Document 3QLODGeVygwQVKqL8Kbm9L2bD

FILE NAME: National Safety Council (NSC) DATE: 1932 Oct DOC#: NSC056 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Transactions of the NSC - 21st Annual Safety Congress 1932 TRANSACTIO NS Council Incorporated -sF TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS Ii f W a sh in g to n . D . C. tT l October 3 to October 7, 1932 T h e W ardnixui P ark and Shorcham H otels Copyngitt. 1 9JJ, .\!at?U'ial S lsly Caret d. /ne. ( I P -N SC -1 CONTENTS nci) Officers and Di r er i nr s ......... 't ncjj P u r p o s e s and P o l i c i e s ............. ................................, , , , , T 7 c rjj 1 S e s s i o n s -- ' * Annual Me et i ng of M e m b e r s .......................................... ........................... . . . . . . . 9 Annua} B a n q u e t .........................................................................................................................21 Ad v a n c e d Sa f e t y E n g i n e e r i n g .................................................................... * ............... 23 Gener a l P o u n d T a b l e ............................................................................................................. 33 Fire P r e v e n t i o n .................................................. 39 I ndus t ri al Hea l t h S e c t i o n .................................................................................................... 45 i nd u s t r i a l N u r s i n g S e c t i on ................................................ 79 S a f e t y in For e r n a ns h i p by the Conference M e t h o d .......................................... 83 dent Pr event i on E q u i p me n t Manuf act ur er s ' S e c t i o n . . 107 an.iutical S e c t i o n .......................................... Ill . S. E . -- E n g i n e c r l n g S e c t i o n ........... .......................................................................... 119 mi oti ve and Mac hi ne S h o p S e c t i o n ........... ................. ........................................... 131 cnt Se ct i on ............................................................................................... .......................... H I nical Sect i on ............................................................... .. .i, , . J 57 .Aucti on Sect i on .......................................................................................- ............... .. 177 ' cr y, T a x i c a b and B u s S e c t i on ...................................... . . . . . ............... .. 191 iric Ra i l w a y S e c t i o n ............... 201 I Se ct i on .............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 n: Secti on ................................................................. 233 P a c k i ng , T a n n i n g and Le a t h e r I ndustri es S e c t i o n . . . . . . ................... 251 I Is Sec lion .................... ..................................... .................................................................. 263 ng Se c t i on ................................................................................................ ....................... .... 277 r and Pul p S e c t i o n ................................................................... ....................................... 309 oleum Secti on .................................................................................................... 327 er P r es s S e c t i o n ..................................... 347 Ic Utilities S e c t i o n ................................................................................... 357 ry S e c t i o n .................................. 379 gerati on Sect i on ........................................................ ,....,38? >er Secti on .................. ......................................................................... A . . . 395 y Secti on, A R A -- S t e a m Rai l r oad Secti on, N S C .................. 405 dc Se c t i on ................................................................... - ........................................., 435 d w o r k i n g and L u m b e r Manuf act ur i ng S e c t i o n ...................... *H7 < ........................ 455 A Ut ho u g h the National Safety Council endeavors to eliminate from JiscusMon at its conventions matters which are no! pertinent to Its 'urposcs or which are contrary to its policies, the Council accepts no cspomibiUty lor th* views expressed utber in the papers presented >r in the d i s c u s s i ons thereon. * * */ K: T h e s e s s i ons of the Street and H . g b w a y Tr a f Bc Section, Jiao' Child ation Section, and the H o m e Safety setslon are published In a s eparate volume of these Transactions, available on request. National Safety Council M.&idied 20 North W acker Drive, Chicago HONORARY MEMBERS A ssociation or Ihum and Sn:i.t E p '.cumc.u. E m u s * ! Rom: m W. C a>iruELL A rthur Williams O F F I C E R S (1932-1933) j, 1. B a n a ih , PfifidcsH. Hodlut !. C at u n , Vicc-Prcildcni ior Public Safely, j . E. CutUNr.y, Vice-President ior Engineering. H oward B. F onda, Vice-President lor Membership. G. T. Hn.LM\nii, Y k c - F m i d tn i lor B m m eu Adunnkiration. j, E. 1-0SG, Vkc-Prcsidrnt ior the Divmon o! Safely Councils. r,nn:tiE H. Waxitl, Vice-President lor indn-tikd Safety. 3)r. C. H. W atson, Vkc-Prcsideni lor Health. rA. W. W i m s ' EV, Vice-President for Education. Will Cooper, Treasurer. W. H. C ameron, Managing Director and Secretary. E X E C U T I V E C O M M IT T E E (1932-1933) \Y>!. F. A rdern, Safety Division, Milwaukee Association of Commerce. C. B. Autt, Past President. j. I. JIanash, Consulting Engineer.- F. RNr.si XV. PrcK, United States Rubber Company. } C. IV. Br.RCQUJST, Past President. j C. B. Doulet, Public Utilities Section. U \ H. Cameron, National Salrty Council. Knm:RT W. Camtoell, Past President. liobrrt 1. C a t u n , Aetna Life Immrnntc Company, F u\ nk U. Cogan, Marine Section. Wm, CoMnn, Stevens Hold. j. 1C Cun.inr.y, Bvtldcbcm Steel Company. Kdwaub Dana, Boston Elevated Railway, Dr.vns A. D eB loh, Past President. Mnucus A. Dmv, Past President. Hmvsnn H. Fo?jpa, nHfrunghn WUlcomc A Co. fU. S. A d Inc. P. 11. CiLATi r.LTr.a, York County Safety Council. Du. T homas W. Com.!no,, Superintendent of Akron Schools. H. \uny GutLDEftT, The Pullman Company. G. T. H>ai.MUrn, Chicago, North Shore & Milwaukee R. 1C Co. W.m.t o G. Ktnn, Past President. F hannlu? M. K deml, Evanston Safely Council. F'juhn J. L anajja?*, Fort Pitt Malleable Iron Company. T homas E. Lteniroo?, Mining Section. J ohn 1C Long, .The Delaware & Hudson Railroad Corporation. I >.-p ij.' i I ' l i . j h ' i j jv ii i tu njii j i i j x i y v o a a i )i 31. W. l.oaMua, Jnnd Snicly Council W. W. M ack, Unaware: Safety Council. i A rthur Y M inify, PaM IHciidnU. , 1 iw R l*AiM in p2\? 3` f f aIilr >i. L ' . C. E. Pr.TTinn.vr., Past Prcsiduit. j. j. I' j i a k , Paper & Pulp Sivlion. ; . i r. C m . U i shy A. R e n in ,rn, paM President. !* 1 . F.. S a .s' I mmi, General Elvtlric Company. t..n M i)rs R S co jt, PuM President. )'.n si5T P. S im p x i'S Mrw 31n\en Safety Conned. (.. ML S m it h , Si.imJ.trd Oil Company {In d ian a). H . S. S m ith , A S S E --Engineering Scclion. ,, 1C T . S m r.K sitN , Accident Prevention Eijidjuneni M anufacturers' Section, j n n s ]]. TA\LOn, Birmingham Safety Council. .Nxtjiua M. Tone.. Consulting Mniine Engineer. C. P. T olm ak, Past President. CRosur 3!. W.\nr>'L, Union Pacific Railroad Company. Dn. C *m s iu 5 3!. WCt .uih , Amciienn _Tclcpkonc & Telegraph Company. W. L. W m ic , J r., Cement Section. A. \\C W h i t n e y , National Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters. Du C .-E . A. W inslow , Yale Medical School. A rt hi t . Ji. Vousfi, Past President. ^ D IR E C T O R S (3932-1933) A u .l siu * 1.. A ddot t , St. Louis Safety Council. M. S . A c k >*rmas*, J r., Lehigh \'allcy Safety Council. W m . F. A roern, Safety Division, Milwaukee Association of Conintercc. j . L D a k a sji, Consulting Engineer. J ohn Ha n k s , M adison County Safety Council. J ohn \V. B arto n, Safety Department. N ashville Chamber of Commerce. L a N r s r WL Deck', United States Rubber Company, ML A. B e n n ett , W orcester Safely Dmmcil. L. G. D f M u y , Richmond Safety Council. C. W . B ctcquist, Western Electric Company. D avis S. B iV ts. Liberty Mutual Insurance Company. F . F. B la n k . Jones & I aughlin Steel Corporation. C. IB Ilouj.r.T, Public Utilities Section. ML R. B o y d , Jn.t American Petroleum Institute. T jiom as W . Dnivcin, HarcUon Safety Council. B. A . B ryant, Safely Division, Syracuse Chamber of Commerce. H u r i i C. IJu sh , Electric Railway Section. G> 0 A. C aldw ell, Knoxville Safety ( ouncil. ML H . C MrnoN. National Safety Council. RnuinT L C n itN , Acina Life Insurance Company. 1*ra nk H. C ooan, Marine Section. M Lll Cnorr.s, S?cvesra 31otcL j . F. CutUNr.Y, Bethlehem Steel Company. Himwjin D a na , Boston Hkvnlcd Raih\'> y. F . A . D aviu<on, Consulting Engineer.'