Housekeeping and Personal Protective Equipment--is self-ex planatory. However, I would like to tell you that emphasis is placed on the value of good housekeeping to productivity as well as employee safety. In fact, it is an excel lent measuring stick in determining the managerial ability of Supervision. port a full-time safety department?" These and many other questions have, no doubt, come to jour mind many times. L ndoubtedly, many of you have found the answer to them, but. just against the chance that not all of us. really understand the basic thinking behind employee safety, we are going to explore h here. 40 Sletcls industry Basically, we might say that all employee safety activity is designed to prevent. To prevent the kinds of things that arise out nj" and are a pan of every industrial injury -- human suffering and loss of life and limit. believes it strongly ciiouglt, what right haanyone to say he won't walk out of tha: hospital someday? The biggest thing ilia: has happened to liirn in Ills entire life wa* his conquering the paralysis in his right anr. Take human suffering. J don't necessarily You sltould see the look of satisfaction on mean the physical suffering that accompanies the loss of a land or a fractured hip. I mean the mental suffering that every* in jured person cxjiericnces when he comes to a full realization of total blindness or com plete paralysis of his limbs. It is prthablv Bennie's (ace when he struggles with ail himight to raise it just enough to shake t-our liand. Tin's is the end of my story abou: Bennie, but ) am sure you will agree with me dial it is not the end of die fight tha: lays ahead for him. ralhcr difficult tor us. who have never ex perienced a seriously disabling injury, to realize tlc extent of mental suffering asso ciated with injuries of this nature. Loss of life and Jrntf--Do you know man who has lost both liands? It you do. then you pro!abIy appreciate the icmhhsignificaace of such an injury. If you don': Tlie story of Bennie may help a little in this respect. Bennie i< a man about 50 vears old. a fellow just alcrui like you and me. He is married and his tamily is grown up and are making out for themselves. S** Bennie happen to know anyone who has suffered diis horrible experience. 1 will tell you abou: a fellow I know. You see. he lost both o: than in a punch press He was reaching in. you know what / mean, no tongs.* Oh. i just has his wife and a darn good one at tint. I don't know exactly wliat kinds of things Bennie thinks afout. but 1 suspect know tongs were provided for the job. bu: they were found crammed into a crevice in the ram. It sort of appears that my friend iliat they are just afout the same things that you and I think al^mt: working. sleeping, going fishing, retirement smeday maybe, and a host of other enjoyable things that are ours as free Americans. Pretty won really hadn't been impressed with the im portance of using them. Anyway, he is in pretty tough shape today, what widi trying to dress and shave himself and make a liv ing to boot. You see lie doesn't have a derful, if this were the end of the story. But tliis isn't the end of Bennie's story. One day last March he came into work feeling as liale and hearty as you ;md me. While he was going alout his duties, bothering no one. and with one thought in mind of get family so he is pretry much on his own. He will get bv all right--though; you see. he has his compensation coming in--but wait! That will run out someday and maybe he will-be too old to work by then. Kind of a rough road ahead, don't you think ? ting the job done, like a bolt out of the blue came a crane weighing 150 pounds. It struck Bennie on the head, fracturing his skull and spine resulting in permanent dam age to the spinal cord, completely and per manently paralyzing him Wow the waist. Now. who are these people we arc talking about? Are they strangers to all of us? People who work tor some outfit across town? Let's take a little closer look at them. They are employees who work for you and me. Yes sir! They arc die men who come Bennie is in hard shape today. He cannot in to work every morning and say to us even answer die call of nature, h has to "Mr. Industrial Foreman, what's