Document 3NvLmRwdGQD3aDgNq79ngkL96

EXHIBIT // f Went. ~ ZLEvid. Nancy Bendish / - M - f g PROJECT AGILE PROGRAM COMPLETION REPORT Program Title: Defoliation Research Program Element: 62702E ARPA Order Nos.: 256 423 424 481 572 1086 DARPA Agents: US Army Biological Laboratories USAF Systems Command (Det. 4, RTD/DAD) US Department of Agriculture r I 77. I R 0 / \ V_.,: Report Prepartion Date: January. 1981 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Military interest in the potential of herbicides began in 1942 when recommendations by the War Research Service, a civilian agency established by Secretary of War Stimson, noted their potential as ariti-crop/defoliant agents and recommended further investigation. The phenoxyacetic acids (which include 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T *- the chemicals used in AGENT ORANGE) were first synthesized by Zimmerman and Hitchcock of the Boyce-Thompson Institute in 1942 and immediately attracted much interest due to their phenomenal effectiveness in comparison with the then standard herbicides. The US Army funded a number of research efforts on t h e .phenoxyacetic acid compounds as part of their assigned mission at the newly established Camp Detrick. Although the overall effort was classified until the end of WWII. by 1945 sufficient unclassified reporting had occurred to interest a number of chemical companies in the production and commercial marketing of 2,4-D. The first of these commercial products, introduced in 1945., was "WEEDONE" which is still sold today in garden and hardware stores across the US. * *. While US commercial and agricultural use of herbicides burgeoned from a.SI rrillion/year to a 5200 million/year industry during the period 1945-1961 .nilitary research during this period was carried out at a low level.with Camp Detrick screening hew chemicals at the greenhouse and small plot level. One major aerial test was conducted at the Camp Drum, NY artillery range in 1959 during which a four square mile area was defoliated with a mixture of 2,4-D and 2.4,5-T (AGENT PURPLE) which had been obtained from the US Department of Agriculture at Beltsville, MD. Understanding of any RDT&E effort must be undertaken within the context of the specific times involved and the overall aims and expectations of the US Government at that particular point in history. Irt April 1961 the US had just had the experience of the Bay of Pigs as evidence of the difficulties involved in countering insurgency. As a direct result of this experience President Kennedy established the Special Group for Counter-Insurgency under th chairmanship of General Maxwell D. Taylor, the Military Representative of the President, and assigned them the immediate task of aiding the Republic of Vietnam in their Cl effort. At the beginning of 1961 there were 685 US military advisors in Vietnam. By the end of 1962 there were 10,000. .The initiation of A RPA's research on the military use of herbicides took place during this period of intense pressure to increase US support of the Republic of Vietnam's counterinsurgency effort. N In June 1961, responding to a direct request from President Ngo Dinh Diem of J the Republic of Vietnam, (concurred in and forwarded by the US MAAG in Vietnam and approved by the Secretary of Defense and the DDR&E) ARPA initiated a crash task to deploy spray equipment and commercially available herbicides to Vietnam to evaluate the feasibility of defoliating tropical vegetation. The state-of-the-art with respect to aerial spray equipment suitable for military aircraft was essentially non-existent since the only hardware available in the n*n w9 desioned for the aoolication of less viscous insecticides at a much lower application rate. Commercial aerial spray rigs used for pcwerlines and rangeland were configured for crop-dusting aircraft and were in "ie main of small capacity and low reliability. The favored commercial rbicides were formulations of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T plus the desicant cacodylic acid. Although the tests conducted in the fall of 1961 were plagued with problems the feasibility of defoliating tropical vegetation was demonstrated. It is worth noting at this point that other parts of DoD and the Department of State initiated the operational deployment of USAF spray equipped aircraft and AGENT PURPLE in September 1961, some six weeks after the first feasibilty test spraying in Vietnam and long before any data on effectiveness, persistence, required dosage levels.or deposition techniques had been established. In response to the May *1962 recommendations of a DDR&E directed evaluation team ARPA carried out over the next five years a number of specific research tasks at a total cost of S3.2 million. These efforts were aimed at the two major deficiencies in the state-of-the-art: inadequate aerial spray hardware and inadequate data on required spray deposition rate, foliage response and persistence of defoliation. In the,main these efforts achieved their goals and were useful to the concerned operational commands in the later stages of the Vietnam experience. No Project Completion Summary'on defoliation would be complete without the following quotes from a 2 April 1962 memorandum from ODR&E\Harold Brown to Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara. Subject*. Defol iant Experimentation and Operational Tests. "T feel it wouid serve no useful purpose to look further for evidence of 'who said what to whom.' It is apparent that the momentum of the exercise, strongly backed as it was by GVN, U.S.' Embassy, MAAG, Taylor Mission, DOD. including DDR&E, and White House pressures, and the directives issued from JCS through CINCPAC, were sufficient to carry forward the first operational mission in January," "This experience has illustrated rather clearly, I believe, the necessity for maintaining the integrity and independence of RDT&E activities against the pressures of immediate operational, requirements until individual systems are fully certified for operational use on a technical basis. While `the record clearly shows that defoliants were conceived as one of several concurrent measures which, taken together, might assist in altering the course of the guerrilla struggle, such warnings' and qualifications were too easily forgotten on all .sides of the house (including mine) in the search for a 'single solution' as a means to win the war." It.was to be three and a half years before the results of the ARPA sponsored research in Thailand were available to the US Military Command in Vietnam. During this period some 1,000,000 gallons of herbicida!, agents were sprayed operationally. TABLE OF CONTENTS Section I - Time Phase Chart Section II - Funding Summary Section III - Task Summaries A - RVN Feasibility Studies B - Spray Systems Modification and Test C - Herbicidal Bomblet Clusters D - A/A 45Y-2 Spray System E - Thailand Defoliation Test Program F USDA Defoliation Studies G - Ecological Effects of Herbicides Section IV - Consolidated Bibliography I 1961 1962 1963 1964 1955 1966 i i i i l.i 1967 1968 1969 ii i -- ----- RVN Feasibility Study -------------- Spray Systems Hod & Test ------------ -------- ----- Herbicida! Bomblet Clusters -- ----- A/A 45Y-2 Spray System ........... -- ..... -- AO 423 (Thailand) ........ ..... ................. AO 424 (USDA) Ecology Effects Section I Time Phase Chart J FUNDING SUMMARY (SOOOs ) AO LINE AGENT ' FY-61 FY62 FY63 FY64 FY65 FY66 FY67 FY68 -- TM* -- TM1 ^m^m ** TOTAL * *m 256 G926111 BIOLABS . 90 324 148 32 0 0 0 0 . 594 G926112 G925113 G925114 . * G9T26116 423 G911722 BIOLABS \ 0 0 697 0 0 \o 0 '0 697 424 G911721 USDA 0 0 720 0 300 300 0 0 132D 481 G926115 AFSC 0 0 401 0 0 0 0 0 401 256 G926117A CRDL 0 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 31 572 G926117B CROL 0 0 0 85 0 0 'o 0 85 1086 NONE DSSW - 0 0 0 0 *0 0 0 62 62 TOTALS 90 355 1966 117 300 300 0 62 3190 Section II Funding Summary , \. r I* * PROGRAM TITLE _ *' ,RVN Feasibility Studies .aRPA ORDER 256 FUNDING - S50 K Basic (FY61 ) - S15-.Q00 Amd 1 (FY62) - $17,500 Amd 3 (FY52) - S17.000 PERFORMANCE PERIOD June- 1961 thru May 1962 ARPA PROGRAM MANAGERS. William J. Lynch `Jun 61 to May 62 , AGENT US Army Biological Laboratories (USABIOLABS) \ CONTRACTOR USABIOLABS - Crops Division KEY CONTRACTOR PERSONNEL (Data valid 1962) Dr, James V. Brown (Feasibility Team Leader). Crops Division. US Army Biological Laboratories Fort Detrick Frederick, MD 21701 Fred J. Delmore, Brigadier General (Evaluation Team Leader) Commanding General US Army Chemical Corps Research and Development Command Edgewood Arsenal, MD 21010 OBJECTIVE Using immediately available chemicals and spray equipment demonstrate the feasibility of defoliating or killing vegetation in Vietnam, uo r r < Section III-A -- _ D , n a 1 APPROACH *' r~ O ' ARPA Research Phase (Out 61 to Jan 62) In response to an urgent request from the highest level of the Republic of Vietnam (RVK) government, relayed by the US Military Assistance Command, ARPA initiated a crash program to deploy commercially available chemicals and US Army Biological Laboratories (USABIQLA8S) technical personnel to RVN to investigate feasibility. The original approach called for the Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces (RVNAF) to apply the materials utilizing their aircraft and personnel and the ARPA tests were carried out in this manner. The spray equipment .consisted of: a) A USAF designed insecticide spray system mounted on a Vietnamese C-47 aircraft. b) Two externally mounted 14B spray tanks mounted on a Vietnamese AD6 aircraft. c) A USN designed insecticide spray system mounted on a Vietnamese H-34 helicopter. The chemicals employed were: a) One formulation of 2,4-0 (Cone 48) b) Two formulations of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T (Dinoxol and PURPLE) c) Three formulations of 2.4,5-T (PINK, GREEN and Trinoxol) ' - d) One formulation of cacodylic acid (BLUE) USAF Operational Test Phase (Jan 62 - Mar 62) Responding to direction from the Departments of State and Defense, issued to the Ambassador and the Chief, MAA6 in September 1961, limited quantities of PURPLE and USAF spray equipped aircraft were requested thru operational channels..The first three USAF (RANCH HAND) C-123 aircraft arrived-in-country in January 1962. These aircraft were equipped with MC-1 (Hourglass) spray systems"configured for insecticide dispersal. Evaluation Phase (Apr 62) By February 1962 it had become apparent' that pressures from many levels of both the US and RV governments to "win the war" were far outpacing the generally subjective observations of the results of both the research and operational spray tests. Accordingly the DDR&E directed ' the formation of a high level interagency evaluation team consisting of - representatives from the US Army, the US Department of Agriculture and the California State Department of Forestry under the direction of Brigadier General Fred J. Delmore, Commanding General, US Army Chemical R&D Command. The team was charged with carrying out, in Vietnam, a thorough evaluation of all spray test results to date and were further Section III-A Ca .. ihil i* Cf nHiac . Dlflo J directed to make specific recommendations for future operational use and further R&D needs. m RESEARCH RESULTS '' ^ ARPA Research Phase (Ju1 61 to Jan 62) A total of 19 tests, principally with the VN C-47, were carried out between July 1961 and January 1962 with mixed results. While no question remained that tropical vegetation could be defoliated and/or killed the inadequacies and unknowns for both the chemical formulations and the spray equipment were vividly obvious. USAF Operational Test Phase (Jan.62 - Mar 62) A total of 7 tests utilizing the C-123/MC-1 equipment were carried out in January 1962 with mixed results. Again the feasibility of defoliation vtas clear but the inadequacies and unknowns for spray equipment and chemical formulations remained. Evaluation Phase (Apr 62) \ The interagency team carried out detailed evaluations during April 1962 and concluded that: Herbicides can unquestionably be used to control vegetation and the operational program should be continued provided that modifications in techniques and equipment are made. One of the most important limiting factors is dispersal equipment and both quick-fix and longer term modification and R&D should be initiated. Data on specific plant species reaction, seasonal variation and persistence of defoliation must bevobtaine-d and used in operational planning. The specific R&D recommendations in the report formed the basis for all of ARPA's subsequent efforts. .OPERATIONAL UTILITY While no hard data on the true operational value of the increased visibility, occasioned by defoliation can ever be had the perceived utility can be seen from the following: 0 3 1 2 281 \ Section III-A RVU Feasibility Studio - Dan o Military Herbicide Est. gallons sprayed in RVN (Jan 62 - Feb 71) GREEN (2.4,5-T) PINK . (2.4,'5-T) PURPLE (2,4-0 & 2.4.5-T) BLUE (Cacodylic acid) WHITE (Picloram & 2,4-D) ORANGE (2,4-D & 2,4,5-T) 8,208 122,792 145,000 1,196,746 5,632,904 10, 645,904 17,751,554' REPORTS AD 476 961 VEGETATIONAL SPRAY TESTS IN SOUTH VIETNAM by 0 ,W. Brown. Apr 62, 119p. Unnumbered Report, US Army Biological. Laboratories Unclassified / Limited AO 368 997 . \ VEGETATIONAL*SPRAY TESTS IN SOUTH VIETNAM. SUPPLEMENT by J.W. Brown. Apr 62, 136p. Unnumbered Report, US Army Biological Laboratories Unclassified / Limited AD A950097 REVIEW AND EVALUATION OF ARPA/OSO "DEFOLIATION" PROGRAM by Fred J. Delmore, Warren C. Shaw, Levi T. Burcham, Charles E. Minarik, Donald Whittam. May 62, $6p. Unnumbered Report, US Army Chemical Corps Research and Development Command Unclassified / Unlimited ARCHIVE LOCATION - Accession Ho. 6B-A-2576 , Box 1 Folder(s) Defoliation Feasibility Team Reports Accession No. 330-17-18 , Box 3 Folder(s) Order No. 256 - Material for AGILE c ' Cj - .^ ^ Section III-A itnrtips - Pace 4 PROGRAM TITLE * Spray Systems Modification and Test r 'ARPA ORDER 256 FUNDING - S545 . Amd 4 (FY61) Amd 6 (FY62) Amd 8 (FY62) Amd 11 (FY63) Amd 14 (FY64) Amd 15 (FY64) S 75,000 5262,000 5 45,000 5131,000 545,000 (-513,215) PERFORMANCE PERIOD June 1962 thru June 1964 ARPA PROGRAM MANAGERS Ralph L. Clary Robert L. Burns Fred I. Edwards May 62 to Oct 62 Oct 62 to Feb 64 Feb 64 to Jun 64 \ AGENT U.S. Army Biological Laboratories CONTRACTOR U.S. Army Biological Laboratories (U.S. Dept, of Agriculture)' (U.S, -Air Force - Armament Test Laboratory) KEY CONTRACTOR PERSONNEL (Data valid 1964) Mr. Lester W. Boyer Crops Division U.S. Army Biological Laboratories Fort Detrick Frederick, MD 21701 OBJECTIVE Carry out quick-fix and mid-range modifications to improve the performance of USAF and RVNAF spray sytems in operational use in Vietnam. Conduct detailed aerial spray grid testing in the US to establish . dependable dispersal data. c c I Cl av f n m p U 1^ i f > (1 i n n n Section III-B Tn _ D 4na 1 *1 APPROACH '* * The first herbicida! spray systems employed in Vietnam were designed for use with liquid insecticides and were untested and marginally suitable for use with the more, viscous herbicide formulatiors. Based on the recommendations of the Delmore Defoliation Evaluation Group ARPA initiated a series-of quick reaction modifications for the C-123/MC-1 (Hourglass) spray system and the H^34/HIDAL (Helicopter Insecticide Dispersal Apparatus-^Liquid) spray system as well as interim and detailed spray grid calibration and testing of each system. During the course of the research a third spray system, the Al-H/FIDAL (Fixed Wing Insecticide Dispersal Apparatus-Liquid) was added. The work was carried out jointly by U.S. Army Chemical Corps, USAF and - U.S. Department of Agriculture personnel working under the overall direction of the Crops Division, U.S. Army Biological Laboratories. RESEARCH RESULTS- C-123/MC-1 Spray System Phase I (Jun-Sep 62) Engineering modifications were made to the piping, wing booms, nozzles and valves to upgrade the dispersal rate to\1.5 gallons/acre from the initial rate of 1.0 gallon/acre. Limited spray grid testing was carried out to determine optimum nozzle configuration and "best estimate" spray deposition patterns. Three quick-fix kits were fabricated and sent to Vietnam with TOY technicians who assisted in the modification of the operational RANCH HAND aircraft. Phase II (Sep 62-Jun 64) Additional engineering modifications involving a high capacity dual pump system and an added tail boom were made and tested to demonstrate a 3.0 gallon/acre spray rate and a 300 micron MMD spray droplet size. Oetailed spray grid measurements were carried out and optimized aircraft speeds, altitudes and flow rates were established. . H-34/HIDAL Spray System Phase I (Jun-Sep 62) Engineering modifications were made to- the spray nozzles and electrical wiring to improve the spray rate and mean time before pump failure. Limited spray grid testing was carried o*ut to determine optimum * nozzle configuration and "best estimate" spray deposition patterns. Quick-fix kits were fabricated and sent to Vietnam with a TOY technician who assisted in the modification of the operational RVNAF aircraft. c c rs rs c Section III-B Cnrau ?u(tDm<Mftrfification and Test - Paoe 2  Phase II (Sep 62-Jun 64) Additional engineering modifications involving a more reliable .pump motor/electrical system were made and five new modification kits were * sent to Vietnam for installation. Detailed spray grit measurements were carried out and optimized aircraft speeds, altitudes and flow rates were established. Al-H/FIDAL Spray System Procurement of six units, based on an insecticide dispersal concept, was initiated in November 1962 and units were delivered to Eglin AFB in February 1963. Multiple component 'failures developed during the next 15 months of testing and a number of modifications had to be made to bring the system to acceptable performance levels. Detailed spray grid measurements were carried out and optimized aircraft speeds, altitudes and flow rates were established; OPERATIONAL UTILITY C-123/M-1 Spray System The quick-fix modifications (Phase I) and the more complex mid-term modifications (Phase II) were used operationally i\Vietnam until the introduction of the USAF A/A45Y-1 spray system in 19'55. The ARPA sponsored research made a major contribution to a more efficient- and safer operational capability during that period. H^34/HIDAL Spray System Both the quick-fix and mid-term modifications were deployed to Vietnam and were installed on the operational RVNAF aircraft. However the level of RVNAF maintainance and pilot reluctance to.fly missions may well have resulted in minimal operational utility. Al-H/FIDAL Spray System The ARPA R2rD Field Unit in Vietnam was informed in November 1964 that an .acceptable fixed wing herbicidal spray system now existed and*was being further developed in an BO gallon version by the U.S. Army and in a 135 gallon version by USAF. They were also informed that suitable tanks existed which could be adapted to meet the MACV specified 285 gallon version but that such adaptation should be levied on one of the Services. Although the ARPA Field Unit had for over a year been stating that MACV wanted such a system nothing in the record indicates that MACV .. ever levied a requirement on the Services or that any version of the FIDAL concept was ever deployed to Vietnam. t Section III-B Snrav Systems Modification and Test - Page 3 REPORTS * AD 478 189 MODIFICATION AND CALIBRATION OF DEFOLIATION EQUIPMENT (C-123 - FIRST MODIFICATION) by James V. Brown. JULY 1962 102p. Unnumbered Report, U.S. Army Biological Laboratories Unclassified / Unlimited . . AD 478 190 SUPPLEMENT TO MODIFICATION AND CALIBRATION OF DEFOLIATION EQUIPMENT (C-123 - FIRST MODIFICATION) by James W. Brown. JULY 1952, 44p. Unnumbered Report, U.S. Army Biological Laboratories Unclassified / Unlimited AD 478 158 \ \ SPRAY TEST CALIBRATION OF THE HIDAL (HUS-1 or H-34) by James Wt Brown.- JULY 1952, 76p. Unnumbered Report, U.S. Army Biological Laboratories . Unclassified / Limited AD 442 477 CALIBRATION OF SPRAY SYSTEMS C-123/MC-1 H-34/HIDAL A-1H/F1DAL by Lester V. Boyer and James W. Brown. June 64, H O p . Report no. TR 46, U.S. Army Biological Laboratories Unclassified / Unlimited r rn Section III-B C i , t o m Mnrli firat i o n a n d T e s t - Paoe 4 AO 442 .478 BASIC DATA FROM C-123/MC-2 CALIBRATION TRIALS 1963 .. by Lester W. Bdyer and James W. Brown. June 64, 354p. Report no. TR 46-Supplement I, U.S. Army Biological Laboratories Unclassified / Limited AO 442 479 BASIC DATA FROM H-34/HIDAL CALIBRATION TRIALS 1963 by Lester W. Boyer and James W. Brown. June 64( 306p. Report no. TR 46-Supplement II, U.S. Army Biological Laboratories Unclassified / Limited AD 442 480 THE Al-H/FIDAL CONCEPT by Lester W. Boyer and James W. Brown. June 64, 440p. Report no. TR 46-Supplement III, U.S. Army Biological Laboratories Unclassified / Limited ARCHIVE LOCATION . Accession No, 68-A-2576 , Box 1 Folder(s) Defoliation - FIDAL Defoliation - MC-l/C-123 Defoliation - HIDAL Spray Calibration Report - 1964 - MC-1,HIDAL,FIDAL Accession No. 330-77-18 , Box 3 Folder(s) Order No. 256 - Material for AGILE \ Section III-B PROGRAM'TITLE Herbicida! Bomblet Clusters ARPA ORDER 256 ARPA ORDER 572 FUNDING - SI 16 K AO 256 Amd 8 (FY62) - S47.00Q Amd 18 (FY62) - (-S15.893) AO 572 Basic (FY64) - $100,750 Amd 2 (FY64) - (-$15,325) PERFORMANCE PERIOD November 1962 thru March 1966 ARPA PROGRAM MANAGERS Robert L. Burns Fred I. Edwards Oct 62 to Feb 64 Feb 64 to Mar 66 AGENT U.S. Army CBR Agency, Edgewood Arsenal CONTRACTOR U.S. Army Biological Laboratories KEY CONTRACTOR PERSONNEL (Data valid 1966) Mr. Kent R. Irish Program Coordination Office U.S. Army Biological Laboratories Fort Oetrick `Frederick, MD 21701 OBJECTIVE t Ev&luate/procure bomblet clusters for herbicide application to 'small plot* targets Section III-C ` ----. D a n a 1 APPROACH i* In response to an urgent request from Military Assistance Command-Vietnam (MACV) a program was initiated in November 1962 to evaluate the Army*s recently developed 'liquid agent* bomblet cluster assemblies for potential use with herbicides. On the basis of preliminary test results made available in September 1963 MACV requested that ARPA procure specific quantities and ship to RVN for test soonest. Procurement of test quantities was initiated in May 1964 and the items were available for shipment in October 1964. In November 1964 MACV notified ARPA that there was no longer an interest in testing the items'in RVN. In January 1965 ARPA gave up its reclama and transferred the items to Fort Detrick for their use or disposal. RESEARCH RESULTS Two bomblet clusters were test dropped and evaluated in the US during 1963: E-155 * 40 pound cluster containing 7 one-quart E-138 bomblets E-156 - 150 pound cluster containing 28 one-quart E-138 bomblets The evaluation report indicated that ground coverage from the clusters was adequate but not uniform and that the clusters would be a high-cost, special application only munition for extremely difficult targets. > OPERATIONAL UTILITY None since the items were not deployed. The effort suffered from changing field requirements during a period when U.S. policy was changing.. , radically. .* REPORTS AD 350 588 DESIGN & EVALUATION OF AN INTERIM ANTICROP WEAPONS SYSTEM by Carl R. Thayer. May 64, 81p. Report no. TR 47, U.S. Army Biological Laboratories Confidential (Release should be made by Dugway PG) p> r- c c rn Section III-C Rs*mklA+ r V u c + A f P a n 2 `ARCHIVE LOCATION Accession No. 69-A-2242 , Box 3 Folder(s) Defoliation - Crops/Bomblets Accession No. 330-77-18 , Box 3 Folder(s) Order No. 256 - Material for AGILE Accession No. 71-A-1606 t Box 3 Folder(s). Order N o . *572 - Ballistic Bomblets & Clusters Section III-C Herbicidal Bomblet Clusters - Page 3 (i R 7 7 I Pfl PROGRAM TITLE A/A 45Y-2 Internal Defoliant Dispenser System ; ARPA ORDER 481 FUNDING - $401 K Basic (FY63) - S403.000 Amd 1.(FY63) - (-S3.25.2 JLO) Amd 2 (FY63) - $1,344.25 PERFORMANCE PERIOD June 1963 thru September 1964 ARPA PROGRAM MANAGERS Robert L. Burns Fred I. Edwards Apr 63 to Sep 63 Sep 63 to Apr 65 AGENT AFSC - Detachment 4, Directorate of Armament Development, Research and Technology Division, Eglin AFB CONTRACTOR Fairchild Str&tos Corporation - Contract No. AF 08(635)3782 KEY AGENT PERSONNEL (Data valid 1965) L.Capt. Charles Flynn, USAF (Project Leader) Detachment 4, Directorate of Armament Development Research and Technology Division (AFSC) United States Air Force Eglin Air Force Base, FL 32542 r. KEY CONTRACTOR PERSONNEL (Data valid 1965) Mr. Harry F. Andrew - (Project Engineer) Aircraft - Missies Division Fairchild Stratos Corporation Showalter Road and U.S. Route 11 Hagerstown, MD 21740 A/A T n f a ^ n s l fin / a 1 i * n f n Section XII-D e4 OBJECTIVE *I . Demonstrate the feasibility of prepressurized defoliant dispenser systems. APPROACH In early 1963 USAF conducted an RFP exercise for new defoliant spray systems which resulted in a "winning" proposal from Hayes International for a pump-driven 1000 gallon system.for C-123/C-130 aircraft. A "runner-up" proposal from Fairchild Stratos Corporation for an advanced concept development of an internally pressurized (high pressure gas bottles vice* pump) modular 500 gallon system was forwarded to ARPA for funding consideration. AFSC'stated their willingness to fund an extensive test program if ARPA.would fund the system procurement contract. ARPA approved and funded the procurement of six modular units. RESEARCH RESULTS The contractor seriously underestimated the complexity of the task and suffered numerous delays and cost problems. The six modules were delivered to Eglin AFB in April-May 1964 rather than January 1964. Extensive aerial testing of the system was carried out by Detachment 4, RTD during the period 23 April - 31 August 1964 utilizing a C-123 test-bed aircraft. v AFSC considered the delivered hardware to have met the contract specifications even though the