* Ct.t?rnuii D avis, Street & Highway Traffic Section. L . W . D aXv u y , R clngtrntion Section. i 'n w .)rs )} D aw son, {Wand Rapids gaiety Council. 1.?' A . D > f L o t :. Cun>idi:ng l.'.jgincrtr J a v SL D rcx n i, M.i.uin City Safely Council. I {) jjiiy ; s timi !U n lai j ` I-k . D otiti T b r Philadelphia U? Murks br-mp.nw 1 ji* . I.OU33 1. H 'BUX, ldrojG iU Life Imnrancc Company, ) p| n)ij, nCunm.uen.\yY.3. jH,` A. `5Eiiia'Cn.hUa,hmTehx-itmilme* SVerc>t|iho-ny. SM-'y Cv.ru:;!. f.\m :v L iu ;*?), Armour & Company. ppN.w.n A. pJNxmnNKJ*. Toledo Safety Council. K ai ru T . C'hh h. KnMhiy Safety Onmeik T)ii).\l.\s pi nn;i h \n>, Wvj-ivrn Ynnsyvnnia SniLty Council. ]lu n .\s o IL Eoxua. lurrmifchj Wellcome & t o . t V S. AA hw j j . i i i .A i i m n i . York C'nnnty Safely Council. '.ii .:jsr J'. ! oiiiut j3, Commit imj linjtniwr. >h. T homas \V, GuyUNU. Child Education StcMmi. H ru o M. CjUam .5, Q uarry Section, lu m v Gt-jumer, The Pullman Company. 35a1.\ J 31 m *. Tu- Aichhm i, T#prkn & Sonia E t Railw ay Co. p . T . S iu m ixm o N , U, 5 . Pnrvrm nf Mines. P. M. ] j i:jn ? J .m a x , Safety tiftan. Duhith Cham bir ni Commerce. it. T. ) Ira }.m j:t , Cldcnuo, N orth Shore & Milwaukee P. R. Co. t \ !.. 3Jinin mvm . Petroleum Section. Cn.\<. P. 11jj.l . K n v Y ork Cenim i Lines. lMi:nv P . MMF--. Department of Lnhor X JmluMry. Pernii} IvanU. i"iiN Pilin'. J At K*M*\' , N nv York Hdinnn Company. D ana M. J o n i:s , M;mu;u Hirers Assinnau-n ni Eric. Kopani J o n es, W oodworking nm Lumber Manufacturing Section. Ima V . l-G.j*Nrn. Pimnsylvnina Snh M g. Co. Im u n m .n M. K kkml, EvnnMon Safety Council. l'a \ k K j . L a x U an, Fort PU Malleable rrm Company. T hom.va K. Lir.n front, Mining Section. IC M. Ci TTle. NVw Y ork Department of Education. I. IC Long. T lic Delaw are & Hudson Railroad Corporation. H. \V. LniiMH. Cleveland Safety Council. AV. \Y. M a c k . Delaw are Safety Council. II. T. Maiun, pisk Rubber Company. h. \Y. M atron, Minnesota Safety Council. i P an rn.s Mr.Nnn ? ? o h k , Detroit. ) Uv.Nnv ].- MKTA'n, Food Section. ` f M'. S. M n utnuN G , Pori W aynt Sariy Council. Cun aN !.. MoLffl. Dayton Safety Council. IA IL Momr.y, Industrial Accident Prevention A5oeiairna. Mj u .vh M cC iakto ck, H arv ard University. W m. G. .McC u u .am . UHznbcSh Safety Council. P. II. M rkK K xr.v, Illinois S ie d Company, Sonib W ork*. A. D. K5r\YDUTVK. So riy Division, Memphis Chamber ol Conmicrct. Cm.. P fN P. N i c k u k , OiaUnnooga Saciy Council, jo iim A. O autel, Cnrnrgic Steel Company. niniM.y. C. A. ON1. Tin* Detroit Edison Company. E. t n e n . l n p l(3yic`, PuMicnifju SvcJiuu. .mv R. r.n.MHi. Efjniinde Elle A'?urnncc Society. jnHN C. P aikk3. Prookiyn Safety Council. C. H. PvrnnONr, American Mmnal Piainihy InMirrmcc Company. |i:.UNAito Pi.a it . 1.mi?Dr Sofviy Cmmcil. j . j . P .xak. Pnpcr ic Pdp Scciion. H. H. Pjuksk Pnliiinorr Safety Cmmril. C M s. VL U rnm iN . Pnnidenc Su h iy Conm. l.T ''.... U ii.s-bv K' iN iN -i . I.rli^h i 'iir!l;ii)(l C rm .ni f,.,,,] ,my. Tlocnty-first Congress--Motional Safety Catinai C. L. Ricr, Cuicago Safety CounciL.' D sl A- D. Rjsttxn, The Tea rciers Insurance Company. J ohn Roach, Gacmicai Section- C n as, J. Roll, Newark Safety Council, T obias Roth. Rochester Saicty Council. J oh.v R u ssell J r, Construction Section, G. E. S antoro, General Electric Company. H enry G. ScHArrs-uc, Eric Safety Council. Ottq S chenk, Wheeling Safety CounciL. Robert L. S c n u rtr. Metals Section, Ciiaju-e s .LL S cott. Bureau of Safety. v' Gen, J ohn H- SHtMUxxe. Massachusetts Satety Council. D*_ JL A- S uouuy, fiethichcm Steel Company. E rnest L , S luqnos, New H aven Safety CounciL G eorge P . S ikcol, R eadin g-B erks County Safety Cotatcil. O uter T. SicruxT, Safety Division. St. Paul Association. CxtAitrs F. S u r r a , Rubber Section, C W. S mith. S u n Card Oil Company (Indiana). E, J . S mith. Power Press Section. H. S. S mith, A S S E --Engmccrini: Section, ' - R. T. S qlehstxn, Accident Prcraitiou Equipment Manufacturers' Section, E. C S pring. LansdMe. Montgomery Co.. Pa. George R, S ttphens. The Safety Bureau, Buffalo Clumber of Commerce. EinEU jarr S ir w ait, Washington. D. C Carl S toroc. Automotive & Machine Shop Section. Lucius S. S torks, United Railways & Electric Co. Alfred H. S wayne, General Motors Corporation. J ohn H. T aylor, Birminebam Safety CounciL H enry D. Ter ft, Meat Packing. Tanning & Leather Industries Section. Norman F. Trrus. Hudson County Safety CounciL Arthur M. Tone. Consulting Alarine Engineer. W. D. T urqcytlle. San Antonio Safety Council. William F. Vrxen, Rahway Safety Council. V in c en t Wakefield, Kansas City Safety Council. G&qhof, H, Warfex, Union Pacific Railroad Company. Dr. Cassius H. W atson, American Telephone & Telegraph Company. H arry M. Webber. Illinois Ecll Telephone Company. Carxou. V, Wells, Delivery, Taxicab & Bus Section. Albert C. W hite. J r., Springfield Safety Council. \V. L. Wmrr.. J r.. Cement Section. S. E, W hiting. Liberty Mutual insurance Company. A. H. W hitney, National Bureau of Casuaiiv Surety Underwriters. W. H. WtHANs, Union Carbide & Carbon Corporation. G, T. WtNECAR. Detroit Industrial Safety CounciL Dr, C.-E, A. Winslow, Yale Medical School. J. M. Woltz. Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company. pr ac d ir: me of dee ye; cfii sai. to 7h, acc. 0 Tsccnix-prst Congress. S ' a t i o n a l S a fely Council A. proper staff, and uoc by same enthuaiajtic person ivlta has not been trained ior tire work. Why not use marc registered nurses in the smaller plants? The rcpistcrcd nurse is much better qualified to interpret a physician's plan at medical service than any lay attendant. Much depends upon the physical condition of the employees, l am of the opinion that the physician, by reason of his protessional attainments, is best qualified to handle sorae of the problem eases among- employees. Mental symptoms, brought about bv worry over home affairs, quite often produce accidents, in many eases the icar and worry of sickness in Use family can be greatly allayed by a talk with the doctor or the nurse. Many of these cases hare come under my personal observation. It should also be absolutely the part of the physician to say when a man shall return to his regular employment after injury, and this decision should not be in fluenced in the slightest by its possible affect on arty "no-lost time accident" contest or record- These contests are proper and have brought about outstanding results in the reduction of lost-time frequency figures. However, there have been cases of f i pinrejuvreendt tehmepmloayrekeisngbeuinpgofurageldostu-tnimduelyactcoidreenttu. rnNtoothsinomg eshfoourlmd boef awlloowrkedmteoreilnytetro , i fere with the employee's welfare. The physician has every motive to return the employee to his regular work as promptly as possible, but his higher duty is to conserve both the physical and economic welfare of the employee as well as the employer. The safety director has need of the medical icrrictt, and the two should cam estlv a>-operatc and seek to bring about a mutual feeling among the employees. Bath dtoeptahretmdeisnatbsilaitricesstarnivdinhgasbayrasallotpoinssdibulsetrym. eans to prevent economic waste chargeable v TU ESD A Y A FTER N O O N SESSIO N ! October 4, 1932 The delegates first attended an informal luncheon, and then gathered far the after i noon meeting in a Joint Session with the M etals Section, This session was devoted to a symposium on the dust problem in industry. O iairm an Greenburg immediately introduced the first speaker. ' _ . ^ \s. - - a v n; cc. The Effects of Inhaled Mineral Dusts t'i. By LERO Y U. GARDNER ' ic Director, Saranac Laboratory for the Study of Tuberculosis, Saranac Lake, N. Y. cm A s loner as men have worked In stone it has. been appreciated that an unusually a si large proportion ot them suncr from disease of the lungs. It was natural to assume par that such disease would be caused by the dust generated, and this .belief was strength tS5! ened by the discovery of black, grey or red pigments in- the lungs, sometimes accom per panied by the formation of scar tissue. spo The term, pneumonokoniosis was introduced to describe the lung pigmented in this r manner. With further observation pathologists attempted to classify various forms ha.i of pneumonokoniosis on a basis of the type of dust inhaled and such names as an- n oo thrucosis, sidcrosis, ducicosis and even byssinosis and tobaccos made their appear dra ance. It was recognized that some forms of the disease were attended by severe r in symptoms and result in death but there was no correlation between the clinical and fra r pathological pictures and the causative dust. Finally, statistical study demonstrated of t that of all kinds of industrial dusts silica generally produced a definite type of disease svni with a characteristic pathological lesion and complex of symptoms. e x ::  a iramnd tor Tu: registered H en n ath an .hi Lhc o iirtion bfied to Iujidlc cgfti abc ut by the fca