tnv assign* he taken from him. The doctor says he will mem for today?". never walk again. So what 'Jo you think is going through his mind as he sits there in a wheel chair, almost completely heipless. Seven months ago he was a man in perfect health, full of dreams and ambitions, and today he is a hopeless cripple liaving to be waited on hand and foot. You see that's the kind of human suffering 1 am talking about Someone has said tliat. "It can happen here." It is happening here and in other industrial plants all over die country. Fif teen thousand of them lost their lives while at work last year and it is highly likely that an equal number will lose their lives this year. The thing y and I have to decide right here and now is what contribution we will have to make to this appalling figure ft is true that the doctor lias said he will when the record books are closed for 1953. never walk again but you don't know Ben W e have been dwelling on the human side nie. He says he will walk again and it' he of this business of employee safety. Let's There Is a Mon tn Ihc House 41 take a look at a little different phase of industrial accidents. I spoke of Bennie a litde earlier. Do you kr.^w how much the legal liability amounts :o in his case? Right now it stands in the neighborhood of $76,000. Bennie will get a!out S2L500 of this and the remainder reprr-ents the hospital and medical bill. \Wto pays all these bills that arise out industrial accidents? The companies of -arse. Who else? Or do they? Let's take a litde closer look and see if we can find . :.-t who really pays the bill. The loss oi a leg in our state runs into real money. Right now it is something like jtt.OCW. Of this amount the injured on;-'<-yee will get about $7,100 in Workmen's r.mr<nsarion. The remainder is tor the :.-*spital bill and a`new artificial leg. A l`*t : money you say? You are so right, csjvcially when you consider that it took ex- two seconds to sjend it. How do you :::ink this fellow feels alout it. Is $7,100 ,t-ry imjonant to him right now? Do you -.:pp -se he is thinking afout the $55.00 he will get each week for the next 215 week*? 1 don't know what he liked to do fost. Ma\1e it was fowling or perhaps hunting r.nJ fishing. What do you suppose lie will for fun and entertainment from here on ::i? Pretty glum situation isn't it? Money jets to 1< prem insignificant when you look at it from that standpoint. One of the very common injuric- in in dustry is to the eyes. The loss of one of them would probably run into a cost of afout S7.100. The injured employee would jc-t afoul $6,100 of this in comiensation. i if course, it" the eye lias to fo removed, it .eaves a pretty horrible mess or, at least, dial's the way it used to fo. If you are wor ried alout how you would look with one i them gone, quit worrying !*ecnuse we can repr'Kiuce a perfect replica in plastic. It will match your one good eye n perfectly hat it will defy detection. I am told that over $5 per cent of all we know i learned through these two windows of ours. Now I am not faring that, it we lull the shade on one of them that we will only know half as much, but I will guaran tee that there wall be a lot going cn in this old world of ours that you will never know anything alout. Our Great Creator was good to us poor, human creatures. He gave us two ox everything tliat he thought we would need two of. so when you get down to one you're getting awfully close to none. One ot the most serious of all industrial accidents is total blindness. Workmen's Com{ensation and safety folks call it permanent and total disability. A case like this can run into real money. Something like a maximum of $50,000 for Workmen's Compensation alone. But what about this fellow here ? Hard to measure his loss m dollars and cents isn't it? The most serious of all industrial injuries i. of course, the loss of life. The compen sation payments to this widow will run into a total of about thirteen or fourteen thou sand dollars. Lots ot money, of course, but wliat about these two little fellows who will never again know the pleasure of meeting dad at the door when he comes home from work? What alout the leadership of a iather that is so important to