Document 3Q54q0aOOD5qe1wkpNweboZB6

_ . Z. . -- m. ,C1- AND QilAP.FY sec?:c. ^w-TjTTry^" ' i.v'.*-.?>'.?:* <v* <3*'7.;: ...*;t.* ,:4 ro||fi 12 2~ __ ______ _ All industrial members of the Council automatically receive Volume I. Volume II is sent to members believed to be inter ested chiefly in the sessions it covers. Other Council mem bers. however, may obtain it upon request. Many members have found it worth while to distribute copies of the Transactions to supervisors, foremen, and others in an administrative or supervisory position who may make practical use of them for reference purposes. The fol lowing quantity prices are quoted on extra copies: I to 10 copies of the large volume (Volume I). $2 each; 11 copies or more. $1.73 each; copies of the smaller volume (Volume IT), 75 cents each. . `HE Transactions are published as a condensed record of the proceedings at the National Congress. The papers of each session or division of the Congress have been edited carefully to eliminate extraneous matter and to abbreviate the less essential portions because of space limitations. Tims the material herein presented is not a verbatim report of ah the speeches presented at the Congress, but rather an abridged version made as compact as possible, yet without injury to the technical aspects of any address. The original manuscripts arc on Ale in the Council's Bureau ot Informa tion. where they are available for additional reference. Where illustrations were sent by the speakers to the Council, these also are on file. The National Safety Council at its Congresses seeks to eliminate from discussion matters which are not pertinent to the aim of the Congress or which are contrary to Council policies. It cannot accept responsibility for the views ex pressed either in the papers presented or in the discussions based upon the papers. -NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, Inc. 20 North Wacker Drive Chicago ocom Sjlpa-::: L- : . - Coum Count Annu; Aanu; Sabje A A C F P I I I h p S S s s Aeron A.S.S. Aator Ceaie: Chem Const Food IndusMarir lieat ICetal Minir Paper P-tro ? 3W: P-ublh C'uarr P_e:rii ?.ubb< i-u:et> ~ S ream ^ Testi: ; "'ooc .7 ndex * '1 < r i , . . Twenty-sixth National Safety .dished by the National Safety is, the first, contains the general. Industrial Section sessions. The sessions of the Child Education, highway Traffic, Commercial Ve- he Council automatically receive : to members believed to be inter- it covers. Other Council mem* *upon request. :d it worth while to distribute ? to supervisors, foremen, and ')T supervisory position who may for reference purposes. The folquoted on extra copies: I to 10 Volume I), S2 each: 11 copies of the smaller volume (Volume .tblished as a condensed record of National Congress. The papers of : the Congress have been edited raneous matter and to abbreviate ecausc of space limitations. Thus .-J is not a verbatim report of all . the: Congress, but rather an :ompact as possible, yet without "5 of any address. The original ':o Council's Bureau of Intonr.aiiable for additional reference, n: by the speakers to the Council. ,::cil at its Congresses seeks to .alters which are not pertinent t<> r which are contrary Council responsibility for the views ex- r-rescnted or in the <:iscus?ioii> :iy council, inc. 12J27S01 Zil.SlNl IS mi Council Officers and Directors........... /........................................ 4 Council Purposes and Policies...................................................... 9 Annual Meeting of Members............... 11 Annual Banquet............................................................................... 31 Subject Sessions- After Work Accidents........................................................... 33 Agricultural Safety................................................................ 41 Community Safety Organization......................................... 51 Fire Prevention ............. 59 Health Service in Industry.................................................... 71 Industrial Dusts ...................................................................... 8S Industrial Fumes, Gases and Vapors........... .................... 99 Industrial Safety Lectures..................................................... 109 Maintaining Interest in'Safety..............................................141 Pressure Vessels ..................................................................... 157 Safety Fundamentals ..............................................................173 Safety Inspectors ................................................................... 183 Safety Training ..... 193 Safe Use of Acids.....................................................................201 Aeronautical Section................................................................. ...211 A.S.S.E.--Engineering Section.....................................................221 Automotive and Machine Shop--Power Press Sections.........225 Cement and Quarry Sections.......................................................... 249 Chemical Section ............................................................................ 271 Construction Section.......................................................................285 Food Section..................................................................................... 307 Industrial Nursing.......................................................................... 323 Marine Section................................................................................. 341 Meat Packing, Tannins and Leather Industries Section....... 371 . Metals Section................................................................................. 381 Mining Section................... .*........................................................... 401 Paper and Pulp Section................................................................... 429 Petroleum Section .......................................................................... 489 Power Press Section.........................................................................535 Public Utilities Section....... ......................................................... 537 Quarry Section......... -- Refrigeration Section -- .^Rubhe.r. Section--,--------- - Safety Equipment Section Steam Railroad Meeting.. Textile Section ..... ....... Wood Products Section.. Index ................................... 0001 pi OFFICERS AND DIR; K rj-cn g^i<d jst;^ rm. HONORARY MEMBERS Association* ok Iron and Steel Engineers -Robert W. Campbell Lew R. Palmkk ' | ; OFFICERS (1937-1938) D. D. Pennell, President C. W. Dempesy, Vice-President for Finance and Treasurer Harry Gotlbekt, Vice-President tor Membership Frank H. Harrison, Vice-President for Industrial Safety Hon. Harold G. Hoffman, Vice-President for Public Safety Walter S. Paine, Vice-President for Engineering A. V. RomvEDF.x. Vice-President for Local Safety Councils A. W. Whitney, Vice-President for Education W. H. Cameron*, Secretary and Managing Director ? j > I EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (1937-1938) f H. \V. Anderson, Genera! Motors Corporation J. I. Banash. Past President C. W. Beroqi.tst, Past President Henry W. Bocckss, Petroleum Section C. B. Boulet, ASSE-Eugmccring Section H. W. Boulton. Automotive and Machine Shop Section Harold S. Buttenhesm, The American City Magazine W. H. Cameron, National Safety Council, Inc. Robert W. Campbell. Past President Robert I. Cati.in. Aetna Casualty & Surety Company R. A. Chaffin, Metals Section Lewis A. DeBlois. Past President C W. Dempesy, The Liquid Carbonic Corporation Marcus A. Dow, Past President D. D. Fennell, Consulting Engineer . Joif.'r'B. Gibson,-AVe^twn Electric-Company Harry Guilv.kut, The Pullman Company Frank H. Harrison, International Harvester Company P. L. G. Hasskarl. Lehigh Valiev Safety Hon. Harold G. Hoffman, Governor, Staj S. B Howjkll. Food Section ; Wii. C. K.noei.k John E. Long, Thos. H. MacD Walter B. Mar I. W. Millard, . Harold L. Mine Prof. Roger L. E. f. O'Brien, 1: Walt-.?. S. Pain Lew S. Palmer, C. E. Pettibone, Albert S. Ukgui. Lt. CwL. Henry A. V. Rouweder. Geok'.t. E. Sanko Charles B. Scot. Gen. John H. Sin Judge Lee E. Skl C. \V. Smith, Sta. Walter Dent Sm K. T. f01.T.NSTF.N. C. F. Tolman, Pa Gkor 'e G. Travek. Dr. C. H. Watso: A. W. Whitney, ' T. A. '.Vn.soN, Te: W. E. Worth. InU Arthur H. Young DIRECTO Geo:-: i J. Adams. I H. V.`. Anderson. ( A. L. rmstkong, E H. H. Bailey, Cha; J, J. L.-.nasii, Coos Car:. Barkkk, -St. I. O. J. Barrett, Mini Eksk-t W. Beck, l C. W. .Tr.HC^UIST, V. 1C. F. Blank, jrmes Henry W. Bogoess. H. .. i'.'H.T, South i [OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued Wm. C. Knoelk. Milwaukee Safety Commission John E. Long, Past President Thos. H. MacDonald, U. S. Department of Agriculture Walter B. Martin, Peoria Association of Commerce Safety Co I. W. Millard. Industrial Gloves Company Harold L. Mixer, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Prof. Roger L. Morrison, Street & Highway Tratiic Section E. J. O'Brien. Jr.. Louisville Safety Council Walter S. Paine. Aetna Life & Affiliated Cos. Lew R. Paiaier. Past President C. E. Pettiboxe. Past President Albert S. Reglt_\, Industrial Relations Counselors. Inc. Lt. Col. Henrv A. Renincer. Past President A. V. Kohweder. Duluth. Missabe & Iron Range Railway Co. George E. Sanford, General Electric Co. Charles B. Scott, Past President Gen. John H. Sherburne, Massachusetts Safety Council Judge Lee E. Skeei., Cleveland Safety Council C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Company find.) Walter Dent Smith, Delaware Safety Council R. T. Solensten. Elliott Service Company C. P. Tolman. Past President GeorceG. Tracer. Greater Chicago Safety Council, Inc. Dr. C. H. Watson, Past President A. W. WhitXEV. National Conservation Bureau 1. A. Wilson. Textile Section W. E. Worth. International Harvester Co. Arthur H. Young, Past President DIRECTORS (1937-1938) George J. Adams. Paper and Pulp Section H. W. AndkrS'.n. General Motor* Corp. A. L. Armstrong. Eastman Kodak Company H. H. Bailey. Chattanooga Safety Council J. I. Banash. Consulting Engineer . .,, Cv.t. Barker. S:;=Loms-Safety Council J. Barrett. Mining Section Ernest W. Beck. Lnited States Rubber Product'. Inc. L. \\. Ckrgou!.'?. Western Electric Co. L. K Blank. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. Hknry \\. Boggess, Petroleum Section IB L. Boot, Bend Civic Safety Coun Hy, m -\-y, }$? ;r. ' THK'TRUBTEEB'Pg.. OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued OFF1CERS AND DIREC C. B. Boulet, ASSE-Engineering Section Everett Hoku, M. 1 H. \V. Boulton*, Automotive & Machine Shop Section F. S. Brown*. Standard Accident Insurance Co. S. B. Horreij, Fo H. C. Howsam, P, \V. A. Brown*, Safety Department, Nashville Chamber of Commerce Fred B. Hunt, C. "W. T. Buckerioce, Employees' Publication Section Major Norman A. S. W. Burchiel, Safety Department, Automobile Club of Rliode Island R. D. Jewett. Spr Harold S. Buttenheim. The American City Magazine Thomas P. Kearns B. J. Callachax, Contra Costa County Safety Council Thos. L. Kelley, . W. H. Cameron, National Safety Council, Inc. J. M. Kerrigan, R Ray Carney, Kenosha Safety Council Wm. C. Knoelk, X Robert I. Catun, Aetna Casualty & Surety Co. Wm. S. Knudsen, i R. A. Chaffin*. Metals Section C. L. LaFount.mn Kenneth B. Colmax, Seattle Traffic S: Safety Council Millard C. Lefle; J. E. Cullixey, Bethlehem Steel Co. Barney Levy, Jr.. Lewis A. DeBlois, Consulting Engineer A. Augustus Low. Jay E. Decker, Mason City Safety Council Thos. H. MacDon C \V. Dempesy, The Liquid Carbonic Corp. James B. Douglas, The Philadelphia Gas Works Co. Walter B. Martin F- W. Matson, Mi Dr. Louis I. Dublin, Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. R. A. McArthur. ' O. M. Edwards, Jr., Safety Div., Syracuse Chamber of Commerce Miller McCuntoc W. P. Elstux, Public Utilities Section D. D. Fennell, Consulting Engineer D. L. Fennell, Kansas City Safety Council I. W. Millard, Ir. James K. Miller, > Harold L. Miner. Donald A. Finkbeiner, Toledo Safety Council Dr. Hart E. Fisher, Chicago Rapid Transit Co. Chester C. Fisk, Berkeley Traffic Safety Commission R. B. Morley, Ind Prof. Rocer L. M Ernest Murphy. Howard B. Fonda, Burroughs Wellcome & Co. (U.S.A.) Inc. Alexander Foster. Jr., Quarry Section E. J. O'Brien, Jr.. George C. A. Opp, John B. Gibson, Western Electric Co. Walter S. Paine. Howard F. Gilbert. Elizabeth Safety Council Lew R. Palmer. T Otho M. Graves, The General Crushed Stone Co. David A. Patton. W. A. Griffin, American Telephone & Telegraph Co. Mrs. G. M. Pelto Harry Guilbert, The Pullman Co. Charles W. Penl Isaiah Hale, The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Rv. Co. merce C. H. Harper, Refrigeration Section C. E. Pettiboxe, A D. T. Harrinctox, U. S. Bureau of Mines Gen. George B. Pi Frank H. Harrison, International Harvester Co. Arthur Potterton ?. L.-G: Hasskarl, Lehigh Valley Safety Council Albert S.-Regula. R. C. Haven, Commercial Vehicle Section G. T. Hellmuth, Chicago, North Shore & Milwaukee RR. Co. Chas. E. Him.. Xe\y York Central Lines i*g. Hon. Harold G. Hoffman. Governor. State ofsfcj>y.jersey E. C. Holden. Ik.. Marine Section m Lt. Col. Henry A. Bestor Robinson, i A. V. Romweoer, Walter Rosexbau G. E. Sanford, G<- OOCI.. 'j:- Wm V; `2;V ' ' . \ . .-"V"-.' OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued :rce .i Island tmercc Lo. Everett Horu. Madison County Safety Council S. B. Horrell. Food Section H. C. Howsam, Power Press Section Fred B. Hunt, Cement Section Major Xorman A. Imrie. Columbus Safety Council R. D. Jewett. Springfield Safety Council Thomas P. Kearns, Industrial Commission of Ohio Thos- L. Kelley, Paterson Safety Council }. M. Kerrigan, Rubber Section W'u. C. Knoelk, Milwaukee Safety Commission Wm. S. Knudsen, Detroit Industrial Safety Council C. L. LaFountaine. Great Northern Railway Co. Millard'C. Lefler, Child Education Section Barney Levy, Jr,, Rochester Safety Council A. Augustus Low, Brooklyn Safety Council Thos. H. MacDonald. U. S. Department of Agriculture Walter B. Martin, Peoria Association of Commerce Safety Council F. W. Matson. Minnesota Safety Council R. A. McArthur, Transit Section Miller McCuntock. Harvard University I. \V. Millard, Industrial Gloves Co. James K. Miller, Grand Rapids Safety Council Harold L. Miner, E. I. du Pont de Xemour.- & Co. R. B. Morlev, Industrial Accident Prevention Assns. Prof. Roger L. Morrison. Street & Highway Trafttc Section Ernest Musi'iiv. Albany Safety Council E. J. O'Brien. Jr.. Louisville Safety Council George C. A. Ore, The Detroit Edison Co. Walter S. Paine. Aetna Life & Affiliated O. Lew R. Palmer. The Equitable Life Assurar.re Society of the U. S. David A. Patton. Xewark Safety Council Mrs. G. M. Pelton. Evanston Safety Council Charles \V. Pendock. Safety Div. Milwaukee Association of Com merce C. E. Pettibone. American Mutual Liability insurance Co. Gen. George B. Pillsbuky. United States Engineer Office Arthur Potterton. Hudson County Safety Council AlbertS. Recula. Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc. Lt, Col. Hxn&y.A.^Reninlek, Lehigh Portland Cement Co. Bestor Robinson. Eastbay Safety Council A. V. Rohwedex. Duluth. Missnbc & Iron C. Walter Rosenbaum. Western Pennsylvania ts^Sj^Cduncii G. E. Sxnfokd. Gi-neral Electric Co. |Jf' lit' 00012G wmm L'& ;--i \ M:-;, W$/:: THg-THUHTgtH-Ol OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued Coimci- Henry G. Schaffner. Erie Safety Council Karl G. Schoeffler. Rahway Safety Council Harry A. Schultz, United Slates Steel Corp. H. E. Seely, Wood Products Section Earl S. Shartzer. Utica Safety Council Gex. John H. Sherburxe. Massachusetts Safety Council Dr. L. A. Shoudy, Bethlehem Steel Co. r* The conservation o: hu purpose of the National The Council works Cthroueh a continuous ca: [prevention that is nation Ernest L. Simonds, New Haven Safety Council Tplies to all types of haze A. E. Sixclair; Meat Packing, Tanning S: Leather Industrie? Section ^directly or indirectly reac: Judge Lee E. Skeel, Cleveland Safety Council C- W. Smith, Standard Oil Company (Ind.) Ration. Recognizing that impr ^conditions and the preve Edwin C. Smith. Blackstone Valley Safety Council i'lliseases in industry are Walter Dent Smith, Delaware Safety Council faccidcnt prevention, the W. A. Sxow, Construction Section Stive in these fields. R. T. Solexstex, Elliott Service Co. ?'' The National Safety . C. Sprixc, Lansdale, Pa. tprofit, non-sectarian, non George R. Stephens, Safety Bureau. Buttalo Chamber o: Commerce ~pion. f, It has approximately 5,( John Stilwell, Greater New York Safety Council ienting every' state in th Arthur M. Tode, Consulting Marine Engineer p{ the Canadian province George G. Tkaver. Greater Chicago Safety Council. Inc. Major R. D. Trimble, Richmond Safety Council Frank E. Vitz, Superior Safety Council Dr. C. H. Watson, American Telephone & Telegraph Co. &400 foreign members. Infbership are industrial c ^Individuals, public officir libers of commerce, clubs jiions. About 70 per cent Harry M. Wf.bber, Wilmette. III. Seems, including the larg Dr. David E. Weglfjx, Baltimore Safety Council S. E. Whvtixc, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. A. W. Whitney, National Conservation Bureau Lthe oil companies, most She United States, the ai and others of outstanding Howard R. Whitney, Worcester Safety Council ? Origin and C T. A. Wilson, Textile Section W. H. Winans, Union Carbide & Carbon Corp. F. B. Wjxslow, Safety Div., Birmingham Chamber of Commerce W. E. Worth, International Harvester Co. E. J. Zauft, Safety Bureau, Duluth Chamber of Commerce G. L. Zwick, St. Joseph Safety Council & The history of the C *the first.cooperative Sat.undcr the auspices of : c.Iron and Steel Electrical |waukee in 1912. As an ^Congress the National S ^organized in New Yorl I'members. During the fi .bership increased to 971. These safety pioneers gram on the assumption ^unnecessary and avoidal ^develop the principles, a; ji.make "accident preventio ilX-*9&9*'r-`'.. ter 0001:; 7 ** The continuous growth, expansion of its activitk ?ness of these principles, i a coordinated program 1 Industrial Dusts WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 13, 1937 The meeting was called to order by Chair- York City, and Vice-President for Engineer | nan A. S. Reguia. Executive Secretary. In- ing, National Safety Council, who intro 5 iustrial Relation^ Counselors, Inc., New duced the speakers. What Industrial Dusts Are Harmful? Why? , By SENIOR SURGEON R. R. SAYERS Chief, Division of Industrial Hygiene, U. S. Public Health Service While dusts exist everywhere in the at mosphere, it has been recognized for cen turies that workers in certain dusty occupations are less healthy than those not so exposed. The number of persons e.\losed in dusty occupations comprises one of the largest industrial groups. The occu pational diseases of workers in dusty at mospheres have been found to be due to entrance of dust into the system by inhala tion, by ingestion, by direct absorption through the skin, by irritation of the skin, or by a combination of the foregoing. flic suspensions of particulate matter ir. *ir have been broadly termed dusts, iumes. r`nd smokes. Such a classification is neccsarily arbitrary, since the line of demarca tion between them is not very sharp, ami the chief differentiation is based on the size of the particles. Investigations by the Pub:c Health Service in dusty industries' re vealed that about 70 per cent of the dust particles examined were between 1 and 3 TMcron$ in size, only about 20 per cent were than 1 micron, and the median size was ^ tvticrons. Industrial dusts are mainly less 1 tin 10 microns in size. However, fibrous in-th^asa; mirirvy asbestos, have been t0 contain particles as large as 200mircons in the greatest diameter. C*Klc. generally speaking, according to 'W-l5-' ^usts arc more injurious as their composition differs from that o: * human body, or from the elements o: Afl`ch the bod* y is normally composed,* it is difficult to establish a comprehensive definition tor toxic dusts. Sollmann,* after analysis of various definitions for poison, felt that it is very difficult to give a definition which will not be ambiguous in some cases, but believed that the following covers most of the points- which must be considered in classing a substance as such: "A poison is any substance which, act ing directly through iti inherent chemic properties, and by its ordinary action, is capable of destroying life, or of seriously endangering health, when it is applied to the body, externally, or in moderate doses (to 50 Gm.) internally." Some dusts arc known to be poisonous, while others, in the concentrations usually encountered, are comparatively harmless. However, it may be stated that breathing dust in high concentration is not desirable. According to Fairhall, the damage arising from the inhalation of toxic dust may be either local or remote, and depends upon whether the material is a protoplasmic poi son, whether it is caustic in. reaction, or whether it is absorbed into the blood stream and carried to other centers which arc in turn affected/ It is now well established that exposure to certain kinds of dusts, such as those con taining considerable quantities of free silica, has increased the morbidity and mortality rate- from S^vqECrry diseases ^>vhile_ me tallic dusts,sRO^t^Silead and its compounds/ 000 O ]&&& 86 Satioudl Safctv Com;rr.ia have been associated with general systemic poisoning.5 "Dusts may be swallowed with saliva, water, or food, and direct poisoning has been traced to absorption by this method; other dusts may act as irritants and produce affections or the skin, irritate mu cous membranes of nose, eyes and throat, often causing inflammatory diseases of these organs.* Some inorganic dusts are able to pene trate the deep lung tissues and are sufficiently insoluble to be retained there. Some of these may be active in the human tissues, causing definite and permanent in jury. while others are inert and may be retained for years, apparently without seri ous damage; some are gradually absorbed without causing pathological changes.5 All inhaled particles are soluble, at least to a small extent. If harmless, cell activity is stimulated so that phagocytes remove the dust. If the solute is toxic, the viability of the phagocyte is affected and an ineffective accumulation results. At the same time, further solute may diffuse into neighboring tissues, setting up an irritation and subse quent fibrosis. The nature as well as the solubility of the solute is an important fac tor, but of two substances of approximately equal toxicity, the more soluble iorm causes the greater carnage. However, sub stances of such low solubility as silica may ultimately produce extensive injury.4 Kettle has stated that harmful dusts, if inhaled into the lungs, may activate a latent tuberculous infection; they may exaggerate an active tuberculous lesion or a coincident infection. If sufficient quantities of a harm less dust arc inhaled, some of it remains in the lungs and causes a mild degree of fibro sis merely through mechanical irritation, hut such fibrosis is never sufficient to inter fere with the function of the lung.5 Some writers state that while the influ ence of nonpoisonous dusts on health is a debatable subject, abnormally high death rates from bronchitis and pneumonia are sometimes attributed to chronic exposure to nontoxic dusts. Large amounts of dust are occasionally found in supposedly normal lungs, at autopsy.'* According to Drinker. there arc four dif ferent types of reaction produced in man by the inhalation of dust. The fir<t and most important arc the ; reumocor.io-es. sue!', as silicosis and asbcstOiis. which cau-e specific lung pathology and often arc foiiowed by pulmonary tuberculosis. The second typ, I bee of reaction is caused by toxic dusts like [ via?. cadmium, and radium. A third type of n^j. [ i*5*'?"',n ady follows the inhalation of finely divide t metallic fume particles such as zinc oxid f dust* and is known as metal fume fever. TbJ fourth reaction, allergic in character, j, caused by breathing organic dusts such pollen and certain types of pulverized wood and flour. In all four cases the sole cau$< of the disability may be dust inhalation, bin the reactions from toxic dusts result from swallowing as well as from inhalation.1' For various reasons it is difficult to sc up an absolute classification for dusts. Opinion is rapidly changing regarding socalled inert or harmless dusts and further investigation may prove some of them to be injurious. Some dusts may have both i toxic and an irritant action; while on the other hand, the poisoning resulting from ex posure to a dust may be the combined effect of more titan one mode of entrance into the body. However, the following classification of dusts, according to physical character istics and physiological effect, is used for convenience. I. Organic Dusts Organic dusts arc those which contain carbon, and were originally supposed to come from organized substances derived from animal or plant life. Living dusts come under this classification, and are ; thought to be of the same order of size as 1 industrial dusts, with which they are fre quently associated. Bacteria arc usually be tween 0.5 and 3 microns, except in a few cases, such as the anthrax bacillus, which ranges from 1 to 1.25 micron in breadth and 4.5 to 10 microns in length and 10 or 12 microns in diameter. However, it is possi ble that the larger and heavier varieties, like the larger and heavier dust particles, settle due to gravity, and do not remain suspended in the air. Many thousands of organic substances, carbon-containing, are made synthetically by chemical processes such as dyestuffs, explosives, etc. i. XOXLinXO ORCAXIC DUSTS. A? the name impiic<. ihe-e arc comprised uonviable particles, which may or may no*- !>c inherently toxic or irritant. - !-utr whki-m ncverthel rnttoveacd^isgts, in the.., human o:^Kfe"',."Aherc;c'' djijjs. jar those to wlnchftS^^ih'tam persons, arc .or may biura c |g 0001,11 industrial Dusts 87 :r! .ke ~*:e . ,.c:vr ,, , Ur;: i.. : id v :.;a ` ie tm-j-e ` .ticn. :-u - -* '.ion. * \ :t a;nr j err. :e ] bo-.: s | rrem ci- i --frr ; v inn: . ciiamr^rusci: ::r c.ntr poso-.i ng h=c? i and L-e i t uail"1 :cin u. :'t . brcaiu: : IC r: var par-u:-. t t r': ,:bsk thee .v : 'rise mu; ut cts : become hypersensitive, with resulting asthma, rhinitis, or other disturbances, are included in this classification. a. Toxic and/or Irritant. Toxic or irritant dusts are all organic dust? which produce untoward symptoms, either systemic or local. Those producing local symptoms are usually described as irritant; those produc ing general or systemic symptoms are termed toxic. A dust may be both toxic and irritant. In reported cases of injury or death fol lowing inhalation of dust from organic com pounds, among the chief offenders are paranitraniline, the dinitrobenzenes, chlorodinitrobenzenes, trinitrophenol, and nitronaohthalene. Eye damage due to inflamma tion of the cornea has occurred among workers exposed to methyl violet dust. The dust from paraphcnylene diamine derivatives is particularly irritating and dangerous, causing not only a severe form of derma titis where the dust comes in contact with the skin, but also producing acute inflamma tion of the mucous membrane of the respiratory' passages.4 Toxic dusts may be generated during the handling of powdered dyes and in preliminary dyeing operations, particularly the hydro-extractor process, where particles arc disseminated in all di rections." Coal tar and indigo dves are substances most frequently used. Cases- of amblyopia have been reported from exposure to inhalation of. tobacco dust." It has been found that inhaled to bacco dust exerts a nicotine action on the organism fifteen times greater than that produced by the same quantity of smoked tobacco with an equal nicotine content." Severe dermatitis is experienced by many '''Orkers handling powder containing T.X.T., `bich is used in making high explosives. Picric acid, which is also used for this purPO'e. requires drying, and in this latter state b^s been found to produce a dermatitis. Picric acid is also the oldest synthetic orj-anic dyestuff." Dermatitis occurs among 'Sndiers of silk with varying frequency, 'alls determined that a rash occurring ''mej^Jtpcfrkcfs fn a silk factory was due to ;,lj,t from silk cocoons imported from Airica." Persons engaged in the manufacture of Winine and quinine preparations suffer from phenomena, which occur for the most (art on exposed parts of the body, and a-v be caused by ingestion or by quinine dust, or powder form o: tiic preparation, ex erting a direct irritating effect on the skin." Dermatitis due to other vegetable dusts such as vanilla, powdered arnica, pyrethrum, etc., have been reported." Dental lesions, of occupational origin, have been reported among workers in sugar. The gingivitis caused by sugar dust is clas sified as purely mechanical, with laterdeveloping caries. Digestive disorders, respiratory conditions, and cutaneous con ditions (especially of the face) were also found." Dock workers, transporters of grain, workers in grain and flour mills, etc. are exposed to dusts during their work. Dusts from cereals may contain many impurities, which may cause an irritating action on the respiratory passages, as well as inflamma tion of the skin. Digestive disturbances, dental defects, diminution in hearing, and conjunctivitis have been observed among millers, and have been attributed to the dusts to which such workers are exposed.** ' b. Allergic. Many apparently innocuous substances may produce reactions in per sons of peculiar personal susceptibility. The term "allergy" is used to describe this con dition of hypersensitiveness or susceptibility, and allergic phenomena most frequently manifest themselves in skin reactions. How ever, they may cause acute reactions else where in the body. When the respiratory tract is involved we have such well known diseases as hay fever or asthma. These diseases may develop as a result of hypersensitiveness to such substances as pollens from plants, horsehair, rabbit's fur, furs, feathers, etc. For instance, furriers, workers in clothing industries who are exposed to wool dust, etc., may sutler from hay fever or asthma." It is unnecessary for the offending dust to reach tiie depths of the lungs--giant pollens for example are reported to produce their effect after being caught in the upper res piratory passages. Should such an offending substance be finely ground it could reach the alveoli and as a result probably all physiologic reactions would be accelerated." In a survey of ?. plant where resin is mixed, ground, and molded, it was found that 80 per cent of the occupational derma titis there was due *oJli'Pcrscnsitivity to hexametiiylcnctctram:J^?^^formaldcltvdgl.J contained in the du=t^*whWh the \vorxS& were exposed.51 first process^' jpl. 0001 - : IS r. am ss Txvcnty-sixtk National Safety Congress of couon spinning, cotton-strippers arc ex posed to dust arising from cotton husks and debris, which produces a typical form of asthma.2 Ordinary wood dust has"been of interest due to its purely mechanical action, but still greater care is required in handling certain kinds, especially woods coming from abroad, because of the essential oils impreg nating them, which when -freed in the dust may affect the health of the workers con cerned. Some of the woods capable of causing skin lesions are Brazil wood, satinwood, teakwood, cumaru or tonka wood, black ebony wood. West Indian ' mahogany, Japanese tagayasan, coccoloba, chestnutwood, olivewood. California sequoia, etc. All per sons who handle these woods are not in jured, only those particularly susceptible to the substances they contain becoming affected.3 2. LIVING ORGAMC. DUSTS. These contain particles capable of exhibiting the phenomena of life1 (especially the property of reproduction or multiplication), such as bacteria and fungi. They are usually found in low concentrations and are associated with nonliving dusts in the air. a. Bacteria. One of the most important among these is the anthrax bacillus, which is contained in the dust from skins, furs, wool, and animal hair, horns, hoofs, bones, etc. Thi* disease may occur in two .forms: cutaneous (in which the organism affects the skin), and pulmonary (when it is inhaled, as in the form or anthrax known as wooisorters' disease).'