r And i the dee or or ntiaa. r, A J71AQ shall iiJd not i>c in* :cidcnt" c >ntc3t rragr rc3c its in been cau c3 of i-ck mere i f to 'owed to inter- to rcrur 3 the 'irT duty is to ,t ,, -preU Ss the Sratd cariestir -.r-1eyres. Bath a c chaxprablc , for the niterwas devoted -irg im m cdately ! i> c \ -1AC I^sJcC, t . v \ at An unusually wCTAl to a:;u m c ! was s?rcr;g~thmciuncs a-xom- igmented in this various 'orma h names as anl.e their appear-ruled by severe . the dinica. and !y demons! rated : type of d jease Industrial Health Section 5 i io ia y the clinical cmitv known as silicosis is one form of pneunionoknmcsis which is quite clearly defined- Moreover, within die last three o r four years asbestos Ju s: has also been shown to produce another specific type of reaction attended by symp toms differing1 in some respects from siIIcosjs- Tlic other forms of pneumonokomosis still lack* complete definition. The wide spread use of radiography has brougnt together a m ass of descriptive data from indi viduals exposed, to many kinds of txxupatioaal dusts but these findings iiavc noc yet been correlated with pathological anatomy, chemical studies of tlic tissues and de tailed analyses of industrial atmospheres. There is a tendency to assum e tliat many of these pulmonary changes are due to the action of silica perhaps modified by the chemical components ol the dust. We siiall only be in a position to speak with assu r ance about them when the pure types of dust and their various combinations have been studied in human beings or in experimental anim als.'' For the sake of clarity no mention lias been made of the infections which so fre quently complicate some forms of pneurnonokoniosis. In the prcbacicriolagicai e n of medicine the use of such terms as " grinders' consumption" and " miners' phthisis" reflects the popular association of pneumonakomasis with tuberculosis. The names were justified both by clinical and pathological observation for it has been subse quently shown tliac in silicas at least, a super-imposed tuberculosis may cause death in perhaps 73 per cent of the cases. Some observers even go so far as to state that silicosis itself docs not develop unless the lungs arc previously damaged by a latent tuberculous infection. This is probably an exaggeration, for typical silicosis can. be produced in the experimental animal by the inhalation of silica without infection. Tlx? role of asbestos dost u t o excitant <ol tahernsiom infect*?* is woe as d e a r cut as that, of pure silica. While there are numerous repons of death in a.sbcstosts due to a terminal lulxyculosis, nevertheless surveys of living workers have failed to demonstrate any excess of such'infection. Sim ple amhrncosis is said to prevent the progression of tuberculous infection. Statistics from ccal mining districts do show a tuberculosis rate much lower than tlwt " normal*' far the ace croup- As yet corrobo rated experimental proof of protective action of coal against tuberculous infection Is lacking. Not only the tubercle bacillus but other bacteria seem to develop with special facility in the tissues previously damaged by silica. F or example, (lie pneumonia rate among silicotic native laborers of South Africa, is many times that in non-silicone natives living under similar conditions. In coal miners, likewise, pneumonia is a common and often fatal complication. WItat has been said of the cifccts of inhaled inorganic dusts would indicate that the reaction cf the tissues is not merely a response to median cal irritation by par ticulate matter. Today it is generally accepted that the injury i* chemical in nature and that only certain of the common types of industrial dusts t>C5sess properties capable of exciting reaction. In the rases of silica and the silicate of magnesium or asbestos the slightly alkaline body lluids probably effect a slow solution of the dust particles liberating siiica in colloidal form. This substance irritates the connective tissue ceils which respond by multiplying. The result is rut overgrowth of the sup porting framework elements at the expense of the more delicate cells specialized (or specific functions. F or these two types of dust Lite ciuracter and form of the pathological elunges has heen carefully worked out. In silicosis the essential tissue change consists of nodules of connective tissue which tlcvcicp first in the Iympoid tissues situated in the drainage apparatus *of the lungs. These nodules interfere with the physiological removal of foreign bodies and subsequently inhaled panicles accumulate in the framework of the lung itself. Such reaction gradually decreases the normal elasticity of the organ and encroaches upon its functional elements. As a result the cardinal symptom of the disease, dyspnoea or shortness of breath develops. Because of the excessive amounts of scar tissue farmed in the lungs (he right side of the heart M Mv MU \h !if Finnic >:|A4dM?-iI' v.y<>.M:>a'tatt r:s.'C )ttv-rir.u C a itt/rr ss- Sationa/ X u frt v C n u a c .'i encounters increasing difficulty in forcing l*iood into the organs. "In an attempt to compensate the overworked heart muscle Incomes thicker and heavier and unless injection intervenes the time eventually arrives when the hear: fails and death occurs from this cause. The reasons for the prevalence of infection in the silicotic lung arc not altogether clear. It is obvious tiut when titc drainage system is so obstructed by nodules of scar tissue that more dust panicles can only be removed with difficulty, the same must he true of bacteria which may 1 inlulcd. As a consequence they remain in titc lung and set up progressive infections. But this is not die whole star)'- The silicotic tissue apparently otters a peculiarly favorable sod for the continued multiplication of tubercle bacilli and perhaps other bacteria. Experiment has shown that even a t tenuated organisms of this type will produce rapidly fatal tuberculosis in a silicotic . guinea pig. Furthermore, inhaled silica dust will cause a pre-existing latent tuber culous focus, harboring a few attenuated bacilli, to become progressive and spread. The cause of this effect upon tuberculous infection has not yet been ascertained hut probably it is in some way associated with the death of tissue caused by the toxic silica. Associated with this factor is an increased activity of the phagocytes which 'a r c stimulated by the irritating silica so that these ceils tend to migrate rapidly and carry tubercle hacilii into previously uninvolvcd portions of the lung. AsixstQf dost, fiertwftt becaaM! of its fibroin str u c t , is not transported ntry far within the lime. I t tends to lodge along the wall* of the finer tubes and little oi it is rumored by the. lymphatic drainage system. Tissue reaction, profvably initiated by the solution of tile fibers, occurs in their immediate vicinity. As in the ease nf silica this react!on consists of an overgrowth of the connective tissues which is later transformed into leather-like scars. Aluminum oxide will serve admirably as an example of a noti-siliccous dust whose panicles arc as hard and slu rp as those of crystalline siiica. When a measured quantity of such particles. 1 to 3 micra in diameter, arc infected into the car vein of a rabbit the majority of them come to rest in its liver and spleen. There they remain, apparently harmless, collected in large phagocytic ceils and producing no reaction of the connective tissues for at icast two years. Injection of the same niumity of the same sized quartz particles excites the formation of so much scar tissue tiu t the functional elements arc almost completely destroyed and the organs arc reduced to nodular masses of leather-like consistence. Carborundum, the carbide of silicon, when inlulcd by guinea pigs for periods as long as four years. likewise fails to excite significant overgrowth of the connective tissues. It- produces only a low grade inflammatory change with no nodules. Instances such as those cited constitute the itasi* for believing tiuu, the cellular response to dust particles is not due to their hardness and sharpness but tn chemical substances Unrated by the action of the tissues upon them. The ease for salubilitv iu s not been proven directly, for the detection of soiuhic silica in the tissues offers technical difficulties widen trxUv are unsurmoumahlc. Nevertheless this substance is known to be a cell poison and in weak concentrations it will provoke an overgrowth of the connective tissues. Mention should lie made of the cfTcct of inhaled coal dust. Most city dwellers breathe in sufficient quantities of this material during an average life-time to pigment considerable areas of their lung?. Deposits of grey or black* dust will he found along ' the course of the lymphatic drainage system but this pigmentation is associated with little or no new growth of connective tissue. The coal miner's lung is much blacker but in most instances it afso develops no deforming scars. When such reaction does occur analysis