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FILE NAME Ford FD DATE 1948 Feb DOC FD050 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION Trade Journal Article - Fume and Dust Exposure - National Safety News Recognition and Control of Fume and Dust Exposure | By V. J. CASTROP delegated for employee health is delegated by management to the medical director while the safety director is charged with accident pre vention activities For the smooth functioning of either department it is necessary that these individuals work in harmony spends The safety engineer much of his time in the plant and usuallyis well informed about working condi tions The doctor on the other hand must spend most of his time tending to the medical needs of the employee V. J. CASTROP is Assistant Head Industrial Hygiene Department Research Lab oratories Division General Motors Corp. Detroit Mich This article has been condensed from a paper presented at the Automotive and Machine Shop Section 35th National Safety Congress and to the administrative work of his department As a result he has insufficient time for plant surveys This is particularly true in plants where the doctor is employed on a time basis A safety engineer who is capable of recognizing conditions which may be detrimental to health is an excel- lent team mate for the doctor in a health maintenance program The safety engineer need not be capable of actually sampling air in the environment or designing a ventilation system for the control of toxic ma- terials He should however have knowledge of the materials which have been proved harmful and should have some understanding of basic control measures The safety engineer as well as the doctor should be informed technical where he can obtain the technical sonnel to do the sampling and tailed study of the environment engineering personnel to render sistance in the control of expo Such assistance may be obtained the industrial hygiene division either the health or labor departm of many states Some city go industrial ments likewise have a giene bureaus In addition to these governm agencies many insurance can have on their staffs men who capable of sampling and rende engineering assistance Private sultants are also available or find that an industrial hygi may is employed by your own orga tion 20 National Safety News February and outside views of vapor blasting eat Fine silica and water under presused Cabinets must be maintained Pf leakage of mist does not occur | exhaust ventilation of soldering r operations Rs. discussion will be limited to principles principles of industrial hygiene hey relate to fume and dust ex- eato eato indicate what control- ures are available or used to at the employee's health and to attention to operations and ma- Ms which are commonly used in try at the same time indicating Mealy accepted opinion as to their on health Many conditions are improved for mos other than their effect upon meh: Better products better em- relationship 6 reduction in Renance of equipment may be as justification for managedecisions for such correction Saltions ymen frequently designate as e any vapor fog gas etc. they mE Encounter In industry the plat- mist over a chrome tank the va- for gases at a cleaning ation or the exhaust gases from ock are frequently referred to as To the industrial hygienist rm has a more definite mean ing For this discussion fume may be considered to be particulate matter formed by the condensation of a vapor A molten bath of lead at a high temperature causes the metal to vola- tilize and form a vapor Upon contact with the cooler surrounding atmosphere condensation occurs and the physical state changes from vapor to a solid metallic particle While dust is also a solid particle it is formed by the disintegration of solid materials by grinding crushing abrasion or similar action Fume particles are generally small in diameter with the size dependent upon the type of fume the extent of flocculation and other factors Dust particles of hygienic significance are those beteween one and ten microns in size 25,400 microns are equiva- lent to one inch Generally speaking there are two means of entrance of toxic com- pounds into the human body in- gestion or via the respiratory tract through inhalation of fumes dusts mists or gases Ingestion is of importance if toxic materials which have a systemic effect are used and adequate washing facilities are not provided or where the employees are slovenly in personal habits Inhalation is considered the most important portal of entry of fumes or dusts and the particle size therefore becomes significant in evaluating exposure The particles which cause the physiological changes are those which are small enough to remain suspended in the air and not those which immediately fall to the floor Flying particles which may cause eye injuries are not of hygienic significance since they are not of respirable sie To judge the serious ness of an exposure by the quantity of detritus adjacent to an operation is often misleading This is especially true where mechanical ventilation re- moves the fine material but is inade- quate to trap or convey the larger particles In evaluating an exposure it is nec essary to consider the toxicity of the material the duration of the expo- sure