Document 3NrL4QqBp3V9QjVDQwZ66EkjD

FILE NAME: Household Contact (HC) DATE: 1938 DOC#: HC049 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Government Report - Inspection Manual UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR FRANCES PERKINS, Secretary DIVISION OF LABOR STANDARDS VERNE A. ZIMMER, Director IN SPECTIO N MANUAL Suggested procedure for the enforcement of Safety and Health, Hours, M inim um Wage, Child Labor, Industrial Home Work, Wage Payment and Wage Collection Laws Bulletin N u m ber 20 U N IT E D S T A T E S G O 'YULW 1 E-NT P i U M IN C O f P IC E - - - - W A SH IN G T O N - 193 T o r aie b y th e S u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts , W -ta b in g tc m , D . C . - - - - P r ic e 5`) c e n ts 3 2 , 11 1  omm III jp .... 9 PREFATORY NOTE I t is recognized that this Manual is suggestive of what may be done by i th States and that considerable work will be necessary by them to adapt its , parts and procedures to fit their individual needs. The Manual committees urged the Division of Labor Standards to offer its services in giving more | detailed information on any of the phases of inspection covered herein and in assisting the States in adapting the Manual to their use. The Division will gladly give such assistance when requested. The loose-leaf form has been adopted to permit revisions to be readily incorporated. All pages have been dated in the folio line to indicate the date on which their contents were accepted. New or substitute pages, issued by the Division of Labor Standards, should be inserted in their proper places as indicated by the page numbers. The Division of Labor Standards is maintaining a file of the names and addresses of those to whom copies of the Manual have been issued, and in order to assure the prompt receipt of revisions, it will be necessary for the holders of these copies to keep the Division advised of any change in address. 39336-- 38 i INSPECTION MANUAL 29 2. SAFETY AND HEALTH hough it is not the intent of this Manual to recommend safety and health standards, a ion of inspection procedure must unavoidably suggest certain general minimum rgula it F1 be necessary, of course, for the inspection division of each State to guide the inspecmpre complete standards embodying any specific legal requirements peculiar to that State, inspector in his role of a safety adviser should make it his duty to advise each establishiaject to any safety and health hazards regardless of whether or not there are any specific -tutes, rules, or regulations covering such hazards. In general, therefore, the procedure here should be applicable in any State, s ta te d under subsection A -l-d (see p. 25) no definite general order of inspection can be 4ed since it will necessarily vary 'with each establishment, according to such factors as nature of business, adequacy of records, and attitude of employer. Usually, in the case of on for safety and health, the inspector would first examine the appropriate records and e the survey of the building itself, its physical structure, exits, and sanitary facilities, follow through with the inspection of the machinery, equipment, and processes in the of the "flow sheet" or schedule of operations; that is, follow each process in its proper ce from the time the raw materials are received to the storage of the finished goods. ateident records. sure; expressed by the formula: Frequency rate The plant-accident records be reviewed by the inspector with the The employer should keep cornrecords of all accidents including a de- of how each accident occurred, the Of accident, department, occupation, insuffered, and disposition of case. First- or nondisabling injuries should be Jed and reviewed because the circum- causing these, if not corrected, may ee more serious injuries. At the mid of inonth the plant management should study, and compare its accident see in whatever detail meets its eon>est. | Frequency and severity rates.--In addi to recording the facts on each individual , it is essential that disabling injury should be expressed in terms of frerand severity rates in order to permit a son with the plant's record for previous life and with the record of other similar s and of the industry as a whole. The ibay be computed for 1 year or for any ' period of time or for any particular job. requency rate means the number of dis ag injuries per million man-hours of expo- g ,g Number disabling injuriesX 1,000,000 Number of man-hours of exposure For example, if 50 employees worked 500 hours each or a total of 25,000 hours, in any given period, and experienced 5 disabling injuries, the frequency rate would be or 200. Severity rate means the total time charges, as the result of disabling injuries, per thousand man-hours of exposure; expressed by the for mula: severity rate equals ' Total time charges X 1,000 Number of man-hours of exposure For example, if the 5 injuries, mentioned above, resulted in 200 days lost time, the severity rate , , , 200,000 . WOuldbe 2 ^000' or 8' [Upon request, the Division of Labor Stand ards, United States Department of Labor, will furnish more complete information regarding the definition of these terms and the use of accident frequency and severity rates.] (3) Reporting of injuries.--The inspector should note whether or not all injuries required INSPECTION MANUAL Part V 30 REGULAR INSPECTION PROCEDURE--SAFETY AND HEALTH [10/25/3 ! by law to be reported to the workmen's com pensation agency bave been reported and whether or not these have been investigated by the inspection division. The Manual Commit tee has recommended the obligatory reporting oi industrial injuries and diseases to the proper State agency as a basic factor in the reduction of accidents. About one-half of the States now require reports of all such injuries. Nearly one-fourth of the States require the reporting of injuries causing disftpty of 1 day or more, and in the remaining States, the provision varies from the reporting of those causing disability of 2 days or more to 2 weeks or more. (4) Number of employees.--Before proceed ing with the inspection of the plant itself, the inspector should have a record of the number of male and female employees located on each floor in order to determine compliance with the requirements for the sanitary facilities and exits. (See Explanatory Statement accom panying Building Survey forms, p. 129.) b. Posting requirements. In addition to observing the required posting of the law, rules, or regulations the inspector should check, whenever the law requires it, the posting of elevator and boiler certificates, notice of coverage under the Workmen's Com pensation Law and Unemployment Compensa tion Law, certificates of occupancy, smoking permits or smoking prohibited notices, certifi cates or licenses for the operation of special industries, such as bakeries and dry-cleaning and dyeing establishments and any other post ing requirements. The inspector should record on his inspection report the nature of any viola tions of such posting laws, c. Sanitation. (1) Housekeeping--(a) Importance in pre venting accidents.--Housekeeping is a term ap plied to the general cleanliness and orderliness of the entire plant. I t is an important factor in preventing accidents, both directly and in directly. Unclean floors and materials not arranged in then? proper places may cause a serious or fatal injury. Also, careless house keeping practices make careless workers and thus indirectly may cause many other types of accidents. , Cleanliness and orderliness are vital both to | the safety of the workers and to the efficiency | of the plant. (i>) Time,frequency, and method of cleaning. Work benches or work places are more usually! kept clean for production reasons, but dust and dirt may be allowed to accumulate on the walls* the overhead beams and trusses, fixtures oi^ different kinds, pipes, electrical conduits, andj ventilators. The dirt may also accumulat in corners of rooms and in connection with dis^ carded containers and wrappings and with the j storage of materials. i Whenever possible it is recommended th a t| cleaning should be done outside of regular working hours. , The frequency of cleaning should depend on I the type of plant and nature of work pent: formed. Daily cleaning of an entire plant may ' be absolutely necessary in some cases. Adequate precautions should be observed to prevent redistribution of dust into the plant | atmosphere. The well-painted plant is con*| ducive to good housekeeping. By painting the 1 corners white, some establishments avoid the accumulation