usually reveals appreciable amounts of silica in the Junes. The presence of excessive quantities of carbon dust apparently influences the localization nf mod erate amounts of silica so that the latter is not deposited in nodules as in pure silicosis but in streaks along Ivtnph vessels as pure coal would localize. Coal miners' fibrosis, due to relatively small amounts of silica, is therefore dif- var s i 11( s iov to t u u: it I high deve gestj tratu To atten to an cf th in the shauic caracit chenue: the dut One du*t in health iraminc e.ximni? such a* wur. tin much ie true of marble < little !u: fiiwrtz c readily. So Uj . for any parenchy >s kne h>' the h size of tl- with r annarertt greens q of the it. nini /itdusfril Health Section In an attempt to :svicr ana nica, c rath occurs (crcm from tiu i of the pure quartz worker. When the amount of inhaled silica is excessive, the crfcct of the ccoJ is negligible and the reaction approxim ates tluat in pure 5U1C0S1S. Tliefe is said to be more reaction to luird ecu t!:an to the bitiunmou. variety but there is evidence to s u r e s t that this is due to the greater amount; oi ir c r-o: aitocalicr siliceous rock which must be worked in minim: anthracite coal. VX.VX br nouucs o Finally, consider the silicosis of grantee cutters. This ucvclaps soincw im more -raiir, :hr sane niuat slowly tlun that of the pure quartz miner and it has been numtained that this is due iIict res tam in the to the relatively sn a il amount of uncombincd silica in granite (25 to 40 per cent 3. i storr. he silicotic But it is believed tivat other components of the glomerate granite may neutralize or `toed m aitinhcaiion at least inhibit the effects of the silica so that only after prolonged expo-*urea to .hewn that even at- high concentrations does significant reaction occur. While typical silicotic nodules if a silicotic develop in guinea pig* inhaling pure quartz icur a year, not even the earliest sug 'm in e h rent tu(r- gestion of nodules la v e appeared in the lungs of animals iuiaim g comparable oancen- noMive m o anreari. trations of granite (40 per cent silica) for tour years. 'vn weertamed but Tin's brief discussion of some of the problems involved in pneumanokomQ5t3 draws raesed br the toxic attention to the limitations of our present knowledge. It indicates that the reaction 'he ph actxrt uhicb to an inhaled dust is determined by the chemical and probably physical composition ini'erate vapidly and of that dust. It emphasizes the need ta further study of different types of das? both ' une. in the pare state and in measured combinations. The ultimate aim of such a study ` i transpon rd very far \ should be the neutralization of Use toxic action of such dangerous substances as silica. if '- a and lin k of it i> i-oitiy initiated hv the . 1 v * i' '!w case 0 silica this is later transiormed The Dust Content of the Atmosphere in Various Dusty Industries siiiceous tuse viim c When ; measured '10 the a r vein <>t a There tt ey rnnnm, ' .`ring no reaction of >une q to rtitr of the By J. J. B LO O M FIELD Sanitary Engineer, United States Public Health Service. W ashington. D. C, _-*r The speaker said in part: The properties of a given dust which determine ita capacity to produce pulmonary pathology are. the nature of the dust, that is. its . ^r twsvc b u t the arc reduced to chemical and mincralogical composition, its particle size, and finally the quantity of .k :< the dust dispersed in the atmosphere. One of die outstanding results of the last 20 years of research in the ficid of '?s for fKriotls a,< f the connective nodule:?. M, that I ic cellular -A-cxs but t3 djcnricai --^ ease fot solubility 'n the offers '-S thtJ Stf'JStSflCC is \nkc an cvergrowth dim inhalation is the demonstration of the fact (hat- in general, the degree ol health luzards associated with the inhalation of any dust, ail other factors re maining constant, is dependent upon the mincralogical composition of the dust. For d; example, it is now well established that the inhalation nt certain types of dust, such as granite dust, will in time produce fibrosis of the lungs, at times associated with tuberculosis. In other cases exposure to dust may result in the production oi mudi less fibrosis without notable tendency toward subsequent tuberculosis: this is true of cement dust. And finally, there arc certain types oi dust, as typified by r marhlc dust, which in the quantities and lengths of exposure so ;ar observed produce k I little lung fibrosis. In general, it has Item umnd that those ousts which are high in Most cur dwellers life-time a pigment f 'rid be found alone u is asso< rated with 'Hi: is much blacker t such reaction doers hmfrs. 73 e presence b-czhzatioi of mod- quartz content arc the ones which produce a disabling fibrosis of the lungs mast readdy. So far as the size of the dust particle is concerned, it is apparent tin t in order for any given dust to produce injury to the lungs, it must gain access to the parenchyma of the lung, the site where the harmful effects ci the dust take place. It fs known that not all of the particles of inhaled dust gain access or arc retained by the human lung. In this connection it is of importance to have regard to die size of the dust particles present in the industrial atmosphere. ! ::r ,::f h tT P, i-^ pure .hiicosu is tJie:einr<? dir- With reference to the quantity of dust present in the air of a workroom it is apparent that when the dust concentration is high the exposed person will inhaic a greater quantity in a given period of time than he will when die dust concentration of the atmosphere is relatively low, and since (lie rate of production of the fibrosis rib \.-'j~' : i '\ ' ' )* 54 T tr e a ty - fir s t C o u v r e s : -- SV nn o u a i S a f e t y C o u n c il is partially dependent upon die rate in which titc dust ii iniulcri. Xhi5 latter item pUvx an important role in predicting the relative dancer of different environments. Hence the need for the evaluation o: the quantity 0: dust in the industrial atmosplierc is oonous- R escard i on the problem oi industrial dust inlulation lias indicated that jo far as their fibrosis producing qualities arc concerned, dusts may be divided into three g ro u p s: ( I ) those composed completely oc combined silica, that is silicates, such as pure asb estos; (2 ) those containing tree silica in the crystalline form known as quartz, (granite contains approximately 3S per cent oi quartz) ; and (3) dust con taining tree siiica in a non-crystalline term such as diatomaceous earth. In'general, it has been found tint the harmful ness of a quartz containing dust is in direct proportion to its quartz content. For this reason, in attempting to evaluate the harmiulncss of a du$t. it is of the utmost importance to ascertain its exact mineralogicai composition. It lu.3 been our experience thaf to determine accurately the exact mincraiocical composition of a dust one should resort to a combined ciicmicai and petrographic analysis, Ey no other method have w t found it possibe to determine titc amount of quartz present in a given sample. In certain instances, such as when one is dealing with a m ixture of quartz and pure potash feldspar, ic is possible to deter mine the amount of quartz present in such dust merely by a chemical analysis. However, most dusts which come into question are mixtures of quartz and silicates. Take granite for example. The average granite is made up chiefly of three min erals in about the following proportions: feldspar 60 per cent, quartz ,10 per cent, and mica 15 per cent. Chemical analysts shows that this average granite contains 70 per cent of silica. Of this 70 per cent. 30 per cent is present as quartz (free siiica) and ihc other *10 per cent is present as combined silica, in chemical com- hinatinn with the other minerals that make up granite: it "is possible to determine these proportions only with the aid of the petrographic microscope. We find in practice that samples of dust settled out of the asmospherc at the breathing level of the worker serve admirably for both chemical and mincralogicri determinations. Table 1 presents the quartz content of dusts obtained in various industries which we have studied, TABLE l p ercen tag e of Q u artz P resent in V ario u s In d u strial D u sts Kind of Dust Percentage oi Quartz Rock drilling dust (bituminous ccal m ine). Granite cutting d u st.......................................... Rock drilling dust (anthracite coal m ine). B rass foundry d u s t .,....................................... D u s; from raw mills in cement plant......... Slate mill dust (Vermont red sla te ).......... Silverware polishing d u s t . . . . ........ .. Anthracite coal dust.......................................... Dituminous coal du st......................................... Cement dust ........................................................ Slate mill dust (Vermont green sla te )........ T alc mill dust..................................................... M arble cutting du st............................................ 54.0 33-2 51.0 19.0 6.5 . .1.0 1.7 1.5 u ' 1.0 trace | none none It is evident from this table that rock drilling occupations in the coal mining industry and certain occupations in the unite cutting industry and in brais foundries would he in the hazardous class s judged by the proportions of quartz in the atmospheric dust. i: has microns ir larger pa greater tr, lower sere irate to th ourselves mens sen. In order access to t in the dust -may be ode instrument pheric gusz slip m ar th In another lion: tiie pd means cf a measurement rmtv be gran, curve is a s : . As pointer atmosphere 1 the injury vn From the quantitative :: - h u e range c: requiring car1 will depend the refractive observer. \V< industrial lira the doit conte.and certain This dincrerc one-half and : such normal ruination the in aij air. So u r i s ' by the South dimension are. size limit of f, who examined c o lic lunc. 1, and about 36 : rm iority of (1;. T h e n.eaian si in com paring tides measured mills, found a by Wavrogerc,-.: In connecte-, nificaurc the :c or indirect of this la:ter item 'C enviremnenu, iuatm i atmas- ed thou s:- far as divided in;a three ' U silicates, such form known as nd (-3) dust con\rth- In general, dust is ii; direct g to cvnhatc the lin its exasz min- v.icS mincralogical i and pctrcgraphic m ine the amount t as when one is possible to dctcr' hcmical- 3rualysts, nrtx and silicates, r ftr of thru: min,- n m 30 jvtr cent. granite contains > as quart.: (free chemical comihie to determine mo-sphere at the and miners logical ' mined in ariou* .ace q( 'Quarts 54.0 3S-2 31.0 19.0 6S 3.0 1.7 1~S \2 l.Q trace none none . the coal n inmg .M in brass faun:10ns of quartz in /nditstnzi Health Section 55 It has Ixrcn demonstrated that particles of dust at a size treater than 10 to 13 microns in longest dimension arc verv seldom toumi in the lungs. This absence cr larCTCT particles I5 partly due to the fact that the numbers ot juen p aru c io greater tiixa ten microns m size present m industrial air is. as compared with the lower sizes, comparatively sm all: furthermore, these larger particles do not pene trate to the terminal portions of the respiratory tract. Hence we need only concern ourselves with those dust particles that are less than ten microns in longest di mension. In order to ascertain whether cr not an industrial dust is -capable of gainingaccess to the lungs, it is necessary to know somethin? of the size of the particles in the dust- under consideration. In practice the samples for particle size studies may be obtained by tile use of the Owens jet dust counter. T he advantage of this instrument over other devices is Hut the Owens apparatus projects the atm os pheric dust m unaltered condition directly on a microscope cover-slip. This cover- { slip may then be properly mounted and examined by any one of several methods. In another method 2 microphotograph ot the dust is made at a high magnifica tion: the panicles revealed on an enlarged print or screen may be measured by means of a millimeter sc ale N o matter which method one uses for particic-aizc measurements the results may be treated in the customary manner. Thc^parcicies may be grouped in classes according to size, from which a percentage distribution curve is easily obtained, 1 -. As pointed out earlier, a knowledge of the quantity at dust dispersed in the atipospherc is very important, since with any given dust the rate of production of the injury wiil be dependent upon the total quantity inhaied. .... From thft. practical hygienic viewpoint, the particle count is at present the best l .Cquxatitatice index of the degree of atmospheric pollution. The decision as to the size range of the particles which should be included in the dust count is a question requiring careful consideration. Obviousiy the size of the smallest visible particle will depend on the magnification and type of illumination used in the microscope, the refractive properties of the dust and to some extent on the visual acuity of the observer. W e must bear in mind that our chief interest in this problem is In the industrial hygienic aspect. Primarily we arc interested in differentiating between the dust content in the ordinary normal atmospheres, not yet known to be harmful, and certain industrial dusts which arc known to be associated with lung damage. i This difference is sharply marked so iar as the dust panicles between approximately t one-haif and ten microns in diameter are concerned; but the di/Tcrcncc between 1 such normal and abnormal air is masked and lost when we include in our deter ! mination the particles of ultra-microscopic size which arc present in vast numbers i in all air. So far as the upper limit of particie size is concerned it in s been demonstrated l' by the South African studies that panicles greater dun ten microns 1:1 longest [ dimension arc, as a rule, at negligible importance. The data concerning me lower size limit of potentially hazardous dust is not so conclusive. Motr of South A irica. who examined microscopically 120 dust particles obtained from two specimens of silicotic lung, found tlu t only 13 per cent of the particles were less than G.5 microns and about 36 ixx cent of the particles were less titan one micron in diameter. The majority of the particles. 60 per cent, were between one and three microns in size. The median su e ot the dust was found to be 12 microns in diameter. Drinker, I in comparing the size frequency of the particles measured by Motr with the par ticles measured by him of the dust found in tiic sputum of men employed in ore mills, found a d ose correspondence. These findings have also been corroborated by Navrogardata. In connection with the lower limit of particle size of dust of patholocical sig } nificance the fallowing pertinent question arises: Aside from the evidence direct or muircct ot the non-retention of minute particles of dust by the lungs, what 5 - a ' 4 #-y 'S 1 Sf, Wyp&* ~ 5M v j` > i : 1 fii ,-:i *3& y. 1. "! * ri - :\m * h* : -:i \ k' 56 Tivrnt y~first C o u a r r s s -- A\uio unt Surety Cauui Average Dust TA BLE 2 C o u n t s in C e r t a in Dusty T r a d e s Ijidustn* and Occupation Dust exposure in millions of particles per cubic toot Talc Mining and M illing: Jack-hammer drillers ............................. Packers . . .................................................. Muckers ...................................................... Crushermeu and eviindermen............... Slate Finishing M ills: Floormen ...................... ............................ Leaders ...................................................... Disc crusher o p e r a t o r s ............k......... Quartz Grindinc P lan t: Mill operators ............................................ Laborers .................................................... Packers ...................................................... Granite Quarrying and Finishing: Levner drillers ........................... ............ Jack-hammer drillers .............................. Haod tool finishers............... Machine pneumatic tool finishers......... Plug drillers ............................................... Attendant lnl>or (in d o o r s)....................... Anthracite Coal M ining: Miner: and heaters . . -- Altnuiam laljor ................. Bituminous Coal Mining: Coal cutters and loaders. Attendant !a!>or Maridc Cutters ......................... Canon Clntn M anufacturing: Carders ............................... Weaver: and sp in n e r s.... Silverware Manufacturing: Dusty trades ..................... Xon-duMv trades .............. ....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... 2,160 173 as 113 37 17 222 n 112 4' 33 Average per ecru oi quarte in dust None None N on c None None 3 3 3 3 9 99 ' 99 99 35 3 5 33 55 33 33 35 1.5 ! .5 1.5 1.2 . 1.2 1.2 None XMtte ,VH1C 1.7 IT IT evidence is there that appreciable percentages of ordinary industrial dusts ever fragment into those minute su e s less than 021 microns in diam eter; The best answer to. this question would be data m actual measurement of such dust. Un fortunately we have but scant published data on the particle size frequency ot dusts in the air of industrial establishments. In 1920 Febnei made some particle >uc measurements in connection with, the dust study of hard rock drilling in New York G t) \ He reported the findings on three samples, winch showed the dust which was less than 1 micron in size to vary from 1 to 15 per cent. Most of the dust in these hard rock drilling operations was between 2 and 5 microns in size. Badham, in studying the dust hazard among sandstone workers in Sydney. Am * tralia. measured some 16,000 particles oi du<t in the air of work places and found that 67 per cent of these particles were about l micron in size. In a [article size i * me of hie fire He; bon z Kara sum: - in' mine incus Cmru tries rv.cst '7 : i ; in t: rr.or woe. kr.o !o;s Job coil iiat ing oth ara has I 2 V s /ni/usinai lia it!h Section study of iivciirniivc samples of eleven dift'erem kinds of aerial industrial dusts r I made by the filar micrometer method at a magnification of LOCO diameters, the I I sOpnelayke3r l>feoruncdentthoaft tpJtersacptiacratlilcylesalwl eoref ltehses dthuasnt O.aas mliecsrsonsth. a3n1 3permiccernotnsvvcmrc s(icrses. average tluit I micron, and the m ajority oi the dust, / l per cent, was found to be betsveen ? :r cent o( t and 3 microns in diameter. 