system exhibited several engineering deficiencies which had to be corrected on site. However the modules were judged to be incapable of delivering 3.0 gallons per acre over a one half square mile area in one flight (a USAF minimum requirement). AFSC stated that: . The feasibility of'the prepressurized concept had been demonstrated. A redesign of the system would be necessary to bring it to minimum operational performance levels. No AFSC funds were available for the redesign but in-house effort would continue pending ARPA decision on further funding. OPERATIONAL UTILITY ARPA declined to provide redesign funding and transferred the hardware to AFSC (Detachment 4/RTD) for any in-house effort they desired. No further USAF results or usage were ever reported. Coincidentally the AFSC funded Hayes International (A/A 46Y-1) system became the end operational system used in Vietnam. uo c r* Section Ill-D REPORTS AD 453 073 TEST AND EVALUATION OF THE A/A 45Y-2 PRESSURIZED DEFOLIANT DISPENSER by Charles L. Flynn. Capt. USAF. Oct 64. H i p . Report no. APGC-TR-64-72, Air Proving Ground Center, AFSC Unclassified / Limited AD 452 997 TEST AND EVALUATION OF THE A/A 45Y-2 PRESSURIZED DEFOLIANT DISPENSER Supplement I - Tabulated Data by Charles L. Flynn, Capt, USAF. Oct 64, lOOp. Report no. APGC-TR-64-72 (Suppl I), Air Proving Ground Center, AFSC Unclassified / Limited ARCHIVE LOCATION Accession No. 68-A-2576 , Box 1 Folder(s) Defoliation - FS/C-130 Accession No. 71-A-1606 , Box 2 Fol'der(s) Order No. 481 - Defoliation Spray System tv rv e: c Section III-D PROGRAM TITLE Thailand Defoliation Test Program \ ^n-.iPA ORDER 423 FUNDING - S697 1C Basic (FY63) Amd 2 (FY63) Amd 3 (FY63) - SI,000,000 - (-$240,000) - (-S 63,155) PERFORMANCE PERIOD" April 1963 thru June 1966 ARPA PROGRAM MANAGERS Robert J. Heaston Fred I. Edwards Dec 62 to Feb 64 Feb 64 to Dec 67 AGENT U.S. Army Biological Laboratories (USABIOLABS) , CONTRACTOR USABIOLABS * Crops Division KEY CONTRACTOR PERSONNEL {Data valid 1967) Dr. Robert A. parrow (Project*Leader) Crops Division U.S. Army Biological Laboratories ` Fort Detrick Frederick, MO 21701 Dr. George B. Truchelet (Deputy Project Leader) Crops Division U.S. Army Biological Laboratories Fort Detrick Frederick, MO 21701 OBJECTIVE ' * Determine the effectiveness of aerial applications of various herbicides in defoliating tropical dry evergreen forest, secondary forest and shrub vegetation. Section III--E Thailand Defoliation Test Program - Page 1 APPROACH Utilizing rigidly controlled conditions carry out a series of aerial spray tests, on carefully defined test plots at the Royal Thai Army reservation at Pranburi, Thailand to: Determine minimal rates and volumes of various mixtures of 2,4-0 and 2.4,5-T applied at different seasons of the year for effective defoliation and control of representative vegetation of Southeast Asia. ' Evaluate the effectiveness of other selected defoliants, dessicants, and herbicides applied singly or in combination mixtures at different seasons of the year on representative vegetation of Southeast Asia. RESEARCH RESULTS The research report was a model of conciseness and provided the first scientifically based series of operational parameters relating season and spray rate to speed and persistence of defoliation. The publication of a single page table showing these relationships made available to operational personnel & ready reference for both planning and carrying out missions. Specific finding of special interest were: The defoliation responses to aerial applications of herbicides were influenced more by rate than by volume of spray solutions applied. Applications of 1.0-1.5 gallons per acre as pure chemical gave similar defoliation responses to the same amounts of-chemical diluted with one or more volumes of diesel oil. Optimum droplet sizes.for rapid fallout and canopy penetration were in * the range of 275- to. 350 microns MMD. Visual estimates and measurements of canopy obscuration from vertical .photographs gave closely comparable evaluations of defoliation effectiveness. Horizontal measurements gave lower values than visual estimates or'canopy obscuration measurements. OPERATIONAL UTILITY The provision of concise data cross relating'spray rate, season and herbicidal effect permitted more accurate operational planning and application in Vietnam. REPORTS AO 486 540 OCONUS DEFOLIATION TEST PROGRAM by Robert A. Darrow, George B. Truchelet, Charles M. Bartlett. Jul 56, 149p. Report,no. TR 79, U.S. Army Biological Center Unclassified Limited Section III-E Thailand Defoliation Test Program - Page 2 . ARCHIVA LOCATION *'; Accession No. 69-A-2S27 , Box 1 Folder(s) Defoliation - Thai Tests - AO 423 - Policy - Reports Defoliation - Thai T e s t s - AO 423 - Correspondance Accession No. 71-A-1606 * Box 1 Folder(s) Order No. 423 - Chemical Control of Vegetation Section III-E T h a i ! jflHnofrtliatiftn Tat Drnnram - Dana 3 PROGRAM'TITLE Control & Defoliation of Tropical and Subtropical Vegetation ARPA ORDER 424 FUNDING - SI,320 K Basic (FY63) - S720.000 Amd 2 (FY65) - S3D0,000 Amd 3 (FY66) - S300.000 PERFORMANCE PERIOD April 1963 thru June 1967 ARPA PROGRAM MANAGERS Robert J. Heaston Fred I. Edwards Levi T. Burcham Verne C. Fryklund Dec 62 to Feb 64 Feb 64 to Dec 64 Dec 64 to Jul 66 Jul 66 to Jun 67 AGENT U.S. Dept of Agriculture' (USDA) CONTRACTOR USDA - Agricultural Research Service - Crops Research Division KEY CONTRACTOR PERSONNEL (Data valid 1967) Dr. William B. Ennis, Jr (Project Leader) Chief, Crops Protection Research Branch Crops Research Division Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture Beltsville, MD 20705 'Dr. Fred H. Tschirley (Deputy Project Leader) Crops Research Division Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture BTeltsville, MO 20705 OBJECTIVE To provide a better understanding of the technology of chemical control of vegetation. Section I1I-F Ciihtrnnieai Veaetation Page 1 APPROACH Utilizing research teams combining the disciplines of weed science, x taxonomy, and agricultural engineering located at research sites in Puerto Rico and Texas investigate the following: Evaluate new herbicides or combinations of herbicides for killing tropical and subtropical vegetation Determine the effects of environment on behavior and effectiveness of herbicides and persistence of control including residues in soils and plants Determine optimum times and rates of application, distribution patterns, formulations and mixtures for most effective use of herbicides Relate the percentage of defoliation to horizontal and vertical obscuration Study, secondary succession of vegetation following different herbicidal treatments as related to "visibility" Investigate methods for improving absorption, translocation, and activity of herbicides Obtain botanical information needed to make correlations between the vegetation indigenous to the United States, Puerto Rico and Southeast Asia RESEARCH RESULTS All of the tasks enumerated in the APPROACH section were investigated and conclusions were drawn for each task. The principle finding of potential DoD interest was confirmation of the equal effectiveness of Tordon/Picloram compared to agent ORANGE. The research results tended to be rather basic in nature and were disappointing in view of the time and funding involved. OPERATIONAL UTILITY The research results, other than the botanical reports, did not become available until 18 months, after the distribution of the *0C0NU$ Defoliation Test Program" (AD 486 540) report published by the U.S. Army Biological Center (AO 423). Since the USDA research confirmed rather than added to the earlier data and was produced by a civilian agency rather than a DoD component it is doubtful that any operational use was made of the results although wide distribution was made. The two botanical reports had no apparent DoD utility since no operations outside Vietnam took place. The reports were stated to have been well received in the academic community and were said to have had basic scientific value. The raw photographs and data from the botanical collection effort in Southeast Asia were requested by the Central Intelligence Agency who stated they found the data most useful. Section III-F /-.,,.I * Defoliation of Tropical and Subtropical Vegetation - Page 2 n R 7 7 ip n REPORTS :- * ' A D `629 181 VEGETATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIA, STUDIES OF FOREST TYPES, 1963-1955 by Llewelyn Williams. Dec 65. 302p. Report no. CR 49-55, U.S. Dept, of Agriculture Unclassified / Unlimited AD 821 070 FORESTS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA. PUERTO RICO, AND TEXAS by Llewelyn Williams. SEP 67, 410p. Dept, of Agriculture Unclassified / Unlimited Report no. CR 12-67, U.S. AD 575 830 V RESEARCH REPORT... RESPONSE OF TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL.WOODY PLANTS TO CHEMICAL TREATMENTS \ by Fred H. Tschirley. Feb 68, 197p-. Report no. CR 13-67. U.S. Dept, of Agriculture Unclassified / Unlimited b ARCHIVE LOCATION Accession No. 73-A-882 Box 5 Folder(s) G11721 Herbicide Screen - ,1967 G11722 Herbicide Toxicits - 1967 GI1722 Defoliation - AO 424 1964-66 G11722 Defoliation Reports US.DA AO 424 G11722 Defoliation Reports USDA 00424. 1966 * Accession No. 71-A-166 , Box 1 Folder(s) Order No. 424 - Phytotoxic Chemicals r r m c pn i i* * \ Section III-F Control & Defoliation of Tropical and Subtropical Vegetation - Page 3 PROGRAM TITLE Assessment of Ecological Effects of Extensive or Repeated Use of Herbicides ARA ORDER 1086 FUNDING - S52 K Basic (FY68) - 555,500 Amd 1 (FY68) - 56,800.____ Amd 2 (FY68) - (-5274) PERFORMANCE PERIOD August 1967 thru December 1967 ARPA PROGRAM MANAGERS None - This was a DDR&E effort funded by ARPA DDR&E PROGRAM MANAGER A.E. Hayward AGENT Defense Supply Service-Vashington (0SSW) CONTRACTOR Midwest Research Institute (MRI) - Contract No. DAHC15-68-C-0119 KEY CONTRACTOR PERSONNEL (Data valid 1968) Dr. William B. House Director of Biological Sciences Midwest Research Institute 425 Volker Boulevard Kansas City, MO 641:10 OBJECTIVE Assess .the effects o--f extensive or repeated use* of herbicides APPROACH 7 DDR&E placed ah extremely tight time frame on the effort since the report was needed for a meeting of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) . scheduled for late December 1967, Utilizing an array of seven MRI scientists and three consultants a total of 147 individuals were contacted U U ILV U U Section III-G Frnlnn ir*1 Fffeets of Extensive or Reaeated Use of Herbicides - Pane 1 and their contributions evaluated, merged and edited to produce the report, in the specified 3 1/2 months. IESEARCH RESULTS The report, while not tightly edited due to the time constraints, represented a major contribution to the literature at the time of publication and even today represents a.useful compendium pf herbieidal data for 1966 and prior years. Major chapters in the report address civilian use. military use, toxicology, persistence of residues and projected ecological consequences. . OPERATIONAL UTILITY - No judgement- can be-made from the ARPA files since the report was produced for DDR&E use with NAS. REPORTS AO 824 314 ASSESSMENT OF ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF EXTENSIVE OR 'REPEATED USE OF HERBICIDES \ by W.B. House, L.H. Goodson, H.M. Gadberry and K.W. Dockter. Dec 67, 371p. MRI Project No. 3103-6, Midwest Research Institute Unclassified / Unlimited ARCHIVE LOCATION Accession No. 330-77-047 , Box 3 Folder(s) Order No. 1086 - Study of Ecological Effects of Herbicides Section III-6 Frftionieal Effects of Extensive or Repeated Use of Herbicides - Page 2 CONSOLIDATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ARPA SPONSORED REPORTS AD 476 961 VEGETATIONAL SPRAY TESTS IN SOUTH VIETNAM by J.W. Brown. Apr 62. 119p. Unnumbered Report, US Army Biological Laboratories Unclassified / Limited AO 368 997 .. VEGETATIONAL SPRAY TESTS IN SOUTH VIETNAM. SUPPLEMENT by J.W. Brown. Apr 62, 136p. Unnumbered Report, US Army Biological Laboratories Unclassified / Limited AD A950097 REVIEW' AND EVALUATION OF ARPA/OSO "DEFOLIATION" PROGRAM by Fred J. Delmore, Warre-n C. Shaw, 'Levi T. Burcham, Charles E. Minarik, Oonald Whittam. May 62. 96p. Unnumbered Report, US Army Chemical Corps Research and Development Command Unclassified / Unlimited AD 478 189 MODIFICATION AND CALIBRATION OF DEFOLIATION EQUIPMENT (C-123 - FIRST MODIFICATION) by James W. Brown. JULY 1962, 102p. Unnumbered Report, U.S. Army Biological Laboratories .. Unclassified*/ Unlimited AD 478 190 SUPPLEMENT TO MODIFICATION AND CALIBRATION OF DEFOLIATION EQUIPMENT (C-123 . - FIRST MODIFICATION) * by James W. Brown. JULY 1962, "44p. Unnumbered Report,* U.S. Army Biological Laboratories Unclassified / Unlimited AD 478 158 SPRAY T?ST CALIBRATION OF-THE HIDAL (HUS-1 or H-34) by James W. Brown. JULY 1962, 76p. Unnumbered Report. U.S. Army Biological Laboratories Unclassified / Limited AD 442 477 ,CALIBRATION OF SPRAY SYSTEMS C-123/MC-1 H-34/HIDAL A-1H/FIDAL - by Lester W. Boyer and James W. Brown. June 64, llOp. Report n'o. TR. 46, U.S. Army Biological Laboratories , Unclassified / Unlimited Section IV BibTiooraohy - Page 1 AD 442 478 .j BASIC DATA FROM C-123/MC-1 CALIBRATION TRIALS 1963 by Lester W. Boyer and James ,W. Brown. June 64, 354p. Report no. TR 46-Supplement I, U.S. Army Biological Laboratories Unclassified / Limited AD 442 479 BASIC DATA FROM H-34/HIDAL CALIBRATION TRIALS 1963 by Lester U. Boyer and James W. Brown. June 64, 306p. Report no. TR 46-Supplement II, U.S. Army Biological Laboratories Unclassified / Limited AD 442 480 THE A1-H/FI0AL CONCEPT - by Lester W. Boyer and James W. Brown. June 64, 440p. Report no. TR 46-Supplement III, U.S. Army Biological Laboratories Unclassified / Limited AD 486 540 OCONUS DEFOLIATION TEST PROGRAM by Robert A. Darrow, George B. Truchelet, ChariessM. Bartlett. Jul 56; 149p. Report no. TR 79, U.S. Army Biological Cente^ Unclassified / Limited j' AD 629 181 f VEGETATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIA, STUDIES OF FOREST TY*PES. 1953-1965 by Llewelyn Williams. Oec 65, 302p. Report no. CR 49-65, U.S. Dept. ` of Agriculture Unclassified / Unlimited AD 821 070 . FORESTS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA, PUERTO RICO. AND TEXAS by Llewelyn Williams. SEP 67, 4l0p. Report no. CR 12-67, U.S. Dept, of Agriculture Unclassified / Unlimited AD 675 830 RESEARCH REPORT... RESPONSE OF TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL WOODY PLANTS TO CHEMICAL TREATMENTS by Fred H. Tschirley. Feb 68, 197p. Report no. CR 13-67, U.S. Dept, of Agriculture .Unclassified / Unlimited AO 453 073 TEST AND EVALUATION OF THE A/A 45Y-2 PRESSURIZED DEFOLIANT DISPENSER by Charles L. Flynn, Capt. USAF. Oct 64, H i p . Report no. APGC-TR-64-72, Air Proving Ground Center, AFSC Unclassified / Limited AD 452 997 .' TEST AND EVALUATION -OF THE A/A 45Y-2 PRESSURIZED DEFOLIANT DISPENSER Supplement I - Tabulated Data by Charles L. Flynn, Capt, USAF. Oct 64, lOOp. Report no. APGC-TR-64-72 (Suppl I), Air Proving Ground Center, AFSC Unclassified / Limited Section IV Bibliography - Page 2 AD. 350 558 .. - DESIGH & EVALUATION OF AN INTERIM ANTICROP. WEAPONS SYSTEM by Carl R. Thayer. May 64, 81p. Report no. TR 47, U.S. Army Biological Laboratories CONFIDENTIAL (Release should be made by Dugway PG) AD 824 314 ASSESSMENT OF ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF EXTENSIVE OR REPEATED USE OF HERBICIDES by W.B. House, L.H. Goodson. H.M. Gadberry and K.W. Docfcter. Dec 67, 371p. MRI Project No. 3103-B, Midwest Research Institute Unclassified / Unlimited \ \ \ Section IV Biblioaraohy - Page 3