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1 L E AD ? I .1 iii I Plumbers in Four Additional States Urge More Lead Masters and Journeymen Work to Protect Public and Plumbing Business ECENT action by the Maine and Iowa Master R Plumbers Associations and by the Associations of Journeyman Plumbers in Massachusetts and Ohio advocating more lead in plumbing installations is a fine demonstration of the way both masters and journeymen are working together for the common purpose of improving plumbing conditions. Plumbers organizations all over the country have for some time been fostering a movement to strengthen and mod ernize plumbing ordinances by improving the design, materials and workmanship of. plumbing installa tions for the protection of public health and prop erty. Another object of this movement is to protect context and are also similar to the resolutions that have been published in Lead from time to time as adopted by other states. State master plumbers associations in New Jersey, Illinois, Wisconsin, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Michi gan and Indiana passed such resolutions in 1933 and 1934. As in these other states, Maine master plumbers do not intend to let the matter drop with mere passage of a Mr. C. /. Palmer of Ames, Iowa, re-elected President of the Iowa Master Plumbers As sociation. resolution at their annual convention. With char acteristic New England thoroughness a committee was appointed to see that the resolution's mandate was carried out. The Iowa resolution was passed without a dissent ing vote at one of the state association's most suc cessful annual conventions at which all officers were re-elected for another year. WALTER P. MILLER Lead pipe, installed with a plumber's skill, will make the plumbing in this modern hotel durable and troublefree and a plumber's job to make repairs and alterations. those engaged in the legitimate plumbing business against the competition of handymen and others who are unfit to make sanitary installations and who create undesirable competitive conditions in the in dustry detrimental both to owners of plumbing busi nesses and to properly trained journeyman plumbers. Maine and Iowa Masters Advocate Lead In March. Maine became the eighth and Iowa the ninth states whose master plumbers associations adopted resolutions urging members to advocate more lead in plumbing, because the durability and other desirable qualities of lead make it necessary in the best plumbing installations and because only plumbers thoroughly skilled and experienced in their trade are able to install and repair lead work. There fore extensive requirement of lead in plumbing aids in accomplishing both the purposes already stated. The Iowa and Maine resolutions, although they differ from each other in wording, are similar in Massachusetts, Ohio Journeymen Act At the annual meeting of the Massachusetts State Association of Journeyman Plumbers a resolution similar in intent was also passed after a great deal of favorable discussion on the subject of lead work. To assure prompt action delegates were instructed to report back at the next meeting just what action has been taken by their locals and what progress has been made in the interim. Other state journeymen's organizations who had previously taken such action are in New York and New Jersey. Although Ohio journeymen have not passed any such resolution, they are embarking on an active campaign to accomplish the same results. Mr. Ed. Switalski, the State Secretary, has launched the drive by a letter sent to all locals in the state in which he calls the attention of members to the benefits to be derived by public and plumbers alike through the greater use of lead in plumbing and urges them to act in their own localities to obtain it. All of this activity shows that both master and journeyman plumbers realize that they have in lead a common protection for which they should work together and that at the same time they will benefit the public through better plumbing installations for which the public will eventually thank the plumbing industry as a whole. [2] LIA 2532 1 j White Lead Paint for Low Cost Virgin Islands Housing ROVING that white lead paint, although it is Pa paint of highest quality, is an extremely eco nomical paint to use is the fact that it is specified for one of the lowest cost housing projects in the world. In the Virgin Islands a subsistence housing program is being carried out at rentals or instalment purchase terms that the lowest income group can afford to pay. On plots of live-acre -average size, two, three or four room houses are provided with budget allowances of from S'50 to S1000. The houses are designed to serve the simple needs and habits of this class in a practical wav at a cost they can afford. Recommendations of the architects to the Virgin Islands Public Works Department for painting all exterior metal and woodwork except the galvanized iron roofs call for three coats of lead and oil paint. Not oniy is this paint economical in first cost (at present prices it costs around $2.00 to $2.50 a gallon; but it will be economical to maintain so that this low income group will nut be unduly burdened with paint maintenance or repair bills. Another point to note is that the climate is such as to be hard on paint, with high temperatures and humidity. This simply indicates once more that white lead is suitable under all sorts of conditions for it has proven itself in every climate by many years of actual service. The architect for this Virgin Islands project is W. Pope Barney with whom is associated Roy \V. Banwell, both of Philadelphia. The paragraphs from their specifications pertaining to this subject read as follows: Plan of Virgin Islands subsistence homestead which may be built in three stages as a two-room unit with third and fourth rooms added later. "Paint material shall be best quality white lead paste. Paint shall be put on only on bone-dry sur faces. Do not paint on highly' humid davs. Priming coat shall be mixed as follows: White lead paste 100 lb., 2 gal. raw linseed oil, 2 gal. of turpentine, 1 pt. drier. It is imperative that the wood surfaces get a generous covering of this coat to satisfy the po rosity. ``2nd coat 100 lb. white lead paste. 1 gal. raw lin seed oil, 2 gal. turpentine, and 1 pt. of drier. "3rd coat 100 lb. white lead paste. 3 gal. raw lin seed oil. 2 pt. of turpentine, and 1 pt. of drier." These recommendations also apply to slum clear ance projects in the Virgin Islands designed by the same architects. -1 view nr a jour-room subsistence homestead as designed for the Virgin Islands. LIA25322 J i s > iff V if-! A I: HE presence of undesirable and dangerous water Thammer pressures is manifested in a piping in stallation in two ways: (1) pounding or knocking and vibrating pipes; (2) leaks and breakages. Pound ing and vibrating of pipes, besides being extremelyannoying and especially undesirable in places such Sketch show ing location of air chamber with respect to the quickclosing valve. as hospitals, is dangerous in itself, as leaky joints will'develop ultimately. If excessive water hammer pressures occur in a piping installation it is obvious that the weakest part of that system will be the first to fail, such as joints and PRESSURE-TIME CURVES or WATER HAMMER IN PLUMBING SYSTEM OF ST. FRANCIS HOSPITAL, LA CROSSE,WIS. DUE TO CLOSURE OF l"LAUNOI?Y VALVE March 13, 1934 Run No.I 1-240 Max.?06ib. Hand cios 160 F\ Staticpressure-^ uprrees.eAnitr '80 I \ Atmospheric pressure, \ PRESSUREo-Tr IME CURVES WATER HAMMER IN PLUMBING SYSTEM ST. FRANCIS HOSPITAL, LA CROSSE, WIS. DUE TO CLOSURE Of ("LAUNDRY VALVE March 13, 1934 Run No I tjcn Max.1311b U__A J______ 1 l0U . . Static head. The development of excessive water hammer pres sure can be cor rected in general in two wavs: (1) the pipes of low tensile strength material. If it is definitely Hand closure ("i^. 4L2*Air chamber fiVy Static heads s^Atmosphericpressure. ^ elimination of a rapid-closing valve; obviously this is shown that high water hammer pres sures do exist in an installation and Run No.3 Hand closure Max. 3601b. Static pressure\ Atmosphericpressure^ \ I. R^uunnnNuo..3j L|go Max. 13?lb. Statichead^ Autrtfoommaatitct ccttoosiuurrreliooAa <TAir chamber r> Atmosphericpressure. not always possi ble; (2) the instal lation of some sort of relief device, have been the cause of various leaky joints and break Run No.4 Automatic closure Max. 340lb. Static pressure. Atmospheric pressure^ such as an airchamber. Airchambers seem to ages, the remedy is be about the best not the replacement of the failing parts 1Fig u r e F,g l 'r e 2 device available at present to use for by stronger ones, but rather the prevention of the the reduction of water hammer pressures in ordi development of too high water hammer pressures. nary plumbing installations. However, unless they It is fool-hardy to expect to make a piping installa are of proper size and properly located their effect tion so strong and rigid that high water hammer in reducing any water hammer pressure may be pressures will not negligible. For this reason it is impossible to give cause any dam any all-inclusive solution that will solve every water age. It is just a hammer problem. Instead each problem must be means of post studied and analyzed individually, taking into con poning the "day sideration all the inherent characteristics of that of reckoning." particular piping installation. A water hammer problem that came to the at /I close-up view of the testing appara tus used to determ ine the intensity of water hammer. The cylindrical drum revolves and the curves shown in Fig. 1 and 2 are made on it. 1 Research Fellow, Hydraulic & Sanitary Eng. Dept., Univ. of Wis. 2 Itinerant Instructor in Plumbing, State Vocational Schools of Wisconsin. tention of the writers recently and which resolved itself into a fairly simple solution occurred at the St. Francis Hospital, LaCrosse, Wisconsin. The water hammer was produced by ordinary quick closing laundry valves which could be either float or hand operated. The presence of excessive water hammer pressures was suspected because of the annoying pipe noises and pounding which occurred whenever these valves operated. Investigation also revealed that va- [4] LIA 2 5 32 3 i rious leaks and breakages had also occurred in the piping of the hospital. This piping was made of metal other than lead. In order to obtain a picture of what actually oc curred in this installation and find out of what mag nitude the water hammer pressures were, our special .water hammer recording device was connected to the 1 in. supply line a few feet from one of the laundry valves and the valve was operated both by hand and automatically. From the curve in Figure I it is seen that the operation of one of these valves pro duced a pressure of about 350 lb. per sq. inch. The static head was about 75 lb., which means an increase in pressure of over 4:4 times the static head. As shown in Figure 2 the installation of a vertical air chamber, 4 ft. long and 2 in. in diameter, a few feet from the valve caused a reduction of this pressure to approximately 140 lb. and elimination of all the noises present before the air chamber was installed. An additional air chamber would un doubtedly cause further reduction but this was not considered necessary. Figure 2 also shows that the installation of an air chamber 4 ft. long and 1 in. in diameter, at the same point reduced the pres sure only to 195 lb. in one case and to 272 lb. in another case. In this case provision did not have to be made for keeping air in the air chamber to take care of any leakage and solution into the water, as there was a valve in the line beyond the air chamber which was closed when the laundry machines were not in operation thus causing the line to drain and fill with air. In other cases some provision must be made for adding air to the chamber, and this is done by in stalling an air valve in the top of the chamber, and making it possible to remove water pressure from the chamber, draining the water from it and letting air in under atmospheric pressure. Lead Helped Build Ancient Roman Gate Without Mortar ORTA NIGRA (Black Gate) at Treves, Ger Pmany, the largest Roman monument north of the Alps, was constructed without the use of mortar, the huge stone blocks being held together by iron clamps or dowels embedded in lead. This method of con struction was common in early times and the re markable state of preservation of many ancient structures on which it was employed proves its ef ficiency. Treves is a historic city founded by the Romans 2000 years ago and is the center of the Moselle wine district. Somewhat off the beaten track of inter national travel, it is a spot beautifully situated and delightfully unspoiled, famous for its wine merchants and wine cellars. At Treves also is located the unique German Wine Museum. Since the wine industry of the district was founded by the Romans, there is much to include in this museum. It treats the subject historically, scientifically and commercially. Porta Nigra was erected more than 15 centuries ago by Emperor Constantine the Great of Rome and stands as an enduring monument to the methods of its builders. Its weighty sandstone blocks, secured by iron and lead, have withstood the ravages of time to a remarkable degree. This method of avoiding the use of mortar has been used-in fine construction in recent years (Len d . March. 19345 having survived since the days of ancient Greece and Rome. It is particularly suited to marble work, where, by its use, the faces of the marble blocks may be placed in close contact without a separation of mortar between. It may also be used where through flashings make it necessary to secure copings by means of dowels and is frequently employed for fastening all kinds of metal into masonry. A modification of this use of lead is the modern expansion bolt described in Lead for January, 1933 and March, 1935. The difference is that in the ex pansion bolt the lead is in solid form when used and is expanded mechanically to fill the hole in the masonry and thus make a firm anchorage. VIKO HAAS Porta Xigra. 