1 <'.rtc m From all of the evidence therefore, and in the absence of conclusive proof lo tlie contrary, it is apparent tliat we need only lie concerned with those dust particles :W \"0MC between uuc-lulf and S microns in site, and from a practical standpoint the lower i I limit oi panicle sire to be counted may well be taken at about 1 micron. .Many 'Jonc a one I methods Isave been devised and used for the purpose of determining the quantity 1 of dust in air. Suffice it to say tliat for the purpose ot dust sampling in cither N'one high or low dust concentrations, the Grcetimtrg-Smuli impinccr apparatus nmv Loue finds universal favor. T h is instrument has been used liy the United States Public 3 Health Scrrtcc in all of its dust studies during the past nine years and is also being used by other workers in this field in this country and abroad. During the past nine years the writer has made numerous investigations ot dust 9>> 9V < 91 33 33 JS JS JS JS JS ' 1 .5 luzard in many industrial establishments throughout the country. In Table Z, a. summary is presented of the average dust content of the air in a few of these dusty industries- This table clearly shoves that the highest dust exposure was Li the talc mines, slate finishing mills, quartz grinding plant, coal mining and granite cattting industries. Owing to the high percentage of quarts present in the dust of the quartz grinding and granite cutting plants, as compared with the dust in the other indus tries listed in Tabic 2, quartz grinding and granite cutting arc revealed to be the. most hazardous of the occupations we have studied, . i T * ( ~M a_X z: 7 f / _ < ; - 3 . Clinical ana Statistical Aspects of Silicosis : M :i I jf ii Mjh B y A L B E R T E . R U S S E L L , M . D ,, F . A. C. P. i 1 1v: 1.5 1.5 1.3! 1.3! 1.3 N oie Mo m 33o- !c Non.' 1.!' Surgeon, U. S. P ublic H ealth Service; Surgeon. IT. S. Bureau or M ines. W ashington, D, C. ;/ ' f r I It would !>c diincult to estimate with any decree ot accuracy the nuuthcr or peuple in the United States who are engaged in dusty trades, h is cvidcnc. however, that b / more people ire exposed to dust, which constitutes the greatest single imiintnal h az U Mdirrir<t` ard. than is generally supiKJSeth Certain dusts contain poisonous element*:, suci) as lead, arsenic, mercury, etc., witicii give rise to paierai conditions resulting from m their absorption. This paper .however will deal only with those dusts which are 1 I known to. be direct factors in the production ot pulmonary diseases. f .'i jf g - !.; Econom ic Aspects of Silicosis | 7 g i.; The economic problem presented hy silicosis ii tremendous. t lie sulicnne* anil id .fS ; ! loss oi life due to it cannot be adequately measured. In the cold mining area around ''"' 'S'! : ml dusts ever Johannesburg. South A frica, during the period 1911 to J92V, more dun miili*m Siti' icr? The best dollars have been paid in compensation alone. The costs oi medical care, hospital uch dint. Un- ization. and legal proceedings further augment this enormous hgurc. 'M ucncy of dusts nc panicle site .Mines in Australia arc reported to have been bankrupted by payment of sincosis compensation. I know of a company in our own country which has claims am ount tm t y f -filing m New ing to more than a million dollars tor disability due to dust inhalation. There arc m u .wed th e -Just Most o' the other plants in the E ast which will !>c bankrupted if all the claims winch arc hied against them arc allowed. In most of the industrial states the number of claims filed ` '" t iherons in lire. has greatly increased in recent years. j - m Sydney. \u.i- It is d e ar tliat dust-prevention work, like any health-promoting activity, would 'aces and 1jund pav many times m money, good health, and efficient operation. 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' -?;>^>-''^;;,- r'''.'' i G 3 ^ > ;: JJ um-j. -` ''' -..'-vH Uua 5 X J-M :. "> ?*v,A "V * n* W V-TT** ^ * .* ^ * C ~3m :y & ? h < 3 2 ;if i - * 'V: J VftT*CnrnJ . Z\i jVn^TnT'V*^ft* i' * * ,t % j !1rA5 \t- y-. u S [ f'-i'.'r S "TTTTTL "`^ v4' --rTV-M"l V --f>- -ju ."-! al ^ C " / .v*7^ rrTTt+tjrtT ^ i: --^`-*-^V-W t - J . -t4 rrrfi Z f ] 'ir v i ? 5 i:: 7 ! ; -:% i-i-i-M'.' ;j ; 1 zS? '-'o' 3 i\ ; tj zxa,---:J rrZi- '' . v; (a[PuSj (s z s lin rt, su -/'.'.f-.zSiJkkziin?zcru'aii^-".:rn:-n;i 7> % )'- <& ( i i S S u - j a S : : ^ u j *S.7-- i ^ j ; - / v : y ^ " - 1 * > - . v-v.v/i * ; .Cfe3 V- ..-:  nett -nr them with 11*c ipmcnt. ftcur^ can lie only [<' Mudied %T tncnii;rs 0{ i|lv; lcnartmcm. They r. The 0 ^ : 5; fUouiU I f C i t v c c n , M x t p n u K 'r '. by uelulii< Mtch R -alary. to cxplai T all the cy, Newad: *-{a:c Con] craation 3* connection. He -ncr paymcris made ?e percent, ice*. as re. tlvc nex lieurc* Hows; i';ec hut it -.vntrci :.U- aU'tit |>\T.-<.jnai asimt. e ?c Mile C"..VtlM IVC exist. p ami rever tu the ;t of* Impair'" pre . Safety 1-a eiitevr. u playlet d< nicune m of an in.Iar-trt.ai characters." were 'lie Kuijlivr N:ciiu r rr e x t y -f i r st a x x r a l s a f e t y co x c r e s s X A T I 0 X A L S A F E T Y CO U X C t L .".1 ""iVA Safety Section, A.R.A.-Steam Railroad Section, N.S.C. Section O fficers 1931-32 Chairman-- C. T . B.wlev, C iief Safety Agent, Oregon Short Line Railroad. F ir s t iricS-Chairmtvt-- C. R H ill, General Safety Arctic. New York* Central Lines. Second Fite-Chairm an-- C. L. E vF oitxtai.ve, General Safety Supervisor, Great Northern Railway. \ Secretary*-}. C Cavistcx. \ f X Q T F : Tin- foUozidna fa pcs contain, a condensed abstract of Hu records a j the j sessions of the S c u t e Section. A R A -- Steam R ailroad Section. ATS C . a s published in " full hr the eitnericen Reiheev Association in a booklet entitled. " Pracecdinns of the v ; 12th Annual M ed in a oi the Safety Section, W ashinatan* D , C~, October 4 fa 6, 19J2C) \ T U E SD A Y M O R N IN G SE SSIO N O ctober 4, 1932 T he ?c<?i-'us ot the Safety Section. American Railw ay Association---'Steam Railroad * Section. National Safety Council, convened in tlie Hotel \v a 5ltittet0n with Cluinnnn C T . Bailey. C u e : Safety A rent, Orccon Short Line Railroad. Salt 1-akc City, C u h , i prc?idinc. The invocation was given by IL G. Bernier, Chesapeake Sc Ohio Railway. j Report of Committee on Relations with National Safety } Council X J- ' By RO BERT SCO TT ? Director. Insurance and Safety, Atlantic Coast Line Railroad * M r. Scott said in p art: Your cotmttuccc rinds pleasure in rcportitic that much * satisfactory procrer? ha.* hern made in (lie direction of co-ordinating the `.vork of { both sections with the view of avoiding1 duplication of errors and expense and to the j end that the cause of safety mteht be advanced. * The first annual iitectinc of the Steam Railroad Section, National Safety Council, was held in Philadelphia in October. 1915. while the Safety Section of the American e Railw ay Association held its first special session in Easton in September, 1921. Both j at these sections have been functioning properiy and well ever since they came into t existence, and have been a powerful force in the reduction of avoidable accidents. r On September 2. 1931. a mectiiur was held in Chicago at which there were present | members oi the committee on relations and officers of both sections. At this meeting i . 405 1 1 -i  ,`j^r.i. ",,V? [/'*#{ <! I *% M |i hgL^Cfid?- app{j - # r $ 'h 'df* ag-jv-4>** v ., l U l!, "1 # % IM a>3?A fA aKj i-'/ftH u v v ~ i ; i-.i.- 412 Tu-i-uly-jirst Congress-- iWilioual S a fe ly Council in the stress o economy it lias been necessary tlraiticnllv to restrict ail expenditures, and dark because tiic economic dqtrcssion kept our backs and shoulders bowed to the s t o r m which has raced arotiim us-- but during all this tres?, rcu semiemen at the Safety cctian have earned Uc tanners o satety and ? a ;a y nrit riving, and your shock troops have been supporting and defending them and there has bem uo let-up. While there have hem let-ups in other directions, there has been no let-up in tins safety movement even with your depleted forces. Now. as we approach the crrrt of the hill, the* locan "33 hy '3J^ floats down to our ears from the throats of fliottsamJs whose lives have i>ccr. spared by the drive far saicty. I see tiic light crowing d earer ahead and a.