of dirt in such places and difr. | courage the spitting of tobacco juice there. In j some plants disposable cuspidors filled with sawdust and placed in convenient locations are provided. (c) Adequacy of waste disposal methods. The inspector should note the adequacy of the : methods of disposal of factory wastes; that is, those materials rejected in the various steps of processing or manufacturing of a finished article. This is reflected by the housekeeping in and about the plant. Tidy and neat plants are free from accumulations of waste, bre- quentiy plants will install adequate methods ofj disposal but fail to maintain these methods in : a good state of repair. Attention should be given to the ultimate disposal of such waste to make sure that another hazard is not created. (d) Protection against insects and rodents. - Adequate screening should be provided for all ParlV INSPECTION MANUAL REGULAR INSPECTION PROCEDURE--SAFETY AND HEALTH 31 10 rooms, particularly lunch rooms and and wash rooms. the ease of all industries preparing Or Ijng foodstuffs, die premises should be jAtely screened and rat-proofed, jjfflf ease of those industries located in breeding territory, attention should to stagnant or open pools of water or Jtsiiners. Where these breeding places eliminated by drainage or covering mosquito-breeding season, the gurM be treated in a manner approved |e health authorities to prevent mosquito housekeeping items subject to inspeo Cks o r holders to keep tools when not Sub be provided to encourage good Oping. Aisles, floors, overhead plat :and passageways, should be kept free of Is and articles. The painting of ithe floor to define aisles and passageifecommended.* Holes and uneven or rds, and all dangerous projectious such isplinters should be eliminated from |t^ k w a y s , and other walkway snrfaees. stor should observe also whether ma so that they will not fall easily |j|Hidae@d by vibrations or jolts. let facilities.--(a) Number, type, and ft---Frequently States designate the numtoilets that should be furnished for a tnumber of male and a certain number of >employees. An adequate number con- located and affording privacy not each sex but for each individual should led. Entrances should be plainly fcted and properly screened. It is not I to find plants completely lacking in tjfticilities, or if not completely lacking, 1 only with the more primitive types outdoor toilet. When located out s, it may mean that employees engaged -temperature processes must pass from atmosphere out through cold weather winter time to these toilets. Where re no contra-indications, employers ;Be encouraged to provide inside toilets, each State or municipality has, if not cation in the law, at least a recommen dation as to the type of toilet with which the plant should be equipped. Toilets also may be too closely situated to eating facilities or, on the other hand, may be located so far away in the plant that a worker must leave his work for long periods of time in order to use them. I t is im portant that washing facilities should be located contiguous to toilet rooms. {b) Muminatton.---Toilet rooms, of course, should be well illuminated, both by adequate window space and by proper artificial lighting. I t is recommended that the walls should be well painted in a light color. (c) Ventilation.--'Adequate ventilation of toi lets, either natural or mechanical, is necessary. (d) Adequate s u p p lie s The necessary sup plies for the toilet room should always be adequate. (e) Cleanliness and maintenance.--The) toilet room should be free from scraps of p ap and should be cleaned regularly. Floors and base wall should be constructed of a material im pervious to moisture and the seat traps and all plumbing facilities should be properly main tained. (3) Washing facilities.--(a) Adequate sup plies.--From the standpoint of personal hygiene there should always be adequate washing facili ties. I t is essential that employees in many in dustries handling certain types of materials, or engaged in certain processes, carefully wash their hands before handling food. I t is neces sary, of course, that there be an adequate sup ply of hot and cold water and plenty of soap and towels. The common towel is condemned. Paper towels are probably the best, as they are discarded immediately after use. (b) Arrangement.--The arrangement of wash ing facilities is important in relation to con venience of use and ease of cleaning. Con veniently arranged washing facilities encourage their use. If properly arranged, wash basins will be in a light, airy room that permits ease of cleaning and maintenance of good house keeping. (c) Shower baths.---Certain types of processes require shower baths for the protection of the health of the workers. The shower baths and such accessories as false floors and mats should INSPECTION MANUA l P a rty 32 REGULAR INSPECTION PROCEDURE--SAFETY AND HEALTH be maintained in a dean condition with proper (b) Lunch room--Plants that dispense foo^| lighting to assure that there is good house may do so by means of lunch or "soup" wagoasjj keeping. lunch counters, or cafeterias. Frequently there The inspector should ascertain whether the is a space or a room designated by the plant employer has provided the necessary supervi authorities where the workers may eat t h ^ | sion to insure the use of these facilities. food. I t is important that such room b (4) Drinking facilities--(a) Adequacy--Adproperly screened. I t is very undesirable jpjj equate drinking facilities should mean an many instances that the workers carry abundance of cool, wholesome water from an food to the benches and eat it in their worl%j| approved source, so dispensed that there is a rooms. For example, in a plant in which therfg m in im u m chance of contamination. may be any processing of lead, the worke Some plants maintain their own source of health may be adversely affected by the water for all purposes. If there are two tamination of their food with the lead. sources, one for industrial purposes and an (c) JRefuse disposal method.--There should other for drinking purposes, an opportunity covered receptacles in which the workers may g is offered for cross connections in the supply place the residue of their lunehes; such equij^ jL lines. This condition is not altogether infre ment should be cleaned regularly and m ai^.jj| quent. If it exists, then the whole supply of tained in a sanitary condition. drinking water may be contaminated. It is (6) Dressing rooms.--(a) Purpose.--Thei$j within the realm of factoiy inspectors to observe rooms serve the purpose of storing extra clot this possibility. ing, street clothing, or working clothes, (b) Cooling of water--Unless the water is of provide a place for changing such clothing deep-well source, the drinking water is usually privacy. Not only does adequate space cooled in some manner, particularly during hot storing clothing contribute to the comfort weather. The simplest method of cooling employees and good housekeeping in the planl|| water, by placing a cake of ice in a water con but in eases where industrial disease bazar* ' tainer, offers a possible means of contamination. are present the proper storage of clothing r # | The most modem method is the unit type of duces the possibility of contamination. refrigerator. Other acceptable methods of cool tain processes require employees to wear worfcjj ing are to construct an ice jacket for the water clothing during their hours of work, tank or to allow the water to run through a materials they handle may be of a kind coiled section of the supply pipe packed in ice. may produce some industrial disease. Again (c) Method of dispensing.--The>angle jet type there are certain other instances where thS of fountain has been designed to prevent the contact of work clothes with street clothiag|Jj person's mouth from coming in contact with will communicate to the latter the harmftt^J nozzle, and is the best type known to date. substances th a t are accumulated on the wor Open pails or tanks from winch water must be clothes during hours of employment. , dipped or poured should not be permitted. (b) Adequacy, lighting, ventilation, and cleamm The common drinking cap or dipper is unquali liness.--A well-equipped dressing room is ffiJSjj fiedly condemned. Paper cups that are imme nished with separate lockers for work clothe ^ diately destroyed after use are satisfactory. and street clothes; it is well ventilated, evgfjp (d) Maintenance.