the average concentration of the contaminant with special attention being paid to those operations which produce high concentrations at some phase of an operating cycle and the measures which have been provided -To page 52 21 kn mplegil em ele cee pane. Cape nome compere ol ' ona yy en nw e we ne me a eee Pe with resultant failure of the reget Fume and Dust Exposure tory system While welding in , -From page 21 to control the exposure Medical rec- ords of the individuals subjected to the exposure may be of value if the examinations are thorough and fre quent and not of a cursory type It must be remembered that occupa- tional diseases are slow in develop ment and in some instances lasting in effect Slow changes may not be _ open areas these toxic gases are The mere fact that these limits are mally not present in sufficient gu tities to cause harmful effects 7 exceeded does not necessarily mean that someone will become definitely ever when welding is done in fined areas the nitrogen oxides ill But there is a good probability that someone will suffer ill effects if the limit is greatly exceeded for a considerable period There remains much to be learned regarding the toxicity of many substances used in reach a concentration which will harmful K Gas welding generally is notThere ductive of harmful fumes There however in brazing two potentin harmful exposures While boric bra detected and the mere fact that cases industry . , or borates generally are used in have not occurred does not mean that So much for the general picture ing fluxes some metals require fgg exposures to known toxic materials may be ignored Determination of the concentration of the toxic material in the air is im- portant in evaluating the exposure Tests of this type are indicative not only of the degree of contamination but also in some instances which operation is the major offender The apparatus used in collecting the contaminant and the method used in estimating the amount present in the atmosphere vary with the type of material Tests of this type are spec- ialized in nature and are beset with many pitfalls which can lead to erroneous conclusions if done by in- experienced personnel Permissible Limits In a discussion pertaining to toxic materials it is generally necessary to quote permissible concentrations or as it is sometimes expressed mum allowable concentrations missible limits or threshold limits These terms are used extensively by industrial hygienists to indicate con- centrations of a substance in the air which are considered compatible with good health The limit usually applies to exposures of eight hours duration for a prolonged period The limits are for the most part advisory standards or bench marks which are practical to meet In general these limits are derived from three types of evidence all of which have value and limitations I. Animals have been exposed at dif- ferent concentrations and the effects noted 2. A few experiments have been made on human subjects for short periods of time 3. Safe limits have been arrived at by measuring the concentrations of sub- stance in the workroom air and cor- relating this information with results of medical examinations of workmen Now let's look at some specific opera- tions Welding Welding processes most commonly used can be divided into three types arc gas and resistance The safety measures pertaining to clothing gog gles and helmets are of common knowledge and will not be considered here Arc welding when performed on uncoated steel does not produce a condition considered harmful to the welder provided it is done in a com- paratively large open area The fumes which result from welding consist essentially of the oxides of iron and oxides of metals which may comprise the steel or coating of the welding rod Some investigators have found characteristic markings on chest rays of men who have welded under severe conditions for long periods of time These markings are presumably due to the deposition of iron fumes within the lungs but it has not been demonstrated that such fumes have caused physical impairment A frequently suggested limit for welding fume is 15 milligrams of iron oxide per cubic meter of air Con- centrations of this magnitude existing in the workroom would materially reduce visibility and thereby become a nuisance or an unsafe condition re- quiring correction Welding within confined areas such as tanks inside machinery or equip ment or in small rooms presents a condition which can be of concern The concentration of fume is materi- ally higher under these conditions as there is little opportunity for dilution by natural air currents normally present in a large shop Nitrogen oxides formed by the electric arc when inhaled in sufficient quantities causes fluids to form in the edema- containing significant quantities mmm fluoride compounds and fumesquanti es these fluxes have been known to ym , duce significant nasal irritat Fluorides in general are looked with suspicion since they may fk duce harmful effects upon the structure A limit of 2,5 mg cubic meter has been suggested fluorides but no standard has hy agreed upon Most industrial hy low ists attempt to keep them as practicable . Silver solder is one of the common alloys used in brazingcomposit ers of this type vary in composit and may in some instances com cadmium which if volatilized in ficient quantities is considered he ful At present the suggested limi cadmium fume in air is 1 millige per 10 cubic meters of air Resistance spot or butt welding plain steel is of no concern from physiological standpoint The firs arising from such operations gene ly are caused by the volatilized which has come upon the metal g during previous operations or been placed upon the metal as preventive The preceding discussion of ing operations has been based 4 the assumption that the metals be welded are of plain steel The formance of welding operations ther arc gas or resistanceY metals which have been coated J such toxic materials as lead ca um or mercury may cause har exposures The heat of the flame of the arc causes volatilization these metals Welding or cutting terne plate or other metals contam significant quantities of lead caus sult in the volatilization of lead abe which if inhaled for a sufficient od of time may result in lead abe -To pag arlington Mills Corp. Bristol Weaving Co. Bristol Tenn January 19 1940 to date 360 emooyyes ees 6,218,430 hours as of December 17 1947. A plaque and are awarded for each million |, hours without a disabling in- andFirestone Rubber Co. ; Tire Akron Mechanical Novem- 12 1946 to date 2,000,000 man- hours as of December 22 1947 Orleans im Public Service Inc. New Orleans La - Mechanical Operation Operation Section Power Division Electric Bis Department 17 1944 date 51 employees 500,000 man hourass of December 31 1947 : By Using Using floor sation floor Pat Pat dislocated scrub weton Ryan claimed dislocated woman pensation wet platform platform woman pensation platform Receiving claimed on Com- oil Com- fellfell Compen- on Compen- Dept. sliped claimed broke wrist slipped &s SKIDMASTER | fume and Dust and ultimate poisoning The cut- or welding of surfaces which Lave been coated with paint contain- lead has caused lead poisoning Welding of cadmium plated mater- was attributed as the cause of ill- and even death to a number of | dividuals during the war The re- cases indicated that death oc- ferred in a comparatively short time the exposure Welding of galvanized metal causes volatilization of the zinc coating |. Temporary discomfort associated metal fume fever may result such exposure Where warranted control of weld- providing is generally accomplished providing a mechanical ventilation The type of ventilation used dependent dependent nature of the upon object ding When the object to be weld ptosibhle epositioned ce fume ce fume in a fixture or jig it to obtain effective control fumes by the use of a grill flexible duct near the If the parts are large from fixed weld to more than fixed point it is difficult obtain % obtain good control of the fume using reasonable air volumes through mre through flexible ducts the effective range of most is approximately eight the dust for opening it is "., the welder to move the practical ap arc is outside this practical result is that Whenever there's a slipping hazard there's a possible time lost accident a possible compensation claim and a need for grip wear SKID MASTERS StaSafe SKIDMASTERS assure safe footing on slick floors or other slippery surfaces Indoors or out SKIDMASTERS offer economical protection against slipping hazards Write for Bulletin No. 104 STANDARD SAFETY EQUIPMENT COMPANY 232 West Ontario Street Chicago 10 Illinois NEWARK . - CLEVELAND - - LOS ANGELES KEEP IT CLEAN Specialists in Powdered Hand Cleaners [> SOPAC soaps and vegetable scrubber STEROPAC 7.0 @ LANOPAC lanolin @ BOROPAC scrubber A Wee Bit Goes a Long Way WE INVITE AN OPPORTUNITY TO SERVE YOU SKOTCH PRODUCTS CORPORATION 2710-12 Detroit Ave. Cleveland 13 Ohio Te te ice See e e oP ar GERAETINE AEE one owe wat most ducts are normally not moved and the ventilation system does not remove the fumes According to re- ports this type of system has been ' effectively used in shipyards for the control of welding fumes in confined areas In view of this experience it should therefore be a satisfactory means of control for welding fumes in tanks However supervision and education are necessary to make such systems effective Where the room volume per welder is large natural ventilation within the plant is usually sufficient to pre- vent accumulation of excessive con- ventration of fumes from plain steel welding Circulating fans directed from the side help to dilute the fume which may be concentrated in the breathing zone of the welder _ Another means of control is the use of personal respiratory equipment Air line respirators and fume respirators have been developed which will provide adequate protec tion Some manufacturers have on the market welders helmets with fa- cilities for providing fresh air to the wearer Use of this type of equip - ment has been limited Since the welder is already burdened with helmet goggles and protective clothing he probably will not be receptive to a respirator It is sufficient in welding for the employee to wear ordinary helmet and to arrange position of the work so as to preve the concentrated fume from flow 4 under the helmet Dry Grinding Dust resulting from the grind of nontoxic metals which are free sand is generally considered a sance and is not harmful per Despite this fact some state laws quire grinding operations to be | tilated This requirement has ably been a holdover from the when sandstone wheels were lent and also to prevent the creat of a nuisance condition Grindi wheels in use industry have Only Safe ficial abrasives such as aluminum | ide or silicon carbide Emery ural product composed essentially aluminum and magnetic oxide iron may also be used A permis limit of 50 million particles per foot of air for aluminum oxide silicon carbide was recently accept DO YOU GET Safe by the members of the Ameri Conference of Governmental Indi EXCLUSIVE FEATURES BECAUSE trial Hygienists Such a limit ig eral and concentrations of such nitude are normally not encounter e SAFE has straight ridges of mixed cord and rubber in the Tread When lead silica or some simi toxic material comes in contact e For smooth dry surfaces you must hove rubber . . because rubber holds firmly on DRY surfaces but would slip on wet surfaces ' For wet slippery surfaces you e must have cord .. .. because cord holds securely on wet surfaces wee the grinding wheel the exposu the abrasive matter may be igno Ae and the exposure evaluated on basis of the toxic material If am latter material is controlled the sance will also be eliminated Ventilation systems for grind ~ | wheels have been fairly well satisfaction ardized and generally are satisfaction to prevent a nuisance Hoods sho For greasy soapy surfaces you must have straight ridges because ridges cut thru and scrape off foreign matter and grip the surface itself enclose the wheel as completely a practicable Air volumes should sufficient to cause an inward flow the hood when using the wheel This is especially true ll toxic materials are involved Coll For snowy icy surfaces you must _ have a spike - and a sharp one . . because dull spikes are a @ hazard The SAFE spike is self- sharpening . . . always sharp Wet Grinding Baffles hoods and guards * erally located near wet wheels to prevent dispersion liquid used as a coolant Thes vices are usually sufficient to no the dust if it is nontoxic in no If the dust liberated is toxic chanical exhaust ventilation ma required me PRODUCTS Fn ROSE MANUFACTURING CO 1731 Arapahoe St. Denver 2 Colo Buffing and Polishing Buffing compounds applie February National Safety News SA heels used for buffing and polishing ry composition Waxes and vari types of abrasives are the major w mponents These materials plus nt and fibers from the wheel are essential ingredients of the air borne dust The toxicity is dependent on the type of abrasive Generally Mentilation is provided to improve mus number ousekeeping and reduce the ouseke7 ping complaints and not because of the azard to health 16,500 16,500 in Industry o ree en Machining e Smoke from oily parts is the pre- e Mailing Mailing source of air contamination er machining operations Illness has were been attributed to this type of posure As is the case with most Blumes and dusts of the nuisance variy, little is known as to what effect Such materials have on existing physical abnormalities Machining operations on steel pro- large chips or turnings consequently dust is not a problem Operations involving the machining of high lead alloys have been studied nd significant quantities of airborne Head have not been demonstrated Graphite which becomes airborne during the machining of cast iron is not considered physiologically signifi- Cant and therefore is classified as a nuisance dust Frequently manage- ment considers it advisable to pro- Evide ventilation for the machines which are productive of the most dust as graphite on the clothing and person and surrounding machinery is The 16,500 occupational toll reported in 1946 by the National Safety Council is industry's challenge to provide greater safety for its employees - Working hand in hand with science industry can reduce this staggering figure New scientific techniques for checking physical fitness of employees now include periodic hearing tests with a pure tone audiometer Avoid accidents caused by faulty hearing in your plant Check your employees hearing regularly with a precision ADC Audiometer permanent records Give pre- employment hearing tests to determine applicant's fitness for _ specific periodic to detect need for occupation adjustments EQUIP your doctor nurse or clinic with the latest development in scientific hearing testing an ADC Audiometer Operation is easy with factory provided instructions WRITE TODAY for informative Bulletin 100 conducive to many complaints Abrasive Cleaning Audio Develops the Finest Since silica is recognized as the most harmful of mineral dusts an adequate ventilation system is normally provided at the time of instal- lation of commercially built sand blast equipment Continuous usage breakdown lack of maintenance result in a AudioDevelopment Co. 2833-13th Avenue So. Minneapolis Minn breakdown of adequate control Visibleble escape of dust is the best evidence i thavabtle this hashas occurred and ietviidsenacde- without to correct such a condition without undue delay FIRE HOSE DRYING MADE EASY WITH RCUL who are stationed in bsloansatl Employees respiratory are dependent upon per- this sonal respiratory equipment Devices type are of the supplied 142 iety and it is necessary that the Resp provided be free of harmful con The Air Conditioning Hose Dryer service hose Saves savse avs es space - eliminates man hours keeps oun, all hose in dries in a few hours Makes tee good hose last preveprnevtens ts mildew and rot om USED BY MOST OF AMERICA'S tem LARGEST INDUSTRIES FreeCATALOG Base in Air compressors should be otherwise area free of contaminaotherwise the contaminant will S CIRCULAIR THE 975 East Milwaukee Ave. CORPORATION Detroit 8 Michigan mitted to the helmet Normally ventilation within the room is provided so as to improve visibility and to help prevent the escape of dust to the surrounding areas not to reduce the concentration of silica dust to a safe level Tumblast or rotating table type of sand blast units should be provided with sufficient ventilation to prevent the escape of silica dust Leakage due to excessive wear should be remedied Small sandblast cabinets where the operator controls the blast nozzles from outside the cabinet frequently have faulty seals around the doors or the rubber gauntlets are loose or torn The dust which escapes from the cabinet through these openings is in close proximity to the breathing zone of the employee and in many instances exceeds the permissible lim- it for silica This leakage should be corrected and the men should not be required to use respirators If the articles being blasted are free of silica or other toxic material the dust resulting from grit or shot blast- ing is classified in the nuisance category It follows that the maintenance of ventilating systems for grit blast ing although desirable is not always so necessary as for sand blasting The use of steel grit or shot in blasting rooms produces excessively high concentrations of dust within the enclosure It is therefore necessary to protect the worker within the room The remarks concerning sand blasting rooms are therefore pertinent when considering rooms in which steel grit or shot are used as the abrasive Vapor blasting a variation sand blasting is a comparatively 7 cent development This procedure volves the use of fine silica and water under pressure The silica usedwater vapor blast units varies in size gx* may even be as small as 1250 mes approximately 10 microns It generally believed that airborne silica particles below 5 microns are most significant in causing silicosis .. involving then follows that operations in the use of silica abrasive whose tial particle size approaches that order of magnitude are more hazard ous and require continual vigilance in maintaining good control jj It therefore essential that the vapor blast cabinets be maintained so | leakage of mist does not occur Good housekeeping is also essens tial as spillage of the sand and water sludge upon the floor will create source for dust dissemination when the water evaporates Likewise tainers of the dried sludge shoulndot 3 by be allowed to stand in the factory where they can be influenced it currents of high velocity ~ Practically all industrial plants % have operations which involve th use of lead base bearing metal org Abrasive dusts irritate workmen and slow production Eliminate them with DUST COLLECTORS TORIT Dust Collectors are completely con- tained units that are attached at the machine Abrasive dusts pass through spark filters and the cleaned air is recirculated TORIT Dust nomical to Collectors are easy to install eco- operate and may be moved as production layouts are changed Sizes ranging from HP to 3 HP and fitting all standard grinding cut and polishing wheels are available for immediate de- livery For details and latest TORIT catalog write TORIT MANUFACTURING CO 291 WALNUT ST ST PAUL 2 MINN 76 HOSE HOSPITAL FIRE EMPLOYE \ LABORTY ENEE ENEE CE ADMIT ANCE ADMITANCE ADMITTANCE ADMITTANCE NO 7 : . ann [ WRITE FOR LATEST CATALOG SHOWING SAFETY SIGNS FOR ALL PURPOSES =F i: STANDARD SIGNS INC 3190 E. 65TH ST CLEVELAND 4 OHIO i National Safety News February 19 1221 MON PETAE OR EMT 5.1. Ays, SARS solder Babbitt bearing metal contain ing approximately 75 per cent lead have been encountered The composi- tion of solder metal is variable and dependent upon the _ purpose for which it is used with ordinary soft solder containing a comparatively high percentage of lead babbitt Assuming that the babbitt or solder contains a amount of lead significant whether the question then arises as to or not employees working with this material will become ill The answer could be given by a qualified indus- trial hygienist after he had seen the operation and considered such factors as the temperature to which the metal is heated the method of removing ex- cess solder the length of exposure and the effectiveness of the control measures provided It is a well known fact that lead causes illness if absorbed in excessive amounts and therefore operations where lead is used have received con- siderable study Out of this experi ence certain practices are known to produce excessive exposure whereas other practices have been proved not to be harmful It is generally con- ceded that excessive concentrations do not result from operations where solder is applied by means of an elec- tric soldering iron This is probably due to the small amounts of solder used and the comparatively low heat of the metal } When the iron is heated in a small fired furnace the exposure may be of greater consequence Solder which remains on the iron coming into contact with the flame or heat is vulnerable for volatilization Small amounts of solder drop from the iron onto the hot floor of the furnace where it is readily volatilized or oxi- dized The oxidized material may become airborne due to disturbances orcreated by the flame or by removing placing the soldering iron in the furnace Frequently industrial hygienists recommend that ventilation be provided for heating units of this type thereby removing lead fumes and dust from the environment This is particularly true in small rooms or where many units are in use selieocntreidcallyAtmospheric solder is the contamination occause of either gas or heated pots containing ddepndeent pendent factors on a number of volatilization higher more volatilization temperatures greater greater volatilization will will occur and the be the exposure With the National National Safety News February 1948 higher temperature the metal is more readily oxidized to produce a dross consisting of high percentage of lead oxide The dross may provide a protective coating to reduce the volatilization of the lead however disturbance of this coating will create an exposure As a safeguard against excessivc contamination pots containing solder or babbitt are usually ventilated Wherever possible it is advisable to enclose the pot as completely as possible and provide sufficient air vol- ume to overcome the thermal effects of the molten metal Attempts have been made to use natural draft ven- tilation systems to control these fumes and in those instances where the ducts were not of sufficient diameter the system was inadequate A preferable method is the use of mechanical sys- tems with The removal of excess solder with driven tools such as grinding wheels discs or wire wheels creates airborne dust which may contamin- ate large areas if the operation is extensive Diligent use of abrasive cloth will also result in excessive concen- WHEN DANGER DANGER TIPS THE SCALE_ WORKERS ARE SAFER IN SAFE PROTECTIVE GARMENTS " 3 tee Dermititis burns and injuries threaten ae workers not properly protected from the materials they use StaSafe Pro- tective Garments are designed to give the worker maximum protection wes, res yw om PS - ' Oils and Grease Acids and Caustics Tars and Creosote Paints and Lacquers Naphtha and Solvents Flame Each of these represents a potential lost accident Protect your workers against these hazards by standardizing on StaSafe Protective Garments : oe : Ve Stock models solve many problems Standard's free design service will develop a new model or modify an existing one to solve your special safety problem Write for Bulletin No. 106 StaSafe Products are manufactured by STANDARD SAFETY EQUIPMENT COMPANY 232 West Ontario Street Chicago 10 Illinois NEWARK - . CLEVELAND - - LOS ANGELES trations of lead dust Filing however is not productive of small particles and is preferred over the use of pow driven tools If filing is not practicable it will be necessary to provide some type of mechanical ventilation system for the solder removal operations involving the use of power tools Since the per- missible limit generally accepted for lead is 1.5 milligrams per 10 cubic meters of air 353 cubic feet it will be necessary to have an effective sys- tem to provide adequate control Engineers experienced in designing ven- tilation systems to control toxic materials should be consulted otherwise a costly system might be erected and later found entirely ineffective Frequently solder removal operations require the use of portable tools on large objects and a local exhaust system would not be effective as is the case in the fabrication of auto- mobile bodies General contamination of the factory with lead dust has been eliminated by enclosing the entire op eration in a large booth and exhausting a sufficient quantity of air from the enclosure to insure a constant in- ward flow of air from the factory the booth Under these circumstance no practical amount of air could removed from the booth to reduce the lead concentration to a safe level and therefore it is necessary that provided men working therein be with adequate personal protectivproveided sae vices Heat Treating RS High temperatures are a frequent source of complaint from employee in heat treat departments but such conditions and their control are ny within the subject under discussionsutde often Fumes from cyanide pots are associated with cyanides used often fumigants or as the lethal agent death chambers and supervision becomes source well as the employee prehensive Fumes from such a source ' are irritating and because of the yeg property should be adequately tilated The irritant nature of fume is caused by alkali formed -- -- -- Seat decomposition of the cyanide Molten lead is sometimes used a hardening medium for metals quently charcoal or some similar terial is placed on the surface of metal to conserve heat and prevent THIS IS THE NEW ANTI TOE CLIP SANKEY Foot Guards are now available with a rubber skid toe clip inch longer than formerly used SANKEY FOOT GUARDS consist essentially of a metal shield to be worn over the shoe whenever the foot is in danger of being either crushed or cut The metal shield is designed to furnish a maximum amount of protection to the entire front of the foot merely the toes alone but also to the instep against hazards from falling rolling or flying objects or from accidental tool blows Write for literature or a trial pair ELLWOOD SAFETY APPLIANCE COMPANY 219 SIXTH STREET ELLWOOD CITY PENNA Combination Foot Guard 78 New Skid Full Sole Fibre Shin Guard Handy STAIR STAD is the answer to climbing problem pera speeds up work reduces costs and work is more efficient with no fear Wa falling or strain Stand is ideal Jorgy cleaning servicing reaching sei handling stock in and out of bins ontr ther ther ance shelving weight Features include ample weight strength light platform space waist : high guard rail stability plus HANDS JACKS for a rigid stand Built Oe steel tubing and selected wood painted with two coats machine Re enamel with neoprene wheels available in various models Write further information Patents applied for 3 . R. W. FIEROH CO 3401 S. H^,yneAve. Chicago 8 IE A covering of this type tions, transfer points of dry sand, oxidation the volatilization of lead abrasive blasting operations and all air cooling ducts directeidn such a manner as to create cross drafts while the quiescent but bath is has grinding operations performed on which interfere with the efficient re- Better placement me, while effect while the bath is in use castings containing appreciable quan- moval of dust of ae Adequate should ventilation therefore tities of sand _ these fans or ducts will go far in re- 1 this type Adequate provided for baths of As Maintenance of ventilation equip- ducing dust concentrations in the complete complete an enclosure as is practical ment is a major item in foundries areas where they are used the for operation being performed is with air quantities depend- advisable advisable upon entent the open areas in the hood prevent contamination resulting from volatilization of lead accumu combustion lating in the chambers products the of combustion from gas the fired lead pots should be vented to outdoors and not be allowed to dissi- because of the abrasive action of the dust It is imperative that a good program be maintained so as to keep the equipment functioning at maxi- mum efficiency tag Because of the heat associated with large scale foundry activities it is a common sight to see pedestal fans or Respiratory Protective Devices After the obvious has been correct- ed it is advisable that a survey of the foundry be made by an industrial hygienist so that an accurate evalua- tion of the exposure may be ob tained As has been stated the atmospheric into the workroom pate Asbestos the goggles Safe formulation that workers will wear Asbestos used in the formulation . of brake lining is a potentially harm- ful compound This material is the offending agent in the production of the lung ailment known as asbestosis No purse because they're The harmful effect is comparable to that of silica and a permissible limit of 5,000,000 particles of asbestos dust per cubic foot of air is generally recognized Dust exposures to asbestos and other ingredients of the brake lining exist when the dry materials are handled and emptied into the mixers and in the subsequent operations of slitting grinding or surfacing Compounds of lead are sometimes used in brake linings and contamination from this source should not be ig nored Local exhaust systems with No the glamor gal's catchall and the upper right hand cache may be full with the accumulation of years the pocket may bulge you won't find lightweight Safevis there Not during working hours you won't properly designed hoods or enclo- sures are used to remove the dust from these operations Iron Foundries The principal ingredients of foun dry dusts are silica sea coal clays and parting compounds The predominant material will be dependent upon which phase of the foundry operation is being studied and what operation is being performed The control of dust is the major problem whereas fume is of secondary impor- tance The weight of two Safe lenses made from a new allyl casting resin is approximately the same as that of one case hardened glass lens of the same size - - HOUR Comfort Workers find Safe lightweight attractive and comfortable What a change from old type goggles whose weight causes workers to remove them chancing ex- posure to hazard HOUR Protection And they are SAFE Standard drop tests prove Safe superiority over ordinary eye protection Safe . offers greater resistance to abrasion than do other plastic lenses It resists the stresses of high velocity im- | pact corrosion and other causes of industrial eye injury to the most exacting specifications Write for booklet giving complete details discussion the A of all the aspects of such industrial treatise would should For present obvious sources should adequate hygiene problems in For requirea separate discussion it dispersionall sufficient to state that of dust reduced by be to a minimum adequate localized exhaust systems mechanizedmechanized such places would be foundry sand and mix- conditioning oiuntgsequipmentequipment tumbling mills shake- , core removal and knockout sta- National National Safety News February 1948 Real protection comes only when goggles are worn throughout the period of exposure And complete protection is the only function