them in devel opment a* good American citizens r Or what afout their right to have someone to l*<ik up to. to love and worship a- Jttst plain dad. So. when you actually get right down to it. the price of industrial accidents cannot really be measured in any other terms than their effect on people. A young man just out of high school, looking for a job for the summer, warns to earn a little money so that he can start college in the fall. We just finished hir ing him at the employment office and rent him over to fill that requisition turned in tor a punch press operator. His dad works over in the die room. Been with u* i*ver twenty-five years. Pam good die maker u*-,. Ijkes it here and tell* everylwnly what a g<vJ place it is to work. Got t* telling his fov here about our place and so. when he was looking for a job for the summer, he just naturally came to our -bop. First real job lie ever ltad. you sec. afout the . thing be ever did bciore was work as a stock foy in a grocery store. He doesn't know very much afout machinery and fac tories and manufacturing and tilings, which accounts for his bewilderment. This foy needs guidance ami leadership. Your leadership and mine. He needs help and instruction, all that we can give him. He is sort of depending on us to give it to him and, when you get right down to ir. we  ; 1 :i n' ir.: ; ;.i 1 42 Metals Industry owe it to him. Each oi us has a little per sonal debt to pay oft. so here is a dam good place to do it Remember, we started oft like this a good many tears ago ourselves. Someone came along and took us by the hand and gave us the benefit of their valu able experience. Remember? Did you ever stop to think that you and 1 are pretty special people. I mean special in the sense that we enjoy a privilege accorded only to a lew. We have been selected as leaders oi people. Selected because we Mood out from all the rest. Selected because someone had confidence enough in us to lielievc that we would step up to responsibility. When this selection was made we were given more than just the responsibility for getting a job done. We were entrusted with the most sacred thing in the world, the lives of hu man brings. These same people are looking to us for guidance and leadership and help Tliey need the advantage or our years of experience and so long as we enjoy the privilege of bring tlrrir leaders, it is our sacred duty to give it to them A couple of months ago one of your fel low supervisors was telling me about hi* being in the hospital tor a minor operation. While there he struck up an acquaintance with a nineteen year-old box- who had lost his hand in a punch press accident in an industrial plant. He told me what a pitiful sight it was to see that young man lying there with his right lland gone and most of his hopes and dreams gone with it. During the course of their conversation one day, the supervisor said to him. "Son. didn't they tell you not to reach between the dies when they put you to work on that punch press?" The boy's choked reply was. "Mister they didn't tell me nuthin." On May 20, 1953. my boy ticcame a man. I shook his hand and gave him a good pat on lire back. Yes sir! Twenty-one years old and I want to tell you that it was a Itard struggle. Never thought I'd make it. Twenty-one long years of heartbreak and worry trying to make a man out of that little bundle that was dropped off at our house on May 20, 1932. What with scarlet fever, whooping cough, measles, poison ivy. fights with the kiddown the block, trouble at school, breaki::* out the neighbor's windows, it has been a pretty rough go. You will probably ^c: the idea by now that he has been a pretty rough character. Oh. 1 don't know-- I guess he wasn't much different than any other growing boy. Anyway, it was worth t:. You see it hasn't been without its recom pense. because that guy is the best dam fishing and hunting partner I ever had ar.: you can bet ! was pretty proud when :.r grounded a six point buck the first time o::: And if you want to know something abc-u* automobile engines and hot rods, he's yc::r man. Yes sir! There's a man in my housand a real guy at that. You got a man in your house? Oh ; know* that he may be grown up and our < r. ltis own or maybe he is just a little guy. Doesn't make much differoice though, hv still the man in your house and you lovr him don't you? Wouldn't trade him :<>r anything in all the world. Yes, I've got a man in my house an! you've got a man in your house, but di: you ever stop to think that there's a mar. in every house all over the world? A mar. that's just as important and dear to someone, somewhere as that man of ours is to usr And who are these men in all tlte houseall over the world ? Well 1*11 tell you. they are the fellow next door, and the one down the street. You will find them in New ^ ork and Chicago, in Albuquerque and Ann Ar bor. In fact, you will find them wherever you go. But more especially you will fin * them coining in to work for yon everyday. Men just like you and me. who are trying to make a firing, be good citizens and enjoy their inherent rights as right living Amer icans. What we are really driving at when we ask. "Why is safety* so important?** is sim ply that human life is sacred and it is our business as industrial leaders to handle it accordingly. Officers of the METALS SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1953-54 Central Oicirm.ni--1. 1. NOLAN, 5afv Engineer. Bethlehem Steel Co,, Bethlehem. Pa. First Viee-Chairman--A. H. ZEILlXGER. Superintendent, Safety Department. The O'l-.rado Fuel & Iron Corp,, Puehlo. Cole*. Second I~ire-Chairman--G. O. GRIFFIN. Directnr <,{ Safety. Dravo Corp.. PiufhuTRh. Pa Third l 'ice-Chairtitan--E. H. HOUCK. Superintendent of Safely & Welfare, lone* .V Laughlin Steel Corp.. Aliquippa. Pa. Secretary--J. D. HOLTZAPPLF-. Director of Training and Safety. Continental Fnwndr;. and Machine Co.. East Chicago. Ind. .Vr*x letter Editor--W. H. WILSON*. Supervisor of Safety. American Bridce Division. U. S. Steel Co.. Amhridtte. Pa. ' -Veter Letter Co-Editor--\V. 1. M. REDWOOD. Safely Supervisor. Algoma Steel Corp. Ltd.. Sault St. Marie. Ontario. Canada. Program Committee--W. M. XELSOX. (Chairman). Manager of Safety. Republic Stee; Corp-. Cleveland. Ohio: E. W. EXGERER. Management's Representative. Pittsburgh District. Bethlehem Steel Co.. Pittsburgh. Pa.; S. W. HALL. Supervisor. Employe-.* Services Section. Steel Division. Ford Motor Company. Dearborn. Mich.: P. W. MOR RIS. Assistant Director in Charge oi Safety. Inland Steel Company, East Chicago. Ind.: k. S. B. HOLMES. General Staff Suj-crvisnr Training & Safely. Xational Tube Co . Pittsburgh. Pa.: R. L P1SLE. SuiTrintendent of Industrial Relation*. Chicago Di*trio: Republic Steel Corp.. Chicago. III. Engineering end Cimsultintf Committee--R. D. MORGAN. (Chairman), Suj<rinteraJcnt. Plant Protection & Safety. Bethlehem Plant. Bethlehem Steel Company. Bethlehem. Pa.; W. K. WILLIAMS. Division Safety Engineer. Butler Manufacturing Co.. Galesburg. 111.; J. L. MacKENZIE. General Supervisor. Safety & Sanitation. South Works, l\ S. Steel Company. Chicago. 111.; K. C. ROBINSON. Director. Safety & Health. Eastern Stainless Steel Corp.. Baltimore. Md.; W. T. McLEAN. Stjwi>oT of Safety. United States Steel Comjcinv. Youngj-town. Ohio; F. CORRIGAN. Safety Engineer. Car penter Steel Co., Reading, Pa.; K. I. WARD. Assistant to Sujcmsnr of Safety. The Youngstown Sheet and Tul*e Conijiany. Youngstown. Ohio. Membership Committee--Ik D. MATKKK (Chairman), Suj>crvij*>r. Safety & Welfare Department. Pittsburgh Work*. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.. J*itt.burgh. Pa.; A. L. LOTT, Manager of Industrial Relation*. The Steel Company of Canada, "Ltd.. Hamilton. Canada*. C J. YANDEYEXTER. Safety Director, Atlantic Steel Company, Atlanta, Ga.; f. A. DOWNEY. J|R.. Director of Personnel S: Safely. Sloss-Sheffield Stee) and Iron Co., Birmingham, Ala.; R. M. MASSEXBURG. Safety Engineer. V. S. Steel Corp.. Pittsburgh, Pa. 44 -.test end Statistics Committee--A. D. MYRVHY (Chairman). Director of Safety and Suggestion Plan. Crucible Steel Company of America. Pittsburgh. Pa.: J. P. LEON ARD. Personnel ; Safety Director. Blaw-Knox Company, Pittsburgh. Pa.; C H. SUNDERLAND. General Supervisor, Industrial Relation Statistic*. U- S. Steel Comj*any. Pittsburgh. Pa.: G. F. GRACE, Assistant to General Sales Manager, Industrial Chain Div,, Columbus McKinnon Chain Corp.. Tonawanda, N. Y. ' Iidueatum Committee--P. N. LUNDQLlST. Safety Director. Acme Steel la. Rivcrdalc Station, Chicago. 111.: \V. D. WILLIAMS. Assistant Suicrvisor ot Saiety. Tltc Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company. East Chicago. Ind.: A. G. WHISMAX. Supervisor of Safety. Gary' Steel Works, U. S. Steel Company. Gary, Ind. r. undry industry--J. G. CULLEN (Chairman). Safety Engineer, Engine & Foundry Div_ IVarhom Iron Foundry*- Eord Motor Company, Dearborn. Mich.: A. G. STARRETT. Personnel Director in Charge of Saiety. The Buckeye Steel Castings Company. Colum bus. Ohio; K. PURCELL. Saiety Engineer. Caterpillar Tractor Company, Peoria. Ilk: G. G. WALTERS, Supervisor of Safety. General Steel Castings Corp- Granite City. III. Industry--E. J. LAXGLAXD (Chairman). Saiety Engineer, Great Lake* Steel Corp.. Ecor*e. Detroit. Mich.; G. J. EIGENBROD. Assistant Superintendent oi Indus trial Relation*. The Colorado Fuel and Iron Corp., Wickwire Spencer Steel Division. Buffalo. X. Y.: J. N. MAHAN. Supervisor of Saiety & Insurance. Continental Steel Corp.. Kokomo. Ind.; J. C. BRADKICK. Saiety Advisor. Arroco Steel Corp.. Butler. Pa.: W. W. BRANT. Supervisor of Safety. Johnstown Plant. Bethlehem Steel Com pany. Johnstown. Pa. .V.fi-Tc-rous Industry--C. L- K1ENZO t Chairman). Suj*ervj>or i.t Workmen's Comj*cn>atiun. Kcvctc Cipi*cr & Bras*. Inc.. K'-mc. X. Y.: J. K. NICHOLS. Director of Safety. Reynold* Metals Company, Richmond, Va.; W. K. GILLILAND. Assistant Safety Director. Aluminum Co. of America. Pittsburgh. Pa. : sbriectir.g Industry--H. E_ PRAYER (Chairman). Saiety Director. L. A. Young Spring & Wire Corp.. Detroit. Mich.; S. RICHARDSON, Industrial Relations Manager, Oliver Iron & Steel Corporation. Pittsburgh. Pa.; F. M. BEAUDOIN. Manager of Industrial Relations. U. S. Steel Product* Division, U. S. Steel Ccrp.. Sharon. Pa.: J. V. KELLY, Safety Engineer. Kdscy-Haves Wheel Company, Detroit. Mich. 'tee! lt'creh**using Industry--). E. SPANN. Chief Engineer. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.. Chicago Warehouse, Chicago, IU.; W. C. STONER. Superintendent oi Industrial Relations. Truscon Steel Division, Republic Steel Corporation, Youngstown. Ohio.: J. C. CUSHING. Director oi Industrial Relation*. Unite*! State* Steel Supply Division. U. S. Steel Corp.. Chicago, Ilk; Metallic Coating Industry--K. O. KUMLEK (Chairman). A*>i>taiu Director Industrial Relation*. American Steel & Wire Co., Cleveland, Ohio: T. C. CARRICO. Direct**. Wcliarc & Safety. Wheeling Steel Con*-. Wheeling. W. Ya. li'ire Manufacturing industry--A. L. ASEL (Chairman), Safety $vpcr\i$or. Sheffield Steel Corp., Kansas City, Mo.; i\ CONT.ARDO, Saiety Director, John A. KoeblingY Sons Co,, Trenton. X. J.: G- E. BEAMAN. Sujcrinicndem. Safety & Training. Bridge port Brass Co., Indianapolis. Ind. I'oster Committee--H. K. LAMBIE (Chairman). Safety Consultant, Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corp., Oakland, Calif; J. K. JUL1. Safety Manager, Consolidated Western 45 Steel. Division of V. S. Steel Co.. Los Angeles. Calif.: .V. J. SAVGHTES. 5a;'o Supervisor, Kaiser Steel Corp., Fontana. Calif.; J. P. BDSCOYICH. Safety Supcni Consolidated Western Steel Div,, U. S. Steel Corp., South San Francisco. Calif. .-Mrtrory Chairmen--*H. S. SIMPSON*. Manager. Safety, Caterpillar Tractor Co_ Pc- r:>. III.; "H. HOLLAND. Supervisor of Safety. The Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co_ l-.;-: Chicago. Ind.: mJ. L. RIDIXGER, Director, Safety & Plant Protection. Inland Steel G. East Chicago. Ind.; *r. . GRUXDMAX. Safety Engineer. Armco Steel Corp.. less Div.. Baltimore, Md.; *G M. ALLEN. Chief Safety Engineer. Armco Steel O r; . Middletown, Ohio; M. F. COLLINS, Supervisor of Safely. The Youngstown Sheet i Tube Co.. Youngstown. Ohio; *R. H. FERGUSON. Assistant Director of Industr::;! Relations, Republic Steel Corp_ Cleveland, Ohio; *D. A. FARRELL. Director ox Sait;-.. L*. S. Steel Corp.. Pittsburgh. Pa.; *F. \V. KELSEY. Supervisor of Safety & Weli.-srtones & Laughlin Steel Corp,, Pittsburgh. Pa.; "H. G. HEN SELL. Arcadia. Calif. Stan Representative--L. G SMITH. Senior Engineer, National Safety Council. Chicago. ILL Past Genera] Chairman 46