--Drinking facilities should though it may be necessary to put in mechanic! be properly maintained with frequent cleaning. ventilation; it is well iOuminated, even though Repairing and adjusting should be done when it may be necessary to install artificial lightings necessary. Lastly, the lockers, rooms, and benches shoul(||| (5) Eating facilities.--(a) Storing lunches.--all be maintained in a high degree of cli If the workers bring their lunches, it is obvious that there should be a proper place for storing LmpHfta to avoid being harmfully contaminated. liness. _ Where work clothes become wet, provisiofi:l| should be made to dry them adequately befor#|| Pari Y INSPECTION MANDAI, [1Q/2S/371 REGULAR INSPECTION PROCEDURE--SAFETY AND HEALTH 33 nse food wagons, tly there "% he plant jat their room be irable in rry their ax work? ich there workers' the eon- next shift. They should be so treated placing them in the lockers. Best rooms.--(a) Purpose.--Rest rooms le places where persons who are ill or who need of rest may lie down or receive sary treatment. Such rooms vary greatly to type of establishment. In a plant ' there is a medical treatment room, a rest isually adjoins it and is under the supert of the nurse or doctor. 'Adequate equipment, ventilatim, lightingf Wdemiliness.--A properly equipped rest t -yi ihonld be. | iters may ; equip*| | id main?: ontains cots or beds which are screened ivaey; if'is properly ventilated; it may be ted for the comfort of employees using it; and orderly. If there is no room f- equipped for treating workers who --These fcra clothf hes, and othing is jpace fof >mfort of h e plant*;| | j hazardgfj thing on, Ce rear worllj >rk. kind I, j4J here , clot barmla the wo a first-aid kit may be installed in the opt. In addition to cots or beds where may lie down, a well-equipped rest IJhilS easy chairs for the use of workers their relief periods or lunch hour. rvation of occupational-disease ^hazards. not to be expected that the average inspector is either a chemist or an hygienist and therefore competent pise accurately atmospheric hazards or ig to the use of solutions, solvents, forth. There are data available, howj?which will give the inspector a very good If the hazards inherent in various processes. vision of Labor Standards has pamphlets provide data of this sort. By reading ttretfully an inspector can readily secure i knowledge of these processes. If an H n W ^ w rh a s a general knowledge of the nature ind KapgF'tfrd process and of the materials being m is HHHplfdie will be alert to note any objective 'k e lo (h g ||^H B |SpHRgip!'indications of possible hazards. ted, e n g |||H S s H H M f matter of atmospheric conditions, for techam a^|jB |M ^^TMS#aTfce, it should be remembered that, in m thougK|aHHB^Ltoer-d, any dust breathed in sufficient concen- HsggSphnns over an extended period of time is ies shoitfi&jHHHStts||tf|fMye to respiratory infections. Then again of M p t o i d be recognized that the dust from ^ ^ ^ P c h , flour, grain, or wood is decidedly explo- p i q w i h H gSJPTP arid easily ignited in confined spaces. ely k eB riS S H H ^^^W hcttever an inspector observes dust, fumes, I l f l H i HSlRjirdT vapors arising from a particular pro- cess he should report the fact to his supervising officer with as much information as possible as to the nature of the process, materials used, temperature, and other pertinent factors. If the situation seems to warrant, the department head in most States will be able to secure an expert appraisal of the hazard through an in dustrial hygiene unit either in the labor department or m the State health department. Whenever an inspection involves a process in which at least. a potential hazard exists in respect of atmospheric conditions, solvents or solutions, or other harmful substances, care should be exercised to check the sickness and absence records of employees. These records will frequently indicate the presence of a hazard, even if there are no objective signs to point them out. The following equipment or machines may constitute a hazard of this type and should always be carefully observed. This list is not intended to be complete but to point out generally recognized or potential hazards: Abrasive saws. Acid dipping and cleaning tanks. Aniline dye machines. Brass cupolas. Brass crucibles. Bronze-powdering machines. Buffing wheels. Crude alcohol manufacturing vats. Dry cleaning, degreasing, or other vats containing organic solvents. Dry-grinding wheels. Emery wheels. Galvanizing tanks. Gasoline, benzene, or alcohol-dipping or cleaning tanks. Japan or lacquer dipping tanks. Lead melting or treating furnaces, crucibles, or pots. Nitrating vats. Plating tanks. Rag-picking machines. ' Sandblasts. Solvent tank in rubber industry. Stone-cutting tools. Willowing machines. Wood-working machines e. Ventilation. (1) Twofold purpose--The purpose of in dustrial ventilation is twofold: first, to remove the atmospheric contaminants from the breath ing zone of the worker (an atmospheric contami 39336-- 38- INSPECTION MANUAL p af, v 34 REGULAR INSPECTION PROCEDURE--SAFETY AND HEALTH nant is any material dispersed in the air in amounts in excess of those materials normally present, to d if breathed in sufficient concentra tions will cause harm); and second, to create a comfortable workroom atmosphere. (2) Local ventilation.--In addition to good general ventilation, industrial ventilation for the purpose of removing atmospheric contami nante is further accomplished by local ventila tion, Local ventilation refers to th at type of ventilation which eaptpaatheinjurious concern tario n s of harmful substances such as dusts, fumes, vapors, to d gases a t their source. The method of capturais accomplished hy placing a hood around the greater portion of the grind ing wheel, vat, tank, or furnace from which the atmospheric toriteWWWrite arise. The air may be removed from within the hoods either by natural ventilation, such as stacks, or by a power-driven suction unit. (3) General ventilation.--The major pur poses of the general ventilation system are to avoid stagnant air, excessive heat or cold, too rapid variations in temperature, excessive hu midity or dryness, harmful drafts, and insuffi cient air supply. This, too, may be accom plished by stacks, overhead monitors equipped with louvers, power-driven blowers, or by win dow fans or similar methods. (See pp. 11-12 for use of instruments in testing adequacy of general ventilation system.) (4) Approval of plans and specifications.--In several States, plans and specifications for the new installation of exhaust systems or for changes in existing equipment are required to be submitted for approval to the labor depart ment, After the approval of the plans and subsequent installation of the system, the in spector makes an inspection and a test to deter mine its adequacy and compliance with the approved plans. Approval of a system for industrial ventila tion requires the services of experts. For ap proval not only must the velocity be measured but the atmosphere must be sampled and the sample analyzed to determine the effectiveness of the air velocity. After the proper velocity is established, the inspector may then measure the air flow from time to time to ascertain com pliance with recommended values. Once a system has been approved, the ciency of operation depends chiefly upon tenanee. Employers may use the same tof instruments supplied to the inspectorsmeasure the efficiency of a ventilation sysJ and as a guide for proper maintenance. (5) Use of U-tube or other devices.--Cert States have prescribed by laws, rules or re tions, minimum values for air velocities in ind" trial ventilating systems. The duty of enfo ing compliance with these values has been signed to the factory inspectors. There several devices that may be used by the inspc tors for this purpose; e. g., U-tube, Pitot tul anemometer and other patented devices. Each instrument has its own particular advantages. |t; f. Isolation and enclosure of hazardok processes. (1) Processes that do not lend themselves local ventilation or that produce atmospheriSt contaminants in insufficient quantities to d3 direct harm may be isolated so as to prevent" contamination of the general atmosphere. If there are produced harmful quantities of harm ful contaminants, those engaged in isolated processes must be adequately protected. ' (2) In certain instances wherein local venti lation cannot he used and isolation is not practical, processes may be completely enclosed to prevent contamination of the atmosphere breathed by the workers. g ..Lighting. While lighting is a highly technical subject, the basic requirements for good lighting are not difficult to understand, and inspectors with some information and training on thk problem should be able to advise establishments on any needed improvements. (1) Adequacy.