< we lift our head and throw back our shoulders. I see a smoother, broader. lighter pathway with more moderate slope stretching away to the green meadows above. The storm clouds arc breaking, the n an n rays of the economic sun arc gradually coming through; doubt and despair arc nearing their end. TU ESD A Y A FTERN O O N SESSIO N O c t o b e r 4,, 1932 Report of Committee on Prevention of Highway Crossing Accidents - '' By H. A, RO W E ,, ..M an ag e r^ C laim s D epartm ent. D elaw are. L ack aw an n a c W estern Railroad. ,,C "if - New York City The speaker said in p a rt: E t c Cotinniilce is again gratified to he able to announce a further rcductuni of grade crossing accidents, fataiitte. and injuries in l3 l as compared wall 19.10. Thus we have liad three consecutive years of progress in the curbing uf crossing crashes, the records being a s follow s; l*Ml. total accidents 4.ICO. killed I.SI 1. injured 2.G57: 193G. accidents -I.SS3. killed 2.020. injured 5.517; and in 1929 there was a slight reduction. The year 1923 was the peak year in railroad crossing fatalities, since which time the reduction at such fatalirics lias been 757 per year, the 1931 record being but one? more killed than in 1922, when titc careful crossing campaign was inaugurated. The outstanding accomplishment of crossing accident ^eduction can he better graspo; when we note tluu motor vehicle fatalities on streets and luchwaes in 1922 were 13.G7o hut in 1931 there was an increase of 13.913 deaths or 139 per c u t . During ;h:r* ?a:::e 19-yrr.r period ttere wn< an increase of but one centh at railroad crossings. A very im|>ortanc feature of the committee work has been the carctul crossing campaign wlticit 1ms continued to enlist the interest and c "-nv*erati` -u of mauv organi zation* and the general public. This lias been furthered by general publicity, the reguiar posters initiated for this jj>ccini campaign and ot::er literature. During the past year the National Safety Conned lias been active in its educational campaign for the prevention of accidents, and in it? May. l'L J , i*uc of tlic A attaual S afe ty AVtcx contributed a most useful and illuminating tr&rr.i-ruccr. ^ the crossing accident situation was stressed in the same issue of the A-rex. and in many other respects die National Safety Council la s shown deep interest in cooperating in the prevention of crossing accidents. Opportunity is presented tar a fuller enjoyment of the faci*i".;e? offered by the -U Community Safety Councils associated with the National safety Council. Collec tively. 30 Councils reach 803.CXX) school children throned 3.N1 meetings. Railroad safety representatives, cooperating with such local Councils, have an excellent oppor tunity of extending the gospel of carciul crossing over railroads. These Councils hold vast numbers of other meetings and should be regarded as fertile soil. 'tcil a ! /nio Rjl.roiid years of rsiiroad .an to s;-icly into - is inherently sate >39 convuccd him-' -frcit does not need -m istic and who is 'untine sc "nee are Htld say their home work our mental ,i their duties,, and . not become easily to face a t r siata"> per cost of the .ier% hut that they problem -ve have, anything occurringking, employees of - tic and ti c: things *.o with ail. Their They seem to se t -iplcss* nt efforts oi those safety campaigner .varie, to constantly practices These the uniate. * rd as the fatalists m all a itself. . mtcsv.ivc and tliat any Uree re censore! myself - is type, because in rse about this type .f to the pc ssibjlity ,,cn3ticj. Generally ".noughts s ic along :ful individual, with h hi$ private habits rady response from '-clones, his family, reach him through . the success of these ;-c supervising officer safety to he. gang-. efi S a f e ly Saetm n, . I .R .. L ---Steam Uaiiread Sectio n , .Y S . C . 17 W E D N E SD A Y M ORNING SE SSIO N O c t o b e r 5, 1932 Report of Committee on Train Service Accidents By D. G. P H IL L IP S Superintendent of Safety, The W abash Railw ay Tlic speaker said in p a rt: [n the year 1931, out of 5.099 fatalities and 33.656 per sons injured, according ta r e s e t s to the Interstate Commerce Commission, *1.624 of these fatalities and 1S.S49 of the persons injured occurred itt train sendee accidents. While it is true that a large proportion of these fatalities occurred in grade crossing accidents and to trespassers, it is also true that over half of die fatalities to employees on duty occurred in what is known as train service accidents and about one-third of the injuries to employees occurred in train service accidents. We fed. therefore, that we arc justified in saving that the prevention of train service accidents is probably the most important safety problem confronting us today, as far as accidents in and around railroads are concerned. Under the heading '`coupling or uncoupling cars or locomotives" ta 1931 12 persons were killed and 394 persons injured. TTus may lie compared for the year 1930. when ; 30 persons were killed and 604 injured. The year 1931. therefore, shows a decrease of 60 per cent in the number of fatalities and 33 per cent in the number of personal i injuries: and these m ay be compared further with the record for 1920, when there i were 151 Jfaulitjgs and 2.450 injuries due to this cause. The pjm cipaf reason for personal injuries under this heading t* due to employees stepping in between moving cars, usually at a time when cottpiing is alxnit to ' lie made, to determine if the knuckle has fully opened, to adilist location oi couplers, or to adjust the coupling or uncoupling lever, with the result tltat they are caught between the couplers; or fterhaps due to tripping or falling while performing this act. and arc thus run over by the car. Our remedy for correcting this dangerous practice is for each and every railroad to make a positive and definite, rule prohibiting employees from going Jictwcen moving cars when nearing each other, to examine the j employees to see that the rule is understood by them, and tliat supervisory officers if see that the rule is enforced. i Under the heading `'coupling or uncoupling air or team hose.TM in 1931, 13 person* were killed and 175 persons injured, which may be compared with the record for 1930, when 7 persons were killed and 232 injured. The increase oi 86 per cent in 1 the number of fatalities is decidedly rccrcttahle. although th<* rrrnfd hows a decrease uf 24 j-vr cent in tiie number of injuries. The princpial cause of employee injuries under this head is due to their failure to protect themselves by performing this work In accordance with the rules. The remedy for this class of accidents where car men are employed rests in a full and complete enforcement of the blue signal rule widen is quite uniform on all- railroads. Railroad managements should improve this blue signal so as to make ic as efficient as imsssihlc. The rule should also govern, the placing of the blue ricnal so as to make sure that it is in a location where it will serve the best purpose as a signal to warn tram, engine and yard men who might l>c guided by it. Where en gine is coupled onto cars and trainmen are ficrfi'fntmg tins wori: without hhic. ) i signal protection, they should not permit themselves to net into a pU rr wjwrc an i unexpected movement of the cars might cause an accident, without first notifying \ the engine man and fireman so as to be fully protected. Under the heading " operating hand brakes," In 1931 there were 18 fatalities and S24 persons injured, as compared with the record tor 1930 when 26 persons were killed and 1,154 injured. The year 1931 shows a decrease oi 31 per cent in -ciT 9 Safety Section, A .R . X .-- Steam Railroad Section, X S . C . ^22 t in t i r virds from M.J0 to . our j 3 uuin one dollar's a damage of only . to my n ind, lias itccntin a b r o a d * .- of daub ---oublie i-ttvcr indu itr r can v , m o m e n t 1\.m been to invite la wyers, c ut life t i attend ave bad th *c men .''O were <ioinc in. *- cm geners iiv in a .'-au of Safety, ft may be argued that no one has time to dignify minor accidents by careful and painstaking investigation. but the answer to any such argument is that if they are investigated carefully and with suhicicnc thorouglincss to hem*.; out any under- lying condition or Situation which may exist, the time soon will come when there will not be very many to investigate, and we may rest assrrred that the occurrence of m ajor accidents will decrease ju st as rapidly as do the minor accidents. Further more. all employees involved arc available for questioning. whereas in the more disastrous accident imjtortant witnesses are often permanently silent. ii Railroad casualties have been decreasing for years, aithoueh, ;uc what the immediate trend is I cannot pretend to sa y ; you may rest assured, however, that they will continue to decrease, hut only if all accidents arc treated with the im portance they deserve. A s to the steps to be followed by the various railroads in this humanitarian work, these must be worked out for each individual organization. They all have the sam e object in view, the saving of life and limb, and 1 do not believe that anythin? can impress itself to any better advantage on the rank and hie of railroad workers in the way of accident prevention than to have the investi gation of the minor accident, regardless of tu character, as thoroughly and pains takingly handled as the investigation of the m ajor accident. Tlic invcstication of ; l the m ajor accident obviously would take more time because at more facts to be developed, and more evidence of one kind or another to he considerctL but aside from tlvc question of volume there would appear to be no difference in the investiga tion itself. The result to be accomplished is the same in cadi, and only by han dling it in the same manner can those results be best attained, iTOxnissxon accident iiwcsucaromissiaa. How- Hooked and which . not only to the riiate causa of an him deve op the veradv occurs, and a*,ca of im trcssm g rrcncc ni acci- cnU. however (jy competent in* of a similar char* --' for the p 'sncipal what disciphoary Ttere the matter kuportanc side of a riew to p'om ing "he right di -ection. --rted is on ihe job . General <mcers. ' Federal Commis* - .vfcss of what has m arc learned that .