7 rci'es. Germany, huilt by the Romans mure Loan /.' centuries ago 'ocubout mortar, using iron clamps set in lead instead. Concrete is Beautified and Protected With White Lead surface over carefully after the first coat was applied. Where there were any signs of unusual absorption, these spots were touched up. He stressed the impor tance of waiting from ten days to two weeks between application of the first and second coats. This procedure, together with the invariable use of white lead and boiled linseed oil on concrete and stucco, has made his firm extremely successful with this kind of painting. There is a big opportunity for painters in the painting of brick, stucco and concrete if they will GABRIEL MOULIN Concrete building of Liggett S' Myers Tobacco Co., San Francisco, recently painted -jcith pure 'aebite lead paint. tell owners of this type of building of their need for paint. For three coat work, the following formu las are suggested: HITE lead makes an excellent Wpaint for concrete, stucco and Pa in t in g St u c c o , Co n c r e t e . Br ic k , St o n e brick. This is well illustrated by the San Priming Second Third Coa' Flat Gloss Francisco building of the Liggett and Coat Coat Finish Finish Myers Tobacco Co., a concrete struc Soft Paste White Lead...................1001b. Boiled Linseed Oil...................... '. 3 gal. 1001b. 1001b. 2 gal. -- 1001b. 3 gal. ture recently painted with two coats of Spar Varnish .......................... 2 gal. -- -- -- pure white lead and linseed oil by Maundrell and Bowen. San Francisco Pure Turpentine.............................1 Ja gal. Liquid Drier ................................... -- I'4 gal. ! ;i gal.* % pt. -- -- Vt pt. painting contractors. Gallons of Paint............................ 9>a gal. 6;4gal. ? gal. 614 gal. One reason for painting surfaces of Approx. Coverage per Gallon.. .200 sq. ft. 400 sq.ft. C00 sq.ft. 600 sq. ft. this type is to exclude moisture which * Flatting oil may be substituted. will penetrate the somewhat porous surface of the unpainted concrete, stucco or brick, Since these surfaces vary in roughness and po making the building interior damp and eventually, rosity, the exact footage a gallon of paint will cover particularly after freezing, causing deterioration is impossible to estimate, the above figures being of the building materials. Another reason is for merely a fair average. Stucco, concrete and brick decoration. mortar should be allowed to stand and dry for at Painting of the Liggett and Myers building was least six months before painting, or, if necessary accomplished with only two coats of white lead and to paint sooner, may be artificially aged by washing boiled linseed oil paint. This was done, Mr. George with a solution of 2 lb. zinc sulphate in a gallon of Bowen, the contractor, explains, by looking the water or with ordinary carbonic acid water. New Possibilities for Lead Covered Heating Cable N experimental installation of lead-covered re in one of the photographs, and proved to be perfectly A sistance cable has demonstrated the practica practicable in keeping the wired section of the walk bility of keeping sidewalks free of snow and ice free of snow and ice by turning on the current to bv electricity. This type of cable has been used for the cable. some time for soil heating in hot beds and green This experiment opens the possibility of many houses. which was described in L.ev d , November. new uses for heating cable of only slightly different 1931. In the Fall of 1934, when the Rockbestos design than soil heating cable. Walks in front ot Products Corp., of New Haven, Conn., manufac all types of buildings may be kept safe at all times turer of soil heating cable, was laying a new section and the labor of removing snow and ice eliminated. of concrete walk at its plant, several thousand feet Evervone has experienced trouble opening and of cable were installed under the walk, as shown closing garage doors in winter, but a little heating [6] LIA25325 cable under the concrete apron leading into the garage would forever remove this nuisance. Danger ous outside steps and slippery grades on walks and drives mav be kept clear of snow and ice by the simple turn of a switch. It is only necessary to figure on supplying the proper wattage per square foot to raise the temper ature of the walk above 32 deg. F. regardless of outside temperature. The labor of laying the cable is negligible and cost of operation will depend some what on local power rates. As a precaution against possible corrosion of the lead cable sheath resulting from free lime in new cement, the cable should be coated with asphaltum paint before it is laid. This will protect the lead until the cement has become carbonated after exposure. Lead Makes Permanent Tight Seal for Closing Caskets ROUGHT bronze as they are driven home, the soft lead shoulder Wcaskets of the Na flattens out. sealing the nail hole permanently against tional Casket Companmy oisture. No other common metal enjoys this com are permanently and pos bination of characteristics that makes lead so useful itively sealed against air for all kinds of tight seals. Its choice for sealing and moisture by means caskets, where absolute dependability is essential, is of soft lead. The diagram a strong endorsement of its value for such purposes. shows how this is accom A device, said to stand up to 2000 lb. pressure, plished. Two continuous employs a lead alloy in much the same manner for strips of soft lead run sealing holes, cracks and other leaks in containers around the innerseal. for gases and liquids. When the screws are Detail of lead casket seal. .I5 screzi's are tightened lead strips are flattened and permamently seal the joint. tightened in the proper rotation, these strips of lead are expanded, form ing a perfect seal. Since lead is so durable this seal will never deteriorate and ill tvmain permanently light. The properties of lead which make this type of seal possible, durability and softness, are responsible for other similar uses. For instance, lead-headed aniR '!. g\r>. |elv WO'i o-ed for fastening galva nized sheet metal operate on the same principle, for Bronze tdiv: aato lead inneneal. Kou of screws indi cates location of lead seal. LIA25326 1 ? it St. Sophia's Old Lead Roof One of Many in Istanbul ONSTANTINOPLE, or Istanbul, has aptly C been termed the "City of Lead Domes". Studded with mosques as it is, the domes and min arets are generally covered with durable sheet lead. Perhaps best known of the mosques of Istanbul is famed St. Sophia, built between 532 and 537 a.d . St. Sophia's dome and other roofing is sheet lead. Its present roof dates from the middle of the seven teenth century when the building was badly dam aged by a severe tire, repairs having later been made between 1847 and 1S49. Although it has been eighty- six years since these repairs were made, the photo graph on the cover shows the excellent condition of the lead roof today. When Byzantine Emperor Justinian dedicated St. Sophia in 53S a.d ., he said, "Solomon, 1 have sur passed thee," and .for 915 years St. Sophia was the richest shrine in Christendom, bearing out these words. But when Constantinople was captured by SEBAH VE TOAtLCIER St. Sophia is one of the -world's best known buildings. Its root is sheet lead. Newark, New Jersey, and the Henry Ford Museum at Dearborn, Mich. (Lead , July, 1931). the Turks in 1453, Sultan Mohammed made St. Aside from its great durability, lead has other ad Sophia a shrine of the Moslem faith. Recently Mus- vantages for roofing that place it in a class by itself. tapha Kemal Pasha has decreed a new era in St. Since lead sheets used for roofing are thicker than Sophia's long and brilliant history. He has made it sheets of other metals for the same purpose, a pro a museum, dedicated to culture and open to all portionately longer life may be expected in addition races and religions. to the longer life due to the innate durability of lead Istanbul is not the only Old World city where itself. The color is agreeable and harmonious with lead roofs seem to dominate, for all over Europe all other building materials, and acquires a natural will be found great cathedrals and public buildings, patina improving with age. Water running off a many erected centuries ago, with roofs of lead. In lead roof does not stain light paint and masonry America, too, are many well known buildings with with which it may come in contact. Lead roofing lead roofs, including the National Cathedral, Wash is a genuine material, uniform throughout, and is ington, D. C,, the Chapel at Princeton University, therefore not subject to troubles resulting from sur the Prudential Life Insurance Company Building in face imperfections. i ii(fflflW l i f t f THE LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION INVITES INQUIRIES ON ANY SUBJECT RELATING TO LEAD AND 71 WILL BE GLAD TO COOPERATE WITHOUT OBLIGATION IN THE SOLUTION OF YOUR LEAD PROBLEMS Jj i lU 25327 J r i