--All workrooms, passageways, exits, stairways, storage places, and all other places where employees are obliged to go should be adequately lighted, either by natural or artificial means, so that a person may easily see any dangers with which he may come in contact. In addition, wherever necessary, the general illumination in workrooms should be supplemented at proper locations, according to the degree of fineness of the work or of the par ticular operation or process, to permit all opera- futv in spe c t io n m anual REGULAR INSPECTION PROCEDURE--SAFETY AND HEALTH 35 Rute the usual forms of natural or v the HH^BIliBjhtmination. Although a plant may , Pitot window space to provide proper vices. ^ H H H p ^ g ^ n a tio n , yet the glass may be so dvantag||j|jB ^^B H B S ^ ^ M fO u t of repair that there is insufficient h azardtffaB ^^m H H S N m SIL. Glare from daylight should be H H E H N |ib y use of certain types of glass or tiemselvi^^^HHH Modem plants use a nonglare atmosnufflaOBBI ipe of glass. titles t o f f ^ ^ H M B M M n tiw y of ceilings and walls in a light 3 to p re ^ illailH E |||S g M 0 p to >6elps greatly in providing proper osphere. ` Jf9HK&H H B i p ^ j i d a l illumination.--There are two ties of h& ^BM ffiBfmifr.typs of artificial illumination--the gen- citnedi.a o l B B M ^B ^B M & bm d, and the local or bench. The local g H B B lih d g h t, and spacing of the fights and ition is IHm H R S HHNuM&fta of reflectors or shades control the bely e n c l e l ^ M I H gH H gN |7pr glare that may be created in the atm o sp ^H j^H H IMpW3&HHiS"iwocfccbuipViemdtwbvto tehyee wfaotrikgeure. aSnhdadinotwersfeorer vision. All reflectors and lamps, HlHBM$lBneral, should be kept clean, properly ical subjfiK flflH l and maintained in a good state of lighting m m ^ i W^Wie inspector should observe in par- pectors , d l W m MMBBmS|:'iifhether or not the rehectors are im- this p ro b lg tlH H lW H f c t f t f i H . rusted, or removed. ents on an*Hiii --A regular system of main- Wfihatci be estabhshed by the manage- lassagewgiHHHB ^ ^ H R ^ to e m e n should be instructed to utilize ad ah o tm m I m IHHHHMK^ght whenever the intensity of the to go siitmBm p iH H H ils less than that of the artificial fight. natural .M IBBIflffefflhjft flsnof devices for testing the adequacy of may has been referred to on p. 12.) av c o m e ^ i||U ||P WSmffrMUt g-jrding. scessary, ilMHI^H! s should h&EPffiPffrfll Machinery.--(a) Method oj determining according tMBhLIWltr'1 dangerous moving parts of ma- r of the p t | WKSS^mdd be guarded to prevent any person lit all o p e r ^ m ^Mining in contact with them. In order to determine the hazards involved in machines having a point of operation and to devise, the best means of eliminating such hazards, it is necessary for the inspector to study the work done on each machine. The hazards may be due to faulty construction, improper or incom plete methods of guarding, or to carelessness on the p art of employees, Poorly designed or constructed guards often introduce hazards or conditions worse than those which they are intended, to remedy. Sufficient space should be provided around individual machines or process units to allow for normal operation, adjustment, ordinary repairs, and for materials supplied in process. (The Division of Labor Standards has pre pared a pamphlet, Some Rules for the Safe guarding of Hazardous Machinery, and a set of 56 illustrations showing various types of guards, railings, and other devices used for the protection of workers. A limited number of these are still available for State inspectors upon request.) (5) Cooperation oj workers--The inspector should ascertain whether the foremen educate the workers to respect and to use the guards. The cooperation of the operators of machines is essential to protect not only the operators but others who may come in contact with the machines. (c) Tagging oj unsafe machinery.---In some States the inspector has been given the author ity under the law to tag unsafe machinery and prohibit its use until the needed corrections have been made. Although this power has not been used frequently, it has been an effec tive device for use in the case of extremely dangerous conditions due to defective parts of a machine, or in case of conditions that have caused a serious accident and have not been corrected, or in the case of a persistent violation of an order to guard a machine. (d) Reports on machines newly installed and improperly guarded.--Reports by inspectors on the names of manufacturers of machines that are found newly installed and improperly guarded, to be followed up by a letter from the inspection division to the manufacturer solicit ing his cooperation in providing adequate guarding, is an effective method of controlling INSPECTION MANUAL PartV 36 REGULAR INSPECTION PROCEDURE--SAFETY AND HEALTH machine hazards at their source. (See Form might fall should be protected properly % p. 107.) ; railings and toeboards. ^ (2) Elevator hoistways.---Inspection of ele (c) Nonslip surfacing.--Stairways, r vator machines, Cables, and safety equipment elevator landing platforms, and similar ^ _ i n a highly specialized field and requires spe where slipping may be especially hazardoi cialty trained inspectors. However, inspection should be provided with nonslip surface. Of elevator hoistways is not so technical and (d) Ladders.--Ladders should be firm and oj| the regular factory inspector should be capable substantial construction with rungs equally of examiniBg these and recommending any spaced and firmly fastened and with heeded corrections. The great majority of properly fitted to avoid slipping. Perman.^, accidents classified a s elevator accidents are ladders or stairways are always preferable faJ due to improper guarding and maintenance of portable ladders and should be used whenever! possible. fTM Some points to bo observed by an inspector (e) Seals.--To guard against the harmful | in inspecting the elevator hoistway are proper lighting of landings, condition of floor at entrances, the shear hasard between elevator cm floor and recesses and projections in hoist way, the doors or their contacts or interlocks, gates protecting entrances to hoistways, and enclosure of sides of elevator hoistway not used for entrance. In some States plans and specifications for effects of fatigue, suitable seats should be pro-sJ vided for all workers whose duties can be per- : formed in a sitting posture; height and back l of seats should be adjustable to permit the position of the worker relative to the work to -j be substantially the same whether the worker J is seated or standing. Foot rests should be provided also where necessary. Seats should be of strong construction and maintained in the Construction or remodeling of elevators and proper repair. elevator hoistways must be submitted to the i. Personal protective equipment. State labor department for approval, (1) Eye protection.--No one type of goggles (See Forms 12a, b, c, d, ande, pp. 133-147.) is suitable for all classes of work; Various types (3) Electrical apparatus and wiring--Theare now available to meet the need for protec inspection should include the condition of all tion of the eyes against dust, flying objects, wiring in the plant, the type and condition of splashes of acids or mists of a corrosive nature, extension cords, enclosure of switches, motors, aud injurious light rays. Where the worker generators, and transformers and the provi ordinarily wears glasses, the lenses of the sions to prvoit persons from coming in con goggles should be ground to prescription to ta c t with live parts. There should be adequate meet this corrective requirement. guarding of all high voltage parts to permit I t is important to know that goggles designed entrance thereto Only by proper employees, for welders and others exposed to injurious and nil electrical installations, including port light rays must have a type of glass which able hand tods, should be properly grounded. gives adequate protection against both the vis ' (4) Other items subject to inspection.-- ible and invisible rays. The color of the lenses (0) Hand, tools.--Handles of hand tools should in itself does not assure this protection. be securely attached, free from breaks or In some occupations, such as welding, pro cracks, splinters, sharp edges, and roughness. tection against burns on the exposed skin is The use Of defective tools such as mushroomed necessary in addition to the protection for the chisels and wrenches with sprung jaws should eyes. For this purpose shields, masks, and be prohibited. Keen-edged tools to be safe helmets should be provided. should be kept sharp. All eye-protective equipment should be main (by Bailings and toeboards.--Wall and floor tained in a high state of repair. There should openings, elevated platforms and runways, be no cracked lenses, and lenses should be kept and other places from which objects or persons clean. FfcrrV in s p e c t io n MANUi. i il ly able bene of th# ; tion to esigned jurioyj whieb <he visg, pro? ; skin is for the s, and >mainshould >e kept REGULAR, INSPECTION PROCEDURE--SAFETY AND HEALTH _ ratory protection.--I t is important that respirators are not a substitute late ventilation but are valuable where tective means of control cannot be *Jhey also re used to supplement measures. Their use should be con- __ rtive only for relatively short ex- _ I t cannot be emphasized too much lifpafure of the atmospheric contaminant fbefore respirators are selected. Cer- aeric contaminants may be ab- _ the skin in harmful quantities; |ore respirators do not always suffice. P-lao important to know that particular P f#^)irators are used for particular types contaminants and that no uni i exists which wifi meet all practical , All respirators should carry the ap- |q f the United States Bureau of Mines for cular atmospheric contamination, respirators are worn in contact with the Is necessary to sterilize them frequently i maintain them in a hygienic condition. , it is necessary to inspect them regu- and to replace the protective elements at atly frequent periods so that the worker adequately protected when exposed to ajurious concentrations of harmful sub tes. _ ' filter type respirator provides protection gt certain forms of dust but is of no value t fumes and gases. Cartridge-type respi gare useful only in cases of light injurious atrations of harmful substances, masks with cannisters for protection various industrial conditions are highly live against certain fumes, gases, and dusts, ever, sometimes they do not afford suffi- ent protection in cases of high concentration gases or of organic vapors. When Aster masks are used, inspectors should >Whether adequate rules have been adopted y o the recording of the time cannisters to n been in use, since the effectiveness of the toprbent used in cannisters is limited by the AqtUal time that it has been in use. ,jThe hose mask is the most effective protec- tjp in cases of high concentration of acid gases Or of organic vapors. Hose masks may include helmet covering the head and shoulders, such as the sandblaster's helmet, or may be provided with a face piece similar to the cannister gas mask. I t is important to note whether the air supplied to the hose mask is taken from a source of dean fresh air and properly filtered. (3) Protective clothing.--Protective clothing for the body, arms, and legs should be provided wherever needed. Such clothing may include suits, coats, or aprons made of sueh materials as asbestos, chrome tanned leather, fire-proof duck, plain duck, or rubber, depending-upon the nature of the hazards. The inspector should discourage the wearing of homemade burlap aprons, particularly around machines or where they are apt to become soaked with oil. Suitable gloves should be provided for the protection of the hands when handling ho t or injurious materials, rough or sharp objects, acids, corrosive substances, or electrical appa ratus. The type of material for the glove and its construction will depend on the nature of the work and the materials to be handled, Sleeves and arm protectors may also be needed to provide proper protection. , For the protection of the legs there are vari ous types of leggings made of the same mate rials as used for body garments. Leggings for use when working with molten metal should be designed so that they Can be removed instantly in case of art emergency. I t is also important that they should fit over the shoe tops to pro tect the instep and heel and should be free from all projections such as buckles and clasps. For the protection of the feet, safety shoes, spats, rubber boots, and metal footguards have been developed. Safety belts are used by window washers, bridge workers, structural steel workers, oil field workers, and in many other occupations requiring work at any height above the ground. Safety hats have become standard, equipment in the construction and mining industries and in other industries.where heads are subject to the hazard of falling objects. Employees should be instructed to refrain from the use of such wearing apparel as high- heeled shoes, long sleeves, neckties, open jack ets, long cuffs on overalls, or other loose clothing, whenever it may constitute a hazard to the type of work performed. Adequate INSPECTION MANUAL Part V fjfh 'MttWMfil 38 REGULAR INSPECTION PROCEDURE-SAFETY AND HEALTH protective devices, such as close-fitting caps should be worn by women whose duties bring them into proximity with moving parts of machines. Finger rings may catch on the moving parts of a machine and cause a serious accident. (4) Maintenance and inspection.--The safest method of maintenance and inspection of per sonal protective equipment by any plant is to establish a frequent routine servicing of any such items furnished the worker. One person should be designated to take full responsibility for correct maintenance of personal protective equipment. His efficiency should be checked frequently. If such a service is not main tained, then it is the duty of the immediate superior, usually the foreman, to see that the worker maintains his equipment in a high state record any violations of prohibited smo rules or regulations. In some States smoking is absolutely p hibited in all work places unless a spec: smoking permit has been granted by the la department. (5) Storage of flammable and combust! materials.--Flammable and combustible terials should be stored in separate buildings rooms of fire-resistive construction. Discardi material of an inflammable nature should ,, placed in self-dosing metal containers whia should be emptied at least once daily. * (6) Exits.--(a) The number, type, and loca~ J tion of exits should be sueh as to enable all emfi ployees to escape from the building in a shorfc space of time in order to avoid panic for any cause. . of efficiency and repair. / . Fire protection. As a minimum requirement at least two exit# remote from each other should be provided! (I> F ire e x tin g u ish e r s.--The inspector from each floor, and additional exits should be : should note the date when extinguishers were required when either the floor area or the num charged last (soda-acid fire extinguishers should ber of occupants per floor make it necessary. be recharged at least annually) and whether The following types of exits are recognized: they are kept in operable condition and pro tected from freezing. Fire extinguishers should 1. Stairs in fire- and smoke-proof towers. 2. Interior stairs enclosed in partitions of fireproof or be conveniently located, and access to them fire-resisting material. should be free from all obstructions. The inspector should ascertain whether the proper type of extinguisher has been provided. (2) fire alarms and sprinkling systems.-- 3. Horizontal exits through fire walls or by means of fireproof bridges to adjoining building. 4. Interior, unenclosed stairways. 5. Exterior steel screened stairways. 6. Fire escapes. Plans and specifications of fire-alarm signal and sprinkling systems should be examined by specialists of the inspection division. The in spector should ascertain how often the systems are tested. (3) Fire drills.