*' Cases of tetanus, reported in connection with jute manufacture, were traced to the raw material, the bacillus having been found ::i the factory dust.2' Diphtheria, tubercu losis, smallpox, typhoid, or other bacillusproduced diseases, may result from exposure to infected dusts. Bacterial sensitization can be the cause oi any of the allergic diseases, namely, asthma, perennial, hay fever, urticaria, angioneurotic edema, eczema, or migraine headaches.2' b. Fungi. Dusts containing the invceiia and spores of parasitic fungi give rise r, annoyance and discomfort. `'Maltster's" itch front the dust alone has been reported. I:: Provence, reeds used for ceilings are stacked while stiil wet and undergo fermentation: they become covered with a white powder 'a dry tun.cus the Mucor family: Spore- trichum dermatodes), which is scatter^ t when the bark is stripped off. This powcjCr [ is irritating to the skin and mucous ntetn- t branes. Myceiia and spores of moulds art { commonly found to cause rashes: for in. stance, the black powder coming from j macerated sugarcane stalks. Among basket. I makers, the mycelium and spores, in the form of a white mould (hyphomyccte) front the rhattan cancs used, get shaken out when the canes arc split, hammered, and cut, causing painful fissures to develop on the skin where they alight.14 A form oi asthma or spasmodic cough, suffered by cotton weavers and known as aspergillosis, has been considered due to in halation of spores of a mildew which sometimes' occurs on the threads.2* In a study of silicosis among miners, made by the Public Health Service, a number of cases of typical miliary' calcification were en countered. Unstained smears of those cases examined were positive for fungus, two types of Aspergillus fungi being identified All of the subjects but one were farmers, teamsters, feedinill workers, or residents of small agricultural towns where grain is marketed. Farmers are exposed to fungi in threshing wheat, baling hay, or handling various small grains. Some other fungus diseases such as actino mycosis and blastomycosis are associated with occupational exposure to du-t. The former occurs among worker* handling *traw, hay, grass, vegetable debris contami nated with mould, etc. Actinomycosis is likely to affect people engaged in commercial handling, storing, and cleansing of grain (grain distilleries, flour mills, grain crush ing, breweries, and malting houses, etc )-54 II. Inorganic Dusts Inorganic compounds are oi mineral origin, not requiring a living organism to produce them.25 A number of dusts no: usually classed as toxic may, under some conditions, produce untoward effect* on the human organism. Classified under inorganic are toxic and/or irritant, fibrosis-produc ing. and nonribrosis-producing dusts. a. Toxic, and or Irritant. Toxic dust* are i hose which are inherently toxic when in haled, ingested, or otherwise _ absorbed- Among thc>e_avhich'produce systemic soitinc, some arc. tdso irritant, art the du*t* :>oKif3$jry metals andTtTjSfftSai:*- *uch a* ieacli^fftrtiirv, arsenic, ea'din:::::'- r.rxc?~v =wc.; 2. flSJ&Vk s\ .. .'/r 2t* industrial SO Utu.-. tor C GJv:.C:;- - li J- zinc. etc. Irritant dusts are injurious 1 y cason of their strong irritative or corro sive properties. As a rule, inhaled irritant substances im mediately cause a reaction in the upper respiratory tract of such severity that they are prevented from reaching the lungs, al though they may cause lung damage by extension of inflammation if the mucous membrane is corroded.5 Lime, calcium oxide, and the di-chromates are examples of irri tant dusts. An inorganic dust may possess both toxic and irritant properties, and the poisoning produced may be the combined effect of more than one mode of entrance into the body; Of the directly poisonous dusts, the most widely prevalent are those of certain lead compounds, particularly the oxide, carbon ate and the chromate. The dust is readily absorbed by the mucous membrane; some dust passes into the stomach and is dissolved by the gastric juice.4 According to Fatrhail, perforated nasal septum is a common occurrence among workers with bi-chromate dusts.4 In a study made by the U. S. Public Health Sen-ice it was found that continuous daily exposure to concentrations'of chromic acid mist greater than 1 milligram in 10 cubic meters is likely to cause definite injury to the nasal tissues.5* It is believed that a . Tv. t- similar concentration of the dust would be equally toxic. In the case of poisoning from some heavy metals, exposure may be to both dust and vaPor. For instance, investigations have shown the sate limit of lotal exposure to lead oxide dust and fumes to be less than ,, j-S mg. per 10 cubic meters of air, except for prolonged exposure.* In exposure to mercury dust and vapor, it was shown that the incidence of chronic mercurialism inii-- l c*cases rapidly with increasing mercury -S conccn{ration, after such concentration ex- :;<#. ceed$ 2.0 mg. per 10 cubic meters.* ; " & Alkalis and metallic oxides are common jfUses t dermatoses. Lye, potash and ~r't'me are known to cause irritation to piasg trers, cement-makers, bricklayers, masons, pjn<cutters, modellers, and metal platers." Z\r. [$. uCerat'on and perforation of the nasai sep- A'-r':<v ccur among workers exposed to the 0*1 ot. sda asli; systemic poisoning also Ir0m inhalation of calcium cyanimide *"ases of dermatitis, scleroderma and can- oer arc reported to have been caused by exposure to dust of arsenic compounds. Certain aluminum salts are skin irritants and aluminum dusts may contribute to the infection of skin and mucous membranes, through mechanical action." l>. Fibrosis-Producing Dusts. The most important of these are the inorganic, slightly soluble dusts which cause fibrous changes in the lung tissues, some of which are seri ous. and some of which cause little or no disability.1 So far as is known, no inorganic substances other than silicon derivatives cause more than a very moderate degree of fibrosis of the lung. Moreover, there seems to be no evidence that any other constituent of ordinary dusts can influence so unfavora bly a pulmonary infection.* Although other dusts, when inhaled in sufficient concentrations over a long period of time, -have been shown capable of pro ducing a pulmonary fibrosis,' nevertheless, the pneumoconiosis characterized by nodu lar fibrosis has to date been shown clini cally and experimentally to be associated only with the inhalation of dusts containing free silica. Since this dust, to exert its harmful action, must enter the finer divisions of the lung, the particle size of the atmospheric dust may bear a definite relationship to the in jurious effect produced. The silica must be present in the air in particles small enough to enter the finer air spaces and of such dimensions that the phagocytic cells may engulf them. The greater majority of par ticles found upon microscopic examination of the lung fall within the limits of from I to 3 microns.*' Examples of siliceous dusts are granite, quartz, sand, pumice, slate, etc. In a recent study among anthracite miners, the correlations between exposure to dust fwhich contained silica) and the evidence of constitutional changes left little doubt as to the etiological significance of the dust in the air breathed. Like correlations were found between the silica exposure and the extent of pulmonary changes." When the inhaled dust consists of silica combined with bases, silicates, sortie degree of change in the pulmonary tissue may result. In this respect asbestos dust seems to be unique' among silicates in the prevalence and se verity of the disease it causes." The chief dijl^t8ivbetween silicosis and conditions ' dtitf^v. simple reactioos'-taftsed bv other dits($ii&: the active proliferative m my's- ter 000u 1i ... .:J ms St i , 90 7'wnty-sixth Xational Safety Congress \. I reaction in the tissues which results in progressive nodulation. Silicosis, when once established, strongly predisposes the lungs to infection, especially with the tubercle bacillus. Chronic interstitial pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema are frequent complications of advanced degrees oi silicosis. The relation of the acute respiratory in fections to the reaction due to dusts other than free silica has never been established, though a heightened incidence has often been shown statistically in workers in dusty trades. It is fairly certain that a dust dam aged lung, whatever the cause, fares much worse if an acute infection does supervene upon it.T in a study conducted by the LT. S. Public Health Service among marble finishers in Vermont, it was found that marble dust when inhaled in the concentrations found in the examined plants produced a mild, bi lateral, linear fibrosis in some cases, but no serious lung changes were noted and there was no disability due to the dust, even after years of exposure." c. Nonfibrosis-Producing Dusts. These are inert, that is, they do not cause fibrous tissue to be produced, but may become encapsulated or lie free in the tissues; or they are absorbed without production of fibrous tissue. Included among them are aiundum, coal, corundum, emery, limestone, magnesite, marble, plaster or paris (gyp sum), and polisher's rouge. Dust Control Engineering and medical c-.mrol arc the two most important factor? in comhatinc tire industrial dust hazard, and arc to a large extent complementary. Engineering Control A- Luiza3' ha- >:afed in a recent paper. is a basic- principle in dealing with a dun hazard that dust should be attacked at it* point of origin and thus prevented from being di?- seminated into the atmosphere." After the dust has been spread throughout the air it is difficult to deal with it. and reliance tmi-t Le placed on individual prouttion.'which is never wholly satisfactory. Lanza further cites variou- method* used :r, controlling dust. These wL be reviewed but briefly, since a paper deal'nsr with the subject oi dust control in detail, will follow c:: this program. Dust may be entrapped at its source fo. . suction devices and thus removed and cob lected. Familiar examples are exhaust hood* I in grinding operations, and the devices us^tj t in rock drilling. | Generally speaking, the exhaust vend]*. \ tion method, where applicable, is to be pre. ferred in controlling a dust hazard. Water may be used to entrap dust and prevent its dispersal, and under certain circumstances it may be of advantage to combine the use of water and the use of suction. Sometimes a dusty process can be completely enclosed in a sealed room or compartment. It must be remembered, however, that any mechani cal device of this kind offers adequate pro tection only if it is properly designed, installed, and maintained. A great deal of attention lias been given the subject of individual protection from dust, and there are many types of respira tory protective devices now available. These are generally of two types: those which provide fresh air from an uncontaminated source and those which rely upon a filtering medium for removing dust from the air breathed. Where the use or such a device is indicated, only one of the types approved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines should be used. As a rule, it may be said that masks, respirators, or other such protective device should be used only where exposure to the dust is intermittent and brief, or where some unusual condition makes a more ade quate dust control impracticable.*5 Where bacteria or other living dusts in the air are associated with a process, steri lization methods such as increased tempera ture. ultraviolet radiation, and chemicals like chlorine or other bactericidal substances, may be of use. Pasteurization temperature (about 140 F.) will kill most organisms except those bearing spores. Steam disin fection is used for horsehair, and proves to be practicable it the temperature does not exceed 230 F. Woo) fibres, however, lose their elasticity by steam disinfection, and the "Duckering" process now used in Eng land includes soaking of the wool in a form aldehyde solution, and drying in a current of air at a temperature of K>0' F.'2 There are few occupations in which there would be a sufficient concentration of dead bac teria to caiMfi_nntoward effect? in man. In the caps*?;dusts producing external irritation, ara&ary protective measurcs may Include, th^^^e^of-mrotective dothir.c. ISF tro; zr.uttti. . uc e: 1 .O' "*' R-. --csul attie; L t~ ir.rr.al {iuIus;rial Dusis 91 ; r.vo cct::r: front 4 or aiiab.-. . r.esef tliO' t v.;-;d f icontajrjrjtd ;>on a r.'*.inn?f iron: air E -uch a ctvict i ypcs ar r roved |- i tha: --aiks. I- ccti-.-f device I :osure : > the k f. c: where i- a r* r*? atie-1 ving iuitj iCbr proct-??. s*in-{;" ased :-'T.ren- k :ui r -niicab V lal $; f n tern : cra:ur > 95C ::- -- r.ifm';' Sce-i~ di;in- (* and 7 rove? I* tture ; e? no> !? how-jver. I5'-. int'ec: ip-, andp used i- Eng- f. - ool ir. a form- g in 2. currert it. xr ?. " Tlie^V it the: e v. oulo fcof i.*->.* b.ic as :r. 'mn:.- ^ lucir.c exwr^S: mess:re? nia; ctive dothing-? .. 0vci. goggles and apron?; a? ucii as pro active salves, ointments, or other coinnountis to delay :r diminish the irritant -..-non. General rules tor hygiene and good housekeeping should also be observed. Midical Control. Equally important, and closciv interrelated with the engineering ntiasc. is medical control of occupational hazards. In addition to directing-the proper ilaccment of new workers, and guarding the health ot ail employees, -medical control is a check on the emcacy of the engineering control methods aiready instituted, or a measure of the need for new protective de vices. It has been stated that "Industry has found that the best wav to treat industrial injurits and illness is to prevent them.''** and medical control, through preemplovtnent and periodic physical examinations, is one ot the most Important factors in such prevention. The preemployment examination is made to determine the employee's physical and mental fitness for work. It serves to dis close the presence of any contagious dis ease, Teveais ar.y minor physical defects which might later become serious, or whether the examinee's erudition precludes his em ployment in certain or in all types of work. It should be remembered that such preemployment examir.arions arc not to be made :or the purpose c eliminating an employee, but rather for all mating him to the type of work for which he is physically suited. A worker should be riven employment unless totally unfit, or unless his disability, even though slight, v. tuid cause him to be a iiazard to himself cr his associates. Fitrther^ore, the practice of preemployment examinations shruld be extended to include executives and officials of industrial organi sations. The purpose of periodic physical Examinations is to secure and maintain .'ysical fitness ar.d thereby lengthen work >pan$/ Reexammation.of employees somev/nes results in the discovery of defects and -inabilities which were not observed at the *..e of employment. In such cases, an oc cupational adjurement should be made to continuer employment, but remove risk of perm.ment injury. ^v^eexa_nhnaticr. of employees is required ha-dt'V CCr,a-:: occupations in which the 0 " f poi-tr.ous or otherwise deleteri- substanccs may result in the contraction of disease.31 Since some occupational dis eases tend to clear up and recur, records of previous occupations should be included in the physical examinations. The frequency oi examinations should be determined by the medical director, unless otherwise speci fied by law. Those exposed to known occu pational disease hazards may have weekly or monthly examinations.** "It should always be kept in mind that the basic principle of physical examinations in industry is to keep men on the job and not allow the physical examination to be merely a weeding out process."15 1 Bloomfield. J. J. and DaUaYalle, J, M. "The Determination and Control ot Industrial Dust." U. S. Public Health Bulletin No. 217, April, *1935. * Co!iis, Edgar L. "Industrial Pneumoconioses with special reference to Dust Phthisis." Milroy Lectures, 1915. H. M.S.O.. London. * Soflmann, Torald. "A Manual of Pharma cology." \V. B. Saunders & Co.. Philadelphia. 1932. 4 Fairhall, Lawrence T. "Toxic Dusts and Fumes." Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxi cology, November. 1936. * Bloomfield. J. J. "The Sampling and Analysis of Industrial Dusts." American Public Health Asso ciation. Yearbook. 1935-36. * Gibbs, W. E. "Dust Hazard in Industry. Benn. Ltd. London, 1923. I Air Hygiene Foundation of America. Inc. "Sili cosis and Allied Disorders." Medical Scries. Bulle tin No. I. Pittsburgh. Pa. April 13.1936. * Kettle. E. H. "The Action of Harmful Dusts." Inst, of Mining and Metallurgy, London, June 14. 1934. "Dusts. Fumes, and Smokes." Occupation and Health Series, International Labour Office, Geneva, 1930. ' 1 Drinker, Philip. "Causation of Pneumoconi osis." Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxi cology. October, 1935. it ''Dyeing." Occupation and Health Series, International Labour Office, Geneva. 1930. ,J Legge, Sir Thomas. "Industrial Maladies." Oxford University Press. London. 1934. s* Burstein, A. "Nicotine Action from Inhaled Tobacco Dust." Tournal of Industrial I-Ivgicne. De cember. 1927. 14 White. R. Prosser. "The Dermatergoses. or Occupational Affections of the Skin." II. K. Lewis & Co. Ltd., London. 1934, ,s Schwartz, Louis. "Skin Hazards in American Industry." U. S. Public Health Bulletin No. 215. October. 1934. 14 Downing. J. C. "Industrial Dermatoses: Treat ment and Legal Aspects: Review of Recent Litera ture.' Journal of Industrial Hvgienc and Toxicology, July. 1933. II "Occupational Lesions in Workers in Sugar." Belgium Letter. Journal of American Medical Asso ciation, Sept. 10. 1927. Abst. Journal of Industrial Hygiene. February, 192S. '* "Flour MiNs^.-Occupation and `Healtlr fyeriesr International Labour Office. Geneva. 1930. 19 Mayers. Mav R. "Susceptibility to Dermatitis." The Industrial Builetin, Albany, N. Y. Feb. 1937. vol. 16, no. 2. ,** Drinker. Philip, and Hatch. Theodore. "Indus trial Dust." Ms&caw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, 19 3 51 Schwartz, Ej&. `'Skin Hazards in American Industry. Partfli.*' U. S. Pubhc-Tleahb'-BtOletin No. 229. Sept. *936. = "PoisonousXTYnbdfi." Occupation and Health Scries. InternaSioialjf.abour Office. Geneva. 1930. : "X *.* * ^,'J i LA. 92 Twenty-sixth National Safety Congress "Hope. E. \V., Hanna, \V., and Staliybrass, C. O. "Industrial Medicine and Hygiene." Bailliere, Tindall and Cox. London, 1923. ** Brown. C. T. "The Diagnosis of Bacterial Allergy." Southern Medical Journal, Vol. 27, No. Savers. R. R. and Jones. R. K. Sdicosis ,M Similar Dust Diseases." National Silicosis ference. Washington. D. C.. April 14, 1936. " Savers. Bloomfield. DallaVaile, Jones, Drees,j. Brundate and Britten. "Anthraeo-SilicoMs amo-il .nr. u factory '-'"L err.cn the o'rj [ 0tter --- ^;:av:~:?,ioisn .i 10. Oec. 1934. " Savers. JL R. and Merewether, F. V. "Miliary Lung Disease Due to Unknown Cause. U. S. Public Health Reports, Dec. 5. 1930. " "Actinomycosis.'' Occupation and Health Series, International Labour Office, Geneva, 1930. Hard Coal .Miners." L\ S. Public Health Bull*tj' No. 221. December, 1933. eas"eMdid,udeletoton.t.h.e E,I.nh.La.lat"ioInnduosi tr.Di.a.u.ls..t..P..ulmTHoenaLrya' Di, July 4 and 11, 1936. *< 'r'rnecr A cuv'?-`:i:ress device- -=r.u-d a: tectioa ***-iC J'OS ** Holland, J. W. "Textbook of Medical Chemistry and Toxicology." W. B. Saunders Company, Phila delphia, 1920. _ "Bloomfield. J. J. and Blum. Wm. "Health Haz ards in Chromium Plating." U. S. Public Health Service RepTint No. 124S, Washington, 1930. "Russell, Tones, Bloomfield, Britten and Thomp son. "Lead Poisoning in a Storage Battery Plant." U. S. Pubiie Health Bulletin No. 205, June, 1933. " Neal. Jones. Bloomfield, DallaVaile and Ed wards. "A Study of Chronic Mercurialism in the No. 1630. "Lanza. A. J. "Control and prevention of $ili costs." Symposium on Silicosis. California Tube,' culosis Association, San Francisco. 1937. ** Newquist. M. N. "Medical Service in Indust,and Workmen's Compensation Laws." American College of Surgeons, Chicago, 1934. w "Medical Care of Industrial Workers." sense safety rtcy u risshir a nur.v^- more r--y-:c dei than r~- imith that 3 rr.us the :ic sat- Hatters' Fur Cutting Industry." U. S. Public tional Industrial Conference Board. Inc. X_ the V.: - Health Bulletin No. 234, May, 1937. York. 1926. . taxno*. The Engineer's Part in Eliminating Dust Hazards By ARTHUR S. JOHNSON Assistant to Manager, Engineering Department, American Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. When one realizes that control of the dust hazard depends upon the combined contribu tions of the physician and the engineer, he ap preciates that the solution requires scientific, treatment. By scientific treatment I mean the technical analysis of the hazard to discover the causes which contribute to injury or ill health, and the development of control meth ods which obey physical law and physiology, and which will be directed at causes that admit of most immediate and economical treatment.. That goes for handling the dust hazard in a given plant. It goes double for acquiring knowledge to the end that the whole problem may reach ultimate solution. Right now our knowledge of the problem is in big chunks, loosely put together and largely empirical. There are estimates only to judge the mag nitude oi the dust health problem, and it is so doselv associated with other health problems that a clean-cut estimate of it alone is im possible. We do know that it is great in the aggregate, and for the individual plant it may be.very bothersome and expensive. Wha: actually makes quartz dust cause silicosis is not known. It does, so the air_ . breathed by workmen must rot contain'harm ful quantities oi respirable quartz dust. Inex pensive methods for making the air clean are <till in the realm of dreams. Much work must he done to know more about silicosis and more how to make atmospheres safe inexpen sively. As an accident prevention job, dust control lies almost entirely within the admin istrative responsibility. The control measures are capital expenditures of considerable size A plant with a dust hazard is sick, it needs an expert diagnosis and scientific treatment, which may include expensive major opera tions. Home remedies are seldom much good, and supervision and employee safety con sciousness alone cannot accomplish anything. There may be observed in countless shops installations for exhausting dust which arc derisively called "tin knocker" jobs in which the horsepower dissipated is out of all pro portion to the air-borne dust moved. Tonnage efficiency oi material moved may be the proper yardstick for pneumatic conveyors but ii the material to be moved is air. contaminated with nearly weightless particles of dust, the entire health hazard can He in the half of one r-er cent of material not moved. I do no: mean thatunicss a dust supro-i'.in j-.b_was (ngineer<$Kg'c5ST*fag r.o.gopd.<.TV,?ri arc many good i&tiilations tkat Aycr.c never figured a: ail bufS.eBinsnTv*r~l'ike TohsylU**v*F?--.J. nr '<- ^ Let -which we iggignu leaving : me so In cr:r - fir neer j ' -a s Ur seem? ~ rajne t can the - -miisstk which 1 vitlt parL-rm: ' -- can l poner.v ":ex: <k expo?-'- pro health a: : s th ittGUSC- vygient case art. rr me e cotr-.im rt: nlac and err: ttsmng coutr . r rrrum . insta..-.- -j perithai V: tr.'uabu redv.-r. r-sicn Tre Inri 0 ~ ;garur be the .vtmc at sines.-: *--" -- unc the cr ; h to ad" -- al> oi htr re r. ma- this > tree:: r~. ..ivm- scor:: rY....n>sy ar.ir.i I'.nints Ir.cv, corr" t -sic --.a Ms- >. - :C_;th - - : am C00H5 Industrial Dusts 93 . R. "Silicosij jjJJ nal Silicosis Coil' :[ 14, 1936. ^2fc e. Jones, Drew*? ico-Siiicosis atnoc* ` lie Health Bulled -suiting freedom from dustiness was so satis_"'factory tliat efficiency held little interest to -$Sfthe owner. This is exceptional, however, and -raPl offer the opinion that dust suppression jobs "Should be engineered. al Pulmonary use." The Lat ,:'A dust-suppression installation is a safety device, designed and operated to provide pro Effeet of Inhale^ Vermont Marble -H Serrice Reprio Prevention of sr California Tuber.* o, 1937. jection against possible disease and provide a ;e of security which must be absolute. Its [safety is not rushing air and rattling chips but _ minimal residual dustiness. There is no more pathetic defeat for a dust control job -errice in Industn-; Laws." America^ ;than to find faith in its effectiveness so low tthat workers must wear respirators to find ai Workers." Sk . ''the reasonable safety that was expected from 3oard. Inc. j>&e hoods, ducts and fans. Diagnosis and Control t j^Let us examine some of the features by Swhich we recognize this dust hazard problem, ^leaving out the socio-legal aspects. .rds in order to develop more fully the engi neer's place in this dust control program, it ^eems desirable to separate as sharply as we &an the diagnostic considerations from those .1 Liability rfiich deal with control. In the first comirtment we can place all the analytical com ments which describe the hazard and its the air clean are' ^exposure, the probability of its producing ill Much work must?' (health and all the rest of the medical and aut silicosis andj-: industrial hygiene facts which make out a res safe inexpen^: jfcase against the existing dust. In the second ention job, dust., ^.compartment place the knowledge of physics ithin the admin~f _ frand engineering necessary to plan the dust :ontrol measures ' ^-.control program and so design it that when considerable sire ^.-installed its performance follows prediction is sick, it needs '^-that the probability of industrial disease is itific treatment, :i - reduced to insignificance. t major opera* com much good, ee safety con* iv;," The Industrial Hygienist ' ' Our first feature of interest would naturally nplish anything- _'r~be the specific and relative toxicity oi silica. countless shops Jkrsilica-bearing and other dusts which make~up dust which are^ the dust health hazard. Much might be said " jobs in which advantage about the quality and quantity out of all pro- ?of hazard in many dusts. The acquiring of noved. Tonnage '^r^his knowledge has been, and must remain a av be the proper ^medical problem. It involves gross and micro- tyors but if the jx^Jcopic pathology and x-rays, and experimental itaminated with ..^^`mals. Engineers do not talk that language. dust, the entire Industrial hygienists do; they are a happy half of one per. Combination, half doctor and half engineer. Many of them are quite capable of handling dust supression^.. io good. Tbere^ J*1 dust health hazard in all its phases of igation and control. For the purpose of hat were "" -'opsy. The re* discussion I throw their interest in with l doctors. I want to go so far in my opinion as to state that the engineer should not attempt to define the quality of health hazard in a given plant or industry, nor should he establish threshold limits of safe or permissible dusti ness. This may be debatable, but I shall con tend that the engineer who writes .the speci fications of hazard and dust tolerance is really an industrial hygienist, and is using a very much broader knowledge than engineering alone. In the first case the quality of the health hazard is an opinion arrived at after studying all the environmental conditions including the general sanitation, occupational analysis and a scientific analysis of the dust exposures. In the exploration of dust exposures, the nature of dusty operations must be viewed from physical, chemical and mechanical aspects, the determinations of dustiness must be not only counted and classified by particu late sizes, but chemically and mineralogically analyzed. The plant layout must be studied with respect to dust production and distribu tion, and the housekeeping and existing dust control equipment evaluated. The presence of specific hazards, such as toxic gases, abnor mal temperature and humidity conditions, etc., must be explored for their complicating effect upon the whole picture. This is distinctly an industrial hygiene job, and some of the most critical data requires only medical viewpoint. This is absolute in the case of tuberculosis study and the qualifying of men for employ, mem. So far, not one atom of engineering to suppress dust is involved. It is entirely anal ysis of hazard. The diagnosis must be that the dustiness is hazardous to health or that it is safe. If it is hazardous, it must be brought down to a specified residue. If it isn't, leave it alone. .On. the second point, if the hygienists can not specify threshold limits graduated upward for relatively less hazardous dusts, let the engineer not worry about it The diagnosis is dust which is harmful and too much of it. The remedy is control of the dust. The engineer designs controls which will produce the lowest practical residual dusti ness. He should not attempt to write his own specifications of threshold limits or permis sible dustiness. This may be an important goaMn the study: of dust health hazards. Safe Limits At the pr^pit tmle the/medkat-men and hygienists fc^reee'. that quartz dost is': safe ItiTnfTTTI 000 94 Twenty-sixth National Safety Congress below five million particles. They seem will* trical phenomena which bear upon dust be.il ing to graduate upward to 20 million for havior, ` --- | medium silica and 50 million for low silica percentages. Five million particles is virtually dust free, and is very difficult and expensive to achieve and maintain. The declaration of safety of the installations must remain in the hands of the medical and hygiene groups in whose hands now lies the responsibility tor determining the hazard. Those are all principles of physics which: explain the behavior of dust and upon which1 engineering practice must be based. Theyd must be understood and be taken into account -; Dust control is not a matter only of general ventilation; the engineer must study the pro. duction as well as the dispersion. The problem should be analyzed to determine the applies, ij We now enter the chapter of our discussion bility of segregation, enclosure, wetting, local I intended to demonstrate that dust control is exhaust and general ventilation. an engineering job, that it must be given In some instances, substitution of non-haz- scentific treatment, not guess work, applying ardous material, or non_-dust-producing oper engineering methods which are based upon a ations may have specific application, and they . knowledge of physical law, the behavior of should be explored first. This implies plant- dust, the performance of air-moving machin engineering. I am convinced that many bad* ! ery, etc. installations are bad because plant engineering. Prerequisite Knowledge was not used. In the designing of exhaust: * systems installed to capture the dust at the Let me recite briefly, a few of the things which, in my opinion, the engineer should know to do this job correctly. He must know how to make a survey. Surveys depend upon sampling, and sampling is not a catch-ascatch-can proposition. It involves the place, the time, the frequency, the amount in a sam ple, and the number of samples so that maxi mum, minimum and average data mean some points of generation, the physical behavior of .' air moving toward hoods and in ducts must vj be known, and that knowledge used. Each system must consist of collection hoods, pip-7 ing, air-cleaning plant and a source of suction. Before selecting a hood for a job the engineer?, must know dust dispersion by dynamic projection as well as dust dispersion by air cur-^j rents, and design the hood accordingly. thing, so that credibility can be given them. Knowledge Needed For the type of sample involved he must know how to weigh or count respirable dust, The aero-dynamic characteristics of suction j.j as distinguished from large masses of non- hoods appear to be little known because little respirable dust which complicate the picture. thought was given to them in designing.:- He must know how to observe the sources oi thousands of hoods which can be found every dust floods as distinguished from conditions where in industry. All the possibility tot .<3 of normal dustiness. He must know the entrapping dust and much of the efficiency of .1 sources of dust and the principles involved the system lies in this factor. Air velocity,'.] in the dispersion of dust. He must determine static suction, and rate of air flow are all how much dust enters the problem because it related, and they must be known. It is essen- is part of the material, and what dust is tial to use high velocity of air in certain type* created in the process by the fracturing of the of exhaust systems to entrap dust projected material. at high velocities as in the case of a granite -| Any less survey cannot tell the engineer what his task of dust control is. To visualize that task intelligently he should know the physics of Brownian motion, laws of resist surfacing machine, and low velocities must be used in others, as in the case of cleaning asbestos fibre of dust to prevent wasting; material. - - ance to the motion of particles moving in air, Quantity of air and its velocity must b* l>oth when the air is in turbulence and for determined, then the piping should be dc. stream-line motion. He should knowjTminalr . ^&aa4-rtTr-fakg~trftcraccount the behavior oi velocities, movements due to'centrifugal mo- air-flow through pipes at low and high veioc* tion; flocculation and the effects of air motion ities. Where the problem is complicated by and the effects of humidification on it. He the large articles which go along with must know all about the difficulties of wetting the fine d fcr-these behave'must be takt? and what is known about overcoming these into acco - -Pressure fosses are very impor- q, difficulties. He should know the several elec- tant elen in. the design of an exhaust - 'system. Loss at the h and loss in the ducts : pipe design must tak< of the metal and re pressures and erosion. The selection of a h js a matter of calcul. power consumption ir. hie, fans follow certak joust know the behav: peller type, radial fic other fan performance More physics and < goes into the air-cler selection of gravitatio method depends upon calculation for any me edge of discharge thre minatfon of sizes of ; behavior of cyclones, a filter, and if so, wb; perform, .how big it sh resistance and how mu say nothing of their relation to cleaning, ac items for accurate engi ' Apparatus to check t! The Dc Chief Sut ; Considerable confusi past as to just what is tion in the prevention just what is the engir vious upon even cast two sciences must wc their efforts to solve th The physician throuc . must be able to tell the are dangerous and wh * know how those dusts . the manner in which th ..must be trained in the . ..sons who are to be e ,. dust, and to discover t. diseased, or are pecu . dust disease. He must [.first signs of disease fc*Posed to dust, and rate.. 0001:7 Industrial Dusts 95 upon dust >-ceisystem. Loss at the hoods, loss at the bends, fcSjjfc jsjand loss in the ducts must not be guessed at. physics w* :-5S?>ipe design must take into account the gage :d upon whiA" * the metal and reinforcing to withstand based. ThjH pressures and erosion. nto accouSrJ ii^The selection of a fan and its motive power ;|y of gene^H h~s-a matter of calculation, not guess work. '%tr *' - j- Power consumption in the system is calcula- The problem* ^t^'ble, fans follow certain laws, so the engineer 3 the applj^i ''$%thust know the behavior of axial flow, pro- wetting, lo^f ^?peller type, radial flow, paddle wheel and ^Sother fan performance. i of non*haS? _ /_ More physics and engineering calculation during op$* ?^oes into the air-cleaning apparatus. The ion, and tbe^ igfielection 0f gravitation, inertial or filtration implies plara^ method depends upon what the dust is, the at many taj* 4|??catculation for any methods requires knowl- : engineering'' v/fTedge of discharge througn stacks, the deterof exhaust V^ininarinn of sizes of settling chambers; the dust at the* ^.behavior of cyclones. The use or non-use of beiiavior cf* filter, and if so, what type, how it should ducts must" ^'perform, how big it should be, what kind of used. EadT '^resistance and how much each kind offers, to hoods, pipT' ^6say nothing of their -proper location with e of suction.^ relation to cleaning, accessibility, etc., are all :he engineer!? r> r5i items for accurate engineering determination. ynamic pro? Apparatus to check the behavior of installa- - by air cu| dingly. tions must be known and used. Performance cannot be left to guess work. Supplying suffi cient air to be exhausted is part of the prob lem. The same may be said of heating. Do I give the problem too severe a build up? I think not. Remember these two things: 1. You are dealing with hazardous mate rial so small in size and so JIttle of it by weight that it is as invisible as the air that bears it. 2. Physical laws involved in the behavior of dust and air do not permit inexpensive methods of control. I am acquainted with budgets set up for this purpose which amount to more than a quarter of a million' dollars, and I know of many where 60 to 80 thousand dollars is involved. The need for this much engineering is rec ognized by men who know. Already much has been done toward getting the knowledge into handbook shape. Perhaps the best job of tliis sort to date is "Fundamentals Relating to the Design and Operation of Exhaust Systems" developed under American Stand ards Association procedure. ^ of suction, ecause little" designing' und every-* Ability for nciency of., r velocity, w. are all it is essen- tain types projected a granite __ is must be -5 cleaning ' : wasting must be ^ d be dehavior of gh velocicated by ong with be taken -y impor-*?' exhaust, The Doctor's Part in Controlling Dust Hazards By A. D. LAZENBY, M.D., F.A.C.S. Chief Surgeon, Maryland Casualty Co., Baltimore, Maryland ' Considerable confusion has existed in the recognize the disease when it is fully de past as to just what is the physician's func veloped. tion in the prevention of dust diseases, and It is not necessarily the physician's func just what is the engineer's. It is very ob- tion to analyze dust. That is a task for the vious upon even casual thought _that.lhe --chemist and the petrographer. It is not the _two sciences must work - hand in hand in physician's function to count the particles of their efforts to solve the problem. dust in a given industrial atmosphere. That, The physician through his special training in reality, is the function of the engineer. It must be able to tell the engineer what dusts is not the physician's function to devise *re dangerous and what are not. He must ventilating equipment for the removal of know how those dusts enter the body and dust, nor even to be more than an adviser the manner in which they do their harm. He as to the means that must be adopted to must be trained in the examination o per render the atmosphere safe. sons who are to be employed to work in The physician nevertheless must correlate oust, and to discover those who are already with his medical knowledge and with his diseased, or are peculiarly susceptible - de studies o-f-the -industrial -worker the findings dust disease. He must be able to detect the of the engineer. $KtgRO.sis of silicosis, for st signs of disease in workers who are example, requirefSpt-merely characteristic ..exposed to dust, and must be prepared to occupational histcrfc4ndoharactetfstio*$hys . ta,,*'`,vc'*. > * V. if oooija '&S-V cal findings, but the knowledge as well that We have no real knowledge as to true ; worker himself, but his the patient has been exposed to hazardous figures, but as a simple rule, we can adopt; and the public genera!]; dusts in dangerous concentrations. for practical purposes the thought that the ing susceptibility to tube All dusts when inhaled in excessive human body can withstand successfully * quantities may be considered as harmful, but concentration of dust containing 100 percent.* .j. Complicated by only a few can be regarded as dangerous. From the standpoint of their dangerous properties, the)- may be divided into three general groups. 1. Those which are dangerous because of their poisonous action, such as lead, arsenic, mercury, and similar substances. silica oioxide in a particulate size less than'. 10 microns, in a concentration not in excest of 5,000,000 particles per cubic foot. If we decrease the percentage of silica dioxide?, present in the dust, we can correspondingly^ increase the concentration with comparative^ safety. We must, of course*-take into ac--. count the portion of the worker's time spent Silicosis per se does n as a complicating facte recovers despite treatr "vidual so afflicted is r 'ahltd himself, but a de with whom he comes in the fellow worker who 2. Those which cause only irritation in the respiratory tract, resulting in such condi tions as bronchitis or local inflammation; such substances as vegetable fibre, cork dust, flour, starch, and other relatively innocuous organic or inorganic materials. in the dust)* atmosphere. : To arrive at a rough conception of a sale atmosphere, we multiply the percentage of free silica in a given dust by the total nunt*: ber of particles per cubic foot. If the result; is under 5,000,000 the condition may be coo** So perhaps the most which the services of the trade are necessary- arediscovering and ban-in: a silicious dust those p ready have arrested tu: ondly, discovering those 3. Those which tend to produce fibrosis sidered relatively safe. If the resblt is over? posed to dust, possibly of the lungs, thereby predisposing to respira 5,000.000 the condition must be regarded as^ whom tuberculous infec tory infections, especially tuberculosis, such unsafe. ..veloped. dusts as asbestos, silica dioxide or mag nesium silicate. Bear in mind too that silicosis is essenti . ;..i. It is well recognized a disease of great chronicity. Except in at should be exposed to d I shall' confine my remarks chiefly to few exceptional instances it will required . ' dioxide until he has un 'ir dusts occurring in the latter category. It has been generally believed that the harmful effects of dusts inhaled into the lungs depended more upon their physical structure than upon their chemical. It was believed, for example, that silica dioxide, or quartz, was particularly harmful because of from seven to thirty years for a worker tol develop advanced silicosis. It is evident toot that coincident dusts may either retard the| development of silicosis or hasten it Recent.*' research seems to indicate that the admix-i ture of aluminum dust to a silicious dust:: will greatly inhibit the reaction of the latterps / physical examination, -/ 'made and interpreted chest It is likewise obmiliar with silicosis tha exposed to silicious dm the privilege oi frequer tions and x-rays of the its crystalline structure, and the hardness 3nd sharpness of its particles. This concep tion is now known to be faulty. The dusts whereas a silicious dust combined with somev alkaline coincident dusts may hasten the de^t velopment of silicosis. to discover the existence - but to discover a coinc such exists. which cause their damage by mechanical in terference with function are the dusts which are relatively innocuous, whose symptoms are transitory, and which subside upon re moval from exposure to the dust Chemical Effect Is Harmful The disease of particular interest to us today, silicosis, owes its harmful effects very largely to a harmful chemical reaction oc curring between silica dioxide and the body tissues. It so happens that silica dioxide is decidedly a tissue irritant to .the body, -re gardless of the part of the body it invades, it causes local irritation, local destruction of tissue, and the replacement of that tissue by scars. Thus, given a dust containing silica diox ide in sufficient concentration, in sizes small enough to permit its entrance to the ultimate air spaces in the lungs, we have a situation which offers danger to the worker. Much research is now under way in proW A. man so diseased she lems such as this. We havd never learned how to cure silicosis, but we are learning rapidly;* how to prevent it Our knowledge in thh| respect seems to be limited to the removal of* dust from the breathing zone of the worker*? Later discoveries may show us how W* modify existing dusts with contamina^' .himself and to all wit in contact, be removed me emphasize the usele. examination, unless it properly taken x-ray fii of gross tuberculosis. dusts that will render silica dioxide tmtoco^; ` If is the function of t ous. '2 fore, to conduct in a tho: Owing to its very great chronicity, it a'i^ only the rare case who actually develop*# disabling silicosis during his industrial lifts time. It is realized, of course, that excep^ tional instances take place, but the coincidefltf ravages of age usually keep pace with tyj effects of dust, so that much the ability usually attributed to silicosis is of^s . gent manner the pre-eir - ?0t* of all persons who . m a dusty trade. The ; Ruination should be t : recover and bar from < -r*ny person who is su; .. miosis in an active, a ...jested state. . in fact, ctually attributable to other Pss'ble' exception eases or ,, _aties which advancing bring in mt wake. To m^^gj^perilg silicosis, `jfe peril not onIy^;thje?jhdu$tns ^individuals suffering fro TSSlPnmary complex, or a i ion. It is uen knov fell: OOOIoiH -- 100 Tzvcnty-sixth National Safety Congress of fumes. Such operations are usually per manent and exposures tend to be more con stant, although as a rule the greatest amount of fumes is generated during tapping opera tions. Likewise, in the molding processes the mol ten metal is the source of metal fumes. In welding, cutting, and salvage operations, the metal fumes may originate from metal prod ucts processed, coated surfaces of the metals, fluxes used, or from the .coating or core'of the electrode used. These latter operations may provide ex posure to a greater variety of toxic metals, but as a rule such exposures are to lesser concentrations. Exposure usually is less regular since the operations vary from time to time both as to extent and raw materials used. Atmospheric Concentrations Data relative to the minimum concentra tions of metal fumes which will produce metal fume fever are limited. It is believed by some-that, except in case of the supersensitive individual, metal fume fevers can be avoided by keeping atmospheric concen trations below 10 milligrams per cubic meter of air. Drinker and his associates4 suggest 15 milligrams per cubic meter as a safe limit where workers are exposed to the fumes of zinc oxide, provided the fumes of such im purities as lead, cadmium, and arsenic are not also present in harmful amounts. Our knowledge of safe limits from the viewpoint of chronic metal poisoning is like wise meager. Prolonged exposure to lead concentrations in the air breathed should be kept below 1.5 milligrams per 10 cubic meters of air.* In the study of chronic mercurialism among fur cutters4 it was found that cases developed after prolonged exposure to at Metal Fume Fever ; Exposure to extreme A strict interpretation of the term "metal onset of fever and ch fume fever" does not place it in the class oh - worker awakens fror conditions termed "metal poisoning." The temperature and chills, reaction set up in the body is not directly br to the chills and attributable to the toxic metal, or dependent attacks of malaria. A upon the inherent toxicity of the metal par ' oped, nothing in the w ticles inhaled. The superficial action of the bot baths appears tc finely divided metal destroys.the tissues, and Toward the end of th< the absorption of these altered body proteins sweats profusely and affects the individual much the same as of marked weakness, typhoid inoculation or the injection of other eases some weakness foreign proteins. ; day. It is commonly 1 Metal fume fever has long been recognized as an industrial disease. Other terms com monly applied to the condition are: "Brass founders' ague," "brass chills," "zinc fever,*., or "zinc chills," "spelter shakes," etc. For-'' merly it was thought due to the poisonous"? effects of zinc and zinc alloys. Various* workers in the past quarter century have? shown, however, that it may be produced by? and hot drinks of tea eeed in partially abc taken at the first sign c such as a dry throat the chest. Drinker a: their experimental v show that even exces individual 2 to 4 hoc tered the reactions in: the fumes of metals other than zinc; notably,;' j.- Examination of tl copper, magnesium, manganese, and probably?; lead. Koelsch* in 1923 reported upon thef ' suffering from metal gradual increase in x occurrence of metal fume fever among cm"' ployees in a copper rolling mill. leukocytes which beg -.'the attack and persist the fever has disappe Investigation showed the jnen to be work-* white blood cells apj ing under conditions which caused them tfc breathe air containing heavy concentrations; of copper dust. The symptoms resembled^ "brass founders' ague.".. In his report hc;-. quotes Kissalt* as showing that mercury,: nickel, and probably other heavy metals', when inhaled in vaporized form causer- symptoms similar to those of "brass found*/ ers' ague." 3 bearing upon the dr munity established. . This probably acco acteristic clinical obs are most likely to be a period. More cases < or on the first day . absence of one or tw J"be condition is ft Drinker and his associates14 in 1927 re*t affecting new emplo ported that men experimentally exposed.to. returning to work at fumes of magnesium developed the classical- from exposure. symptoms oi metal fume fever. As a rule, gastroim mospheric concentrations varying from .6 to 7.2 milligrams of mercury per 10 cubic Clinical Picture of Metal Fume Fever; seldom complained o ^posure has been t meters of air. The clinical manifestations of metal fun5'*i.-. "^t.i.n..ge .t.h.e digestiv ~tess" tharTT^pef^ent 'of those exposed to fever are as follows: At the end of the <Mj -. j*.1? well knowa that concentrations which did not exceed 2 milli grams per 10 cubic meters of air developed symptoms of chronic mercurialism, and all cases that developed under such exposure were mild. Canavan and his associates' re ported upon a case of chronic manganese poisoning which developed following exp or 2 to 12 hours following exposure to met^'i.in"ptFief toxic me: fumes, the individual notices a dryness and cutting the throat in addition to the metallic tas1x,c substances to-. which most workers commonly experien^j -irm the zinc, as we during exposure. A feeling of tightness^] which are use the chest, varying with the exposure, usuaWtl indicates the severity of chills and (eV5f] ' ave no conc'1 ~,rn'c efects prod sure to manganese dust, where the concentr^^- wHi'ch are to.-follovz.. In.miI4xwes4he *n \ to rinc fumes. tion in the atmosphere was `from 10 to JQ*'; yidaal may notljj&aware of any feVer j ' "Sw* foundries" slu milligrams per cubic meter of air, 9 to 12 may complaj^jjgjij of a chilly sensation, l' fencing attacks o: cent of which was manganese. |%^fowed by sweating and general weakness* sPmewhat. poorer 00014 Industrial Fumes, Gases and Vapors 101 ver ^posure to extreme cold may hasten the i>e term set of fever and chills, but as a rule the m tiie class ^isoning." rker awakens from sleep with a high iperature and chills, which are quite simi- is .not dir<* to the drills and fever experienced in ,`.or depend^' ttacks of malaria. After they have devel- the metal nothing in the way of extra covers or action of baths appears to affect these chills, :!,e tissues, aoj toward the end of the attack the individual 1 body proten* wests profusely and is left with a feeling the same * marked weakness. In the majority of action of o "v^ses some weakness is still felt the next ajsyt It is commonly believed that hot baths -en recog ^Gmd.hot drinks of tea or lemonade may suc- -r terms cotT jtjvfceed in partially aborting the attacks, if n^are: "Bras' STTafcen at the first sign of respiratory difficulty ' "zinc fever* i^finch as a dry throat or tight sensation in es," etc. For.' ?the chest. Drinker and his co-workers4 by the poisonous ys- Various century hast '^'their experimental work . were unable to *show that even excessive "sweating" of an ^individual 2 to 4 hours after exposure al- - produced by 'rltered the reactions in any manner. zinc; notably, Examination of the blood of workers and probably ^suffering from metal fume fever shows a :cd upon tbe - gradual increase in the polymorphonuclear r among em-'v ''leukocytes which begins toward the end of f:M n to be workused them to' concentrations os resembled J/cthe attack and persists for some time after '"the fever has disappeared. This increase in - white blood cells appears to have a direct bearing upon the degree of temporary imZ. enmity established. is report he This probably accounts for another char >at mercury, acteristic clinical observation. The workers cavy metals are most likely to be affected after a vacation arm caused period. More cases develop after a holiday '>rass found- or on the first day of the week, after an absence of one or two days from exposure. in 1927 re exposed to 'he classical The condition is found more frequently affecting new employees or old employees . returning to work after a prolonged absence from exposure. tne Fever metal fume of the day, -ire to metal dryness of etallic taste experience ;?htness of -ire, usually and fever es the indi fever and nation, fol-`akness. As a rule, gastrointestinal disturbances are seldom complained of^except in cases'where exposure has been to fumes of substances affecting the digestive system. For instance, t is well known that 2inc coated metals con tain other toxic metals as impurities. The welding and cutting of these release the toxic substances together with the fumes . from the zinc, as well as fumes from certain fluxes which are used. We have no conclusive evidence regarding chronic-ef?ectr_^cQdvggd-by-peated expo sure to zinc fumes. A study of workers in brass foundries" showed that the group ex periencing attacks of metal fume fever were m somewhat poorer physical condition than were those who did not develop fever and chills. Theoretically, those experiencing ir regular exposures and complaining of re peated attacks of fever and chills which leave them in a generally weakened condi tion would, in a measure, develop lessened resistance to acute and chronic infection. Detailed information regarding the pa thology of metal fume fever is not available. A search of the literature at hand fails to show any record of death from metal fume fever, uncomplicated. The illness is of such a transitory nature that most of our knowl edge regarding blood changes is the result of experimental work and isolated case re ports. In view of the fact that zinc is relatively nontoxic, and of the conclusions expressed by Drinker and Fairhall1* regarding the hy'gienic position of zinc, it is difficult to show why chronic illness should result from ex posures producing simple metal fume fever. It would seem, however, that in considera tion of the recent work showing the role played by zinc in the treatment of diabetes with insulin, possibly some investigation should be made to determine if exposure to metal fumes capable of producing metal fume fever may not affect the endocrine system, especially in persons with some metabolic disturbances, such as potential diabetes or thyroid dysfunction. 'Differential Diagnosis Metal fume fever may sometimes oc over looked. unless the physician considers occu pational environment. The condition may simulate attacks of grippe or bronchitis; or, it in a malarial region it may be mistaken for a fresh attack or a relapse from a former attack of malaria. Careful study of the blood will aid in diagnosis; those suffering with grippe or bronchitis seldom show the increase in white cells usually found present in persons suffering from metal fume fever, while those with malaria usually show the organisms present in their blood. The dura tion of symptoms is usually less in the case of metal fume fever. El ra il & !|;!e 102 Twenty-sixth National Safety Congress fume fever may be followed by attacks of toxic, the possibility of poisoning from in. speaking, there are no sig bronchial pneumonia, as a result of pul monary irritation and infective organisms commonly present in the respiratory tract haling fumes generated in the processing of any metal should always be given considera tion. While zinc itself may be relatively- poisoning from metals wh to other causes. For this always a matter of differe Metal particles are not the only injurious substance present in fumes generated by some industrial processes. The use of an acetylene torch in a space with poor ventila nontoxic, it is seldom used in industry in in form free from toxic substances such as; lead, arsenic, selenium, cadmium, and manyV others. _____ ____ metal poisoning can only careful consideration of a! occupational history, med: and laboratory findings. tion has resulted in incomplete combustion' of the gas and the liberation of carbon monoxide gas. Doig and McLaughlin1* reported upon an Following the initial attack of metal fume. fever, because of the temporary immunity which they develop, workers may continue under conditions which caused the attack While laboratory findir portant factor in diagnos relied upon as the sole t illness affecting welders of galvanized metal, and not suffer a recurrence. It must bei Prevention of Metal } using an electric arc The men complained of lung irritation so severe that their spu tum was often blood-tinged. Investigation showed this to be caused by excessive con centrations of nitrous fumes generated by the processes. X-ray examination of the chests of several in this group, who had been employed for many years, showed changes thought due either to the prolonged irrita tion caused by nitrous fumes, or possibly to the fumes of silica inhaled. The electrodes used were silica-coated. Chronic Poisoning by Metal Fumes It is generally recognized that the most bome in mind that these very conditions may afford exposure to other toxic metals which - have cumulative effects and later lead to ay chronic poisoning. If atmospheric concentra tions of the fumes are kept below those* capable ofproducing metal fume fever in the* new worker, the chances of chronic poison-1 ing by the toxic metals present as impurities * are definitely reduced. u On the other hand, however, these im purities may be present in amounts sufficient:* to lead to chronic illnesses later, although'! the concentration of fumes has never pro? duced metal fume fever. 5 While the responsibil health hazards associatec fumes of toxic metals r< the employer, effective e hazards can only be sect hearted cooperation of err the State, and other re; agencies. Three funda: most to actual prevention housekeeping, supported ' : tfol of hazardous proces medical supervision. ; Good House- serious exposures to toxic metals in industry occur in occupations where the worker breathes air contaminated with these poison ous substances. It is true systemic poisoning by metals may develop in an acute or sub acute form, as a result of massive exposure. However, the vast majority of such cases are chronic, caused by frequent and pro longed exposure which leads to an accumu lation of the toxic metal in the body. Poisons entering the body by way of the lungs, to be eliminated must be taken up by the blood and lymph. When present in the blood, they are carried to all parts of the body. Poisons taken in by way of the mouth may no-be~?.hsorhed hut be passed out with the feces. If absorbed, it may be trapped in the liver and returned to the intestinal tract in the bile, and eliminated with the feces. Some, it is true, may be transferred by the blood, to distant organs. Most heavy metals and Clinical Picture of Chronic Poisoning r by Metal Fumes The symptoms produced by poisoning from metal fumes will- vary. Some metals t affect chiefly the nervous system, others the | lining of the blood capillaries, while others exert most characteristic injury upon thev blood-forming organs. ^ Generally speaking, the clinical picture of* metal fume fever, regardless of the metal * responsible, varies only in severity, while? that of metal poisoning per se varies witbf the particular metal fume inhaled and with^ the degree of exposure. For example massive doses of lead fumes inhaled may': produce such acute conditions as lead enceph* alitis and severe gastrointestinal compli* cations; while continued exposure to smaller?! concentrations will cause such chronic? changes as anemia, lead palsy, and chronic* We think of good hi plying to clean floors r materials, tools, and proc \ maintained in good order and no overcrowding of and materials. All these sen the concentration of atmosphere, but seldom processes so effective t! not escape into the gene: room. From here they *nay contaminate the bo ; the workers. So genera! boa is a factor in good - The provision of adeq ---he&aj-a. prerequisiter"t hons lockers and showe necessary for the safe Processes. As a rule sweeping an-- their salts are true protoplasmic poisons. nephritis. .2 0n? after regular work. Some, such as iron and zinc, are more com Exposure to heavy concentrations of mc," 5an'4 more thorough y mon constituents of body tissue. The action cury vapor leads to acute nephritis, saliva*? Hf.'vhat is more impor of these toxic metals is generally cumulative tion, and diarrhea, while the more common? ke subjected tc and no immunity, temporary or permanent,...-industrial exposures to but slight concent***^ -. ,0sPheric contaminants may be established if exposure is t< will eventually produce the typical J methods. If vacuum sufficient concentrations. _.ierctiry trerror'aSdj^psychiffWun^r char* 'accumulated dust Because of the fact that metals arc usuallj faicteristic of chrordtf mercuwtisitu^StrictJy, .^d safely removed. 0001-1 Industrial Fumes, Cases and Vapors 103 :rom fo.' ssing 0( nsiderj.' datively try ini such u :d many al funie nmunity :ontinue : attack nust be may s which ad to a -.centra* those r in the poisonpurities se imiffident chough ;r pro- oning >isomng metals :ers the others m the jre of metal while < with : with ample, i may iceph>raplimaller nronic hronic meraliva-nmon intraypicalcharrictly jpeaking, there are no signs or symptoms of * Engineering Control '^poisoning- from metals which can not be due *{o other causes. For this reason diagnosis is 'always a matter of differential diagnosis and '-'tnetal poisoning can only be established by ireful consideration of all factors, including -occupational history, medical history, clinical .*ind laboratory findings. It has been found practical to exhaust, locally, most processes generating metal fumes so that the toxic fume is trapped at its source and does not gain entrance to the workroom atmosphere. This is done by means of hoods or enclosed processes. Spe cial hazardous processes can usually be iso *1 While laboratory findings arc a very im- lated in the plant, thereby making potential portant factor in diagnosis, they can not be exposure of all employees unnecessary. relied upon as the sole evidence necessary. Both local exhaust and enclosed methods ' Prevention of Metal Fume Poisoning *;. / While the responsibility of controlling health hazards associated with exposure to Jumes of toxic metals rests primarily upon the employer, effective elimination of such hazards can only be secured by the whole are more effective if special attention is given to general workroom ventilation. Dis posal of fumes trapped by enclosed proc esses and local exhaust or isolation methods requires that attention be given that such wastes do not contaminate the air drawn into the work places by general ventilation. hearted cooperation of employers, employees, the State, and other regulatory inspection agencies. Three fundamentals contribute most to actual prevention. They are: Good housekeeping, supported by engineering con trol of hazardous processes, and intelligent medical supervision. Medical Control Adequate medical supervision entails spe cial care in the placement of workers, and should not be aimed at the selection of only super-men, since it is practical to make work places safe for the average man. Individuals with serious kidney, respiratory, or other Good Housekeeping systemic diseases should not be placed where they may be exposed even to minimum con We think of good housekeeping as ap centrations of toxic fumes. plying to clean floors and work benches; materials, tools, and processes arranged and maintained in good order; adequate lighting, and no overcrowding of work places by men and materials. All these will do much to les Where processes are known to be poten tially hazardous, an important check on the efficiency of engineering control is gained through regular periodic examination of workers. By this practice, in many instances, sen the concentration of toxic fumes in the not only will evidence of absorption be de atmosphere, but seldom is the control of tected before serious injury has resulted, but processes so effective that some fumes do an opportunity is afforded to correct control not escape into the general air of the work measures so effectively that the workers room. From here they may be inhaled, or showing early signs of absorption may saiely may contaminate the bodies and clothes of continue at their regular jobs. Routine rec the workers. So general workroom ventila ords of illness should be kept. tion is a factor in good housekeeping. Any abnormal rate, of absenteeism due to The provision of adequate washing .facili -illness'among an occupational group, regard ties is a prerequisite. Under'certain condi less of the diagnosis reported, should call tions lockers and showers for workers are for special investigation to determine if there necessary for the safe operation of many are any environmental Conditions aggravat processes. ing the primary illness. As a rule sweeping and cleaning should be done after regular working hours. Not only can a more thorough job be accomplished, but what is more important, other workers will not be subjected to any increase in* at mospheric contaminants occasioned by clean ing methods. If vacuum or wet methods are used, accumulated "dust is more effectively and safely removed. Personal Protective Equipment If proper attention is given to the three fundamentals mentioned--good housekeep ing, medical and engineering control--only specific and unusual emergency exposure will call for the pRjffSte^ot tective equipment, 31 pro : The masks or re3|$ig^gfs provided^jyork.-.r ooois a 104 Twenty-sixth National Safety Congress Indus ers who must necessarily be exposed to Bibliography pected of involving a health 1 metal fumes should be of special construc tion and adapted to the processes and ma terials used. The United State Bureau of Mines14 has, after testing, approved certain 1 Experimental Studies on the Effects of Ethyl Gasoline and Its Combustion Products. R. R. Sayers, A. C. Fieldner, W. P. Yant. and B. G. ft Thomas. U. S. Bureau of Mines, Monograph Xo. 2. 1927. ^ electro disposition of metaL metal for plating as well as du ing operation, and in the trea .vage material after plating, : types of masks for workers exposed to spe * Quantitative Measurements of the Inhalation, chemicals are used, such as sc cific metal fumes. Retention and Exhalation of Dusts and Fumes by Man. I. Concentrations of SO to 450 mgr. per cubic alkalis, metals and salts, and sc No filter type of respirator capable of pro tection against toxic metal fumes has been submitted for approval. While two or three meter. P. Drinker, R. M. Thomson, and Frim, J. L. Jour. Ind. Hyg., Vel. 10, No. 1, Jan. 1928. * Same as 2. IL Concentrations below 50 mg. per cubic meter. Brown, C. E. Jour. Ind. Hyg., Vol offensive fumes and vapors : While it is true our prime inte the injurious fumes and vape i filter type respirators have been approved for protection against lead dust, the use of 13, So. 8, Oct. 1931. Studies in Dust Retention. III. Factors involved in the Retention of Inhaled Dusts and Fumes by Man. - Jour. Ind. Hyg., Vol also interest ourselves in the offensive types, since they m. which may in a small way reduce the hazard of fumes, they cannot be relied upon for full protection. Filter type respirators approved for protection against nuisance and pneu 13, No. 9. Nov. 1931. * Metal Fume Fever. IV. Threshold Doses of Zinc Oxide, Preventive Measures and Chrome Effects of Repeated Exposures. P. Drinker, R. M. Thomson, J. L. Finn. Jour. Ind. Hvc., Vol. 9. No. 8, 1927. worker's mental attitude, givin satisfaction which in turn may efficient work. Poison is commonly introd- moconiosis-producing dusts will not protect `Lead Poisoning in a Storage Battery Plant body by three routes, ingestiot the user from toxic fumes. Several of the hose-line or positive pres sure type masks have been approved, but Public Health Bulletin Xo. 203, June, 1933. *A study of Chronic Mercurialism in the Hat ters Fur-Cutting Industry. Public Health Bulletin So. 234. / Chronic Manganese Poisoning. Report of a Case mouth, absorption through the lation through the lungs. Is our greatest hazard lies in U route; the ingestion and absr there are certain limitations to their applica tion which make them impractical for use in seme kinds of work. with Autopsy Findings. Canavan. M. M.. Cobb. S., Dnnker, C. K.: Arch. Neurol and Psychiat., 9:270. 1934. * Metal Fume Fever. Koelteh. F. Jour. Ind. Hyg., Vol. 5, p. 87, July, 1923. are of lesser importance. Fumes and vapors, such as may enter the respiratory tract Substitution * Ueber das Giessiieber und verwandte cewerbliehe and produce local reactions In a vast majority of cases, resort to substitution is an impractical method of eliminating health hazards due to metal fumes. The raw materials used usually have special application. Furthermore, substitu tion is often a dangerous practice, even though it is practical. Instances may be cited where the substituted product has proven equally as dangerous as the one it replaced, the only difference being that less Metalldampfinhalations-krankheiten. Kissalt, E. Ztscbr. f. Hyg., 1912, 71, 472. " Metal Fume Fever. IIL The Effects of InhaJ-' 1I'S.ya*3>.esium Oxide Fume. P. Dnnker, Thomson, R-^M., Finn., J. L. Jour. Ind. Hyg., Vol. 9, Xo. 9, Health Hazards in a Brass Foundry. Public Health Bulletin Xo. 1S7. "Zinc in Relation to General and Industrial Hygiene. C. K. Drinker. L. T. Fairhall. Public Health Reports, Vol. 48, No. 32. Aug. 1933. u X-Ray Appearances of the Lungs of Electric Arc Welders. A. T. Dotg and A. I. G. McLaughlin Lancet, April 4, 1935, p. 771. throat and lungs, while others 5 cyanic acid pass through the J producing any local symptoms blood stream. , Skin absorption is important with the coal tar derivatives, ene and xylene and the pctrolev as carbon tetrachloride and tr Since these are all volatile, 1 occur by inhalation as well as was known at the time concerning its toxic properties. " List of Devices for Respiratory Protection Ap proved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines. W. P. Yant. Bureau of Mines Information Circular No. 8918. Ingestion Is Rax Ingestion of poison by moutl and is usually the result of s dent However, in the lead industry, rigid precautions mu Electroplating Fumes and Vapors and Their Elimination Prevent the ingestion of lead have been deposited on the By P. B. RASTELLO, M.D. . kdy of men while working ar Ternstedt Manufacturing Division, General Motors Corporation, Detroit, Michigan 4 ng tanks. fa general in all electrolytic The industrial physician is responsible for formed on changes in methods and materials the health of all employees in his plant, in that may influence those hazards. respective of the constituent ; 0nly two gases are liberated, ^ode and hydrogen at the c so far as their health may be affected by Thus fortified, the physician occupies a j .`he anode efficiency is always their occupations and their environment strategic position in the hospital, as the en' 6 Whode efficiency relatively 1 Consequently he must be familiar with the ployee invariably comes to him first "itb'j . father fact that the gases a: various jobs and conditions under which the complaints which he may associate with hij. v j"* relation of two hydrogen men work to know definitely the associated ufA^^n^vhich are,.j5i- a,nature thaT'.MW* -~e as from-the anode is r health hazards. He must work closely with wjrep&ril-van investigat'ion'which may lead-1?; ,,"/*? with that at the cathod the safety, maintenance, chemical and pur tmj^sedvery of ari/unfcealthy condition. : , ,.L. -Ai-it'*;. -4 chasing departments to keep himself in . the processes which may be su v-'Vjhe amount of oxygen and as such, is of no cor 0001 1 l llifc- iV. American Society of Safety Engineers--Engineering Section Officers 1936-37 .. *V'* 'X'Gm'ra^ C/iciVjna/L--D. L. Rover, Ocean Accident and Guarantee Corp., New York, N. Y. ^yiee-Cbairmau--C. B. Boclet, Wisconsin Public Service Corp., Milwaukee, Wis. V'yUt-ChairmaH--R. E. Donova.v, Standard Oil Company of California, San Francisco, Calif. ^Secretary--\V. Dean Keefer, National Safety Council, Chicago, 111. timbers at Large-- t*-*NCvRiL Aixsworth, American Standards Association, New York, X. Y. ; B. Auel, Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa. I. BaXash, Consulting Engineer. Chicago, 111. '0.E. W. Beck, United States Rubier Products, Inc., New York, X. Y. B. Bixler. Union Carbide and Carbon Corp., New York, X. Y. (Metropolitan Chapter) W. Bullard, E. D. Bullard Co.. San Francisco, Calif. (San Francisco Chapter) Sfjjfj'H.' F. Gilbert, American Cyanamid Co.. Linden, X. J. (New Jersey Chapter) I/ M. Godwin*, Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia, Pa. (Philadelphia Chapter) M. Graff, National Bureau ot Casualty & Surety Underwriters, New York, X. V J- Griffith. Jones & Laugh:::: Steel Corp., Pittsburgh. Pa. (Western Pennsylvania .^C>.- Safety Council Chapter) ?^^T;/R-McA. Keowx, Industrial Commission of Wisconsin, Madison. Wis. M. Kerrioax, United States Rubber Reclaiming Co.. Inc., Buffalo, X. Y. (Niagara Frontier Chapter) Everett F. Kixc, Lever Brothers Co.. Cambridge, Mass. (Boston Chapter) ikd "TII0VAS Lichtfoot, The Koj; ers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. G- Lloyd, National Bureau c: Standards, Washington. D. C. "T * W ^ner. E. I. du Pont de Nemours $: Co., Wilmington, Del. Tfe-'-g Baixe, Aetna Casualty & insurance Co., Hartford. Conn. ' P^'^sixc. Union Oil Company of California, Los Angeles, Calit. . *' Ralston. Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co.. Pittsburgh, Pa. ; t~ L` Industrial Relation.- Counselors. Itic., New York. X. Y. .-Sanford, General Electric `Jo.. Schcnectadv, X. Y. Standard Oil Co. Nad.). Chicago, ill. Union Carbide and Carbon Corp.. New York. X. Y. v p Stratton. The Traveler- Insurance Co.. Hartford. Conn. ^ y [f.`AI-xr-s- Buick Motor Company, Flint, Mich. A'rjj l,IT,N`'- Liberty Mutua; .':;urancc Co.. Boston, Mass. Ail P. V\nt. Mine Safety Appliances Co., Pittsburgh. Pa. Officers Elected for 1937-38 \^ B- Boi.t.ct. :.'. "-con-::: Public Service Corp.. Milwaukee. Wis. ':Cy-ifl 7* L- D'/N'iivax, Standard t1 it Company ot California, San I-'rarsci-co. Calif. `*'1--C. E. Ralston*. P:::-N:r"h Plate Glass Co.. Pittsburgh, Pa. 221 *. V*v' iLCI?**' i * -* *&;"*.' *' II.222 Twn/ysLvtti Xatioual Safety Congress Secretary--\V. Dean Keeper. National Safety Council. Inc., Chicago, H[. Members at Large-- ,Jf - .vf- Engineer Cyril Ainsworth, American Standards Association, New York, X. Y. .1. 1. Banasii. Consulting Engineer. Chicago, III. Spools of En? E. \V. Beck, United States Rubber Products, Inc- New York, X. Y. E. W. Bullard, E. D. Bullard Co.. San Francisco, Calif. (San Francisco Chs. ' thence <yi <;arh > TV Vacation of the ChCahralepsteDr). Farux. Consolidated Edison Co. of X. Y,, New York, X. y' nrI*' -w * --* one of the H. F. Gilbert, American Cyanamid Co., Linden. X. J. (New Jersey Chapter) RRooVy i\tf.. GGonndvwvitnv, PPRhiitl-aiHdAetlrpUh-iina EPtl^e^cVtrr-itc^ fC*o/\., PPhh.ill^ai^dAelplpi1hiiaa. PPaa. (PPPhMilaIad.Ienlip--hLia C--haa--1^iNcovered that - ' G*riffith, J`ones S : L aug'hlin S teel Corp., "Pittsb' urgh' , P' a. (Western Peaj^^"^^."^J^j Aajfie'ettvy ssttaannddaarrdds. Safety Council Chapter) r R. McA. Keown, Industrial Commission of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. *rUr Everett F. King, Lever Brothers Co., Cambridge, Mass. (Boston Chapter) Thomas E. Lichtfoot, The Koppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. M. G. Lloyd, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. J. E. Lose, The Delaware and Hudson Railroad Corp., Albany, X. Y. X. B. MacHose, Bethlehem Steel Co., Lackawanna, X. Y. (Niagara Frontier {oolite with pleasure the term "engine vlM ^erc ls no!l i eifl must go to coilec H. L. Mixer, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Del. Nevertheless, an \V. S. Paine, Aetna Casualty & Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. Ihe place win Geo. F. Prussixg, Union Oil Company of California, Los Angeles, Calif. c|^:nrii3( how to design a - A. S. Recula, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc,, New York,- N. Y. ^orol the thousand a A. D. V. Rohweder, Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Railway Co., Duluth, L. Royer, Ocean Accident and Guarantee Corp., New Tork, X. Y. Minn. m/irJ''tbftfrjincgl.saHfeetyleathmast we : ther SWedusions from his fa. G. E. Sanford, General Electric Co.. Schenectady, X'. Y. f a*f later in practice a. J. S. Shaw, Hercules Powder Co.. Wilmington, Del. jS*j.Vadom. C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Cliicago, Iii. we remember t.; H. S. Smith, Union Carbide and Carbon Corp., New York. X. Y. R. F. Thalner, Buick Motor Co.. Flint, Mich. S. E. WhitiXc, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. M Cfcu thirty years ago, r.asfycf.r--' --m--ine in--s*pectio. n a was little to indie. William P. Yaxt, Mine Safety Appliances Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. ' be of profession:. Today when you co: L^*v*wanulated data on t! '-I'; ufrty, engineering oi :: * aj standards, its exa east admit that to abso- WEDNESDAY LUNCHEON SESSION m Ji? this world of mater Attained to the college or October 13, 1937 ;;laiallel example, elect: &*ard of before 1880. years, it has throug: The annual meeting of the ASSEEngineering Section of the National Safety Council followed a luncheon and convened with D. L. Royer, Ocean Accident and Guarantee Corporation, New York City, general chairman, presiding. All reports had been mimeographed, and copies were dis tributed at the luncheon. A report of the address delivered at the meeting by Ehncr A. Holbrook, dean of the Schools of Engineering and Mines, Univer sity oi Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., will be found elsewhere in this record. I hd, accumulated data, The retort of the nominating commit!; of such importance was presented by C. W. Smith, chair1* iagle human mind cann Other members of the committee were -v : whole field. S. Regula. S. E. Whiting, Dr. 31. G. L*)" ^ and R. F. Thalner. The committee's^ Think again of those i- omcers, as elected, will be found in "* section of the Congress Transactions. sdety, mostly in the m . anmg, metallurgical am Slowly it felt its wav, la: Other sessions sponsored by the W-'L,; Enginceriii^ection included those on -^ j .h^ria--n---b--a.c.k. ground. Tin U* of AttSnhduttrWIJaas* ''"`Wffi.wlJ13 1 f ...Y>$scls,''jMSj5dtistnal Fumes, Gases ^ \Apors,''U?$afcty Training," and- "-a1 v. Inspector?^.#' i&f'S acceleration,Ati.i |^of safety have p< Pv 00014;) Cement and Quarry Sections Cement Section Officers 1936-37 general Chairman--Fred B. Hcnt, Nazareth Portland Cement Co., Nazareth. Pa. -fut'Chairman--W. J. Worthy. Medusa Portland Cement Co., Toledo, Ohio. Secretary--A. J. R. CuRTts, Portland Cement Assn., Chicago, III. rcrs Letter Editor--Jack Dempster, Canada Cement Co., Ltd., Montreal, P. Q., Can., engineering Committee Chairmen--William Moeller, Lone Star Cement Co., Dallas, Texas, jfafitea.v Committee Chairman--M. A. Koffman, Southwestern Portland Cement Co., Los 'j&Angeles, Calif. tijlmbershifi Committee Chairman--Henry A. Rencncer, Lehigh Portland Cement Co., ^Allentown, Pa. ifster Committee Chairman--J. W. Kennedy, Huron Portland Cement Co.. Detroit. Mich. igram Committee Chairman--A. B. Slndkrland, Ash Grove Lime & Portland Cement '0; Kansas City, Mo. embers at Large-- Hg&P.B. Coleman, Missouri Portland Cement Co., St. Louis, Mo. B. Fortcin, Penttsylvania-Dixie Cement Corp.. Nazareth, I'a. Gordon C. Hlth. Universal Atlas Cement Co.. Chicago, 111. gl&E. Possf.lt, Lone Star Cement Corporation, New \ork, N*. \. . B. Zook, Great Lakes Portland Cement Corp., Buffalo, N. Y. Officers Elected for 1937-38 Chairman--Fred B. Hlnt. Nazareth Portland Cement Co.. Nazareth. Pa. -0v*'Chainncn--A B. Sunderland, Ash Grove Lime & Portland Cement Co., Kansas J-ggfjr. Mo. A. J. R. CcRTfS. Portland Cement Assn.. Chicago, 111. Letter Editor--Jack Limpster, Canada Cement Co., Ltd.. Montreal, P. Q. Canada. Committee Chairman--William Moeller. Lone Star Cement Corp., Dallas, Committee Chairmen--if. A. Koffman. Soutliwestern Portland Cement Co., Los Calif. _ , trihtf- Committee Chairman--H. A. Renixoes. Lehigh Portland Cement Co.. Allen1%^ Pa. 'hi. , -nuttec Chairman--L W. Kennedy, Huron Portland Cement Co.. Detroit, Mich. -* Bcsiixk.i.l. Missouri Portland Cement Co.. St. Louis. Mo. ^ *' `ortcin. Pennsyiv..-;a*Dixie Cement Corp.. Nazareth. Pa. p;,,.Vv C. `Uiii. (U.mnivvetrrsjsa!l .Atlas Cement Co.. Chicago. III. ,/s>K|-t. Lone Star C*-_.-:r..ccini Corporation. New \ork, N. \. t ft T,AVn`- Medusa Pcrt-i.alannd Ccmcttt Co.. Manitowoc. Wi<. Ghreat Lakkees, Portland Cetr.ent Corp.. Buffalo. N. Y.. 249 *sr kfem;;v lb:/ 0( Cement and Quarry Sections 257 rePair some similarity of procedure in dithe work of any man on any job; but ,industries employ such different .'l,J 8iv?'|( 0f people, under such a wide variety `on. I n <*ch g ranees, and place such a diver*'e of requirements .upon them that the nut safety , 2genc of supcrviSory training in its more `'>e ^ ^ ^Siorehensive aspects is peculiar to each ?* Ww* p_aermlittur< ; jj'i'&typ? of induStry' . "general treatises on leadership give urth^ ` ^^?groun<Jrk, but the subject matter for any supervisory training course for any par ticular industry lies within that industry. We must go out and see how our job is being supervised now; analyze the procedure of every foreman and supervisor; compare them and select the best; look upon supervision as a process in itself, and see how best to direct the work of the people. It is a long, tedious, and costly process, but one which, carried through to completion, will pay dividends in the end. ;d! all.'the^ :!ear*L *'* ust assiim. * your men aVe'; ; and the'' \ can also'"' do not seem,., sr cent. ? .: v-' WEDNESDAY LUNCHEON SESSION October 13, 1937 __ fA^^The Wednesday Luncheon session of the k?* 'T1^ ^^.Cement and Quarry Sections was addressed -^*^^^y;isaiah Hale, Superintendent of Safety, Chicago' " ^^Atcbiscm, Topeka and Santa Fc Railroad, si ho spoke on "The Common Sense of Safety." The address was substantially the same as another address by Mr. Hale before the Steam Railroad Meeting. The complete paper will be found in the Steam Railroad section of this volume. oiems facing^; reman g of theyob^ ! c have taka'f *vthat the `safe',7 %% ijility'and f&eel' J$mP tiling about it..'. -.ccident on a *Tr*-{ cularly hat- WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 13,'1937 lorcman or the work dues and raining pro- j i .;ority of all directly or :re of superproperly. .:> training : necessary- ry training ; procedure u; or voca* n (he tecli not. seem ;:e is, Work of the National Silicosis Conference ' By R. CAMPBELL STARR Assistant Safety Engineer, U. S. Department of Labor, Division of Labor Standards. Washington, D. C. Silicosis is strictly an occupational disease. Medical science lias not reported silica dust as affecting any individuals except those who, over relatively long periods of time, have worked in an atmosphere where the air which they breathe contained excessive con centrations of free silica. The interest of the U. S. Department of Labor in a broad social and economic prob lem such as this has its origin in the Organic Act, effective March 4. 1913. which created the Department. This act, among other things, gives the Department c: Labor the duty "to foster, promote, and develop the welfare of the wage earners of the United States, to improve their working conditions, and to advance their opportunities tor profit able employment." With this i through joint could be done Secretary o f L and believing that all cbiitSjggJjOTtich ate th<T-1ppS;i the :d -tag"!her.t^sl/ash - 0 C 0.1C1 1. **>i*MiLi2* V;r .;..';: Vr-' aSlV.iV ': 258 7';i,rj//v-.'r.:v/f Malional Safety Congress ingion on February 26. 1936 a group of about 75 men representing leaders :n indus tries having a silica problem, labor leaders, and outstanding representatives o: the medi cal, legal, and engineering professions, as well as insurance carriers and State administrators. After considering various phases of the silicosis problem, this group generally agreed that through a pooling of knowledge and a frank discussion through the conference method important advances could be made toward, first, overcoming the hysterical at titude on the part of employers, labor, and others; second, after careful investigation, to consolidate in one place all known data with regard to the preventive engineering methods; third, analysis and recommenda tions in connection with adequate standards of compensation for those workers disabled as a result of the disease. As an outgrowth of this initial meeting, another group, similar in composition to the first conference, but expanded to include some 200 individuals, was invited to come to Washington on April 14, 1936 to cutline ways and means of attacking the problem. After hearing silicosis discussed front the stand point of the employer, labor, and the medical profession, by outstanding c.vrorts in the field, this large group endorsed the confer ence method as proposed, and as a result four main working committee were ap pointed by the Secretary of La:;r with the advice and consent of the group to investi gate and report upon the outstanding phases of the silicosis problem. These committees were: (l) Committee on the P rtvention of Silicosis through Medical C<. :.:rol, (2) Committee on the P revention of Silicosis through Engineer::: Control, (3) Committee on the Ecc r.-mic. Legal and Insurance Phases of y.i Silicosis Problem, (4) Committee on the iv. - .-.latory and Administrative Phases of :i.e Silicosis Problem. A fifth committee, known ;is :de Correlat ing Committee, was named. It as under the chairmanship of W. H. Camercn, Managing Director of the National Safety Council, and consisted of the chairman of '.r.t four tech nical committees just .mention* ; and two ad- visors, one on labor problems and one on ' .<-o5c already permanently mining matters. jeir employment by reason These committee members served without compensation and gave freely of their time and effort in studying the problem from their respective viewpoints. After nine months of careful and searching study, these committees advised the Secretary of Labor that * ! -OJiS. The status of the 1.000. i jsed to the hazard of stftc ius by the committees mr. " A percentage of the workers having silicosis they were ready to report. Consequently '* partially disabled becau- on February 3, 1937 the Second National land have their didicufi Silicosis Conference was called in Washing .`plicated with tuberculos ton. At this time summary committee re- , The remainder of the ports were presented to the Secretary and silicosis and disability ir considerable discussion was given them. , no tuberculosis. Shortly after this second national confer- . . Approximately 105,0 ence the Department published, as Bulletin ,but no disability and no No. 13 of the Division of Labor Standards, ^'.'Approximately 900.0' the summary reports of the four committees '..'silica dust, but have not referred to above, together with an abstract version containing the principal findings and recommendations written in non-technical language. . ^ease. ^.Contrary to popular bc.: ^"develop. Usually it u: Imore of exposure to silic The full reports of the committees, coia-V'-T* .-'toJcontract the disease, prising several thousand typewritten pages&_`:l,,&v_e_'_b_cen known to de are now being edited and will go to the:,t|glrperiod as one and one printer very shortly. It is expected that'?sl^mdef extreme and unu they will be issued in four separate volumes^f&tfie other hand, many w msometime during the fall or early winter. .trader ordinary exposure aw:?*' ..than 30 years without Nature and Extent of Silicosis trouble whatever that c< 'Silicosis. Physicians generally agree that silicosis. Silicosis Pr itt the layman's language, is a disease of the lungs, caused by breathing air containing Silicosis can be prev: silica dust, in which the normal lung tissue 3`ays.- First, bv prove; is replaced by fibrous or scar tissue. silica dust; second, b; Sili .... . . fersion of dust into working area; and th: opera: apply the first two such : mir.::: Persona! protcctiv respirators, to prevent grar.i;:c. ganister. and sandstone; smelting r uust. and :refining; foundries; potteries,- gh-*5 r- work;s; stone-products industries; grinding; ^ carrying out .a burnr.;?; and sandblasting. . . many agencies must c f the committees stu Of the 49,000.000 workers in the employer is called on States.-only LOOO.OCO, or 2 per cent, it is . and to spend most < timated, are in any way exposed to the i,aZ* ' "ork and money \vi' ard of silicosis. About half oi this number,. ; ^taximum results un or I per cent of the total number of workers 2 to cooperate and in the country, arc exposed to a serious ha** ior h ard. and approximately 110,000 of these ha',tf : using the pc siucosts egrcc,.JUcdical examin*^ tion of 'allyat w' o**$ ates dif between ouslv a d 5,000 wo 5? the disease,' in&(btit>on t0: 'addition, physi-. Part in preventing 0001 ' -s- - ' .`T . Ji- '4. Cement and Quarry Sections 259 and .ircady permanently detached from grtf'.oynicnt by reason of disabling sili- -crved withouj';* o tKT tin `jif^i^Thc status of the 1,000,000 workers ex* Jem (ronuiw^ ^-riosed to the hazard of silicosis was analyzed line months pV-r' by Jhe committees making the survey: these commit.!'* percentage of the 4,000 to S,0Q0 of Labor .thaf^V; ^Pyftv'orkeri having silicosis arc completely or Consequently,>:"' * ' oartia:.y disaWble.Jd Xb.e--c--a--u--s--e o_ef 4th,.;is_ Jd.ise'a__s_e cond National.;'.; -fand have their difficulties further com* _-d in Washing^' .< !?'plicalei with tuberculosis. committee 15^^-i`The remainder of the 4,000 to 5,000 have Secretary ami'.:: Jro^Sjlicos:.- and disability in some degree, but ;iven them. y "''-T: *r" Biff-no tuberculosis. rational confer, Approximately 105,000 have silicosis, red, as Bulletin, ^M^ut r.c- disability and r.o tuberculosis. .bor Standards'" ;!^^..-Ar7roximatcly 900.000 are exposed to `our committees .-1': $2?ij]ica cast, but have nor contracted the dis* with an abstract C ft* pal findings and '?' non-technicaiyiv ^Contrary to popular belief, silicosis is slow Sjg&'develap. Usually it takes seven years or giiore of exposure to silica dust for a worker committees, conKjv ^contract the disease. A few cases that ypewritten pagJ*i*. ve been known to develop in as short a [ will go to tKe^ Period as one and one-half years occurred is expected that ,egr$-*wfer extreme and unusual conditions. On separate volumes:-' p^'the oti;r hand, many workers have labored ir early winter.- ^ : ftfe-fender ordinary exposures to silica for more fc^.than 5: years without demonstrating any f Silicosis troub.'r whatever that could be diagnosed as isilicos:-. -e that silicosis, a disease of the' air containing nnal lung tissue tissue. many industrial is acute only in ining; anthracite and tunneling in .istonc: smelting potteries; glass tstrics; grinding; rs in the United per cent, it is es* posed to the haz: of*`il;is number. utibor of worker? to a serious ha/.;()() o: the-'.* have letliea'. e:c.u:nv:i* rk iM'iwMC- Silicosis Prevention / Si::; csis can be prevented i:i three general ` way?: cirst, by preventing the creation of silica iust; second., by preventing the disPersi::* of dust into tlie atmosphere of a 'vorki: area; and third, if it is impossible to sp iy the first two methods, by rite use ot 4'tonal protective equipment such as respirs/.ors, to prevent the inhalation oi the dust. In tarrying out a prevention program, many agencies mus cooperate, in the view of \'r.\ committees s tudying the problem, the CmrP: per is called-o:: to do most of the work and : ' -pend most the money. J'ut Ins work and money w i'.i never accomplish the r.i2v_- inj '.dm results tvn.:v#* th.c worker cooperate an. 'd carry his share is will of the nihility for :helping to control d>rst using the r ; rotvcliw equip- !,i: rcvetV.ii'; c:::; pi.n a .'i-'rniu: ginccrs, insurance companies, legislators, ad ministrators. and others. The reports of the conference committees on engineering control and medical control recommend specific.procedures for attack ing the problem through those two avenues of prevention. A partial list of these recom mendations follows: Survey the working conditions to deter mine the severity of the hazard and indi cate what needs to be done to decrease it. Secure information on best procedure. Design plant for dust control. Provide building ventilation. Store dusty materials in dusttight bins. Enclose material-handling equipment. Isolate dusty processes. Provide wet methods of operation.-- Water, oil, and other liquids may be used effectively-- ! 1. To suppress dust at the point of origin in such operations as rock-drilling; han dling, pulverizing, and milling rock and 6re; grinding metal on grindstones; abrasive-wheel cutting of granite and sa:Ustone. 2. To prevent the redispersion of dust that has settled on the floors, wails, and other surfaces such as in the granite in dustry and in foundries. Design equipment to control dust. Establish good maintenance and house keeping procedure. Provide respirators. Instruct the workers. Responsibility of Workers The coopcraiion of ike workers is neces sary i: the hazard of silicosis is to be re duced "> the minimum. The worker should realize that the safe practices recommended and the equipment provided arc designed to prevent injury to himself and to his fellow employees. The equipment should be used as direct; : and every effort should be made to main::.::: it in good working order, l'urtiiermore. the worker is frequently in a posi tion to observe faulty equipment and unsafe )nact::;>. ami ite should make it a point to repo:: ail such conditions to his supervisor. Statutory ,tion primary i hv the pro ij;'h io the prohimi dimir.uth.v. \mn iipte1 HLu > I'll? if' m|iMM mto '?!S!W;5&$L 7t* 'siisfe? m |4 iii . mk hiii. 000153 p^,E-v\ r'v \.t if 'If.*.' mm UpS1? M* Si? .iite m ,)P:\. Siffifi ail `ill;;! ;> i-. v:1 ffll { fit: ffij air 9 isiaii -JArI:!' < - '! jjVi;1 1S-.y: .H h i h-i MSfcf-l ' -tfi -2C0O0 Tisoity-sixUi ,\ V Ci>ih;rcss of the hazard, the fact must be recognized that until silicosis has been wiped out. workers who now have the disease, as well as those who may contract it, must receive workmen's compensation just as do those workers who arc injured itt accidents. Accordingly, the committees of the silico sis conference were unanimous in presenting the following recommendations: Coverage for silicosis in the compensa tion acts of all States. This coverage should be compulsory. Because of competition between the same or similar industries in various States, the laws, rules, and regulations of the several States should be as uniform as practicable. Should Be Insured The employer should insure his obliga tion tor compensation either through selfinsurance subject to the posting of ade quate funds, or with an authorized in surance institution. Insurance should not be denied any em ployer, provided the State authorities certi fy that he complies with the State require ments as to proper safe working condi tioWnso, raknedrsphaayvsintgheaepiirveempiuumlmsoninavroylviuedb.tr- for the conversion ot known facts in medical and engineering fields working toward prevention, and in the legal, insurant ar.d regulatory phases looking toward ade quate workmen's compensation, into a prac tical. readily understood program which win 1 T adequately take care ot the silicosis prob- , Methods U$ 1cm. In its program of cooperation with the -k> States, the Department of Labor has in-- ciuded a section covering silicosis and simi. lar dust diseases. This breaks down into Safety Direetc three main sub-headings: (1) Assistance in V The Lyman-Richc\ the preparation of reasonable and adequate : ration operates 22 pi: codes, rules, and regulations prescribing": the state. Each . pi methods of prevention; (2) assistance in the'', establishment of equitable standards of'.' individual unit, nc foreman anti from i workmen's compensation for those em-.' shift. Total annual piovees disabled as a result of the disease"1?. to 230, with an aver (3) a general educational program among-, State officials, factory' inspectors, etc sq3^' man hours. that they will be equipped with adequate^* '/,.A,ll product,ion. op knowledge concerning the disease, dredges, invo vtng method of prevention, and its proper treat-*^;-resul*t iinn rcloccr trrooccuut:' rr.snt under the workmen's compensation H drowning. .9 Although our sa Follows Two Lines -sarae as those of n This application program, which is jui^p : record in the year igrarn was 79 lost-; now getting under way has been commai&gy; jnao hours' expose If t"?-p,n.n"pal : < The compiW. r$qniany _a.c.c..i.d..e..n..t.s ; culosis and silicosis should be removed from employment. Such workers should be granted suitable compensation payments and medical care. Workers disabled from silicosis (but with no tuberculosis) should ultimately be granted the same amount of compensa tion as those disabled by accidental in jury. Two years is a reasonable minimum limitation period for filing claims subsc- quent to the date of the last exposure. Further Activities of the Department of Labor In carrying out its duty as stated in the basic law, the U. S. Department of Labor lias conceived that there is immediate need Following the address by Mr. Starr a round tabic discussion of outstanding contro .nstallauons m typ.cal Com ..azardous plants, together with approxima-^j fiance firms flatly re tions as to cost, not only of installation, bu[x also of maintenance of dust control equips meat in such plants; (2) a program of visual X-. Mucation supplementing the summary and'-?; It was evident - 'pwlaasyntwd"leiiorceoid,k"eindsgouoapuostnaif icil committee reports of the National Sili-T . the following man .csts Conference, ft is contemplated that in' " this field such media as film strips, lantern/, Mdes, posters,, illustrated bulletins, etc. will? 'e utilized. Further, in connection with \ First, an old w plant operations v .ttctOT, devoting lu various exhibits of the department, shownat^r :x Second, all cm' various large expositions, trade association':.', pass a physical c meetings, labor and technical organization ' employees passed meetings, etc., it is contemplated that mudt^-. number were fou; factual information will be used, pointin*-reward ways and means of correcting the.-- hazard and of establishing adequate stand->j Third, all mack adc as mecha: guards placed o: :.rds of workmen's compensation. loving parts, 1-aed guards built toe boards' places `taira-ays, <-\:ctr improper s' s\\ Fourth: i a v.', idc 5lan$, , . -.inn: 000154 wmm m 'T.5?* '.'X'fi'igfcVfsS* -' ' 7 ''"4 .. ''--_j-T''^.*-'-I:.,i3a>AvS every employee in of tlicir ability to Chemical Section unfortunate enough .ccident in a given tepartment a "Red .n placed on the de- He too called his see the "Red Star" hoard. The "Red Gold Star" touches hula in that depart* resolves to do his " on his board. At reman informs his :ar" records of other ks wonders in help* that if workers of ,,et "Gold Stars" they -ought into play two it; pride in individual mpHshmenf. and the tv thinking. That this vry definite results w -.at from June 30.1956. iaccr^town Plant had I.lOO.OOO man-hour* cider;. Such a record ted before. In out .- i.een only one s in two years. ...... ;afC{v cluirin^' ro; eriy educated vdure "we peruke >-{ .ch month by the *. other sources e> nitrations of sah'? dvcrinmg in 1c applied.3- T help nu:u!*:;.. . ,i.-pariment * ' V. the worker-- . . ; .R-fty in tiff -;:X y^-Mork^''.". _ safety t"'-1-'".''. .*.....-,-v to rri'""' * `.rkers arc ( ; .. - ,;c in tl'.cir d*:J_ Officers 1936-37 r Q(l,eral Chairman--H. L. Miner, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Del. yjce.Chairman in Charge of Program--Ralph L. Rocers, Jr., Tennessee Eastman Corp., cf..Kingsport. Tenn. C.yice-Chairtuan in Charge of Engineering--J. J. B. Fulenwider. Hercules Powder Co., :-C Parlin, X. J. ^-Secretary--Ralph O. Keefes. Aluminum Company of America, Pittsburgh, Pa. -i Sews Letter Editor--F. W. Dennis, Hooker Electrochemical Co.. Niagara Falls, X. V. .. Membership and Publicity Committee Chairman--C. E. Sevrexs, Merriinac Chemical Co.. jj.^'Inc., Boston. Mass. Vfbtcupational Disease Committee Chairman--Dr. Leonard Greenrurg, New York State GO' Department of Labor. New York. X. Y. ''(Poster Committee Chairma::--E. L. Root, Celluloid Corporation, Newark, X. J. A tStatistics Com miltee Chairman--R. C. Stratton, The Travelers Insurance Co.. Hartford. ...G'-Conn. AMI{embers at Large-- .-.!A. L. Armstrong, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, X. Y. ? * E. F. King, Lever Brothers Co., Cambridge, Mass. GV-'iS. D. Kirkpatrick, Chemical & Metallurgical Engineering. New York. X. Y. '-John Roach, Deputy Ctmmissioner of Labor. Trenton, X. .1. John S. Sh.wv, Hereuk- Powder Co.. Wilmington. Del. A Ploijier Whkkj.kr. American Cyanamid Co.. Linden, X. I. ' ' S. E. Whiting. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co.. Boston, Mass. Petf.r M. Wilson. Mamie-on Alkali Works i Inc.), Niagara Falls. X. Y. Officers Elected for 1937-38 X Chairman--H. L. Miner. E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Wilmineton, Del. | u*<katrn,au in Charae ; Program--Ralph L. Rogers. Jk.. Tennessee Eastman Corn.. T j- W^rl- Tenn. !' . i/ in Charge ; Enuincerini:--Ralph O. Keeper, Aluminum Co. of America. pa * - 'lcrt:ar': V- ` i. vK' aIackil. -eneral Electric Co.. Xela Park, Cleveland. Ohio. i ::Cr Editor--['. \ Dennis. Hooker Electrochemical Co.. Niagara Falls, X. Y. lii.'C Disease C< r.ttee Chairman--Ds. Leonard Cref.nbcrg. New York State f ' )rfJ*'"'':nx * Labor. ' York. X.. Y. ` r J'1'* a,,d Pitl'licir mmitlee Chairman--C. E. Sevres.-. Merrimac Chemical Co.. V Ma--. iCh :. K. C. Stratton. The Travders. ht.-urar.cv Co.. Harttcr-l. r"''r . jaymy ` nC.,.- Comm Chairman--E. L. Root, CelluldQsCbcporalio::. Xetf^t^T'X. *. 271 fey; 000115 t: - !5W\ Tt'vs Twenty-sixth Xational Safety Congress Members at Large-- .c?'V ' ...ion hazard is c A. L. Armstrong, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester. X. Y. JJ-rSfuSao''-" but W SC,K E. I-\ KtNt:. Lever Brothers Co., Cambridge, Mass. =<*!* . ,,:vc VOU dt S. D. Kirki-atkick, Chemical : Metallurgical Engineering. New York, X y John Roach, Deputy Commissioner of Labor, Trenton, X. J. ' Inboratory. John S. Shaw, Hercules Powder Co., Wilmington. Del. Pluhmer Wheeler, American Cyanamid Co., Linden, X. J. S. E.' Whiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. `a* completion of . ,, ** J3 two determ^^L^eihod were n; ****?. 0u without chec: TUESDAY LUNCHEON SESSION The oil rezeted r .terials were kn< no particular sign ** observation. s&Vday later to estabh IQJL* a further miniature October 12, 1937 but mPre5S,ve` 7' SS&with concentrated > Sessions of the Chemical Section opened with a luncheon meeting with H. L. Miner, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.. Wilming ton, Del., general chairman of the section, presiding. William P. Yarn, director of rese development. Mine Safety Appliances^ Pittsburgh, Pa., addressed the delegate "Latest Protective Devices and Equipment tor Chemical Workers." -oh bulb when it , bursting the 1 'was classified as as submitted was c *5S'hazard in nitromcexposure to danger. alflSrua take another ins explosion hazard. *VSTtcd cellulose had been S'otev'm the laboratory, fe' ifixed nitrating acid was ^ had been custo: TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION '^wrk to filter off the aci< 'twcKngly, the same small October 12, 1937 tkaned with acetone, dri- Ue liquid acetone, and co Safety in Chemical Laboratories Wpintor. Immediately 'ftfarted, an explosion occ By A. B. RITTER ^Tkred the flask. The nitr chartered but did not ta Chemist, Hercules Powder Company, Wilmington, Del. r' ipkttion. We, as witnes It is generally accepted that all of the hazards which arise in the several stages of chemical manufacture arc present in the research laboratory on a small scale at least. It is also accepted that there exist the ad ditional hazards of experimental chemical work. How can both types be designated in order to help the chemist protect him self and his equipment ? We suggest that this be done, by dividing the hazards into two groups, known and unknown. In the known group we should include the physical hazards, not only'as they pertain to machinery, equipment, ap paratus. and temperature, and illumination, etc., but also as they relate to the human body. This known group includes exposure to harm from physical forces; such as, heat. light, and electricity, ami that physical which is associated with the human b<w?; For the dangers in the unknown which the chemist must face, it is gested that they be given the names which they wilt probably be classified ***Lv their initial display. These terms defined as follows* ` Explosion hazzed *s posure to danger from a violent exp*s*^ of gases. Fire hazard is exposure t0 from burning or combustion. ToxndyR <:;? ard is exposure to danger from Pv^j^ Personal saltation hazard is exposure dang<|*|K>*n?Jtlie tendenesa^iom to ert*||jEk?nc may be. who se' err are tliosef^ro: are PronC(^^ err it less frequently. Theretore, fact that two workers I ddly, one seriously-hu trinown hazard had nv The explosion probably toce vapor coming into titrating acid. Now let us consider hazard. It was desire *olubility of chlorine in hie use in chlorination <ertain base material, jhkrine and methane be dangerous. A con*rch was made withoi thought. Thereupon, .. hanol was measure bottle and a "'torine was bubbled V. 00().I Zi: ., . e'ijf 'r' t < tress payments to injured work?,-, more real cost-which is ^ and anxiety that results free :ch no amount of money q. tc. Construction Section Officers 1936-37 Central Chairman--\V. A. Snow, Associated General Contractors of America, Inc., Wash. jngtor*. D. C. yice-CInnriitaii for Heavy Construction--R. T. Rt-icEtX'TH, C. \Y. Blakeslee & Sons, Xcw Haven. Conn. riV**-C'/w:>;n</u for Highway Construction--F. I. Roue. \Y. L. Johnson Construction Co., Hicksvilk*. Ohio. yiee-Chairnum for C. S. Engineer Defartwe-::--Major Ei.uott VandkyaXtek. C. uf E.. Onice ot" the Chief of Engineers. Washington. D. C. Yice-Chainnan for Building Construction--Chester W. Wrioht, W'right & Kremers, Inc., Niagara Fails, X. Y. Secretarv--Robert McKinley. Cenerai Accidint. Fire & Life Assurance Corp., Detroit, Mich.' .\\vr Letter Editor--G. O. Griffin, Dravo C.rp., Neville Island, Pittsburgh, Pa. Ittfhiccring Committee Chairman--Thomas 5 X't.ti, Industrial Indemnity Exchange, San Francisco. Calif. "Ifembershif' Committee Chairman--F. T. Cka:-T'EU., Liberty Mutual Insurance Co.. Bo-ton, Pester Committee Chairman--S. M. I.altjl:.: :.r, Civilian Conservation Corps. Washing. ton. D. C. Program Committee Chairman--Y. P. Aula n. National Sar.d & Gravel Assn., Washing ton. D. C. Pvbiitiiy Committee Chairman--W. P. Co\:.\ "The Constructor." Washington. D. C.* if-jlbfiVi Committee Chairman--C H. Ih.AC:-:. Same & Webster Engineering Corp.. Boston. Mass. , General Chairmen-- W. F. Austin. W. E. Wi>< d Co.. DetnA. Mich. tri.-,X. I into.-nsr.. Cim-u!::::-.: Safer. Ba-dneer. San Francisco. Calif. J"!ix kt-si-i.;., h-:,, Ptibiic S-.rvice EleV.r- N Ga- O'.. Newark. X. J. Officers Elected for 1937-38 ... j ' eI.--mmiinni:ma--W. A. SS'A'-oca: ` I C. rtcral Contractors of America. Inc.. Washki.iui'.U'Tt!. C. W. Blakeslee & Sons. Xou <i. Cami'I'.i::.;.. Harry T. Campbell Sons Co.. -v. Twenty-sixth Xaiiona! Safety Congress Viet-Chairman for Building Construction--C. H. Bi..u'k\ Stone <S: \\ cl;;ter Coep., Boston, Mass-. Secretary--Robert Mich. McKinley. Genera! Accident. Fire & Life Assurance Co>rP- b Xctes Letter Calii. Editor--L. K. Reinhardt, Industrial Accident Commission, $an j.-'.fare- Engineering Committee Chairman--Thomas Socle. Industrial Indemnity Exdianct Francisco. Calif. ...j been -ar: ' ^...utance on ;;;3t a j') ' with no ,x savins(T oi - Vd oihel*t>yTpe"o' . * toretv.a: amount a ' Mass. Chairman--F. I. Ckaxdf.i.l. Libertv Mutual Insurance Co r * *" li the?e n*ev. ' ' V- >Jal Pai roil Program Committee Chaimuin--John Russell. Jr.. Public Service Electric & C ,oHst li t,n' c.re.V Newark, X. I. Jlscs *' *ith no lost * Statistics Committee Chairman--E. X. Goldstixk, 352 Funston Ave., San Francisco, ?Cid !*r o: ot $125 h- I'isunl Education Committee Chairman--S. M. Lauderdale, Civilian Conservation Cwf^ time- 11 Washington, I). C. .V.tria having a would be co: saving wot < j hazardous y ccfcnsation rate that saving t TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 12, 1927 The first session was called to order by Francisco, who acted as chairman Edgar X*. Ooldstine. consulting engineer. San absence of \Y. A. Snow. Awards for No Lost Time Accident Record By R. J. REIGELUTH I Vice President, C. W. Blakeslee & Sons, New Haven, Conn. Our company has always maintained the policy of trying to make its employees into one large family. We have about forty men who have been in our organization over twenty-five years, and a large number who have been with us over fifteen years, some of these men growing up from water boys to superintendents. As all contractors today are seeking means to check the increasing costs of material and labor, we were concerned about a further increase in the cost of our compen sation insurance. While the insurance costs are only a part of the cost of a high accident record, they are an indication of how those costs arc running. Most of us construction men do not record all of the costs of an accident in our cost books and do not know the cost involved in time lost by the associ ated workers of the injured man, the cost involved in replacing the injured mas witlj another workman, the co>t involved is replacing a broken machine or damaged piece of work; still we all know these costs, exist and when our insurance rates increase.' we get an idea of how those other costs arc mounting up. We made a thorough study of what was* involved in our accident records and h** conferences with two insurance companies who carry our compensation insurance* There were several jobs in our record w1ik'> bad operated without a lost time accident including various typical kinds of coh>lrUf* tion work from operating a crushed ston* quarry to reconstructing a bridge on 'G'u!5 a pier had failc<J^jjr>>^ We detcrmij^8S^^a\ the 'Saving-,i5!T stirancc costs \f<$?ttf,.);tave been which had a rc^jj|||33Tno lost ti'm^^den i. :h \Vc set up for tb ysitff awards u iu Record: \\e offer cash ioreman attre asw-ard, The 3. itesaa who caraasdar year wifi IS* $25 prize is .carries his tor with no mo 'Lei resulting in time. \Ye c Si' to meet 'rtman almost indent record i-f week- by or. Mto feel that hd recognition -e a perfect > To qualify f-it be a man Wroll at least `.'t no requm `} time that reman in an; -reman's reco '-asebaii Jeagu. We v :*w to "bat" X * perfect p only otic Rodent reco- !,r Wrfofcmar m OOOirg iWiZih'l'r.~rr ' ^ VjlllJj'lll ~~~d'- ^ \ it* \ ii Stt&WS.*! hlj {M! ,V .?. * .5 1 1` ! j( |!: if !' ?! '!?:(. .|J. .ii!. *l!'fU w. Ii I r^, .A ;i: ;4r '-il.j. ;i '!i i m m\ii K> "i. J. ; .J >{-I*'.. r-S.-j-rj-:--51 290 '/\\v;//v-'i.vih Xatiniml Sjfctv 1 By Hours of the Day By Body Part Injured By Nature of Injury By General Cause By major sub-classifications under Gen eral Cause By Primary Basic Causes By Secondary Contributing Causes By Foremen in Charge By Manner 01 Performance By Agency ^Machine, Material, etc.) By Part c; Agency Bv Methei of Contact The figures may be summarized using days of time lost, medical expense, compcn* sation awards, or other associated data. yirgh. has c.' ,ji a body , follow; : `There is : it present to is making n Jrealhc hcav material. If r can be t'our.< scripts of $0: mon law in WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION zllegcd silicc keathed efuj October 13, 1937 The courts a: impressed tv: Methods fer Protection Against Silicosis, and When They Are Justified1 ....... dusts with 10 fSPtc,'afl>* wi: to make ucr. jarative s'S" By DANIEL HARRINGTON "It would Chief, Health and Safety Branch, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. working in from respira While the hysteria with regard to silicosis and other occupational diseases has largely subsided and this subject is being more care fully considered and soberly judged, it would be poor policy for any employer to maintain that the storm has ended and that he can relax and .revert to conditions as they were some years ago. The fact is that the plan of paying occupational-disease compen sation is now in its infancy and can be ex pected to grow rapidly. ' At present while all the States of the Union, including the District of Columbia and excepting only Arkansas and Missis sippi, have compensation acts, only the fol lowing make provision for occupational dis eases to some extent: California, Delaware, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York. North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Washing ton, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. not o.n t,he rs. ta. tute .b.o.oks, of neaTrlyy do men who ever}'#4ibatexccssiv state in the L mon wtthm the next five hfal jiss bbeeyyoonndd With this situation confronting him, .the^Spf-y-, .. farsighted industrialist who has of his organization at heart will imthmeeinditaetreeixst|f^f^j.i`nvh^a-l,i.n_goUo_ r: start to "put his house in order" by studying iiazard in in< possible occupational disease hazards to bi {\tompensaticr employees end promptly applying kno'wv remedial measures or attempting to devis` ^harmful eFe: $arily conn such measures if none exist. Unquestionably,; of dust arc !<: one of the most important of the surveysJoj 'effect on be made relates to dust occurrence. $2f.r;' Passages as v While the state dust laws and regulation?.^*! apply primarily to silica dust and resultanf^*^ stomach, era Externally, eyes, ear:-, av silicosis iit.- Jar as the health hazard is con-Vgaja 'act with the corned, tho-e most familiar with dust occur-; rence and it' possible hazards recognize not definite harm only that the breathing of large quantities offi^fj. dust of free silica (SiO) is probably D greatest hazard to health likely to be ^oU Moreover, where dust is involved, but that not cve0..;i?* 'be air reiii siiica dust harmful to health unlessjf.^| '<>ly. in ir.'i occurs in v:tv finely divided form and lirnitetl am.ci Silicosis is compensable in one way or an breathed :r. relatively large quantities or :n other in California, Connecticut, District of or less c.r.tinuouslV fo..r a co.n..s..i.d-erable;.^' ' nircly< any Columbia, Illinois, Kentucky, Massachusetts, length of ::r.te. Moreover, many though"0 o_;' J>r-dust ccr., Missouri, New York, North Carolina, North experts or. h.:.U harinftiincss are now becojn* '.* * visibility r.-.: Dakota, Ohio. Pennsylvania. West Virginia,, ' ing convi::-w4 it is to be expected that heal' "mount to 7 and Wisconsin, and possibly in other States. will be harmed when human beings -yjTh:"*;*' r;*suh m -\z It will be surprising if comparatively com obiliged to reathc higii concentrations ofal1' V( >n the r prehensive occupational-disease legislation is 1. Fublisived by permission of the Director, U. S. Bureau of Mines. (Not subject to copyright.) kind of dr-: more or less continuouslyfe^^ghiilp'Drinker,'of Harvard, as d'a,r Sal' Prcventivc'i"E,ngtneeritj_ re.:pf the Air Hygiene Foundation acre. Nation alur-i- {r*Undr-,;i Wt. *5*1!?* A5 '? fflfc I* w fcv*a. /CV. KJ&5; %*$ . '*- Construction Section 291 i, has expressed the considered opinion " EZ ^BttrSa \j,0j*y ,,orf outstanding rdlnucsft te>xvpneprrtts as --> u using ^pendata. . c. y every ' c years, him, the. v interest mediately; studying ds to his' ' known ;o devise lionably, rveys to datious -suitant is con- occurize not iticior bly tiic found >t even dess it and is i more .ierable nghtuiJ "k'COITI - health ss are ot any >, Prochnir- C.omI'itts- follO"'s: "There is no satisfactory medical answer V f present to tliis,qucstion. but tlie engineer ?. a bad mistake it he lets men ^'hreaViie heavy dust concentrations of any '^'-material- IE no other reason for dust control j,e found, then one should read tranjje crjpis of some of the recent suits at comf&flion law in which fantastic damages for Alleged silicosis were granted to men who 'i'breathed dust containing little or no silica. C^Tlie courts and compensation boards are not '"impressed with subtle distinctions between f'-'dusts with 10 per cent dnd 40 per cent quartz, ^especially when medical experts are reluctant % make definite statements as to the com* itjVparative significance of such differences. m "It would be well to realize that men ^working in dusty trades suffer far more ws'from respiratory troubles of 'all kinds than l&Ao men who work in clean air. The evidence y^Shat excessive dustiness of any kind is harm* ||ful is beyond argument." H :.'It should also be remembered that the v';mhaling of dust is by no means its only iazard in industrial work that may require [vjcbmpensation payment; and even here the ^harmful effect of breathing dust is not ncc^kqssarily confined to the lungs, as some kinds $pf dust arc known to have detrimental health ^.effect on the nose, throat, and bronchial passages as well as (indirectly) on the heart, stomach, and possibly other internal organs, ' Externally, dust may cause injury to the .eyes, ears, and skin; and some dusts, in con tact with the perspiration, arc absorbed with definite harm to the health of the victim. Dust Cuts Visibility Moreover, heavy concentrations of dust in the air reduce visibility materially. Obvi ously, in industrial occupations in which but limited amounts of natural light are avail able or in which artificial light is used entirely, any decrease in visibility due to air-dust concentrations (and the decrease i:i I'isibil-.ty may, under some circumstances, amoim: to 75 per cent or more) is likely to rcsult -r. materially reducing efficiency ami s|so in ih,-; more frequent occurrence of ac cent; accompanied by an increase in com pensation commitments. Some dusts (coni. J;r|e, r..emint:in, and scores of orlicre, min- and r.onmm-. ral) arc expio-'ivo and many arc subject to spontaneous <S<hbustion with (c-o/innsieqnTu-e*nntt lhiranziarHrdcs ttno healtfi, 'Safety, <ann/dl property. Many dusts have detrimental cccts o: various kinds on property as distin guished from persons. Machinery, growing vegetation, animals, dwelling houses, and other types of property are damaged by dusts, and compensation of some kind often is obtained from industrial concerns through damage suits or otherwise. From the viewpoint of respiratory harmfulness. it is generally stated (though actu ally knowledge on this point is by no means certain) that the particle sizes of dust (such as that of free silica) that affect health ad versely upon entering the lungs are those that are less than 10 microns in size, different persons having different ideas as to what the maximum may be--10 microns or 8 or 6, and some say that the harm really is done by particles less than 2 microns in size. As against this, it is stated that fibers of as bestos dust as long as 200 microns have been found in the lungs of men, and that undoubt edly these' long asbestos' fibers exerted at least some detrimental effect. Since a micron is only about one twentyfivc-thousandth of an inch, or much smaller than the naked eve can see,' it is usually as sumed that the larger dust particles that can be seer, floating in air, and which settle out relatively fast are not harmful to health. Certainly, this is not so, as the larger par ticles that float in the air (some of them 100 or more microns jn size), if present in considerable quantities clog the air passages to the lungs, some of which have agencies that uwfir ordinary conditions intercept dust panicle; before they can reach the lungs and this ciocging then allows the smaller and probably most dangerous dust to cuter the lungs unimpeded. A cemmon-scnsc opinion as to what con stitutes an atmosphere so dusty that dust- preventi-,:: action should be taken is that any atmvphcrc in which dust can be seen by tlie naked eve is too dusty, not only for health l.u: also, at least in many cases, for safety ar.d efficiency. 1: the visible dust is elimina:much of the invisible or probably most (.k.v.verous dust will unquestionably have al:'. been removed and very likely the heahh a- well as ot -- hazards much mini-' mized or even remo 5fg!. After cl-.*; visible t may b- e-;sary, i with -< :ypes-ot ^fj^becn rem'Ofiffit it jr.:JSOmc conditions or *f` to make more in- 0001 Co x lHipr p:; mm f ' -.Bl'iEKl ,!)'!> M$ Mi FI i|ii 11 ii l:j 'l '! ,*. p,,. -^ Hi ;,y.j .-,l rr.'.vi: * m<&-& -- 2 Tzi'nily-si.vtii Xational Safely Canon'ts- tricate investigations as to the occurrence of invisible cust, using the impingcr, konimetcr. or other instruments; but unless litigation is in effect or threatened, those intricate studies are relatively unimportant it the visible dust is eliminated from the air ot working places. Prevention Is Best Manifestly, if dust is not produced, it can't get _into the air or become harmful other wise; and some relief from dust troubles in industry can be achieved by using con struction. practices, processes, or equipment that tend to eliminate dust formation. In designing and equipping the places in which employees must work, the forwardlooking industrialist will be wise to prevent the making of dust or to control it if it must be made, by using machinery, methods, processes and construction with dust-elimi nating characteristics rather than those that produce or spread dust, even though some additional expense in construction or opera tion may attacii to the dust-prevention fea tures. The emphasis now being placed on dust in its various phases and the expense which dust may cause make it almost im perative that in the future much more thought be given to dust prevention and handling than has been given in the past. For instance, processes or practices that produce excessive dust should be discarded for others that produce less dust, or they should :.e isolated somehow, such as by housing them tightly in a separate part of the plan: or using them at times when the least number of persons would be exposed to them or when there is ample time to remove the dus* from the atmosphere of the working places. Such installations or practices must be operated efficiently at all times, however. Commr.a sense should be used in handling a dust control device or method; certainly it is foolish to use an elaborate exhaust system to take the dust out of part of an establish ment and then exhaust the dust-laden air at such print or in such manner that it will i.e taken ir.:o the same or some other part of the establishment or into an adjacent' or.e through doors and windows. If dust must be formed, several effective method* are available to prevent the dissem ination of dust into the air or into places where it may cause trouble. Among these are we: methods, such as wet drilling in- stead of dry drilling, wet crushing instead be done, and hav of dry crushing, wetting or washing dour! ver wet drilling, c doors, walls, and rock faces. In general rtither. use of water in industrial processes anq otherwise is one of .the most effective avail, Good Venti able aids in the prevention of air dustiness, even though in some cases wet drilling does give off some dust. Notwithstanding a growing tendency in some quarters to decry the effectiveness of wet methods, up to now the use of water is probably our best defense, against dust dissemination, especially in min. mg and tunneling. V.. Ventilation is prof Just-control practice -istries, though it methods in others. V applied effectively, jam the air or it* fcpt so diluted as t Dust-exhaust devices, such as hoods, traps- hsrmless to workers for drilling, etc., have a definite place in dust site dust hazards c control, particularly in surface plants and '1 {fading spontaneous operations. Under some conditions exhaust- may enhance hazard* systems, when well installed and kept in re some instances. In pair and operation, not only remove dust but; should be induced b; also more than pay for themselves in dollars ' and cents value of recovered dust. It costs ia others forced or l sore effective, this approximately $7,000 to install such a device r b underground wori iu a surface plant processing one of the.? temperature air du< metals, and the value of the dust recovered'-, mater or other cottdi daily averaged about $25. In addition, the?-' 6tion of surroundir device kept the air of the plant as well as*/-' . -.-To obtain really the surrounding walls and other surfaces;* .such work as tunnel: practically free of dust. rilStoSp 'difficult usually bcca On the other hand, the use of dust traps'.? -,'dpeiung is driven ins^ in dry drilling, while definitely applicable m-pairs as in c . certain types of surface or near-surfattri ' lows in one opening rock-excavation work, has not been fountf'^l. tiafed air in the oth applicable to general rock-drilling practice m. T underground work. There are several rea-j.j about by dust may f openings in many tv. sons for this, some of which may be over-. : ing operations of tf come in time. standing the vie Some types of Tock cannot be drilled dry_-* suggestion will raise for believing that in with any degree of effectiveness, and as yet ^ the available types of rock-drilling traps are ' be definite dollars " parallel-opening sys not workable with wet drilling; it dry drill ing can be done, the traps ordinarily will do ventilation, health, < vantages, were used a good job ot removing the dust trom drifr-. ing, but this will leave the rock surfaces . (top, sides, and floor in many cases) dry. and one-opening system, vantages and hazard? real advantage the fa subsequent operations (blasting, mucking j been customary. timbering, hauling, etc.) will throw into air dust certain to be created in large quand* f ties by the other processes. The dust thu? , [ thrown into the air will settle on dry sue* _ | faces, ready to be thrown into suspension- subsequently by any or all activities. j traps are somewhat cumbersome, espectaw . when used in the more or less confine^ 4 Dry drilling is uni work in mining, tunn it continues to be u; United States; cert allowed at all, it ?h auger twist drills usc oi up-to-date <H= places in mining and tunneling. ' f '''Vet drilling as J ft*fcdust Uapajjulljdp; S.it?attejSs,,.,wTr'ith water i K&i&licability for `tfse in sur^/!^ > ^r'H steel by m tejple operations^where dry dn 1 ^ now under fire ssa . 0001 Cl Construction Section 293 Cl crushing injwh(. jbnc, and have numerous advantages -T or washhinng <f0/aces. In genera} *V wet drilling, pesnpeeciallvy in yvenn-' cold trial Processes ^Hie',; moste.,ffective a,' iGood Ventilation Needed non o air duster ses wet drilling doT' ^^Vtfitilation is probably the most effective Notwithstanding '^tost-control practice available for many in- me quarters toV ' !$ndustrics. though it ranks second to wet ' methods, up toi^'.i-i^ethods in others. Where ventilation can be "aUbil.y..o...u'r *be' s't def^'-' Applied effectively, dust can be_removed .on, especially in bin.'- i^from the air or its concentration can be S-~. ^ffept'SO diluted as to render it practically such as hoods, tf^v' Charmless to workers; ventilation can mini. deffrtite place in dim i&imz* dust hazards of-almost all kinds, in' surface plants'^' Mffcluding spontaneous combustion, though it ic conditions exhaust.'-: nrmay enhance hazards of dust cxplosibility in tailed and kept b*re'.`'- i^some instances. In some cases ventilation oniy remove dustbin ^`should be induced by exhaust methods, but themselves in dollars |5jn`others forced or blowing systems arc the overed dust. It costs jfynore effective, this being particularly true o install such a device 5$.in underground work in places having highroccssing one of .'the'1/ ^temperature air due to rock or dripping of the dust recovered" ijjgwater or other condition, such as rapid oxi$25. In addition,'/tfft"' ^dation of surrounding rock or limber. f the plant as well'i^; obtain really effective ventilation in :is and other, surfaces'/ 1-1%udrwork as tunneling and metal'mining is st. ^difficult usually because ordinarily but one . :, the use of 'dust trap?- ig^ojxining is driven instead of having workings definitely applicable to':. as in coal mining, where fresh air :rface or near-surface.' '^flows in one opening and return or contami- k, has not been found' r&'lated air in the other. Conditions brouglit rock-drilling practice in ` -`-'rabout by dust may force the use of parallel There arc several rea-' /-'openings in many tunneling and mctal-min ( which may be over- - ing operations of the future, and, notwith standing the violent objections this ; cannot be drilled dry '.icciiveness. and as yet rock-drilling traps are suggestion will raise, there are good reasons .for believing that in many cases there would be definite dollars and cents savings if the t drilling; if dry drill- i . raps ordinarily will do { parallel-opening system, with its numerous ventilation, health, drainage, and other ad ing the dust from drili- vantages, were used instead of the present avc t!ie rock surfaces | -.one-opening system, with numerous disad- in many cases) dry, and ns (blasting, mucking, tc.) will throw into the i': ..-vantages and hazards and with about its only | real advantage the fact that its use is and has j been customary. created in large quanta | Dry drilling is unquestionably the dustiest occsscs. The dust lhn* l work in mining, tunneling anti quarrying, and "ill settle on dry sur- I h continues to he used far too much in the thrown into suspension ! United Slates; certainly, if dry drilling is cr all activities. Dust \ flowed at ail, iUshouid.be done only with cumbersome, especially tuger twist drills or with the simultaneous more or less confined t use oi up-to-date dust traps. tunneling. : l`S wit!; dry drilling have j for use in surface & ."i!* ur.ere dr" driilini' 'Wt drilling as practiced in the United ^htes. with water forced or drawn through. 1,,c (^ti! steel by means of compressed air. IS no`v under fire us producing Tcbtiwiy large quantities of dust even though the ma terial floating in the air usually is wet; some of this criticism is undeserved but, some of it is legitimate. The trouble is due largely to the fact that the holes arc collared or started dry and, in some cases at least, arc drilled dry for several, inches after starting, and the dust created by this dry starting im pregnates the usually stagnant air of the ordinary underground-tunnel or metal-mine working place for much if not most of the working shift. In some cases the driller drastically limits the amount of water sent through the drill steal and, while nominally drilling wet, the actual practice is closely analogous to dry drilling with compressed air, which Rows through the drill steel and forces out of the drill hole and into the air of the working place undue quantities of water-entrained dust or particles. In some cases when the drill is out of repair, the driller allows far too much compressed air to flow- through the drill steel. When present types of wet drills are used properly, the dust from drilling can be kept within reasonable limits, and this is actually being done by numerous alert and conscien tious mining and tunneling companies. Some companies in the United States and Canada arc experimenting with rock drills that do not allow compressed air to go through the drill steel hut require the water to be forced through the steel by its own pressure; such frills arc said to produce less dust than the usual types in which water is sent through the steel by compressed air, hut the.practica bility of the newer type.of drill is question able and it lias been used relatively little in the United States or Canada. Must Use Judgment However, air dustiness cat: be kept well within safe limit* if modern types of wet drills are operated with care and judgment k; collaring wet with plenty of clean dirtfree water; it the drills arc kept in good re pair; if the rroportion of water ami compressed air Rowing through the drill - tetri are adequately regulated: if the exiiau.-t from the drill is prevented from im pinging, on nearby dusty surfaces of muck piles, doors, wall-. or timbers thereby throw ing dust into feagWis, am! if, imojLar.-as .'rasible. the djaSng-'^Sr up; ;r holes is re >::cd to a mtnipSK&^.'uppc holes, whether 294 Twenty-sixth National Safely Congress drilled dry or wet, are relatively heavy pro ducers of dust in the air of working places. Next to dry drilling, blasting causes more finely divided dust to be thrown into work ing places than anything else; and, in addi tion to throwing violently into the surround ing air immense quantities of finely divided dust, blasting with the heavy charges of ex plosive required in many mining and tunnel ing operations also impregnates the surrounding air as weil as the muck piles with considerable quantities of poisonous gases, such as carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and, in some kinds of rock, hydro gen sulphate and other dangerous sulphurous fumes, practically ail of which occur in such quantities and percentages under some circumstances as to asphyxiate persons who may breathe them or to cause serious illness, often of a more or less permanent character. Many persons who have studied the inci dence of dust disease are of the opinion that the breathing of even small quantities or percentages of extraneous or hamful gases, such as carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, hydrogen sulphide, etc., inflames or other wise adversely allcets the respiratory organs, especially the lungs, and makes them much more easily and readily susceptible to harm from the breathing of dust particles. Past blasting practice most certainly must he modified and reformed if the employer is to avoid heavy penalties in compensation and other .charges due to the inclusion of legislation on occupational diseases (one be ing dust disease) in the laws of the various States. If at all feasible, blasting should be done at the end of the working shift or on an off shift, and the dust- and gas-laden air should be removed or thoroughly diluted before the men return to work. Ventilation is, of course, an essential agency in cleansing the air where blasting has been done, but in addition to ventilating the place m'liounf" be thoroughly wetted (walls, floors, roof or top, timbers, etc.) be fore blasting is done, and a water blast should be kept in effect during and after the blasting; the region should be thoroughly wetted upon return to the face region after blasting, and the muck pile should be kept well wetted at all times while loading it out. as the water not only tends to aiiay the dust but also cither absorbs or otherwise aids in the dilution or elimination of harmful or poisonous gases from blasting, which usually cling to the blasted material. In general the larger the quantity of feasible, in dust-tight plosive used, the more finely divided tfc. structures, the tightness c blasted material, the more heavily the air maintained; ledges or s impregnated with dust and smoke, and tl* dust may lodge and a greater the quantity* of poisonous gases lt5 thrown into the air by sor at the places; hence, methods should be ustj ment, should be changed which will tend to reduce the quantity ci tunity for such accumu explosives used and of gases and dust pro- cannot be done, such s: duced. In this it will be found that the ua cleaned periodically hv v of stemming or of some types of blastuq washing down, or by sv. plugs now available will more definitely e. being a relatively poor.mc fine the explosive; iicnce. increase its eia- employed only when as fc eiency and reduce the quantity of explosin as possible are present) used and also reduce the amount of poise*, kept as free of dust as ; ous gas produced and possibly reduce tk by washing them with \v: violence of the blast and its tendency fc air for the working place produce dust and disseminate it into Ik from dusty sources. surrounding air. Physical examinations And it would he well for users of exp! sives to investigate types of explosives tb arc known to give oil minimum quantitie of harmful gr.:\:> on detonation and to as'.' them; also tl:- elimination of the use$ fuse and tl?c dilution of electric blastijl would aid in r icing the amount of poison ous gases ire blasting. Explosives thd have been held in storage too long or tJ-i have been stored under unfavorable cat (litious as to moisture and temperature, ax likely to give oil maximum quantities < harmful gacs if they detonate at ali; In* utmost care should he taken in the storage of explosives and to see that they are r* held in storage too long before being usw hportant part in the drive harm from dust in indu '.controversy lias been a;;Uheni that their cffcctivet* ;-nullified. Unquestionably /ployed in an industry \ dust may be found in tin -'idly examined by a corr ' -vious to employment, and reveals the presence of .the person should not lx especially true it tubcrc At six- or twelve-month son in dusty industry rigid physical examinati* shown to be developing. transferred to nondustv .Respirators Available '?: is available. -Handling pr Dust respirators of various types are &j1, available for use in excessively dusty atnvs phcrcs. and while they arc cumbersome^, have numerous features that make undesirable for constant wear through1*'^ working shift (though they can be readily for several minutes at a time). u" do give adequate protection to 've- ' against dust but give essentially lion against cither poisonous or n<phyx!31; j gases. Dust respirators should be oasnliyb,eiwnhg7etreemaspporroatreilcvti.uon-efjuolr fwoorrkc,emr,.c-.r:i-i-<-al`i|T" dust should be more substantial. *-; What might be designated ``good keeping" lias a definite place in ds vcittjcCyDu.sty materials should dufagPftonlaincrs ^>r Sins;. dusfc-: c.-; es*s*j${?$(iding the heisrwdliu" of d- > ^ tetw^'Swiul'i be carncd-von. Safe Practice Safety E My Personal exper to work of i ?nclge building. Ou '"to these two classes work consis heUiPSrrPPin" fm w- o. bovernmen hi*i idge c*assificati< fc* bridges of , "oBrif xr foun<*ation< hedged " anci with a b 0001 / > 11; Construction Section 295 quantity o5 ^ ' jn dust-tight compartments or -civ divided c^uctures, the tightness of which should be heavily tlic L^intained; ledges or surfaces on which smoke, and \ l . <jaSl may lodge and accumulate, to be <'nous gases j into tlie air by some shock or tnovc- Is should bcus'td. should be changed to prevent oppor- tiie quantity 0j }< `{j-aity for such accumulation, or, if this cs and dust pro- ^ :-oncot be done, such surfaces should be imd that the u* - I cleaned periodically by vacuum process, by types of blasting i- -washing down, or by sweeping Cthc latter -re definitely coo- '- "'k being a relatively poor method, and should be increase its eia- , - .gjrjpjoyed only when as few of other workers :tity of explosive vU- possible are present); floors should be mount of poise> kept as free of dust as possible preferably il)ly reduce t-.i-- bv washing them with water; and, certainly, its tendency t0 'ks'air for the working places should not come natc it into the from dusty sources. -i'-i Physical examinations should play an im- users of explo- jortant part in the drive to minimize health C explosives.thy timum quantities "JCcbzrm from - /-?ccntroversy dust has in industry, but so much been aroused because of .ation and to use S&A,them that their effectiveness has been largely i of the use of, i'f'rVnnllified. Unquestionably, every person cm- f electric blasting S^ployed in an industry where considerable .mount of poison- |^\dast may be found in the air should be rig- Explosives that y^Hdly examined by a competent doctor pre- e too long or that A^vious to employment, and if the examination unfavorable coa- yyisyreveals the presence c: respiratory trouble, .1 temperature, axe ^'xti'e person should not be employed; this is ium quantities of ^'especially true if tuberculosis is indicated, mate at all; her.ee jo- At six- or twelve-month intcrvaJs every per- ken in the storage ^-/soa in dusty industry should submit to that they are not ' rigid physical examination; and if disease is vfore being usei shown to be developing, the victim should be transferred to nondusty employment if such lilable is available. -Handling physical examinations in a manner fair to the worker as well as to the employer should be worked out, and it must be admitted that to date this has not been done at all adequately. Prevention of dust disease is chiefly an employer responsibility he should shoulder willingly, not only to safeguard the health of persons in his employ but also to relieve his firm 6f the heavy financial burden likely to be thrust upon it by compensation or legal authorities, should employees become af flicted with dust disease; and when one takes into account how little is known as to the cause of the disease and how to relieve it if it is incurred, it would seem to be the acme of common sense to do anything practicable to reduce the dust content of the air of places where employees must work. This does not mean that the employee should not help himself, as it is manifestly as much to the interest of the employee to avoid dust or any other occupational disease as to avoid having accidents. However, information as to 'occupational disease (including dust dis ease) is not readily available to the worker in understandable form, and the employer should carry on an educational campaign to inform his safety and operating officials about occupational disease matters and to have them transmit the information to the workers so the latter can cooperate whole heartedly in trying to eradicate these dread diseases from industry or at least control them to a far greater extent than has been done. us types arc r.o* .civ dusty au::e;; j cumbersome ?- ` that make t-tc-. j car throughouts :cv can be wo- 1 s at a time). { ;ion to wearer? I .tiaily no pratet* , :s or asphyxia**?. j .mild be rcf-"-.rC~ j for emer.evr.o1' I r....w....o..r..k...e. rs r/----- 1 nlial. ed "good , are in dust 1, y ; mid be s?l'.rr ' ' Insdusty ; -rj of dn-" Safe Practices in Use of Heavy Construction Equipment By E. A. BLANPIED Safety Engineer of Kansas City Bridge Co., Kansas City, Mo. fy personal experi ::e lias been confined raa:n!v to work of r: er improvement and br:dge building. Our records are divided 5":' these two classes. skilled labor, differs greatly from the more complicated bridge work which uses mostly -killed and semi-skilled labor under greater hazard-. "'aver work consists o: driving pile dikes Tire br: dgc classification is sub-divided into t S. Government. and foundation as eacii has its own HT.ecial !.;azarus and treatment. "ridge classification..-covers- rn!h-*<H^TTc^--*' /fiver 'work has been the subject of cx:-?*>'-ay bridges of ti:.- heavier type i:chid- o. n.sive rescarch along accident prevention - t-.eir foundations. : : hi '`pneumatic and tes by 71 dredged." -.<t of ':'-'er work, living .::-::y done by /!< latine via: and with a la: . pereeuta-e " f tm- ..-tar-i ! ;* | V.!.i nil ill, jrcss Industrial Nursing Section 337 ~~ ra handy man about the! -es into the dispens;*' ' of a fine itching nurse notes the conditio* the work. He states o years and has been work. He has been out, :k ends, but does not thinJcl ed to poison ivy, although not know what it looks Gks -ut at present but will be )on. The nurse knowsT of the drafting roonCfe :pon inquiry finds thatap, k is to carry blue prints^q m A new process has 1x*b1 blue printing within the'J'" n is given routine prelit *s" ^^'compensation for industrial disease Jity at a time when new legislation is ^enacted so rapidly, but most of the im51 industrial states now compensate jme or f the conditions which can aibuted to occupational diseases. Some ^blanket coverage for all such condi'-Vhile others name specific diseases or jgjgfec occupations. There have been in- 5qts to both employee and employer, but 'lime and increased study of conditions we shall eventually arrive at fairer, more equable adjustments. The Industrial Nurse finds herself today in this arena of changing policies and evolu tionary social adjustment. It is her privilege to be one of the connecting links between employee and employer. If she is the type that commands the respect and trust of the men and realizes her responsibility to them, she will likewise be most valuable to her employer. The Nurse's Part in the Sickness Prevention Program By'PHOEBE BROWN, R.N. ation is submitted to the .floe-] Consolidated Water Power & Paper Co., Wisconsin Rapids, Wis. rrival, and when, next day? i extent to which the nurse enters into Not long ago I was called to the home of :s much worse, the diagnosis^ ^sickness prevention program depends an employee who had been reported sick at nehed. The doctor makesSrj* lithe type of industrial medical service frequent intervals during the past two years. anges the man's job, the`jl,-. fained. He was underweight, nervous, and irritable. up, and the nurse deserve , ping to steer the case into tSrV. els. Had she not known me industrial plants maintain a nurse .rily for their Employees' Benefit Asso- -.ature of contact dermatitivor* the work, and had sheaSt^. bn, and thus her work is chiefly that of fare. She administers not only to the proper authorities in the draft- ?. ;c case might have become"' e the doctor saw it, and it: embers, but to their families as well, t a fine opportunity she has to influence employees and their families to a m into disability and compen- er understanding of good health and Z0 living. For after all, the problem of "Ijndmess prevention concerns not only the in On my first visit he was confined to bed and vomiting excessively. His wife informed me that he had attacks oi this type periodically. He would not have a doctor, because his doctor did nothing for him except give him a prescription that cost too much and tell him to be careful what he ate. While in the attack he was careful enough, for he ate nothing for two or three days; but as soon as the illness was over he went rtnee of occupational diseases is dividual employee, but also his family. back to his old diet of meat, potatoes, plenty 0 overlooked now that so much in (he press on the subject proximatcly SO million people doved in the U. S. at the pres* r?iTo fill her place successfully in such a yPtogram the nurse must recognize one basic ^nnciple--she must be a humanitarian, and of spices and relishes, copious amounts of coffee, two packages of cigarettes a day, plus a goodly amount of beer each week-end. ^regardless of the prpble.m__cpnfronting. her . At one time the doctor had said he should 1 these, about 15 million are ndustrv. A statement is made- S. Public Health report that ^d we are spending five billion illy for compensation and other injuries and occupational dis* wit must give relief through aid or counsel, ijwuchever the case may be. She must have Sfaowledge of the personnel she serves, their odes of living, their idiosyncrasies, their IjWfflflies and environments. By keeping her Irtf*-t0 ground constantly she learns of have an X-ray of the stomach, but he com plained that this would cost him $40 which he couldn't afford, and anyway he couldn't get away from work when he wasn't sick. I finally made him realize that he was losing much more time and money being ill . only a small percentage of this for occupational diseases, while yU'er problems so that she may then solve tm. ^Naturally a knowledge of the community every two or three months, losing four or five days at a time, than if he were to find out just what did aii him and then do some :im a much higher figure. But td is vital, for often through construe- thing about it. toward a reversal of this. Acd* een controlled to a great exteflt. cost is decreasing, while occu* ,'ases. though probably not ' certainly receiving a great de^ on than heretofore. e sriiiicism-she is sbk to elevate the health .standards through better sanitation and civic jgPnde. :Perhaps a better conception of the sickness ^Prevention program in connection with welSi^e Work mnv h?rl hv artnnf msp anal. I took him to a clinic which was conducted on a part-payment basis, and complete ex amination was made with X-rays and blood work. After he was'Mwiaced of the neces sity of a proper diet.' <s be'cam'Uss ~ frequent, he gained wasJa.-niuch ires to state how many states nfo*'t| t : pleasanter fellow at OO0.it 5 Twenty-sixth National Safety Congress In another instance an employee's wife had undergone an operation at a local hospital. Visiting her later at home, I learned that she was recovering satisfactorily but that there were desperate financial troubles. The hus attention through bulletin boards, m^r .-.A high frequency - meetings, tacts. news items and personal - c-oroi*rt'..'avnedntfilaattiigonu,e siusggoeftsetinng 3. By advising and assisting the eof* tag or protective equij ployee in securing correction of physical hazard. band earned 92 dollars a month. There were defects and social maladjustment. ( Jt is quite true tlta: seven boys in the family, the oldest 18 and The following case is an example; -5 . seats a real problem $cctfuir9aoono0uvnemsemhersoepshusdlcoepihtyitowtehaodHaall.stibbsQpouillnatu.feayde,itHisnhdtgaeeiognr$newo5idctnaowsegu1ve2ttlehdae,nenkkw'lihtyncaahgsaovinlefcdgfoarahrerraiedsgnd,ruowaiIatfditdftuibenhiesa'egs---nbrfaheuemcAteunhismleysaaedprtimyhisdympdsnle,oiocnyaitteanakendln.tfo-eohhweaah.ddaw-vhbereeehrpeenies-ah-tteaeeddewvtoihsaueetldtdaxctgbrkeyastctiont^-f sickness prevention t 'tience and frequent lost through sickness results. I wish to quote a fe "reports ox disabling i'. doctor's bill by doing some repairing and We had introduced a plan whereby ooSl employees in 1936 as cleaning in his office. employees were allowed dental services, wf years. This report w After discussing the problem with the em special cases, through the Welfare Assoda^l vision of Industrial K ployee, I visited- the hospital authorities. tion. If an employee were a reliable worfcU Institute of Health ; Hearing the story' and realizing the effort man and had been with us for more than K. Brundage. the man was making, the hospital gladly months, we had an opportunity to inve$f& discounted $50 from the bill. Payment of gate his financial condition. If he were b Respirator the remaining $30 was made by the Em ployees' Welfare Loan Fund, and this is turn was deducted from the employee's pay' check at the rate of $2 a week. The total cost to the Welfare Association was slight, but the assistance and feeling of security given this employee was immeasurable. But let us leave this type of program and turn to the industrial nurse who serves chiefly in a first-aid department and very est but having a difficult time establish his credit, he was given an order to one. three dentists whom we were assured we giving our employees fine dental care at minimum charge. The dentists were glad render this service, for they were not onj sure of their accounts but were also inaeaj ing their practice by developing new contacts? This employee as well as many o ;.t:!_The respiratory g ^counted for most of t 'ifdence of illness in 19 ^{.tuberculosis of the .diseases of the phar i^.ttspiratOTy disease si fi higher incidence rate 1935. profited by the plan. IL-V- The frequency of m 1936 (15.1 cases per seldom contacts the family or the home of The following are only a few exarap higher than the : the employee. How does she best serve in a of a nurse's function in an industrial heal Aper 1,000 men) and : sickness prevention program? program: .for 1934 (10.1 cases Here, again, her knowledge of the person nel is indispensable. She should review the personal record of the employee with the employment manager to obtain a better un derstanding of the individual. This should be followed by a study of the employee's job; where he works and under what con ditions, especially sanitation; the product manufactured and the raw materials it is made of. There the nurse may obtain valu able information as to latent hazards that eventually- may-affect the health of the em ployee, oftentimes recognized too late to cure effectively. From this and a study of past sickness she maps her program of prevention as follows: 1. By suggesting better working condi tions, such as improved illumination, sanitation, housekeeping, ventilation, and use of proper and adequate protective equipment. A sudden increase in the number of lete's foot cases indicated that someone a carrier and was spreading the germs in shower rooms. A suggestion to the $W' brought the condition under control proper spray and foot baths were ins The use of corners by employees place to expectorate was effectively sol by painting white triangular areas in corners and providing cuspidors con1 ing a disinfectant, thus reducing the SP of diseases from respiratory infections-, In another instance three employees & the same department made regular the first-aid station for aspirins each * Reviewing their personal record cards dicated normal health and habits. A Wy the department revealed inadequate and ing lights. A proper survey not only-- rsetactnf<iq^SiJnieJutcoliknedwitiisoen, ^cfrreoamsedaproodud, v"Useless, the rate for the average rate ?;\6ve-year period." "Another dcvelopr iture was an inert. M/cisies of bronchitis, ,1936 this disease oc poises per 1,000 men ^v^heve it* average inc &W3M933. The tncki . pharynx and tonsils higher than in ** ^'od, jrar'fteiow": for pneumonia Per 1,000 men' .r^te for 1935 (2 Jn turn exceede * 1929. Among S..ws of the Mctr the death ''"-it.i"s compare* 2. Education of the employee to higher to js$C'&ft..extcnt thaa health standards. This requires constant made'th;oijghout ':urV?gj v of diseases o: 000 m;; Industrial Nursing Section 339 ards, -rsonal ^`hJgh frequency of indigestion, nausea .including diseases of the upper respiratory d Jatiguc is often traceable to improper tract, showed a sizeable increase in fre ntilation, suggesting proper air-condition- quency in 1936 as compared with all the the_____ of P^'wi ent sample . att4*Trf? vised by extracts* vould get ' > .s'.** v* * whereby oc3 0r protective equipment to eliminate this ^.jrd. ' tit is qut^ truc l*iat such a program pre- ^jts a real problem in selling the idea of Rjckness prevention to executives--but pa- ftiehce and frequent reference to the time Mjst through sickness will eventually bring Frtsults. wish to quote a few paragraphs from the ports of disabling illness among industrial aptoyees in 1936 as compared with earlier former years. Most noteworthy in the rec ord since 1921 is the downward trend in the new cases of tuberculosis of the respiratory system. The incidence has decreased from 1.9 cases per 1,000 in 1921 and 1922 to cases in 1936." This is an excellent indication of the effectiveness of educating the child and the adult. . "Rheumatism, acute and chronic, which showed definite improvement in 1934 and services, *: hyears. This report was released by the Di- 1935 (4.0 cases per 1,000 men) as compared :are Associa. - sion of Industrial Hygiene of the National with earlier years increased to 42 cases per sliable vtcrt.-'T [Institute of Health and compiled by Dean 1,000 in 1936. This rate was below the five- nore thag ji* * jifC Bnmdage. year average. Diseases of the organs of y to iaresti.^ he were fcco- Respiratory Diseases locomotion, except diseases of the joints, oc curred at a rate of 32 cases per 1,000 men - establishing The respiratory group of diseases ac tier.to one of - assured tc* * tai care at a were glsd to ere not calyV-i - also incrtawj * new contact, -j many others^' counted for most of the increase in the inci dence of illness in 1936. With the exception of tuberculosis of the respiratory system and diseases of the pharynx and tonsils, each sspiratory disease sub-group occurred at a igher incidence rate in 1936 than in 1934 or ?35. few examples Justrial health _ . u-4 The frequency of influenza and grippe in :mber oi athsomeons was : germs irthe o the sweeper control when ere installed. ?36 (1S.1 cases per 1,000 men), was 19 per mt higher than the rate for 1935 (12.7 cases I?per 1,000 men) and 50 per cent greater than gljfor 1934 (10.1 cases per 1,000 men). Xever^ theless, the rate for 1936 was 4 per cent be llow the average rate (15.8) l. . the preceding *.v'five-year period." .plovees is a it "Another development o' an unfavorable in 1936, which exceeded the rates for 1933, 1934, and 1935, as well as the average for 1931-1935" How frequently and to what extent sick ness among employees is a factor in causing lost time accidents is often revealed when a thorough investigation is made of all inci dents leading up to the accident; such facts properly presented enable one to improve plant conditions for better health. A good share of the sickness prevention program is education. Few employees, for example, realize that they have more leisure time than they have ever had before. The cmplojce should be taught to use this with discretion. Today we practically have a na tional 40-hour work week, and allowing at least 56 hours for sleep, we find the employee has 72 hours left out of every week to use as he wishes. :tivefy s:lved areas iz the dors ccr.-jinng the spread ; nature was an increase in the number of leases of bronchitis, acute and chronic. In . 1936 this disease occurred at a rate of 4.8 cases per 1.000 men which was 41 per cent Does he spend his idle time disastrously, thus adding fatigue to an already fatigued body? To safeguard against this you may find it worthwhile to afford him recreational infections. v above its average incidence during the years facilities, stimulating in him a desire for nployees from - 1931-1935. The incidence of diseases of Jhe_ hobbies, home ownership, or any other :-gu!ar tn;s to ',y Pharynx and tonsils in 1936, although 4 per activities that may enable him to spend his ns each week cent higher than in the preceding five-year time more profitably. ord cards in* bits. A trip to :uate anc zl3tnot only cor- a physical ed prod-rtion ir survey was Period, was below the rate for 1935. The Is rate for pneumonia (all forms) in 1936 (2.6 i eases per 1,000 men) was 13 per cert above *be rate for 1935 (2.3 cases per 1,000 men), and in turn exceeded the rate for ar.y year since 1929. Among the industrial policy{ holders of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, the death rate from this disease Plan a definite program of Better Health talks during the winter months. The .National Safety Council and leading insurance companaBhuiprovide exceilent material for thesfjK2Uggons.`'*^%iir*-tate and national healt^^^S&nents-are glad to furnish valuable iz&mnniiKbn frqg>f charge. .. iaJ^^-crr'compared with 1935 increased 5 ? ' Per cent." '-I $ `Other diseases of the respiratory system. 0001G 3-40 Twenty-sixth National Safety Congress One of your local physicians will be pleased to talk to the employees on sickness prevention. Carefully located bulletin boards with timely health topics are useful. Articles `a plant magazines are far reaching, and pay.-' envelope inserts discussing health topics proved beneficial. Life.' ll ti ADJOURNMENT IPS -V oo ok: 8.?} ?General Chairman--E i yia-Chairman (In C. Marine Dept. Vice-Chairman (In C $ New York. N. Y.I rice-CAatrman (For *n.*..Wilm* ington, Calif. Secretary--Carl F. V ZNtws Letter Editor-- I^asco, Calif. Ekgmeering Conmiitc t Co., New York, bership Commute / \Y. pogrom Committee C stKanasco. Calif. tus'Committec t gfett. YV ^>nnj Committee JWrar'sordVsttc. o, Calif. wi at Large-- E. Ames, L. Biggs, Navy ^F^Blackton, E SfXK H. CoGAN, TlYii-L - Griser, Alab: v J. Heidorn r^* S. Hunter, T F. Jones, ?.Kavanagh, G . J?. Laurie, I Luckenbach, . .McGrath. Jo. Petersen, |?ROOM, 1 Er< gWSON, Sine JUUSEY, Slant ^CHIUMM, Bla tev iial Sa/cly Congress timely health topics arc useful. Articles^, plant magazines arc tar reaching. and pj,, envelope inserts discussing health topics hj> proved beneficial. Marine Section I 1' 'wVi1/;VT - Officers 1936-37 Cnitral Chairman--E. C. Holden. Jr., United States P. & I. Agency, Inc., New York. X. Y. Vice-Chairman (In Charge of Posters and Slides)--Robert F. Hano. Standard Oil Co. of . jr j f Marine Dept., New York. X. Y. YUt-Chairman (In Charge of Publicity)--W. E. Stewardsox, Colombian Steamship Co., New York, X. Y. ^'Yiet-Chairmaii (For the Pacific Coast)--Albert O. Pecc, Union Oil Company of Calif., Wilmington, Calif. isieretary--Carl F. Yandek Cujte, Admiralty Attorney, Xew York, X. Y. .%Vav Letter Editor--Henry Blackstone, United States P. & I. Agency, Inc., San Fran.y dsco, CalifJtMgvtecring Committee Chairman--B. C. Edwards, Atlantic Gulf and West Indies Steam^jrihipCo., Xew York. X. Y. Kjfwirrj/n/' Committee Chairman--E. W. Fiske, Jr., Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc.. Xcw y-p swYork, X. Y. g/jwjreHi Committee C/ntinmui--Byron 0. Pickard, Pacific Coast Marine Association. San . J^hjtandsco, Calif. ^K&u/ir.f Committee Chairman--Benjamin H. Self, Travelers Insurance Companv. Xew |$foric, X. Y. tf^iintdoring Committee Chairman--F. C. Gregory, Waterfront Employers Association. San fe^ftendsco, Calif. at Large-- Ames, Lykes Bros.-Ripley Steamship Co., Xcw Orleans, La. NA.'r.W. P. Biggs, Xavy Department Safety Engineer, Washington, D. C. Blackton, Eric Railroad Co,. Jersey, City, X. J. Fiaxk H. Cocan, The Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Co.. New 'i -rk. j-A N. Y. 1-^- Gwser, Alabama Dry Dock and Shipbuilding Co., Mobile. Ala. J. Heidokn, Standard Oil Co. of X. J., Marine Department, Xew York, X. \. The Atlantic Refining Co., Philadelphia. Pa. f. Jones. Gulf Oil Corp... Xew York. X. Y. . _ Xavaxaoh, Grace Line. Inc.. Xew York, X. Y. C. Laurie. Lago Petroleum. Corp.. Maracaibo, Venezuela. I'k k'^'^'-'CKENRACH. American Bureau of Shipping, Xew York. X. Y. - . * McGrath. John W. McGrath Corp., Xew York. X. Y. . j. ^ Petf.rsv.x. Newport Xe\\ - Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co., New York. X. Y. . ' 1 Broadway. New York. X. Y. ? ?i Sinclair Navigation Co.. Xew York. X. Y. " . Rt'itsKY, Standard Oil Co. of Calif.. Richmond. Calif. rn.m,_ !<?-aum. Black Diamond Steamship t o.. Pier K. Weehawkett. X^ 341 iii ij ;Y At a '?). . I; !(H hlil;! if ). "h ir 6 :1 In l 5:!ii -;j| Mill ; klV .'ftrc?' Cs3^pr- Twcnty-sLrth Xationa! Safety Congress H. L. Seward. Yale University, Xew Haven. Conn. A. J. Smith. Marine Oi'tice of America, Xew York, X. Y. Arthur M. Tode. Consulting Marine Engineer. Xcw York. X. Y. G. E. Tavlor. Federal Barge Lines. Xew Orleans. La. J. H. Tumi:, Xcw York State Merchant Marine Academy, Xew York, X. Y Elliott Yandevanter, Office ot the Chief of Engineers, Munitions Bldg., \Vasi h-cken'^'11- *" ,* 0 riOiAKtt. 1 P'P*0 Kost'- TThhee T1eCx. C 7 Black L. H. Westdahl, Dollar Steamship Lines, San Francisco, Calif. A. 0. M oll, General Petroleum Corp. of Calif., Terminal Island. Calif. John Wright, American Export Lines, Xcw York, X. Y. ; . v Smith. Mann* < Si. So6NSs. gV JjTFAVARDSOS. * Officers Elected for 1937-38 A-" . jj Tomb. Xew Yo: fV-W* H. B- V.UXH j_ II. Westdahl. 1a...UO. Won- Genera: & jolts Wricht. Amr. General Chairman--E. C. Hoi.de>:, Jr., United States P. & I. Agency. Inc., Xcw York, FX Vice-Chairman (In Charge of Posters and Slides)--Robert F. Hand, Standard Oil Ccuj i\"v. X. J. Marine Dept., Xcw York, X. Y. 'jC ' ....... Vice-Chairman (in Charge of Publicity)--Harold J. Harding, Marine Progress, iWSj : ' York, X. Y. TU 1u Vice-Chairman (for the Pacific Coast)--Albert O. Pecc, Union Oil Company of Wilmington. Calif. Secretary--Carl F. Vander Clute. Admiralty Attorney. Xcw York. X. Y. A'exes Letter Editor--Henry cisco, Calif. Blackstone, United States P. S: I. Agency, Inc., San Fraa Tlx opening session s;V Byron 0. Pickard Enqinccrbui Committee Chairman--Frank H. Cocan, The Delaware, Lackawanna tf-..*"'5tfimsliip Assn., Satni.~F Western Railroad Co., Xew York, X. Y. Membership Committee Chairman--E. W. Fiske, Jr., Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc,.Xe*g; York, X. Y'. . Program Committee Chairman--\V. P. Biggs, Xavv Department Safetv Eng., Washington D.C. ;M The A Statistics Committee Chairman--Benjamin H. Self, Travelers Insurance Company, York, X. Y. Stevedoring Committee Chairman--I-'kank E. Ames, Lvkes Bros.-Ripley Steamship CcL'j Xcw Orleans, La. .l/r/7/>fr.f at Large-- m--' C. F. Blackton, Eric Railroad Co., Jersey, City, X'. J. Thomas Bi.au, Grace Line, X*ew Y'ork, X. Y". 'Jpi Logan Ckesail Isthmian Steamship Co.. Xew Y'ork. X. Y. W. C. Gakbutt. Pittsburgh Steamship Co., Cleveland, Ohio. F. C. Gregory. Waterfront Employers Assn., San Francisco, Calif. :.& e>; % J. M. CittsER. Alabama Dry Dock and Shipbuilding Co.. Mobile. Ala. Hf.nky J. Hwdorn. Standard Oil Co., of X'. J.. Xcw York, X". Y\ John S. Hunter. The Atlantic Refining Co.. Philadelphia, Pa. 1. G. Johnson. Sinclair Navigation Co., Xcw York, X. Y*. Willard F. Jones, Gulf Oil Corp., Xew York, X Frank C. Laurie, Lago Petroleum Corp., Maraca zuela. President, An . Tlxc advancement oi f^nlt of an endless ^or. It is amusing l< attitude toward $: y,Tpt eighty years ag published in th Naval Chronicle ^ which it was dc> for loss ot ship ^ Teetotalism--the stead .of rum; i The presence of . other women; :y Insanity; J. H. Love, Federal Shipbuilding & Drydock Co., i. 000170 Sr- F. A. Lacekman. Republic Steei C-. r;\. Chicago. III. T. H. McKenxly (retired). Carneuie-Illinois Steel Co.. Chicago. 111. I). Y. Meuaue. Itucrlake Irun Corn.. Chicago. III. Jolts CRourk. Bethlehem Steel Co.. Sparrow> Point. Md. C. S. Phillips. Revere Copper & Brass, Inc., Rome. X. V. Frank Rowe. Wheeling Steel Corp.. Portsmouth. O. A. C. Schultz. Bucyru?-ric Co.. So. Milwaukee. \\`i.-. H. .1. Spoerer. The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., East Chicago, Jr.d. E. .1. Sterner. Bethlehem Steel Co.. Bethlehem. Pa. I. A. Voss. Republic Steel Corp.. Cleveland. O. Officers Elected for 1937-38 General Chairman--R. A. Chaffin, Continental Steel Curp., Kokomo, Ind. Vice-Chairman--Mell E. Trammell. Republic Steel Corp., Alabama City, Ala. Secretary and A'cws Letter Editor--H. J. Griffith. Jones & Laughiin Steel Corp.. Pittsburgh. Pa. Contest Committee Chairman--Rorekt L. Schmitt. Louisville Car Wheel and Railway Supply Co., Louisville. Ky. Engineering Committee Chairman--W. T. Firmer, The Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co, Youngstown, Ohio. Foundry Comim'Hft' Ouhrimm--Tkvjn A. Brinkman, Mackintosh-Hcmphill Co.. Pitts burgh, Pa. Health Committee Chairman--Dr. R. C. Excel, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland. 0. Membership Committee Chairman--Fred E. Wark, Pittsburgh District, Carnegie, Illinois Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. Poster Committee Chairman--H. H. Henry, Otis Steel Co., Cleveland. Ohio. Program Committee Chairman--R. H. Fercl'sox. Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland. Ohio. I'nblieity Committee Chairman--John O'Roukk, Bethlehem Steel Co., Sparrows Point. Aid. Railway Car Builders Committee Chairman--P. J. Brand, Pullman Standard Car Manoiacturing Co., Pullman, Chicago. Statistics Committee Chairman--H. J. Sfokker, The Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co.. East Chicago. Ind. Members at Large-- C. M. Allen, The American Rolling Mill Co., Middletown, Ohio. F. G. Bennett, The Buckeye Steel Castings Co., Columbus, Ohio R. A. Beyer. Central Tube Co., Ambridge. Pa. T. A. Coi.trin. National Radiator Corp., Johnstown, Ta. C. S. Ckaiomh.e. Beklen Manufacturing Co., Chicago. 111. H. M. Crochan, Inland Steel Co.. East Chicago. Ind. J. E. Cvu.tXEY, Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Ta. C. A. Bianchi, H. H. Robertson Co., Ambridge, Pa. ; H. \Y. Dark, Bethlehem Steel Co., Johnstown, Pa. M. W. Dcxpore. Beloit Iron Works Co., Beloit. Wis. B. T. Dye, Republic Steel Corp., Warren, O. E. A. Eu.ts, Wheeling Steel Corp., Wheeling. W. ... ^ Earl Fylek, Carnegie-Iilinois Steel Corp., Chtcag^^tT^ E. F. Blank, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Fittsei^S^Sa. 'V; Sj .3.C. 000173 I. P. ' 0. F. S. E. K. C. \V. A F. A. X. B. T. H. D. V. C. S. C E. The sc? eral Chair ' The ceded or c< ss the r Al be u _______ : ; |'jmmrn Metals Section 3S3 j p Gatherum, Great Lakes Steel Corp., Ecorsc, Mich. --o p Harvey, American Car and Foundry Co., New York. X. Y. Lp'S'" s E. Ha'vkes, MaeWhyte Company, Kenosha. Wis. pj G- Hen'sei.. The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., Chicago, III. \V A. Jarvis, Chase Brass & Copper Co., Inc., Waterbury, Conn, p LaUER.man, Republic Steel Corp., Chicago, 111. b. MacHose, Bethlehem Steel Co., Lackawanna, X. Y. ul. -p h. McKexxey. 2342 E. 73rd Street, Chicago. 111. (Retired) D. V. Medacje, Intcriake Iron Corp., Chicago, III. .''4v*ZJVrU'.'V C S. Phillips, Revere Copper & Brass, Inc., Rome, X. Y. G E. Ralston, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. r'f.iiFraxk Rowe. Wheeling Steel Corp., Portsmouth, 0. ' A.C. Schultz, Bucvrus-Eric Co., So. Milwaukee, Wis. m.yWey t a Voss. Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, O. r-rl 'i J' Ala. k: 'teel Corp., Pittv- m-hccl and Railway * r" `.'.eel & Tube Co, TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 12, 1937 inphiil Co., Pitts- - The session was called to order by Gen Rolling Mill Co.. Middletown. Ohio, who eral Chairman C. M. Allen. The American introduced the speakers. leveland. 0. :. Carnegie, Illinois Ohio. Cleveland, Ohio, arrows Point, Milar.dnrd Car Mane- 5c Tube Co., Ea-t j Safety as a Morale Builder By ROY W. KELLY Chief. Personnel and Training Division, Soil Conservation Service, Washington, D. C. The maintenance of r.c ale is readily conceded to be one of the r. oior objectives of management. Whether t: e executive is rcsponsible for building k:romotives, making mattresses, managing a C-:tverninent bureau, or commanding an Army division, his suc- cess is dependent in lares: upon keeping up the morale of his associate Ml of us tend to be in:tuenced by. and to I* upset and kept in a m ost unsatisfactory 'ramc of mind by tt;:sa:i :factory living or forking conditions. Ifv.- want high morale, We roust expect to pay c.r;?:ructive attention 50 such matters as wa:: :. h.ours, working ccndttioiis. basic causes : ,r grievances and complaints, improvemen.t t sanitation, climi;-3>:on of unrteccssarv :f/isc. and proper lighting, and vent iiaiion of the work ;':2ce- Perhaps no other causes contribute ^cire to lowered morale ::.an a feeling of in:CCUrUy in ,-/T,ev occi:- -:; -,n, fear as to the future of one's earning power and doubt as to opportunities for advancement and for satisfying achievement. These are all recognized as matters prop erly belonging in the field of personnel ad ministration or labor management. They arc mentioned merely for the sake of point ing out tiiat safety is an integral part of this functional field. Organization for accident prevention and the maintenance of the safety program, if they are to contribute to im proved morale, must be planned and carried out witit a view to their direct relationships with these other essential human factors in management. This is a point on which there is much diversity of opinion as weii as practice. ' Xevcrtlieless. the experience <-f many or ganization's tends to indicr*53?5M`i safe.tv, program cannot hope to -tywAffigtK) matter how v. ell planned, unie-s KgBlfiifet&t in an EXgJsb * ! * !:! M * *.* j-* j - r: f; t Pit iit piVif 00Q174 ;yr- tfcly C-'agrcss it respond to the controls, and cspousibiiity tor keeping tile Mining Section ating condition--lienee the necesjj. organized maintenance crew to ^ ' of such equipment. The only exet^ *' ;.s is the craneman who may have limy C Officers 1936-37 >n$ibilities as to the and adjustment of inJstispecmtiaocnh,inlueb, t^y in oilier machine operators. L'' l `?%kairma __r \v Gibbs Harwich Coal and Coke Co., Pittsburg::. Pa. ,U r r T Barrett U s. Steel Corporation in C*.rsK Bngm^nng-G. J. Bait. Sub- erhead traveling cranes, gantry c* J V** . . Duluth. Minn. ... r , C_rc, Dante, Va. -r trolleys and various types of & Charge of Health-Lee Lose, CWnchfield Coal Cor?., ua 'rise a class of equipment which req* v. Vice-ChW ~ f- U<?,,i&crWit>--Angus D. Campbell, McIntyre or P - M attention from tl.e standpoint of|. fic'-C^Z'X,, Om. Guuda. ,,...... . a,.... . :on* and pFr.ecvtte-in.tivec maintenance. Dttyt-fe; Ltd., S-ccnhuumache__r. Ont., CEandaitdoar.--Daniel HARRINGTON. Unitedi oStati.'ee.* Bureau of Mines, azarduss oufi flualllliinngg mmaatteerriiaall,. wivhneetuhieerreccjft SfreecffeStlaarr>y' fl `arCe'tra~s ~J-t 1 V materriiaal, broken parts of the eeqquuipiprase>t Washing*1000, D.-CC- . T r Forbes United States Bureau of Mines. Pitts- ads dropped due to w i-vc*ry\ precaution tmufabuilsutrebeooftakm.eeS*-*.S\*r::PpfPr:orj\blost*ulMgieer*rgrrarha,m**,>n,--uPPdCiaaS--o-. mlidmeitCteoemCmhitateiremaCCnlhu--aLir.mCa.nCC-v}a.MmjpI*.bB*eELlo,lR,BTTEShh'eeuKHooppppeerrss CCooaall CCoo.... PPiittttssbbuurrgghh., PPaa.. this class of equipment in good repaij s been found desirable to suppleztnee*i Publieiiv Committee Chairman--M. R. Budd, The Explosives Engineer, Wilmington, Del. ork of the foreman and repairnote* ; Statistics Committee Chairman--\Y. \V. Adams, United States Bureau of Mines. Wash- cdu w\\ iuthn tuh.ec p|uroupecir miii.auimntecniiuainiecec oft Sit [ -nleent by the use of Crane Innssppe"c' tor iagton, D. C. crane inspector goes over all eqi^-r MemTbheorsmaast LAalrlgeen--. Chief Coal Mine Inspector, State of Colorado. Denver. Colo. in detail, recording all items of a *al or electrical nature which need ent or replacement. This survey prt- J. \V. Ai.t, Caiumet & Heda Consolidated Copper Co., Calumet. Mich. P. M. Arthur. American Zinc Co. of Tennessee, Mascot. Teuu. a double check and does not lessen: Fred E. Bedaub Consolidation Coal Co., Fairmont, W. \'a. '.egree the responsibility of the abort John L. Boardman. Anaconda Copper Mining Co., Butte. Mont. oned furcm.cn and repairmen. Copie ese reports arc forwarded to the s: .endent ar.d foreman involved, as Maurice Coulter. Clearfield Bituminous Coal Corp., Indiana. Pa. H. T. Harper. Tennessee Copper Co., Copperhill, Tcnn. the Plan: Safety Department head commended repairs or alterations rous H. C. Hf.nrie. Phelps Dodge Corp.. Bisbce. Arit. Rush N*. Hosts?.. Coai Mine Section, Pennsylvania Compensation Rating & Inspec posed of. cither by being carried it Mon, or :y being rejected ior cau* inspect:-.r. covers cleanliness and ot s of the equipment in the interestczed fire hazard and increased safe': rators : repairmen. Safety equip, ;tieh a- zanders. fire extinguisher;; r.es, safe:;, belts, gongs, warning light* r xtensio:: t'jrds, gear guards etc. '*{ l. Loose or scrap material on tht| tion Bureau. Harrisburg, Pa. C. V. Keck. Jamison Coal Corp., Grccnsburg. Pa. Thomas E. Ljchtfoot. The Koppers Coal Co.. Pittsburgh. Ta. 1Y>r. G. Mkt?.-:-:s. Hud-on Coal Co., Scranton, Pa. H. D. MoKf.\T. Utah Copper Co., Salt Lake City, Utah. -- rRork SiM-inc.*, \Yy<.. \ . KJ. M K 5 R. B. Paul. M ew jersey John Ti Ryan. Mine 5a: . approari '.es or runways is not lc< j Loose. vorn or broken parts an'. L. T. SlCKA. ? Joseph John Trcwee* Hornet; ctions r.: intervals of one to t""* have b-.-vr. found sumcient for aver j dition,:. v. ::h more attention given k; arh- hart-worked cranes. Unasvs-i :g condi::-.r.s. or failures of parts j : deV.rrd.ie for ti'.e inspector to j :;:eck< ; reports when requested. | T Officers Elected for 1937-38 General Chairman--1G. J. BarretT. Oliver Iron Mining Co., Duluth. ^''`V-OWrjin!!!--L::e L-.'N':. Clinchfield Coai Corp.. Dame. Wr ^iee-Chdirunn:--tvs D. C.\MVBt.L. Mcltttyrc Porcupine Mines. Canada. 401 c ,-r Cmt.. mrW tif-tsn ; V* i:? t'i=i!`; "r-v'ttt ; J /* f t. i; I **V; V I ] : 1* N'-.v-.rJ.S&WGt-t iit-is;- - iuHjlii ' fil ^vfluv-i ; < .*T 2 . WS&-' ilfo-V ~r M4-Ut-r1 9kytA\ >{ 402 Twenty-sixth A'ational Safety Congress Ficc-Chiiinifi" 1 1 Secretary Washington. I* < raster and .''" < burgh, Pa. Publicity Cr ^ t S1^iTr!" The Koppers Coai Co., Pittsburgh, pa. Editor--H\vta Harrixctox, United State* Eurea U CW/ir.m-l. T. Forres. United States Bureau t.f \i; K. lVw>, The Explosives Engineer. XV` Aa" States Bureau of M\t:,n*' . Members at I JT.hWo-u.as b*. i.r.4.nnn.t-itc-viY CHoeaelJaAlCinoensInoslidpaetcetodr,CSoptapteeroCfo.C, oCloarluamdoet.DMenlcv(el r' rC,` , ., r-` ,ro` u - TThhee is A Pn ggi >! due to . with the will not --a/iftou. ,Wdie ultimate o. *-#irr* arc the jxrw refuse to **>"' are hired P. Af. American Zinc Co. ot Tennessee, Alascot, Tenn. * ttiea a mine rvrhrtg conditi Fred E. Bu'wi, Consolidation Coal Co., Inc., Fairmont, W. Va /onx L. Ibtti''u.v, Anaconda Copper Alining Co., Butte, Mont. ArAURin Com ii k. C'carnclcl Bituminous Coal Corp., Indiana, pa C. W. (>mu--. Il.irwiefc Coai Si Coke Co., Pittsburgh, Pa H. T. R vun i:. Tennessee Copper Co.. Copperhill, Tenn. H. C. IP N.-ni. Phelps Dodge Corp.. Bisbee, Ariz. k^4fknr workereoes stay- ;.****( realizes if itfiaiation t! ' rislity- Eachoi coming ft iat that "such Mfi-dailv, or tl. Rt'tSioHu Xr-.iinM-.on-i..uHk,arCriosabiurAgl.inPea.Section, Penns5ylva^nia CoWTM>TMon Ranng & j,, These r C. F. Ki\k. .l.i'iiiM'ti Coal Corp., Creensburg, Pa. Thomas V- U-mu'ot. The Koppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. William C M> uoi:r, Hudson Coal Co.. Scranton, Pa. D. D. Aiot; vr. Utah Ccoper Co.. Sal: Lake City, Utah. ,:: iswgeratcd--b Ifyour ^Jioa among the the baste pr K are: Supc It is nc V. O. Ah *k". Tiic Union Pacific Coal Co., Rock Springs, Wvo. if- frmciplcs. Hov R. B. Pai :. Xnv Jersey Zinc Co.. Xcw York, N. Y John* T. !A w Mine Safety Appliances Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. L. T. Sion t. St Joseph Lead Co., 3>oi:i:e Terre, .Mo. T,9( each day's v.pjtfl, due to uv. wao' must spe h faulty conditio: Jotiv Tie " ; v I l>>c<:ake Alining Co.. Lead, 5. D. jfirevious shift, `"i ll- fhee, or any <. .jy* ;euntstances, \\ hung. TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 12, 1937 The efficient U-Mtlardizing . Rebuilt up f, The session c.dlecl ;o order by Gen and Coke Co., Pittsburgh. Pa,, who eral Chairman C. W. U'- Harwich Loai ducc-d the speakers. The* Relationship of Safety to Efficiency in Mining By JAMES K, RICHARDSON *-' adopted ii arc easily supc employee "ben an emp ^ seldom is h f Prom my pe .t 'h standard: s,ep an orgat- Safety Director. Clinja^c Mriybdenmn'jfcomgany, Climax, Colorado No person that there can he two ways o'." work--* right way ar.i a wrong way . whole s.'hemcot ntinirg methods is hr. A ,i oi;e.-:::'r. ot safety ar.i efficiency. I . o'c car.::;: be extracted economically: \ %-.em is abandoned. I: the ore cannot he .-Nt'a-cd withaut endangering the lives of the employees the system & abandoned. Unquestionably the latter though ' has often been overlooked. We canlJ*f however, overlook the fact that anything u*1 Kills or maims men is morally wrong- Fi^V thermore, if oior method tears o machines it is cfiiircnr: faring under Jt believe t ^nt risk hvry task is Is enugh va.practice so t! rCOmins mi Petroleum Section Officers 1936-37 Qtntral Chairman--A. W. Breeland, Lone Star Gas Co., Dallas, Texas. yfa-Chairman--A. J. Martinson, Union Oil Co. o California, Los Angeles, Calif. .\Vu-r Litter Editor--J. H. Brown, Tide Water Oil Company, New York, N. Y. Engineering Committee Chairman--E. D. Murphey, Mid-Continent Petroleum Corp.. Tulsa. Okla. Health Committee Chairman--Dr. V. C. B.urd, Humble Oil and Refining Co., Houston. Texas. foster Committee Chairman--H. T. Markee, Phillips Petroleum Co., Bartlesville, Okla. program Committee Chairman--R. B. Roaper, Humble Oil and Refining Co.. Houston. Texas. Publicity Committee Chairman--Glenn Byers, Shell Petroleum Corp., St. Louis, Mo. Statistics Committee Chairman--J. W. Myers, Standard Oil Co. (N. J.), New York, N. Y. Atlantic Division Chairman--R. L. Simpson, The Texas Company, New York, X. Y. Great Lakes Division Chairman--F. R. McLean, Socony-Vacuum Oil Co.. Inc., White Star Div., Detroit, Mich. Gulf Division Chairman--D. B. Hiatt, Texas Pacific Coal & Oil Company, Fort Wort::. Texas. . Mid-Continent Division Chairman--Kraus Earhart, The Texas Company, Tulsa, Okla. Pacific Division Chairman--L. K. Buti.er, Union Oil Company of Calif.. Los Angeles. Calif. Rocky Mountain Division Chairman--B. Y. Osborn. Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Casper, Wy,.. Post General Chairmen-- R. W. Black, Standard Oil Co. of N. J.. Elizabeth. X. T. R. S. Bonsib. Standard Oil Co. (X. T.), Xcw York, X. Y. Y. R. Currie. The Texas Company, Houston, Texas. R. E. Donovan, Standard Oil Co. of Calif., San Francisco. Calif. C. L. Hightower, United Gas System. Houston. Texas. G. 0. Lockwood, The Empire Companies, Bartlesville, Okla. Geo. F. Pressing. Union Oil Co. of Calif., Los Angeles. Calif. R. B. Roaper. Humble Oil and Refining Co., Houston. Texas. E. T. Senne, Socony-Vacuum Oil Co.. Inc., Xcw York, X. Y. C. W. Smith. Standard Oil Co. find.), Chicago, 111. P. T. Wallace. Sinclair Prairie Oil Co.. Tulsa, Okla. -`Vjy.'j/'v--H. X. Blakeslee, American Petroleum Institute. Xcw York. X. Y. Officers Elected for*1937:38 ' 490 Tzvcnty-sixth National Safe:;: Congress Cnnh-.ccriv.a Committee Chairman--E. D. Mcrphey. Mid-Continent Petroleum Corp.', Tuba. Okla. Health Committee Chairman--P. E. Keega.y, Shell Petroleum Corp., Houston. Texas. Program Committee Chairman--A. \V. Breelaxd, Lotte Star Gas Co.. Dallas, Texas. Publicity Committee Chairman--J. L. Rislycer, Mag-neks Petroleum Co.. Dallas. Texas. Statistics Committee Chairman--J. \V. Myers, Standard Oil Co. (X. J.), New York. X. V. Cisuel Education Committee Chairman--C. A. Miller. The Texas Co.. Houston, Texas. Atlantic Division Chairman--L. C. Woodbridce. Socor.v-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., Xew York. - X. Y. Great Lakes Division Chairman--R. T. Hexdersox, Standard Oil Co. of Ohio, Cleveland. Ohio. Gulf Division Chairman--\Ym. Grant, Jr., Humble Oil i Refining Co.. Baytown. Texas. .Mid-Continent Division Chairman--J. D. McCamey, ]~-- The Carter Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. Pacif.c Division Chairman--C. J. Xobmanx, Shell Oil C;., San Francisco, Calif. Rocky Mountain Division Chairman--R. 0. Traylor. Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Casper, Wyoming. Past General Chairmen-- R. W. Black, Standard Oil Co. of N. J., Elizabeth. X. J. R. S. Boxstn, Standard Oil Co. (N. J.), New York. X. Y. A. W. Bkkf.i.axo, Lone Star Gas Co., Dallas, Texas. V. R. Cu rrie. The Texas Company, Houston, Texas. R. E. Doxovax. Standard Oil Co. of Calif., San Francisco, Calif. C. L. Hightower. United Gas Pipe Line Co., Houston. Texas. G. 0. Lockwood, Cities Service Oil Co., Bartlesville. Okla. Geo. F. Prussixg. Union Oil Co. of Calif., Los Angeles, Calif. R. B. Ro.\rER, Humble Oil and Refining Co., Houston, Texas. E. T. Sexne, Socony-Yacuum Oil Co., Inc., Xew Ytrfc, X. Y. C. W. Smith. Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago, 1:1. D. J. Wallace. Sinclair Prairie Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. Secretary--H. X. Blakeslee, American Petroleum Ir.-tituto, Xew York, X. Y. ] MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 11, 1937 Tiie session was called to order by Gen- ' Gas Ct.. Dallas, Texas, who introduced tfce cral Chairman A. W. Brceland, Lone Star speakers and directed the discussion. That there accident cau> classed as ir.c dents of the s one to ponder of arbitrarily accidents. Sz die jundame:: differ not at c the home, on hazardous cy plant, it will highway or i: From the there can he : ing a green worker a wc. giving a gr<.\ a modern. .Trouble is p trievablc !os> question shoe --the questk'ish things df It does set brought to L. of accidents of, but at ler piecemeal thr causes that : It is ahogeth well organize appear on tb it is read:' legislation ir. efficient. T: outstanding Station. Ml deed be spo: men. But a nd based v subject. Industry's Responsibilities in Community Safety By HENRY W. BOGGESS accents itvhsstrvh Superintendent of Safety, Sinclair Prairie Oil Company, Tulsa, Okla. recognize During 1936 111,000 American citizens died in accidents. Sixteen per cent, or 1S.OOO of them, met death while employed at occupations from which they earned their livelihoods and so arc cailcd industrial fatalities. The remain ing 93,000 accidental deaths arc broadly re ferred to as public fatalities; at least, they were non-occupational. The ratio of public to industrial deaths * more v.an six to one. It is obvious that w* broadest need for safety is outside and One cr Roloeical which so is the ret within the ranks of industry. Whether or Vrr.ericas imlusttvhasany responsibility for these pu* this reset or out/pSjsSccTdents, n*hetb*r.or not it ijial tone within ttgnfchver the ability to prevent W fca Ecethf. them, i|i^^yestion, , oooim- *Q t C) i ip tL>j> on, N. Y. i Insurance Co., Boston, Car Mfg. Co.. Puling r & Sons Hinge Mariuleloit, \Vis. v.-u, Genera) Electric Co, uiy of Cleveland, CleveCar Mt'g. Co., Pullman, IU. `A'aikcrvilic. Out., Canada. Wis. nt oltunc. will be found Public Utilities Section Officers 1936-37 Gaierol Chairman--John J. Barada, The Laclede Gas Light Co., St. Louis, Mo. yite-Chairman {or Telephone and Telegraph Interests--W. P. Elstux, American Tele phone and Telegraph Co., New York, N. Y. yice-Chairman for Gas Interests--E. P. Durfee, Consolidated Edison Co. ot X. Y., Inc., Xew York, N. Y, yice-Chairnuui for Electric Interests--\Vm. H. Brown*. Northern States Power Co., Min neapolis. Minn. Secretary--H. A. Ptolemy, Public Service Co. of Northern Illinois, Chicago, 111. S'ncs Letter Committee-- D. C. Duncan, Chairman, Appalachian Electric Power Co., Blucfield, \Y. Ya. P. L. G. Hasskarl, Pennsylvania Power Co., Allentown, Pa. James D. Hale, Atlantic City Electric Co., Atlantic City, N. J. E- R- Kroi'P, Union Electric Light and Power Co.. St. Louis. Mo. E. S. Licht, New York State Electric & Gas Corp., Geneva, N. Y. :i D, E. Woods, Central Power & Light Co., Corpus Christi, Tex. Ejigineering Committee-- W. H. Mulligan', Chairman, Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario. Toromo. Out., Canada. A. A. Klixce, Public Service Co. of Colorado, Denver, Colo. Paul R. Kuhn, Penn Central Light & Power Co.. Altoona, Pa. John P. McCann. New England Power Assn., Boston, Mass. W. J. McVav, Consolidated Electric and Gas Co.. New York. X. Y. Health Committee Chairman-Vy*. Hart E. Fisher. Chicago Rapid Transit Co.. Chicago, 111. Visual Education Committee Chairman--C L. Hightower, United Gas System. Houston. Texas. Publicity Committee Chairman--R. S. Metzger, The Toledo Edison Co.. Toledo, Ohio. Membership Committee-- H. W. Lueck, (Chairman), Commonwealth Edh-.-n Co.. Chicago. 111. Harry Bkrma.v, Consolidated Gas & Electric Co.. Baltimore. Md. M. T. Caster. Lincoln Telephone ami Telegraph Co., Lincoln. Xebr. K. P. Noyes. Central Maine Power Co.. Augusta. Maine. E. A. Rust, Erie County Electric Co., Erie. Pa. H. E. SttKOp. Appalachia:: Electric Power Co., Elueheld, \Y. Ya. R. Steele. Oklahoma Gas ar.d Electric Company. Oklahoma City, Okla. P. K. Stiles. Compania Cubana de Elcctricidad. Habana, Cuba. Program Committee Chairman--C. H. DiNSMORtt. Wisconsin Power & Light Co., Madison. \Vi5. Statistics and Contest Committee Chairman.--ChaXles S. Bowden*. Ohio Public Service Co.. Alliance. Ohio. Special Representatives--\Y A. BucmaNan. Appalachian Electric Power Co., Welch. \Y Va. (E. E. I.) Charles J. Gunr.RT. Chairman. Accident Prevention Committee. AmridajfiGlC1'A * so ciation. Jt-Se-j >' t -.-v nu 53S Tzecnly-si.vlh Xational Safely Congress Councilors-- j { F. McC.\rE. E. S. Beaumont. The Peoples C.as Light & Coke Co.. Chicago. I'.!. C. B. Boulet, Wisconsin Public Service Corp., Milwaukee. Wis. | loHS P. MuC Comm G. A. Doeller, The Dayton Power & Light Co.. Dayton, Ohio. James B. Douglas. The Philadelphia Gas Works, Philadelphia. Pa. Roy M. Godwin-. Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia, Pa. E. .T. IvREii, Philadelphia Company. Pittsburgh. Pa. Wills Maclachlax, Electrical Engineer, Toronto. Cm.. Canada. E. B. McCulloch. Bureau ot Saiety. Chicago. 111. George Opp, Detroit Edison Company, Detroit. Mich. F. M. Pepper, Illinois Bell Telephone Co., Chicago. 1(1. C. J. Ruti-and, Texas Power & Light Company, Dallas, Texas. C. B. Scott, Bureau or Safety. Chicago, III. J. L. V.\xdegrjft. The Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Co., Washington, D. C. H. F. Webb, West Penn System. Pittsburgh, Pa. id. .jnbcrshif <- on: . J. HaXLOX \V. H. Brow: M. T. Caster r. A. Edw.u. A. A. Rung: . S. Licht, C.E- McBrh E. p. Moves. H. E. SHF.or I. R. Steelf Statistics end ( Co., Alliance. Councilors (Pa.- Officers Elected for 1937-38 Genera! Chairman--\V. P. Elstux, American Telephone & Telegraph C... Xew 'torn. X. Y. : I'icc-Chainmw--E. P. Dukkee. Consolidated Edison Co. of X. V.. Inc.. Xew York. X. Y. Secretary--H. A. Ptolemy, Public Service Co. of Northern Illinois, Chicago. III. Xczes Letter Committee-- ` D. C. Duxcax, Chairman, Appalachian Electric Power Co., Blucfield, Vi. \a. H. H. Bermax, Consolidated Gas, Electric Light & Power Co. of Kahhnore. Balti*; more, Md. "> S. C. Dickinson. Pacific Gas & Electric Co., San Francisco. Calif. ,1-V. E. R. Kropp, Union Electric Company of Missouri, St. Louis. Mo. W. J. McVay. Stone & Webster Service Corp., Xcw York, M'. Y. P. K. Stiles. Compania Cubana dc Electricidad, Maximo Gomez No. I .`.rartado ]/!.% Habana, Cuba. D. E. Woods, Central Power & Light Co., Corpus Christi, Texas. Y Program Committee Chairman--R. S. Metzger, Toledo Edison Co., Toled-\ Ohio. Publicity Committee Chairmatt--C. H. Dinsmoue. Wisconsin Power & Lick: oo.. Madi?01^ Wis. JoHX J. Da E. S. Beal C B. Bout.: G. A. Doei James B. 1 Roy M. Gc E J. Kreh Wills Ma B. B. McC George 0: . F. M. Per C. J. Rut C. B. So H. F. Wi Sfeciat Ref-r, C. J. GkL.M. Sh f'isital Education Commi/tcc-- H. W. Lueck. Chairman. Commonwealth Edison Co.. Chicago. 111. E. S. Mixer. American Telephone &.Telegraph Co., New York, M*. C. X. Rakestraw, The Cleveland Electric Illuminating Co., Cleveland. C..: Engineering Committee-- \V. H. Mulligan, Chairman. Hydro-Electric Power Commission of C.rra: ;0, Toronto: . Out, Canada. E. C. Bookman, Virginia Electric & Power Co., Richmond. Ya. C. H. Davis, Commonwealth Edison Co., Chicago, 111. J. D. Hall, Atlantic City Electric Co., Atlantic CitMln*^. .. ___^ P. L. G. Hasskarl, Pennsylvania Power & Light ^^^gSfitowsv'Ra/ Paul R. Kuhn, Pennsylvania Edison Co., AltoonagJSfc&Yjr - >. ongrcss Public Utilities Section 539 j p. McCabe. Duqucsnc Light Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. kicago, III. ce. Wis. John P- McCann. X'cw England Power Service Co., Boston. Mass. Committee Chairman--Dr. Hart E. Fisher, Chicago Rapid Transit Co., Chicago, .. Ohio, iclphia, Pa. Pa. * III Xonbersinf Committee-- g j. Hanlon, Chairman, Peoples Gas Light & Coke Co.. Chicago, 111. : \V. H. Browx, Northern States Power Co., Minneapolis, Minn, .. Canada. il. T. Caster, Lincoln Telephone and Tcelgraph Co., Lincoln, Nebr. R. A. Edwards. San Diego Consolidated Gas & Elec. Co., San Diego, Calif. A. A. Kunge, Public Service Co. of Colo., Denver, Colo. E. S. Licht, New York State Electric : Gas Corp., Geneva, X*. Y. Texas. C E. McBride, Xorthcrn Indiana Public Service Co., Fort Wayne, Ind. .. E- P. Xoyes, Central Maine Power Co., Augusta. Maine. [hone Co., Washington, D. C. : h. E. Shedd, Appalachian Electric Power Co., Bluefieid. W. Va. J. R. Steele, Oklahoma Gas & Electric Co.. Oklahoma City. Okla. fifties and Contest Committee Chairman--Charles S. Bowoex, Ohio Public Service Con Alliance, Ohio. Civncihrs (Past Genera} Chairmen)-- 7-38 A John J. Barada, The Laclede Gas Light Co., St. Louis. Mo. (1936-1937) i\E. S. Beaumont, The Peoples Gas Light & Coke Co., Chicago, III. (1930-31) & Telegraph Co.. New Yc*: C E. Boulet, Wisconsin Public Service Corp., Milwaukee. Wis. (1932-33) X- G. A. Doeller, Dayton Power & Light Co.. Dayton, Ohio (1931-32) i X. Y.. Inc.. Xew York, X.' /.'/James B. Douglas, The Philadelphia Gas Works Co., Philadelphia, Pa. (1916-17) cm Illinois, Chicago, 111. . Roy M. Godwin, Philadelphia Electric.Co., Philadelphia. Pa. (1935-36) E. T. Kreh, Philadelphia Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. (1934-33) r Co., Elucrield. W. Ya. WWills Maclachan. Electrical Engineer, Toronto, Ont.. Canada (1919-20) Power Co. of Baltimore. KG B. B. McCulloch. Bureau of Safety, 20 X*. Wackcr Drive., Chicago, III.`(1925-26) isco, Calif. Louis. Mo. rk. X. Y. no Gomez Xo. 1 Apartado ; >ti. Texas. isoti Co.. Toledo. Ol'.io. n Power ec I-ieht Co.. ' Geo?oe Opi>, Detroit Edison Co., Detroit, Mich. (1926-27) . F. M. Pepper. Illinois Cell Telephone Co., Chicago, 111. (1933-34) .. G J. Rutland, Texas Power & Light Co., Dallas, Texas (1927-2$) G 2. Scott. Bureau of Safety, 20 X. Wackcr Drive. Chicago. 111. (1917-13) ' H. F. Weish, West Penn System. Pittsburg!:. Pa. (1925-29) htricl Representatives-- ; -C. J. Gefvert, Consolidated Edison Co. of X. Y.. Ir.c.. Xew York, X. Y. (A.G.A.) ^ M. Shadcett. Georgia Power Co.. Athens. Ga. (E.E.I.) 'hicago. 111. . Xew York. X'. X. . Co.. Cleveland. O'ee.c. 'mmi-sion of Outara'. *7 md. Y.i. . J. \!lentov. u. F I ?* tt { \ i TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 12, 1937 `nincr ! Illrada. ion was Laclede cailcd to order Gas Liuht Co., Louis. who introdu 'fspeak- Quarry Section Officers 1936-37 |Qtntral Chairman--Alexander Foster, Jr., Warner Co., Philadelphia, Pa. iffice-Chairmau--Russell Rarev, The Marble Cliff Quarries Co., Columbus, Ohio. f-Secretary and A'w Letter Editor--X. B. Sipe, J. E. Baker Co., York, Pa. fyosltr Committee Chairman--H. F. Yotter, The General Crushed Stone Co.. Easton, Pa. .i;P*felichv Committee Chairman--J. R. Boyd, National Crushed Stone Assn., Washington, ^Swishes Committee Chairman--\Y. \V. Adams, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. '^'Members at Large-- V. P. Ahear.v, National Sand and Gravel Assn., Washington, D. C. Willum H. Baker, J. E. Baker Co., York, Pa. f l&cf1-0. M. Graves, The General Crushed Stone Co., Easton, Pa. ||>.S. Walter Stauffer, National Lime Association, Washington, D. CA. L. Worthex The New Haven Trap Rock Co., New Haven, Conn. m &tr &;> m. i Officers Elected for 1937-38 rrCwc.rol Chairman--Alexander Foster, Jr., Warner Co., Phiiadelohia, Pa. ._;Yke*Cha;rmart--Russell Rarey, The Marble Clift Quarries Co., Columbus, Ohio. rJjStCTitary cud .Vexes Letter Editor--X. B. Sipe, J. E. Baker Co., York, Pa. '^fitter Committee Chairman--H. F. Y'otter, The General Crushed Stone Co., Easton, Pa. Committee Chairman--T. R. Boyd, National Crushed Stone Assn., Washington, fP C. y. rJkfufiYj Committee Chairman--W. W. Adams, V. S. Bureau oi Mines, Washington, D. C. ' at Large-- ;.(y- P- Akearx, National Sand and Gravel Assn.. Wa-hir.g'.on, D. C. H. Baker. J. E: Baker Co., York, Pa. . . 0.11. Graves, The General Crushed Stone Co., Easton, i'a. S* Walter Stauffer, National Lime Association, Washir.ercn. D. C. Y-L. W'orthe.v. The New Haven Trap Rock Co., New Haven. Conn. >L ' 16 Tv |"' l >' Section met jointiy with th.e -tetion. A record oi the proceed- :v.q< will be i-.ar.d cft-*JSi5e^"249 .sa-^CLh litis volume. y'fe-:':' Safety Congress Safety Equipment Section : Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers ffho Exhibited at the Twenty-Sixth National Safety Congress and Exposition O CAM R0U.6B 0tUCfAS-fc-WHK. y&iVE Kansas City, Mo., October 11-15, 1937 5-"tU>- SaTmtAMMEACTiOiOiSAUPPOhA.VLAVLwFc r- Exhibition Hall'--Municipal Auditorium 'ICANUER dgtr ' OiAPHRACM VALVg <) 3-~*AV 01APH VALVe timinc dial. AIR LIME MR UHE SPftWC ifrme protection Equipment Co., Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa. .Jy^.-Gas Masks. ^ivemsing Displays, Ir.c., Covington, Ky. ry.Safety Education Materials in Display form With Moving Message;. Jdna Casualty & Surety Co., Hartford, Conn. 5*- Safe Driving Tests. Safety Educational Films. ;$. Aloe Co., St. Louis. Mo. Part IIP When cure time is up, timecyci yY First Aid and Hospital Equipment, gu/ator (0) (un:-; air pressure into hr yteerican Abrasive Metals Co., Irvington, X. J. ' 1) closing direct acting valve (7), shod* :2y Safety Treads for Walkways and Safety Gratings. e lower inlet oi three-way diaphragm W* Awiican-LaFrance and Foamitc Industries, Inc., Elmira, .V. Y. '' wiiich shuts air pressure from air ^ .-..-Fite Protection Equipment. 0 ami vents air from reverse attbt Aeericart Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. pltragm valve f-) causing this vahrs J Insurance. Workmen's Compensation. Property Damage and General c. African Optical Co., Southhruige, Mass. Automobile. 'art IV. As steam is exhausted CrrJi* `-.Head and Eye Protection Products. ter ar/l the T ressure has reduced to v* <ncan Safety Tank Co.. Kansas City, Mu. : 12 oon <iin* hraum valve (5). y Automotive Fuel Supply Tanks. > vviiI put1 Loll j up, ar.d heater <M'T L-afiticn, Inc., Chicago, III. be opened. Auxiliary & Emergency Stretcher First Aid Equipment. Soft, fa) Ten-ion on spring 02) tf2* ywiatic Trank* Control Corp.. St. Paul. Minn, jjusted either tv raise or to lower t'**" j.-. Prattle Actuated Control Equipment factor. fb) Steam line has two valve?, ose^ g with air pressure and the other >,_ t!i air oil'. /r.vr ^'Manufacturin'.: Co., block Gland. III. Inspection ami Correction Equipment. Product* Corp.. South Lend, Ind. j- Automotive Equipment, i. ^'-ivall* & I..i.*.y...<..o.n. Inc.. iKvaunus.'aasj vC*.iltkys,, MM>''. Heads. Tank- ami Pressure Vessel-. 'e*r'5' Md-iitomitaiu Co.. Milwaukee. VVi>. 5,. ,rVjP Washing Equii m.-.-ut. ''j5 Shoe 'C-mf M->. > '`^'s and Womens Safety Shoes. Ih Browne Mann fa fjj'mg Co.. New ^ 'rk C. ity an<l Special Pur-o-c Lights and Lamps. 000133 mm m* ife : m S3*H*T . m- Sa'ij'f 4. -. ki ' i] U-i\ &;; \\ &k. i'll iJ^-V M.` tfcki.q. ; t 'v; l`M *#-!;!! Mm 582 Ttaenty-sLvth Xational Safety Coayress R. H. Buhrke Co.. Chicago. III. Safety Equipment tor Construction and Maintenance. E. D. Bullard Co., San Francisco. Calif. Personal Protective Equipment. Burroughs Wellcome 6c Co.. (U.S.A.), Inc.. New York City. First Aid Kits and Medical Equipment. Champion Brake Corp., Chicago, III. Hand Brakes lor Freight Cars. Chicago Eye Shield Co., Chicago. III. Head, Eye and Respiratory Protective Equipment. Columbus McKinnon Chain Corp., Tonawanda, X. V. Alloy Steel Sling Chains and Safety Hoists. H. S. Cover, South Bend, Ind. Respirators and Safety Goggles. Crouse-Hinds Co., Syracuse, X'. Y. Traffic Signals and Floodlights. M. E. Cunningham Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Safety Steel Stamps and Type Holders. Davis Emergency Equipment Co., Inc., Xrew York City. First Aid and Industrial Safety Equipment. C. H. Dockson Co., Detroit. Mich. Head and Eve Protection. DoMorc Chair Co., Inc., Elkhart. Ind. Posture-Health Chairs for Office and Factory. Dual Parking Meter Co., Oklahoma City, Okla. Parking Meter Equipment." Donald F. Duncan, Inc., Chicago, 111. Parking Meter Equipment. Eagle Eignai Corp.. Moline, III. Traffic Signals. Electronic Control Corp., Detroit, Mich. Electronic and Photo-Electric Equipment. Elliott Service Co., X'ew York City. Promotion of Efficiency and Safety, Emerson Drug Co., Baltimore, Md. Bromo-SclUer. Employers Mutuals. W ausau. Vis. Fire and Casualty Insurance. Workmen s Compensation. Enameled Steel Sign Co., Chicago. 111. Day and X'ight Steel Reflecting Signs. Fairway Laboratories. Inc., Belleville, III. , Anti-Fatigue and Heat Exhaustion Antidote Tablets and Dispeusin;. Equipment. Harley-Davidson Motor Co., Milwaukee. Wis. Police Motorcycles and Accessory Equipment. Hercules Friction Grip Co., Kansas City, Mo. Brake Dressing. Hild Floor Machine Co.. Chicago. III. Electric Floor Scrubbing Machines and Vacuum Cleaners. Holcomb Saiety Garment Co.. Chicago, III. Industrial Safety Clothing. Hoof Products Co., Chicago, III. Motor Vehicle Speed Control Governors. Huntington Laf Disiniectine ! Hynson, Westec i Mercurochr i ; Indian Motoevei , Police Mote | Industrial Glove Industrial S [ Industrial Safer- Association International Sh Safety Shoe Junkin Safety A Power Pres Juvenile Wood i Automobile , The Karpark CoParking Me: Keystone View C Visual Safet 1 Walter Kidde & Fire Protect, Kimball Safety i Industrial S;. Lehigh Safety S: Leather and Liberty Mutual l Automobile ; The Lima Cord h X'on-Slip So lumbermens Mu Automobile, Maewhyte Co., h Wire Rope t The Martindale Dust Respirn McCloskev Tore" Bomb Shell 8- F. McDonald Safety Hats Metropolitan Lit Life Insurant Michigan Malleal Traffic Stop Milburn Co., Del Protective C Mine Safety App. Safety Applr Modern Engineer *7? Welding To~ Murray Safety I Plated Wirt 'fa. i <;/ Safety Congress Safely Equipment Section aimcnancc. v York City. upnient. X. Y. rk City. ry. uil'i-nsuion. 1 .il'K-is | )j_| wii'iuv; L<|uipinei:t. :;<n Cleaners Huntington Laboratories, Inc.. Huntington, Ind. Disinfecting and Sanitation Products, flvnson, Westcott & Dunning, Inc- Baltimore, Md. Mercurochrome First Aid Antiseptic, Thantis Lozenges. jadian Motocycle Co., Springfield. Mass. Police Motorcycles and Equipment. * industrial Gloves Co., Danville, III. Industrial Safety Clothing. Industrial Safety Equipment Assn., Xcw York City. Association of Manufacturers of Industrial Safety Equiytr.ienl. International Shoe Co., St. Louis, Mo. Safety Shoes. Junkin Safety Appliance Co.. Louisville, Ky. Power Press Guards. Juvenile Wood Products, Inc.. Fort Wavnc, Ind. Automobile Safety Seats for Children. The Karpark Corp., New York City. Parking Meters. Keystone View Co., Meadvillc, Pa. . Visual Safety Tests. Waiter Kiddc & Co., Inc., New York City*. Fire Protection Equipment. Kimball Safety Products Co.. Cleveland. Ohio. Industrial Safety Clothing and Supplies. Lehigh Safety Shoe Co., Inc.. Allentown, Pa. Leather and Rubber Safety Shoes. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co.. Boston, Mass. Automobile and Industrial Safety Service. The Lima Cord Sole & Heel Co.. Lima. Ohio. Non-Slip Soles and Heels. Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Co.. Chicago. 111. Automobile, Compensation and Genera: Casually Insurance. Macwhvtc Co.. Kenosha. Wis. Wire Rope and Braided Wire Rope Slings. The Martindale Electric Co.. Cleveland. Ohio. Dust Respirators and Highway Safety Signals. McCloskev Torch Co.. Toledo. Ohio. Bomh Shell Torches and Truck Flare-. B. F. McDonald Co.. Los Amides. Calif. Safety Hats and Respirator-. Metropolitan Lite Insurance Co.. New Y- rk City. Life Insurance. Industrial, etc. Michigan Malleable Iron Co.. Detroit. Mich. Traffic Stop Signs. Milburn Co.. Detroit. Mick. Protective Creams for Prevention of Occupational Skin Diseases. --Mine Safety-Appliances Co.. Pitt-bureh, Pa. Safety Appliances and Fin*. Aid Materia:.-. Modern Engineering Co.. St. Louis. Mo. Welding Torches and Safety Goggle*. Murray Safety Sling Co.. Inc.. Pittsburg:'.. Pa. Plated Wire Rope Slinus. iI 5S3 i i i i '# : si&'-Fi I'rfj IlfH] " iit^l wfr^ ill} I-ill! mrm lift'-1 jfe. a^i tBifcfrri] fte:;:i! ft i<a*ni 5S4 Twenty-sixth Xational Safety Congress National Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters, New York City. Safety Service. Casualty Insurance. National Safety Council. Inc., Chicago. III. Posters, Bureau oi Information. Research and Education Division. G. H. Packwood Manufacturing Co.. St. Louis, Mo. Soaps and Cleaning Compounds. Pamhcr-Panco Rubber Co., Inc., Chelsea, Mass. Safety Soles and Heels. The Patent Scaffolding Co., Chicago, III. Safety Ladders and Scaffolds. The Phister Manufacturing Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. Fire Protection Equipment. Protcctoseal Co., Chicago, 111. Safety Devices for Hazardous Liquids. Pulmosan Safety Equipment Corp., Brooklyn, N. Y. Respiratory Protection and General Safety Equipment. Railway and Industrial Engineering Co., Greensburg, Pa. Interlock Systems. Potential and Phase Detectors, Insulator Testers Recce Wooden Sole Shoe Co., Columbus, Nchr. Wooden Sole Safety Shoes. Rich Signs Corp., Wichita, Kans. Highway Reflecting Traffic .Markers. Rockwood Sprinkler Co., Worcester, Mass. Fire Protection Equipment. Rose Manufacturing Co., Denver, Colo. Industrial Safety Equipment. Safeguard Electric Co., Inc., Brooklyn, X. Y. Shockproof Pcrtablc Lamp Guards. Safety Engineering. Alfred M. Best Co., Inc., New York City. "Safety Engineering," Insurance Publications and Reports. The Safety Equipment Service Co.. Cleveland, Ohio. Goggles and AH Types of Accident Prevention Equipment. Safety First Shoe Co.. Holliston, Mass. Safety Shoes. W. H. Salisbury & Co., Inc., Chicago, 111. Linemen's Rubber Protective Devices. Shepherd Safety Shoe Corp., Chicago, III. Safety Shoes. The Spencer Turbine Co.. Hartford. Cotm. Industrial Vacuum Cleaners and Dust Collection Equipment. Standard Safety Equipment Co., Chicago, III. Industrial Safety Equipment. Stonekouse Signs. Inc., Denver, Colo. Accident Prevention Signs and Tags. Tlie Strauss Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Safety Belts, Safety Hats, and Foot Guards. Sugar Beet Products Co., Saginaw, Mich. Industrial Soaps. The Surety Rubber Co., Carrollton. Ohio. . Linemen's Safety Equipment and Synthetic RubbcwinJustrial E' The Surty Manufacturing Co., Inc.. Chicago, 111. Dust Counter?. Exhaust Units, Safety Guards and S-W Supply Co., Girard, Kans. Highway Railroad Signals. ffcreeway Signal Co.. Okiah Safety Signal Equipmer r^nc Bov, Inc.. Canton. 0: School Zone Traffic Ws Dated States Steel Corpora-. Steel Products and Cem. Wahlert Products Corp., Bro Industrial Safety and Fi: Weaver Manufacturing Co.. Automotive Testing Equ West Disinfecting Co.. Chicr. Products for the Promo; The Western Union TeiegraCommunication Service. WHIson Products, Inc., Read Personal Protective Dcv ..V m -r-: A.'. >v,'s& ongress York City. ion Division. -ulatur Testers. \l Safety Equipment Section fhree'vay Signal Co., Oklahoma City, Okla. Safety Signal Equipment. | Traffic Boy, Inc., Canton, Ohio. School Zone Traffic Warning Signs. I United States Steel Corporation Subsidiaries, Pittsburgh, Pa. I'?,; Steel Products and Cement. rftahlert Products Corp., Brooklyn, N. Y. i Industrial Safety and Fire Protection Equipment. [-Weaver .Manufacturing Co., Springfield, III. S. Automotive Testing Equipment. ;Wt Disinfecting Co., Chicago. III. products for the Promotion of Industrial Sanitation. ['^ke Western Union Telegraph Co., Kansas City, Mo. it-^Communication Service. [.Willson Products, Inc., Reading, Pa. Personal Protective Devices. 18b . City, .eport*. ptnent. .nipimiit. I "t [mill-trial Shield-. Textile Section Officers 1936-37 Quiet-al Chairman--T. A. Wilson, North Carolina Industrial Commission, Raleigh, X. C. yice-Chairman (In Chargg of Program)--E. A. Roberts, American Mutual Liability In surance Co., Atlanta, Ga. yice-Chairman in Charge of Membership--Wallace Gill, Jr., Collins and Aikman Ccrp., Philadelphia, Pa. Vfti'S Letter Editor--P. M. Camak. The South Carolina Industrial Commission, Columbia. S. C. .Secretary--E. M. Salley, American Enka Corp., Enka, N. C. Engineering Committee Chairman--Harvey Saul, U. S. Finishing Co., Pawtucket, R. I. 'Statistics Committee Chairman--W. R. McCallum, South Carolina Industrial Commis sion. Columbia, S. C. Members at Large-- E. V. Albrechtson, E. I. du Pont de Nemours 5: Co., Richmond, Va. H. R. Cory. Deacon Manufacturing Co., Suamianoa, X. C. Charles H. Eames, Lowell Textile Institute, Lowell, Mass. Russell T. Fisher. National Association of Cotton Manufacturers, Boston. Ma.-?. G. H. Gkroke, Sibley-Enterprise Manufacturing Co., Augusta, Ga. D. J. Glazf.rkook, Kendall Co., Walpole, Mass. M. W. Heiss, Proximity Manufacturing Co., Greensboro, N. C. Walter Humi'iikkys, National Association of Woolen Manufacturers, New York City. R. I. Jf.nnixos. Lanctt Cotton Mills. West Point. Ga. A. S. Johnson, American Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. R. J. De LaMeter. Bigelow Sanford Carpet Co.. Inc., Amsterdam, X. Y. Carl E. Lindemeyr, Forstmann Woolen Co.. Passaic, X. J. A. F. McGarr. Simmons Co.. San Francisco, Calif. Forrest H. Shufokd. North Carolina Department of Labor, Raleigh. X. C. j Officers Elected for 1937-38 j Genera! Chairman--T. A. Wn.>*>N. North Carolina Industrial Commission. Raleigh. C. | l'iVe.C/.v:V.'<ni hi Charge of Pr.;r.im--E. A. Roberts, American Mutual Liabi:::;. In- ! surance Co.. Atlanta. Ga. ITiV-G':jfrwi<j in Charge of Me:;r ership--W. R. McCallum. South Carolina Indu-trial Commission. Columbia. S. C Letter Editor--Frazer Patterson. W. C. Bradley Interests, Columbus. Ga. Statistics Committee Chairnitin--k. \ Junninos. Lanctt Cotton Mills, West Point. < -'n'mhers at Large-- ... .. Chaki.es H. Eames. Loweil Institute. Lowell. Mass. : M. W. Hi'tss. Proximity Manufacturing Co.. Greensboro. X. Frank E. Morris, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co.. Boston. Mast qrcss crintendent made his rounds henever he observed a soft : die floor he picked it Up the time and the department I found and handed the bottle Unless the overseer could yee who was responsible for ottle on the floor, he was ry it constantly in his hands the shift. equired to acknowledge pub. -e of his department to obwith respect to placing these containers provided, it was re every overseer had, in his .1 fashion, discovered a way , the guilty employee and thus . to this unsafe practice. :mp)e of what may be done to occurrence when the overseer is job seriously is found in a mill in eastern Alabama >ximately two and one half ours per year which, for the y 1, 1934 to January- 1, 1935 nts with a frequency rate of period January 1, 1935, to J36, had 18 accidents with a e of 8.02, and for the period ,J36, to November 1, 1936, had ith a frequency rate of 4. Ennot satisfied by this progress, :ent designated the month of a "No-Accident" month. They jful in achieving the record :ring the month of November, i their campaign through the ember. At the time this paper :cn, the plant has operated aptwo and one quarter million ithout a single lost time acci- ported. Wood Products Section Officers 1936-37 General Chairman--Harry J. Kelley, American Seating Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. yice-Chairman--William Haggerty, Edward Hines Lumber Co., Hines, Hamev Co., Ore. Secretory--M. C. Gooospeed, General Electric Co., Erie, Pa. flews Letter Editor--H. E. Seely, The Brunswick-Balke-Collender Co., Chicago, 111. 'Engineering Committee Chairman--J. H. Lee, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Rockford, III. Membership Committee Chairman--S. T. Dibsdale, The J. G. Brill Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Poster Committee Chairman--R. L. Woods, Fisher Lumber Corp., Memphis, Tenn. program Committee Chairman--Nils Juei.l, Hayes Body Corp., Grand Rapids, Midi. Publicity Committee Chairman--Roland Jones, The Surty Mfg. Co., Inc., Chicago, III. Statistics Committee Chairman--F. A. Pollock, Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Co., Chi cago. 111. Members at Large-- R. C. Bark, Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Co., San Francisco, Calif. F. W. Braun, Employers Mutuals, Wausau, Wis. E. Ross Farra, Grand Rapids Safety Council, Grand Rapids, Mich. Louis W. Kerherg, Mengei Body Co., Louisville, Ky. J. A. Purdy, Michigan Mutual Liability Co., Detroit, Mich. Officers Elected for 1937-38 General Chairman--H. E. Seeley, The Brunswick-Balke-Collender Co., Chicago, 111. Vice-Chairman--J. H. Lee, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Rockford, 111. Secretary--M. C. Gooospeed, General Electric Co., Erie, Pa. A'ra-s Letter Editor--S. T. Dibsdale, The J. G. Brill Co.. Philadelphia, Pa. Membership Committee Chairman--R. L. Woods, Fisher Lumber Corp., Memphis, Tenn. Publicity Committee Chairman--Roland Jones, The Surty Manufacturing Co., Inc., Chi cago. III. $lotis:::s Committee Chairman--F. A. Pollock, Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Co., Chi cago. 111. Mewccrs at Large-- R. C. Barr. Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Co.. Snt; Francisco. Calif. F. W. Braun, Employers Mutuals. Wausau. Wis. E. Ross Farra, Grand Rapids Safety Council, Grand Rapids, Mich. L juis W. Kekbkrg. Mengei Body Co.. Louisville, Ky. J. A. Purdy, Michigan Mutual Liability Co.. Detroit. Mich. Harry J. Kelley. American Seating Co., Grand Rapids. Mich. MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 11, 1937 T[; =esion was called to order by Gen- Seating Co.. GfSSa,apid5, Mich., who in hairman Harry j. Kelley. American troduced the sp4&r,s. - ------ 12 Twenty-sixth National Safety Congress ; Combating the Dust Problem in the Wood Products Industry By J. G. SISSMAN Director of Research, Surty Manufacturing Company, Inc-, Chicago, III. The best protection against fire in wood problems fall into several groups. Dust may working plants is dust control cleanliness, impair the value of the product by marring which means keeping the air dust-free, pre its finish- Furniture factories and cabinet venting the accumulation of litter on floors, makers suffer most from this nuisance. Dust benches, and tools, and guarding against the may cause, .accidents *by making the footing accumulation of dust on oily, moving-parts--uncertain, by hiding obstructions on or de where friction..will-readily raise the tem fects in floors or the exact location of knives perature to the burning point An adequate and cutting edges. Dust of any kind in the dust collecting system is the best protection eyes is a nuisance and a dangerous nuisance. against wood-shop fires. Nuisance dust, like fire hazard dust and ex Remember, a dust collecting system itself plosive dust is adequately and satisfactorily must be designed with this fact in mind; controlled by ventilation. fire as well as air and dust can be carried Wood working dusts, with the possible through air ducts. exception of a relatively small amount of The fire hazards in wood plants are well known. A study of such hazards, made by the National Fire Protective Association which published a report in 1932, gives a full analysis of some 1,700 fires in wood working plants and shows the proportion of danger in different parts of the plant and the- ratio of fires of dust origin in compari son with ethers. The explosion hazard also has been care fully surveyed. It is present when dust is sufficient for combustion to be instantaneous over a considerable area. Explosion hazards, like fire hazards are best controlled by ven tilation which precludes the accumulation of dangerous dust in plant atmosphere. Fire danger is present in wood working operations whether performed in open sheds or totally enclosed buildings. Explosion hazard is increased with enclosure of the process in closed buildings. Bulletins 562 and 617 U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, and several pamphlets of the National Safety Council contain com plete safety information for prevention of dust explosions. They sum up the'collected, classified knowledge in this field and point abrasive material which they contain, are bulky. There must be continuous removal of wastes of manufacture to leave room for men, machines and work in the plant For many years this was the only aspect of the case considered. Broom and shovel methods, which once were standard in the wood work ing trade for removal of wastes, were suffi cient and would still be sufficient but, the presence of other hazards of wood dusts complicate the problem. Broom and shovel methods are no longer acceptable. Moving air is the one effective means of disposal of wood wastes because it does so in a satis factory' manner and because it fits into the scheme for guarding against other hazards. The material so collected is frequently usable either as fuel within the plant or is saivagable and saleable which helps reduce substantially the cost of safeguarding the plant. This is the only phase of the dust control problem which shows a direct profit. The others are an immediate charge on the industry which must be met as part of gen1- eral overhead. They show their profit in directly in the prevention of injuries to men and the saving of the^cost_of injury _ to industry. ------ '*^r_ '""1~ out the close linkage between fire hazard and explosion hazard and show that either may be the cause of or the consequence of the The last of the quintette, according to my classification, is wood dust as a health haz ard. This quint has several characteristics: other. These bulletins in conjunction with the rules or laws effective in your own state for removal of dust and gases, will enable effect of wood dust on the human system; effect of abrasive dusts on the human sys* tem; effect of dust or materials other than ' you to work out a campaign against the l.aa-_ abrasive usc4 ,ace o wood or ard of dust explosion. i&*Mnation wjUMt-on. 4he The nuisance problem in woodworking fimJ&'iSct of diftfcraiCKirjg from the' *m5|h* plants also requires dust control. Nuisance f'jfgEjgHition system. ;-T$ Wooc of silica innocuoquamitic dust is c The ir York fo Adelaide ship ben ease is s< wood w< the dusts respirato working are not p more silic Studies t present in not been t tail over z statistical . working i: there is sc by the higi . culosis. v' In the s: death rate of the res standard c 150; stone i wood work facturers 2 is a true pi< *ng trades compare obvious ths mental to h Reports : England ant situation. I Workers are Jdth agricul v Per cent . tef.ed with In the 1* higher, pe yian wood c ?!>ere they t J?ty-eight t$ted from Respiratory U7, off y^onchitis" ?Od worker makers 5 Ptihg unde; 0001 gross ucBS ,,. <m\ Wood Products Section 613 4 _____. ______ Products Industry : ^ L.y/ood dust is not dangerous in the sense cabinet makers do not rank well. Other wood itt* iy, Inc., Chicago, 111. uo several groups. Dust may" :e of the product by, marring niture factories and cabinet nost from this nuisance. Dust dents by making the footing '.iding Qbstructions on or de- >r the exact location of knives ges. Dust of any kind in the :ice and a dangerous nuisance, like fire hazard dust and ex* adequately and satisfactorily entilation. , w. silica or lead dust; but wood dust is not workers seem to occupy a middle place. Nocuous. Any dust inhaled in sufficient Santities is detrimental to health and wood Jost is not excepted. Dust in wood working trades is therefore a definite hazard to the health of workers and of particular significance in the impetus Xhe industrial bulletin of the state of New which it gives to diseases of the respiratory ifork for July, 1936, contains an article by system. Adelaide Ross Smith in which the relation- Of less actual significance, but of consider Jjjjjp between wood dust and respiratory dis- able interest because it is seldom considered |^se is set forth. Dr. Smith points out that as a hazard to wood workers, is contact with ifood working is a dusty trade and while woods or wood dusts which are poisonous. yjfc dusts are not primarily siliceous, more Bulletin 616 issued by the U. S. Bureau `respiratory disease is found in the wood of Labor .Statistics, also the Handbook of iirorking plants than in plants where dusts Labor Statistics, 1936 edition, contain two ^re not present. She suggests that perhaps interesting references to poisonous woods. sore silica dust is present than is suspected. The first of these, which appears on page ::ng dusts, with the possible i relatively smail amount of rial which they contain, are must be continuous removal manufacture to leave room for and work in the plant For is was the only aspect of the J. Broom and shovel methods, re standard in the wood workremoval of wastes, were suffi;u!d still be sufficient, but, the other hazards of wood dusts ie problem. Broom and shovel no longer acceptable. Moving - effective means of disposal of because it does so in a satisicr and because it fits into the warding against ether hazards, `.Studies to determine which of the dusts present in woodworking are dangerous have not been made, at least not with sufficient de. jail over-a long enough period of time. But Statistical evidence definitely places wood {working, in that class of industry in which Tibere is some exposure to silicosis, as shown ipy the high mortality from pulmonary tuber- tculosis. 2v j'In the study made by Oliver, in which the death rate of the agriculturist from diseases of the respiratory system was taken as a rtandard or 100, the rate for potters was 150; stone quarriers 261; cotton workers 244; wood workers 238; masons 215; wood manu'facturers 202; and bakers 1/7. If this figure b a true picture of deaths in the wood work ing trades due to respiratory diseases, 238 350, refers to an outbreak of dermatitis in a wood working plant employing 100 men. As a result of contact with Brazilian wal nut wood dusts, 11 cases, a rate of about 10 per cent developed dermatitis of varying severity which, in some cases, incapacitated the man for several weeks. The inference was that a large measure of tolerance of toxins in that particular wood can be devel oped.^ An extensive account appears on page 354 of the same bulletin. It is a reprint of a bulletin issued by the International Union of Wood Workers for September-Octobcr. 1931. This bulletin states that there are many woods, particularly those grown in the tropics, which contain active poisons. The actual number of cases reported is al so collected is frequently as compared with 100 as the standard, it is relatively small. This is due to the slow ac as fuel within the plant or is 1 saleable which helps reduce 'obvious that wood dusts are definitely detri tion of the dust and the fact that many mental to health. physicians are not familiar with occupational tile cost of safeguarding the exposure or the resulting disabilities, and so i the only phase of the dust Reports from the Registrar General of do not associate the illness with patients' m which shows a direct profit. England and Wales, show ihe same general trades. :c an immediate charge on the h must be met as part of gen!. They show their profit in* lie prevention of injuries to saving of the cost of injury' the quintette, according to my is wood dust as a health hazint has several characteristics; /d dust on the human system; asive dusts on the human sys f dust or materials other than isivo-uscd in place- of-wcod or jn with it on the human sysi dust resulting from the finish* . on the human svstem. .situation. Under the English system wood Workers are rated at 103 per cent, compared with agricultural workers who are rated at .59 per cent Woodworkers rate 339 com'fered with the general population rate of 180. In the case of cabinet makers the rate is higher, perhaps because more dusts other -Ban wood dusts are present in the atmostftere they breathe. One hundred and sevUity-eight trades are listed in this report, jtated from 1 to 178. Under the heading Respiratory tuberculosis" cabinet makers %te 117, other wood workers 81. Under ' The most frequent symptom of wood poison is dermatitis which may be slight or severe. Other effects may be palpitation of the heart, shortening of breath, or dizziness. Such symptoms also come from inhaled dust. Repeated contacts do not confer a tolerance of these poisons; in fact they may make one super-sensitive, so that working on ordinar ily harmless woods causes a re-occurence of incapacity. The toxic substance occurs as volatile oils or alkaloids. Quite a number of woods are enumerated. ^bronchitis" cabinet makers rank 121, other It is the good fortune^Lthc-woodworking Wood workers 64. Under "pneumonia" cab- trade to be able IargefE|psSfid aside-!rom met makers 51, other wood workers 28. Ex the most serious dustlg&Sl&& the problgia cepting under the heading, of "pneumonia," of silica dust, since s<^ani^ere is lifttfiiid- 614 Twenty-sixth National Safety Congress show that silica is a substantial danger in They are dangerous. In addition to health v added the wood working held. This is true despite hazard, these finishes add to the fire and This l the reference to the report of Dr. Smith. explosion hazard of the wood working plant costly While that danger is slight at present, it is Acetone and acetates, ethylenes and alcohols housekt a growing danger, due to the use of ex are the principal toxics which enter the new Prop, tremely high speed sanding derices for finish finishes. Descriptions of'these ingredients gears a ing operations, using siliceous material as will be found on page 337 of Bulletin 116 tered u: abrasives, and to the growing use of products previously mentioned. of non-wood origin in the woodworking shops. Many of the panels now being worked in wood shops contain high proportions of asbestos and other silicious minerals. Where this is done, the worker may be exposed-to" concentrationS'*of " silica dust sufficient to present a definite hazard. It is well to make occasional survey of your plant to determine exposure continuous or intermittent. It appears that, from the point of view of health hazards, these conclusions can be drawn: (1) Wood dust is dangerous to -health and increases the incidence of respira tory disease. (2) Dermatitis is a result of contact with woods of tropical origin and their dusts, and will follow exposure. (3) Silicious materials are a factor in the high incidence of pulmonary diseases in the wood The : ' equippe hoods ; many ir. very 'sa chinery constant open ri stickers ment ar While perhaps finishing operations are working plants. (4) New materials, particu generally i not properly a part of the woodworking operation they do occur in so many plants that their existence should be pointed out. Changes in the stains, paints or other finish ing coatings causing lead poisoning lessen that hazard compared to 20 or 25 years ago. larly those having appreciable silica content, present new dangers which must be carefully guarded against. (5) The new surface fin ishes, to a large extent replacing the lead pigment paints, obviate one danger and introduce new dangers of their own. exhaust dangero; . Theg ' fire insu building C space be The nitrocellulous and pyroxylin finishes v'sheds, et which are displacing paints, are distinctly dangerous. Volatile materials comprise about three-fourths of the mass, which is Dust then presents five different problems to the wood working trade. A good ventilat ing system will solve all five problems, re . his fire d _ and fire then thinned by the addition of other vola ducing dangers in four instances, and in the y With <- tiles to several times the original volume. fifth reducing direct costs. . '- .an intelli stalling points o: . regular " gram, we Is eacl job? In Good Housekeeping in Woodworking Plants By JAMES C. WILSON quires a: know tha running : Vice President, Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Company, Chicago, 111. Chicago, 111. varicose ing lumbf keeping, Good housekeeping is and always has been A complete and efficient dust collecting cause of one of the most important features of a system is a basic necessity, and once installed forking c successful manufacturing program. Funda it must be serviced constantly to retain t* .v Why* d< mentally it is the outstanding feature If efficiency. The removal of all waste mate Problem i: considered in its broadest terms. It includes rial from floors and around machines is * *t so imp not only a sensible, intelligent handling of full-time job requiring definite assignmen ^ust happ sales, accounting methods, packaging and to axlean-up crew. i.One diff shipping, but, more specifically, production methods and the habits of the men engaged in production. In laying out the housekeeping requires amnacinhtienleligseentut pp9,l,angun* Accidents .considerat der which the machines are grouped sojD* -Sensation It seems obvious to us that when a new the progress of stock being Process`TrJ5 Jfcportanct plant is being designed or when an old one such' is being rebuilt, the plans should include and _..com at there is a continuous flow towa ^dess he tt-*tr:a-c..k..i.n~g. - at`>*r-f\c.Production proride for good housekeeping through the following details; has iy-::pf the .ohlayqtfants, the-ojgj hich is ' tW^aehi--e kavfc'Tw^TJrW- d by an 0C0J