of any safety goggle Safe Lightweight profective spectacles A product of THE UNIVIS LENS COMPANY Deyton , Ohle Tay 79 WHERE TO GET THE PROTECTIVE AP- PAREL DESIGNED to FIT THE MAN AS WELL AS THE NEED WHEN YOU WANT IT WHEELER PROTECTIVE APPAREL Write or phone MCHY BALTIMORE CAREY MCHY & SUPPLY CO BIRMINGHAM SAFETY ENG & SUPPLY CO BUFFALO THE ELWOOD COMPANY CAMBRIDGE MASS CUTTER WOOD & SANDERSON CO CHARLESTON W. VA SAFETY FIRST SUPPLY CO CHICAGO PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT INC CINCINNATI . THE E. A. KINSEY CO CLEVELAND SAFETY FIRST SUPPLY COMPANY COLUMBUS O. THE E| . A. KINSEY CO DAYTON THE E. A. KINSEY CO DENVER E. D. BULLARD COMPANY HOUSTON ALLIED SAFETY EQUIPMENT CO INDIANAPOLIS THE E. A. KINSEY CO LOS ANGELES E. D. BULLARD COMPANY MILWAUKEE PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT INC NEW YORK CITY W. S. WILSON CORP INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS COMPANY COMPANY PITTSBURGH SAFETY FIRST SUPPLY COMPANY ROCHESTER THE ELWOOD COMPANY ST LOUIS . SAFETY INCORPORATED SALT LAKE CITY - UNIVERSAL SAFETY APPLIANCE CO SAN FRANCISCO ' E. D. BULLARD COMPANY SEATTLE E. D. BULLARD COMPANY SYRACUSE SYRACUSE SYRACUSE SYRACUSE SUPPLY COMPANY COMPANY WHEELING SAFETY FIRST SUPPLY COMPANY WHEELER PROTECTIVE APPAREL Inc. Formerly known as F. H. Wheeler Mfg Co. 224 W. Haron St. Chicage 10 III concentration of dust and fume and other materials may be reduced to a safe level by adequate exhaust ven- tilation In some cases it is possible to correct the condition by substituting a less toxic material If these measures are not practical respira- tory protective devices may be used They may also prove valuable in giving protection during an emergen- cy or to provide protection for in- termittent exposures or to supplement other methods of control They should however not be considered as the desirable means of controlling a health hazard Ceramic Plant wt -From page 37 Handling materials is recognized as a prolific source of accidents in in dustry consequently it is a fundamental that handling should be kept at a minimum to avoid accidents as well as to keep down operating costs 3. Nearly every ceramic plant must store large quantities of finely ground material Many storage systems are of the deep bin type Some materials of the do not flow freely and because of forces developed in deep granular material arching takes place Often devices are not provided to keep material moving to the bot- tom of the bin As a result a worker must enter the bin from the top to get the material moving This is a dan- gerous operation but when necessary safety harness and life lines should be used and attendants stationed where they can help in an emergency 4. Silicates and silica or quartz are primary materials in nearly all of the ceramic industries Also these materials are generally used in a finely ground state As a result there are many dust problems When the free silica in these dusts is finely di vided workers exposed to them are potential victims of silicosis Either workers must wear respirators or dust must be removed from the work place by exhaust ventilation with a system of dust collectors Control of dust should be a major consideration in the ceramic plant Not only is dust injurious to workers but it is also harmful to machinery complicates housekeeping and produces generally unsatisfactory work- ing conditions 5. Operation of kilns tanks and furnaces presents other hazards Oft- en there is the possibility of explo- sions and refractory failures All designe such equipment must be and constructed for safety as well for processing requirements Pr tective equipment should be provid for use in case of power failure faulty combustion conditions 6. It is hardly necessary to that moving parts of machine should be guarded Wherever pr ticable such guards should be bu in to the machinery 7. In general building structu and equipment used in the ceram industry are subjected to rigor use Fumes heat dust and he loads create problems consequen a relatively high factor of safety safety factor of uncertainty should be corporated in the design 5 The solution of many of th problems will require the cooperat of the safety production and eng eering departments Compromises required should be those necess for process reasons since it is knowledged that the process is prime reason for plant 2 Planning the original design layout and selecting equipment| the safety angle in mind will s guard the investment as well as duce the accident risks . 4 IT'S TOO LATE WHEN DERMATITIS NEEDS MEDICAL ! CARE Strike at the Cause with DERMA Hand Cleanser a . C= oe CHAY h Derma gets into those tiny cuts and abrasions to thoroughly cleanse . . . Temoves dirt oil grease paint ha tar ink and grit of all kinds without ha pow the most delicate hands It's a chap cleanser carefully blended of 7 elements eac a specific function scrubbing without abr skin combating dermatitis restoring natura olls fluffing to last up to 1/3 longer Federal and State requirements for pow hand soap Passes every test in over 150 industrial plants Avaliable in 100 300 | cartons of twenty lb boxes Writ ; Information Guarding the Hands of Industr HAN Derma C CLEAN L. E. HICKS & SON CHEMISTS 509 S. GROVE AVE TOAK PAR National Safety News February 80