--Some States require that in buildings of three or more stories, fire drills must be held periodically to avoid panic in event of fire. The inspector should inquire as to the frequency of 9uch drills and the time re quired to empty the building. If in doubt about their effectiveness, he should arrange with the management to call a drill, observing the result. (4) Smoking,--Smoking should be prohib ited in all places where smoking constitutes a hazard. The inspector should observe and (6) The inspector should observe the condi tion of the exits, particularly to make certain that they are in good repair and that all aisles and passageways are unobstructed. Doors should be so arranged as to be readily openable from the inside at all times without the use of a key while anyone is employed in the building; when it is desirable to arrange doors so as to prevent unauthorized entrance to the building, they should be equipped with approved panic bolts on the inside. (e) All exits should be indicated by "exit" signs or such other means as may be required by law or regulations. Fire doors at openings to stair enclosures should be self-closing and should not, under any circumstances, be per mitted to be wedged or otherwise fastened open. Prt V INSPECTION MANUAL REGULAR INSPECTION PROCEDURE--SAFETY AND HEALTH 39 sa t horizontal exits should be arranged automatically in case of fire; the closing ^should be subject to frequent inspection, doors, except sliding fire doors at l exits, should open in the direction of At |$so Explanatory Statement to Accomufiding Survey forms, p. 129.) -aid facilities. icy.:--Suitable first-aid equipment provided by employers free of exthe workers and available for use in injury. Theinspectors should determine equacy of the first-aid facilities on the jtwo factors; that is, the type of hazards number of people exposed to the hazIn all cases it is important that the use |tal facilities should be prearranged, the State law specifies the contents of .bits for establishments of a certain j for certain types of industries, the ior should examine the contents for comwith such specifications. The kit or { should be kept clean and located near fig hot and cold water in an easily accesspace where the first-aid may be adminis- a reasonable amount of privacy, e following is a suggested list of minimum ements for a first-aid kit: INSTRUMENTS scissors. t pair thum b forceps. 1 tourniquet. , graduated medicine glass. DRUGS 2 ounces aromatic spirits of ammonia. 2 tubes sterile borated petroleum jelly. % ounces powdered boracic acid. ^.ojBujes tincture iodine U. S. P. (ampoules pre ferred). <hfcarbonate of sodium tablets, 5 grains. 3 collapsible tubes of bicarbonate of sodium, A apercent. 2 ounces 1 percent solution of picric acid. iS ounces castor oil. ' DRESSINGS i;,-- Wooden tongue depressors. I dozen assorted sizes sterile gauze bandages. 1 spool adhesive plaster---1 inch by 5 yards. 3 one-half ounce packages of absorbent cotton. 3 one-yard packages of sterile gauze. , Splints of assorted sizes for fractures. MISCELLANEOUS Ice bag. Hot-water bottle. Soap and nail brush. Instantaneous coffee. (2) Full or part-time physician, nurse, or trained attendant.--The inspector should ascer tain whether or not there is a full or part-time physician, nurse, or trained attendant available. The term "trained" should imply a first-aid training equivalent to that furnished by the American National Red Cross or United States Bureau of Mines. Each establishment should have a t least one trained attendant to apply first-aid to injured workers and to have ehaige of maintenance of first-aid equipment. (3) Prompt treatment.--Employers should require all employees to apply promptly for first-aid treatment for all injuries sustained at work. Infection or blood poisoning resulting from slight injuries such as minor cuts and abrasions have caused many deaths. 1. Safety organization and education. (1) Importance and extent.--The importance of plant safety organization and education cannot be overemphasized when it is realized that a t least 90 percent of all industrial acci dents are preventable. In order to effect any substantial reduction in accidents, the plant management must be interested in a contin uous safety program. The successful promo tion of safe practices in any establishment requires that it be considered as an everyday job. I t is essential, therefore, for the inspector to sell the idea of such a program to the highest person in authority in each plant. The following recommendations are not to be considered as representing a complete safety program but merely as suggestive. The extent of the safety program for any establishment should depend, of course, on its size and nature of business. A State labor department should be prepared to assist any establishment in forming a safety organization and in planning a safety education program. (Upon request, the INSPECTION MANUAL Part V 40 REGULAR INSPECTION PROCEDURE--SAFETY AND HEALTH I /' Division of Labor Standards, U. S. Department of Labor, will furnish more complete informa tion as to the experience of the various States in these activities and offer suggestions as to such programs.) (2) Safety personnel.--The need for plant safety directors, engineers, or inspectors in any establishment to devote full or part-time to safety work will vary widely according to the hasards involved. A full-time safety engineer may be necessary for as few as 50 men engaged in occupations such as building demolition work, or for as many as 1,00b employees in a textile plant or other low-hazard industry. The inspector should study the accident record and the hazards of the work and recommend whatever addition in safety personnel the condition may warrant. Aide from the moral and humanitarian considerations involved, em ployers have both a direct and an indirect financial incentive to provide proper methods of supervision and adequate physical safeguards. As a direct cost to the employer, the rates for compensation insurance are usually modified in the case of manufacturing plants on the basis of two factors: (o) The physical safeguarding condition of the plant in relation to the average condition in the industry. (6) The past experience in accident cost of the plant in relation to the average for its industry. - Itt the case of nonmanufacturing establish ments, only the latter basis is used. Thus, it is possible for a plant to save in direct cost as much as one-half by adopting the most effective methods for safeguarding the health and safety of its workers. The employer's indirect cost of accidents has been estimated to average at least four times the direct cost of compensation and medical aid. Indirect costs include: () Lost time of injured employee. () Time lost by other employees in assisting injured employee a t time of accident, or due to loss of morale. (c) Time lost by foremen, supervisors, or executives in assisting injured employee, in investigating cause of accident, in training new employee to replace injured employee, and in attending hearings. (d) Cost due to injury to machine or to other property or to spoilage of material, or to nonproductivity of machine. (3) Shop safety committees--When bac' by the cooperation of the management, a saf; committee composed of manager, foreman, someone in authority and several represent fives of workers has proved to be a most effg tive method of reducing accidents. The funf&r tiens of such a committee should include t! responsibility, for periodic inspections of __ ,, plant, review and approval of inspection report^, analysis of causes of accidents for the purpose d! submitting recommendations to prevent reu rence of similar accidents, instructing new ehftjf ployees or workers transferred to unaccustomed tasks as to the hazards of their work, and prod moting the education of all employees in safety practices. The committee should meet at. least monthly and keep a written record of th number and nature of its recommendations, the number carried out, the number incomplete^ and the number not acted upon. The membe# of the committee should be selected from the various departments and should be changed at regular intervals. (4) Safety meetings, conferences, and schools.--Plant safety meetings attended by all employees or, if practicable, by employees of a particular department should he held at least semiannually. The State inspector should be ready and willing to take full advantage of every opportunity to address these meetings. Small group safety meetings addressed by the foreman are also recommended. The safety program of an individual plant may be supple mented effectively by safety conferences and schools sponsored by the State labor department with the assistance of other interested official State and city agencies, and such agencies as organized labor groups, manufacturers' and trade associations, civic clubs, and safety organizations. The schools may be open to the public as a whole, at which general messages on safety are presented, or may be restricted to specialized industry or occupational groups, open only to "key men," such as the safety men, superintendents, and foremen, or may consist of a combination of these two plans with a general school open to all groups, coordinated with special group conference meetings. Part V INSPECTION MANUAL REGULAR INSPECTION PROCEDURE--SAFETY AND HEALTH 41 State-w ide accident-prevention contests.-- gome States, the labor departments have -ored an annual safety contest in which all blishments in the State having a certain -urn total number of man-hours of ex per year are eligible to compete. Each rent entering the contest agrees to sub- the labor department at the end of the a certified copy of its accident experience umber of man-hours exposure for the past The labor department then computes mency and severity rates for each eslent and for each industrial group. ' there are three types of awards, one for its making, a perfect record, one for -.having a lower frequency rate than the sfor that particular group, and the other ?se establishments which have improved record. Employers generally have dis a great deal of interest in these contests have given them much credit for a reducof the accidents in their establishments. (6) S afety b u lletin s and literature.--Bulletin boards suitably located should be provided for the purpose of posting of safety bulletins, orders, rules, and other safety information. The safety bulletins, such as those supplied by safety organizations, homemade bulletins, photographs and cartoons, should be changed frequently. Exhibits of unsafe equipment, broken goggles, and unsafe tools are effective. Safety literature, such as notices or slogans on pay envelopes, clockcards, or shop correspondence, should be utilized whenever possible. I t is suggested that State labor departments prepare suitable safety pamphlets and posters for free distribu tion whenever possible. (The Division of Labor Standards of the U. S. Department of Labor has published a series of industrial health and safety leaflets. Several State labor departments have reprinted a number of these leaflets or have prepared leaflets of their own for distribution to employers and workers.) gji INSPECTIO N MANUAL Part V 115 INATORY STATEMENT TO ACCOMPANY FORM 10, THE INDUSTRIAL HEALTH HAZARD DATA REPORT PURPOSE OP THIS FORM examination ol this form and of the suggested draft of a Regular Inspection Report form jib 1, p. 71) and of the Building Survey forms (see Forms 11a, 11b, 11c, pp. 123-128) ^ pertain duplications. The latter two types of forms are chiefly designed to be used in the %pflt of existing regulations, whereas this form is intended to provide a systematic method present industrial health hazards for use by an industrial hygiene unit in appraising them iucting its research work, Thus, the broader scope and more detailed coverage of Form 10 ach overlapping unavoidable. vever, for the purpose of eliminating any unnecessary writing on the part of the inspector 'conserving as much as possible his time for actual inspection and educational work, it is S I that- those,items included on this form, which are also included on the standard forms Regular Inspection Report and the Building Survey Report, might be filled out by the | steady increase in the number of State laws granting compensation to workers suffering from an unhealthful occupational environment has added to the importance and need general inspections for health hazards. Occupational disease compensation laws are _ accompanied by regulatory measures to prevent the occurrence of such diseases and aate occupational, disease hazards. The initial step in securing these regulatory measures ?ey the existence of such hazards. The direct contact that the factory inspector experiWjth industry conditions qualifies him as the best agent for the collection of this necessary ! By submitting these reports to the industrial hygiene unit, it will make it possible for such vfc> obtain a general picture of the presence and extent of any industrial health hazards in lie and will enable it to guide its research work accordingly. The regulatory measures be based upon the results of such research work. tshould be emphasized that the form has been designed to permit its use by inspectors who tad no specialized training in occupational disease hazards, n summary, this form has been prepared for the two following major purposes: I) To furnish the industrial hygiene unit with the necessary information as to the location, *y ( an{j nature of existing occupational disease hazards for use as a guide in its research and subsequent development of codes regulating such hazards; and ^ To act as an educational device for the inspectors, their supervisors, and the personnel sted agencies. INSTRUCTIONS her than give a detailed list of all possible answers to each item in the form, the following brief discussion - `edfor the purpose of supplying the inspector with a guide as to the type of information required. The S y Statements to accompany the Regular Inspection Report form and the Building Survey Report iouM be read in conjunction with this Explanatory Statement. &enever appropriate, it is suggested th a t a check (V) may be used to signify that the inspector s answer ' to the item, and a Sash (--) may be used to indicate th a t the item is not applicable. If the answer is f.write in " N o /' Thus, by providing th a t every item be answered on each report the supervisor will be able *e*mine whether or not the inspector has made a complete survey. I s also suggested th a t in the case of those items which require rating by the inspector, the following symbols " " A = Excellent. B=Good. C = F air. D=Poor. INSPECTION MANUAL P art VII EXPLANATORY s t a t e m e n t t o ACCOMPANY FORM 10 117 ure the method of disposal. Liquids may be taken away in sewers or may be carried to nearby streams *ited upon open areas for evaporation. Solids may be conveyed from the plant by continuous carrier t o r placed in boxes and cans designated for th a t purpose and later hauled away. Solid waste and sludges ''stored in th e neighborhood.of th e plant for future disposition, which may be in the form of hauling to further processing for byproducts, or for future sale as a byproduct itself. Some plants merely allow their fee piled in dumps in the neighboring vicinity. A good example of these are the culm heaps near mines. .~ocy 0 th method of disposal of waste is reflected in the housekeeping in and about the plant. Tidy S a n t s are tree from accumulations of Waste in or about the plant. Frequently, with good intentions, ' Jostall adequate methods of disposal but do not maintain these methods in a good state of repair, with Lth a t the housekeeping of th e plant is of a low order. , g a tin g fa cilities.--This item refers both to the method of dispensing the workers' food, if it is supplied to places where workers may eat the food th a t they bring. If the workers bring their lunches, it is f i ! t there should be a proper place of storage, where the food will not be harmfully contaminated, either la or by any material* about th e plant th a t might react harmfully to the workers. Plants th at dispense ' do so by such means as lunch or "soup" wagons, lunch counters, and cafeterias. Frequently, there is a "a room designated by the plant authorities where the workers may eat their food. I t is very undesirable Sttstances th a t th e workers carry their food to the benches and eat it in their workrooms. For example, m ifehfoh there may be any processing of lead, the workers' health may be adversely affected by the con ; of their food with the lead. There should be covered receptacles in which the workers may place the , Itib e ir lunches. room or area designated for the eating of lunches should be kept clean. D rinking fa cilities.--th is item covers the kind of water and the method of dispensing it. Some plants 1their own source of water supply for all purposes. Others maintain their own source of water supply isl purposes only, and yet again, some plants depend upon th e city or local community's source of supply boses. The latter source of water supply is usually controlled by health authorities, which would more rantee the quality of drinking water supply. If there are two sources, one for industrial purposes and for drinking purposes, an opportunity is offered for cross connections in the supply lines. This condition altogether infrequent. If it exists, then the whole supply of drinking water may be contaminated. I t is ,jde the realm of factory inspectors to observe this possibility. Unless the water is of deep-well source, king water is usually cooled in some manner, particularly during hot weather. The simplest way of cooling by placing a of ice in a water container, offers a possible means of contamination. Adequate drinking * should provide a source of cool, wholesome water th a t is properly dispensed, with a minimum chance ,,semination. The most modern method is the unit type refrigerator with an angle jet. The angle jet has designed for the purpose of insuring the least possible contamination of water a t the place it is dispensed, the best type known to date. Paper cups that are immediately destroyed after use are satisfactory. iimon drinking cup or dipper is unqualifiedly condemned. _ , Dressing room s.--These rooms serve the purpose of storing extra clothing, street clothing, or working ' and provide a place for hanging such clothing. The storage of these clothes in the proper manner reduces ability of contamination. Certain processes require employees to wear work clothing during their hours The materials they handle may be of a kind th a t may produce some industrial disease. Again, there are i other instances where the contact of work clothes with street clothing will communicate to the latter the substances th a t are accumulated on the work clothes during hours of employment. A well-equipped a Joom is furnished with separate lockers for work clothes and street clothes; it is well ventilated, even Tit may be necessary to put in forced draft; it is well illuminated, even though it may be necessary to install J ji lighting. Lastly, theloekers, rooms, and benches should all be maintained in a high degree of cleanliness. "Where work clothes become wet, provisions should be made to dry them adequately before th e next shift, should be so treated before placing them in the lockers. JjlfL Washing fa cilities.--I t is essential th a t employees in many industries handling certain types of materials, * l in certain processes, carefully wash their hands before handling food. In any event, from the stand- _ rsonal hygiene there should always be adequate washing facilities. I t is necessary, of course, th a t there " adequate supply of hot and cold water, plenty of soap and towels. The common tornei is condemned. Paper V * * probably the best, as they are discarded immediately after use. Sometimes employees furnish their 5#wel8 and allow them to become very soiled before they are laundered. In some instances the companies ' i fabric towels and replace them with clean ones periodically. The arrangement of the washing facilities ta n t in relation to convenience of use and ease of cleaning. Conveniently arranged washing facilities -age their use. If property arranged, wash basins will be in a light, airy room th at permits ease of cleaning maintenance of good housekeeping. Certain types of processes require shower baths for the protection of the health of the workers, th e shower >and such accessories as false floors and mats should be maintained in a clean condition with proper lighting INSPECTION MANUAL P art VII 118 EXPLANATORY STATEMENT TO ACCOMPANY FORM 10 to assure th a t there is good housekeeping T h e inspector should note whether the employer has p ro v id e necessaiy supervision to insure the use of these facilities. ' ed the l o . T o ile t f a c i li ti e s .--I t is not unusual to find plants completely lacking in toilet facilities or if not pletely lacking, supplied only with th e more p rim itiv e types, such as th e outdoor toilet. Usually ____ m unicipality lias, if not a specification m th e law, a t least a recom mendation as to th e ty p e of toilet with which plant should be equipped. ^ Frequently, States designate the num ber of toilets th a t should be furnished for a num ber of m ale an d a ceilain num ber of female employees. Toilet rooms, of course, should be well iliump;!ert.ain b u t m ay be found to be illuminated only by small windows or by very inadequate artificial lighting The vate^d. lation of toilets is necessary, and methods of ventilation m ay vary all the way from a window bdim open ,,h ! top to a special line from an air-conditioning u n it in the plant. Toilets sometimes are located out-of-door ^ th a t employees engaged in high temperature processes m ust pass from a heated atmosphere out t h r o u g h u weather in the winter time to these toilets. Again, toilets m ay be too closely situated to eathm facilities o r TM ? other hand, m a y be isolated so far aw ay in the p la n t t h a t a w oiker m u s t leave his work ior long penods'of tim order to use them . T h e necessary supplies accom pany ing a toilet should always be a d e q u ate T he sen6 "? cleanliness of a toilet reltects upon the general attitu d e of the plant. The toilet should be'free from scran f paper, should be clean, well painted, a n d th e air should be clean a n d wholesome. P of 16. H o u s e k e e p i n g , th is is a te r m applied to th e general cleanliness and ordciliness of the whole nlsmi Work benches or work places are more usually given attention in this respect for production reasons, but dust!ns dirt m a y be allowed to accumulate on th e walls, th e ov eih ead beams an d trusses, fixtures of different kinds mTM, electrical conduits, an d ventilators. T h e d ir t m a y also accum ulate in corners of rooms an d in connection with discarded containers an d wrappings an d w ith th e storage of materials. There are several m ethods of cleanin these places, such as sweeping, washing, and vacuum cleaning. Cleaning may be done periodically each dJ week, or m onth. Adequate precautions m u st be observ ed to p revent redistribution of d u st into th e p lan t atmTM phere. Sweeping during working hours is not recom m ended, b u t nevertheless is sometimes carrh d ou t with th,, aid of sweeping compounds or while the floor is damp. " 17. P r o t e c t i o n a g a in s t i n s e c t s a n d r o d e n t s . -- A dequate screening should be provided for all service rooms, particularly lunch rooms and toilet and wash rooms. In th e case of all industries preparing or handling foodstuff,, the premises should be adequately screened and rat-proofed. cu In the case of those industries located in mosquito-breedmg teriitorv, attention should be given to stagnant or open pools of w ater or open c o n ta i n e r . W here these bleeding places Cannot be eliminated In drainage or covering during th e mosquito-breeding season, th e .surface should be treated in a m a n n a approved bv the health authorities to prevent mosquito breeding " lt>. R e m a r k s . Amplify, if necessary, any of th e above items under " plant sanitation " C. Illumination 19. N a t u r a l . -- Yt inflows and skylights constitute, th e usual forms of n atural illumination. T he window area (including skylights) may be expressed in terms of square feet. T he precise measurement is not necessary 'but a reasonable estim ate will suffice. Although a p la n t m a y have a d e q u ate natural illumination tin ough window glass yet th e glass m ay lie so dirty or so out of repair t h a t th ere is insufficient illumination. Gl.ire from daylight should be prevented by use of certain types of glass or window shades. Modern plants use a nonglare d i f f u s e type of glass^ T he older t \ pe plants use clear window glass. T here m a y be various combinations of these two glasses used The " ad eq u acy " of th e natural illumination should be expressed bv either " Yes" or " No," based on th e inspector's general impression, which he receives by observing, as stated above, the area of windows and skylights their cleanliness an d sta te ot repair, and type of glass used. ' ' 20. A r t i f i c i a l .-- There are two m ajor ty p es of artificial illum ination-- the general or overhead and the local or bench. T h e overhead or general ty p e m ay be direct, scmichreet, scmiindirect, an d indirect illumination- the bench type m a y be simple drop cords or th e more m odern ty p e of " day lig h t" local illumination fixture 'The uisti ibut'on refers mainly to the number and location of each type th a t is found in the plant. The location of the light eontiols, in a great measure, the shadows or glare th a t they create in the area occupied bv the worker. Shad ows or glare co ntrib u te to eye fatigue an d interfere witli d e a r vision. All reflectors an d lamps, local or general, snould be kept clean, free from dirt, and should be m aintained in a good state of u-pair. Some points to observe with respect lo the latter are whether or not the reflectors are improperly tilted, ru.-ted, or removed The "ade quacy" of the artificial illumination is again, as in the case of natuial illumination, the general impression received by the inspector, based on the above facte,is. 21. R e m a r k s . Amplify, if necessary, any of the above items under " [lhininiauuii." P a rt VH INSCiCCllON M .\H l,u