-ruence so lar as c is no cam-nation . although the small ao accident should >f so-caikd m ajor W ED N ESD A Y A FTER N O O N SESSIO N . O c to b e r 5, 1932 Value of " Safe Practices" Comrrittees By F. H A RTEN STIEM A ssistant to General M anager, Lehigh V alley Railroad The speaker said in p art: In our efforts to reduce the number of ca.-mait:.\> ;*u the ra.urrv.-uis it becomes natural for us to analyse their causes and if posrihle adopt ways and means io prevent rqtctition. A fter a careful study of this rubjcct, and considering that 73 per cent or more of the injuries tliat occur on the railroads arc the result of unsafe practices, it appears to be in order to make a change in our safety organization h u t is adaptable or more in keeping with the cause? which are pectatiou hut a chance in the name of safety committees to that of ~ :a;e practices committees.'* will be conducive of better results, it is rccommcnucd t*' :he numbers of the acct:on that <uch a chance be made. The chance ri recommended for the purjtosc of inspiring carotid employees who are dependable safety workers to caution their co-workers wix-n they obferve bum doing anythin? that is liable to result in personal injury. Also, to more cleariy instill in the minds of committees and other employees that the catties of the majority of personal injuries on the railroad arc from unnecessarily taking chances and their discontinuance will Is.- a large comributhm to tlvc goal that t\c arc strug gling to make by the end of the year 19.3.3. If it is decided to chance the name of committees it shanid I>c under-tod :kait reporting any unsafe conditions observed on railroad property must on; l-c d is continued. but a carctnl analysis of the records indicate that a very small percentage of our injuries occur' from 'd efects and unfavorable condition*, and the change suggested should direct the attention of officers and employees to the real reason .for the majority of railroad accidents. fy&S! i *! h i l l .Krill I ` Si.cvi: ,, ^> i'-Ci ill 42S Ttvmty-prxt Congress-- Vatioiial Safety Council ac train, a trainman may go over the running hoard it necessary to get on top of the train to cximcuish lire or [ a s s signals, H anything should develop on the engine requiring getting out on the running board to fix it. and such work caumoc be deterred, the train must stop between stations to permit jc to l>e done. TH U RSD A Y M O RNING SESSIO N O ctob er 6. 1932 Power Apparatus in Maintenance o W ay Work By LEM ADAM S Engineer, M aintenance of W ay, Union Pacific System The .speaker said in p a n : D ie maintenance of way employees on any railroad arc constantly beset with hazards of accidents. When the motor car is set on the track tor the day's work there is a potential liazard of being struck by a tram , an .automobile at a grade crossing, or another track car. Hence we surround them with innumerable rales and regulations to safeguard their movements. Men in this branch of railroad service must constantly he on the alcn to protect themselves. Their tools are watched closely for the smallest defect that might result in injury front particles ot flying steel, and live very best-.steds and heat treating methods arc used to provide tools that will be as nearly tool-proof as possible. Yet with all these precautions, we still have accidents. Perhaps a rail is struck with a spike maul when a spike is not properly hit. or a sledge hammer tails when striking a track chisel in cutting a rail, and we have a cut or eye injury from flying steel, or an adze stakes a knot in a cross-tic when adzing for gauge and a foot is cut. O r perlups a bar slips, or the trip gives way when operating a ratchet jack for spotting track, and we have a broken arm or other serious injury. These things arc especially prevalent when large groups of men arc working in a rail renewal or ballasting gang. With such a picture before us. we mauitamcnce of way men have for years been thinking in terms of machinery to do the more arduous and dangerous operations. Then, loo. we were thinking in terms of efficiency, for safety and efficiency usually* go hand in hand. * . (T h e speaker then snowed a score o r more of lantern slides illustrating various t>*pes of power equipment employed in maintenance of way work.) This set of equipment is one of our best safety agents. However, all power operated tools are unfortunately not the safest to use, although they are great Ul*oe savers, home toois in this class arc the povrrr saw. the sandblast for cleaning su r faces preparatory to repainting, the pow er drill for either rail or bridge work, and many others--but cfffcicucv and accuracy of work demand their use, and with premier care <o the part of the c u r a to r s they can he handled, safely. Planning' for Safety in Track Construction By FRA N K R. BRADFO RD Director of Safety <k Fire P rev en tion . B o sto n & M ain Railroad illustrating one of the modern methods of main line rail renewal. D ie operation, which is notahlc in many respect?, is the outcome of the idea that the old cstab- ccononiy, advantage ot the operating department, or sntety to tnc maintenance at menu di fc ra n pr< pa: Qe: \ dor aru the cifit to can situ Spethey pro; the the? part Ir. mm- 434 TuTnfV'first C nttr/rcss-~-AG//jonol S a fe ty Council nCH Avoiding jcrcttiiiir men evened h y unnecessary hollering on the job. etc. i l l ) H ave all lal>orcrs examined as to physical condition Ixrforc employment. T he report ot the resolutions committee w as then presented by J. A. Lone of the Delaware Jc Hudson Railroad. Gtairmnn, and two resolutions were formally preseated and adopted by the Section delegates. T h e first was a resolution ot condolence upon the death of J. Flauacin, Manager. Safety Department. G iicaca. Milwaukee. St. Paul & Pacific Railroad The second resolution acknowledged with thank* and appreciation effort* of all who had participated in making the Washington Congress Session successful. Report of the Nominating' Com m ittee T he report of the tellers who canvassed the election of officers for the Section, was made hy J . I. Heavey, The Erie Railroad, and aitnotniccmcnc was made of the election as follows r Chairman of the Scctioii'--Chjxrics E, Hill, General Safety Agent, New York Central L in . F irs t I'icc-CIiatntuvt--C. L . LaFountaiuc, General Safety Supervisor, Great Northern Railway. Second (^icc-Chairman--H. A. Parish. Assistant to General Manager. Giicago North Western Railway. M embers selected for the Committee of Directions for the Ensuing Year: E astern Territory-- F. Hanenstem. Assistant to General Manager. Lehigh Valley R ailro ad ; H . A . Rowe. Manager. Claims Department, Delaware, ackawaima and Western Railroad. hSetr Euahiud Territory--C. N. Woodward. A ssistan t ta General Manager. New Y ork. N o r Haven 1* Hartford Railroad. Southern Territory--Rolicrt Semt. Director Insurance & Safety. Atlantic Coast Line Railroad. Canadian Territory-- A. O. Heck. Director, F irst Aid tie Accident Prevention. Canadian National Railways. Members o f tlic Committee on tVamitmtion for the ensuing year: F. W. Curtis. Sttpcrri'ior. Safety & Fire Prevention. Denver & Rio Grande Western Railroad. C hairm an: FL G. Evans. Superintendent of Safety, l.m itsriilc & Nashville Railroad: C . F . Lars^Mi. Superintendent or Safety, Missouri Pacific Railroad: F. M. Metcalfe. Superintendent of Safety. Northern Pacific R ailw ay : J . C. Pratt. Supervisor of Safety. The Redding Company.The closing mimucs of the session were devoted to the introduction of the new chairman. Charles R. HiU. and to .appreciative and eulogistic remarks concerning the services rendered by officers of the section during the past year. A D JO t'ALV.l/ LLVT * 7 IV General j Mass VUc-CUa, Secretary Wool Chairmen A- H: Chairman W o ret Chairman Conn. Chairman . R- L Chatnnan ford, C ^iem beri a: A m t u; R ussn.: ton, W alt fa M as J o ft N' K P a u l \Y Glic openin widi General panv, Boston, officers and s: