Document 3Lnx6gaGr5vxbR12Opv6k1kD
CHEMICAL MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
August 29, 1989
Dear Vinyl Chloride Panel Members: The Illinois Environmental Protection Agency is proposing a
listing of air toxics within the State of Illinois. Listed chemicals will be subject to control requirements at a future date.
Vinyl Chloride is one of the chemicals proposed for regulation by the Illinois EPA.
Several groups within CMA are considering providing comments on this proposed listing of air toxics. If you would like to provide comments or need additional information, please call me at 202/887-1293.
Sincerely,
Susan R. Howe Manager Vinyl Chloride Panel
2501 M Street, NW, Washington. DC 20037 202-887-1100 Telex 89617 (CMA WSH)
GEMC 005864
Illinois Environmental Protection Agency P.o. Box 19276,Sprintfitid.iL 62794-9276
BASIS FOR SELECTION OF AIR TOXICS CANDIDATES
CONTENTS
FromVV^V ------- T- _ |
Ref. No.
Date .
^^ ^ ^ 1"
Legend and Abbreviations ............................................................................ 11
Selection Basis for 79 Air Toxics Candidates .................................... 1-10
Literature References for 33 Non-Carcinogen1c Air Toxics Candidates ........................................................................ 11-13
Distribution of Toxicity Endpoints ................................ ...... 14
July 31, 1989
GENC 005865
Legend for Selection Basis Entries For carcinogens, the entries include:
- classification of carcinogenicity (source) classifications are either known or probable human carcinogens * sources include one or more of the following sources, NTP - National Toxicology Program IARC - International Agency for Research on Cancer EPA - U.S. EPA Carcinogen Assessment Group ACGIH - American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
For non-carcinogenic air toxicants, the entries Include: - acute lethality value (lethality score) - subacute value (subacute score) - systemic (toxic) effect [severity of effects score] @ lowest toxic dose value [lowest toxic dose score] (integrated systemic toxicity score)
Abbreviations mg/kg milligrams per kilogram
mg/cu m = milligrams per cubic meter ppm = parts per million
mg/kg-day = milligrams per kilogram per day Cat = category
0058^0 ii
Option ill! X XXXX
XXXX XXXX XXXX
XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX
7/31/89
Basis for Selection of Air Toxics Candidates
Chemical Acrylamide Acrylic acid
Acrylonitrile Alkylated lead compounds Aniline
Arsenic and compounds Asbestos Benzene Benzo(a)pyrene Biphenyl
Selection Basis
Probable Human Carcinogen (ACGIH)
Air Toxicant, score = 7.00
Acute: 33.5 mg/kg (3)
,
Subacute: 30 mg/cu m (2)
Systemic: Lesions of nasal mucosa [mild effect on
Cat. Ill organ * 2] & 5 ppm [0.19 mg/kg-day
4] (2.00)
Probable Human Carcinogen (NTP, IARC, EPA, ACGIH)
Listed by International Joint Commission
Air Toxicant, score * 9.25
Acute: 250 mg/kg (2) Subacute: 10 mg/cu m (2) Systemic: Methemoglobinemia [definite effect on
Cat. I organ 7] ( 5 ppm [6.3 mg/kg-day * 3] (5.25)
Known Human Carcinogen (NTP, IARC, EPA)
Known Human Carcinogen (NTP, IARC, EPA, ACGIH)
Known Human Carcinogen (NTP, IARC, EPA)
Listed by International Joint Commission
Air Toxicant, score * 10.75 Acute: 2400 mg/kg (1)
Subacute: 1.5 mg/cu m (3) Systemic: Central and peripheral nerve damage, liver
damage leading to acute yellow atrophy [severe effect on Cat. I organ B 9] 0 '5 mg/cu m [1.08 mg/kg-day = 3] (6.75)
GENl 0U58 -i-
Option ill! XXX
XXX X XX X X
X X XX X X XX
X X XX
XXX XXX XXX
X
Chemical Boron trifluoride
1,3-Butadiene n-Butyl alcohol
Cadmium and compounds Caprolactam
Carbon disulfide
Carbon tetrachloride Chlordane Chlorinated dibenzodloxlns
Selection Basis
Air Toxicant, score = 11.00 Acute: 1180 mg/cu m (2)
Subacute: 3 mg/cu m (3) Systemic: Pneumonitis [mild effect on Cat. 1 organ
= 6] 8 1.5 ppm [0.98 mg/kg-day = 4] (6.00)
Probable Human Carcinogen (NTP)
Air Toxicant, score = 6.50 Acute: 790 mg/kg (1)
Subacute: 150 mg/cu m (1) Systemic: Decreased hearing acuity [mild effect
on Cat. I organ * 6] 80 ppm [7.5 mg/kg-day = 3] (4.50)
Probable Human Carcinogen {NTP, IARC, EPA)
Air Toxicant, score * 6.00 Acute: 300 mg/cu m (3)
Subacute: 1 mg-dust/cu m (3) Systemic: none recognized (0.00)
Air Toxicant, score = 10.00 Acute: 25000 mg/cu m (1)
Subacute: 30 mg/cu m (2) Systemic: Significant vascular, nervous system,
and biochemical changes [definite effects on Cat. I organs B 7] 0 9 ppm [0.87 mg/kg-day = 4] (7.00)
Probable Human Carcinogen (NTP, IARC, EPA, ACGIH)
Probable Human Carcinogen (EPA)
Listed by International Joint Conmlsslon
GEHC 005868
Option ill
X XX
4 X
XXX X X XX X X XX XX
X deleted
X
X
Chemical Chlorinated dibemofurans Chloroform Chromium and compounds Coal tar volatiles Cobalt and compounds
p-CresIdlne Cumene hydroperoxide
Cyclohexanone
2,4-D
Selection Basis Listed by International Joint Commission
Probable Human Carcinogen (NTP, IARC, EPA, ACGItl)
Known Human Carcinogen (NTP, IARC, EPff)
Known Human Carcinogen (AC6IH)
Air Toxicant, score = 9.00 Acute: no data (0)
Subacute: 0.05 mg/cu m (3)
Systemic: Lunq injury [mild effects on Cat. I organ =6] 0 0.1 ppm [0.0036 mg/kg-day = 4]
(6.00)
Probable Human Carcinogen (NTP, IARC)
Air Toxicant, score = 4.75 Acute: 1365 mg/cu m (2)
Subacute: no data (1)
Systemic: Pulmonary edema [definite effect on Cat. I organ 3 7] 0 304 mg/kg [304 mg/kg-day = 1] (1.75)
Air Toxicant, score 6.25 Acute: 32111 mg/cu m (0)
Subacute: 100 mg/cu m (1) Systemic: Degenerative liver and kidney changes
[definite effects on Cat. I organs = 7] 0 190 ppm (4.4 mg/kg-day 3 3] (5.25)
Air Toxicant, score 7.75
Acute: 370 mg/kg (2)
Subacute: 10 mg/cu m (2)
Systemic: Kidney injury [minor effect on Cat. I
organ = 5] 0 5 mg/kg-day [5 mg/kg-day
= 3] (3.75])
6ENC 005869
Option 12 3 4 XX X X X
XX
Chemical
DDT
4,41-Diami nodi phenyl ether
Dibutyl phthalate
XX X X XX X X XXX
X X
p-DIchlorobenzene
Dleldrln
Di(2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate
Dimethyl sulfate
Dimethylamihe
XXX XXX XX
1,4-Dloxane Eplchlorohydrln Ethyl acrylate
Selection Basis Listed by International Joint Commission Probable Human Carcinogen (NTP, IARC)
Air Toxicant, score = 8.00
*
Acute: 8000 mg/kg (0)
Subacute: 5 mg/cu m (2)
Systemic: Polyneuritis [mild effect on Cat. I oran
= 6] 0 1.7 mg/cu m [0.11 mg/kg-day = 4]
(6.00)
Probable Human Carcinogen (NTP, EPA)
Listed by International Joint Commission
Probable Human Carcinogen (NTP, IARC, EPA)
Probable Human Carcinogen (NTP, IARC, EPA, ACGIH)
Air Toxicant, score * 6.50 Acute: 8371 mg/cu m (1)
Subacute: 18 mg/cu m (2) Systemic: Liver damage [definite effect on Cat. I
organ 6] 0 97 ppm [12 mg/kg-day = 2] (3.00)
Probable Human Carcinogen (NTP, IARC, EPA)
Probable Human Carcinogen (NTP, IARC, EPA)
Air Toxicant, score 11 6.00 Acute: 8925 mg/cu m (1)
Subacute: 20 mg/cu m (2) Systemic: Drdwslness and headache [mild effects
of Cat. I organs = 6] 0 50 ppm [27 mg/kg-day = 2] (3.00)
&EI-1C 005870
-4-
Option 1 234
XXXX
Chemical Ethylene
XXXX XXXX X
Ethylene dlchloride Ethylene oxide Fluorine
XXX XXX XXX
X X
Formaldehyde
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
XXX XXX
X
Hydrazine Hydrogen fluoride
Selection Basis
Air Toxicant, score 8.00 Acute: 1090270 mg/cu m (0)
Subacute: not listed (1) Systemic: Cholinesterase Inhibition [definite effect
on Cat. I organ = 7] $ 3 mg/kg [0.24 mg/kg-day * 4] (7.00) `
Probable Human Carcinogen (NTP, IARC, EPA)
Probable Human Carcinogen (HTP, IARC, EPA, ACGIH)
Air Toxicant, score * 6.00 Acute: 144 mg/cu n (3)
Subacute: 2 mg/cu m (3) Systemic: none recognized (0.00)
Probable Human Carcinogen (NTP, IARC, EPA, ACGIH)
Listed by International Joint Coinnlsslon
Air Toxicant, score = 13.00 Acute: IS mg/cu m (3)
Subacute: 0.1 mg/cu m (3) Systemic: Degenerative changes of liver and kidneys
[definite effects on Cat. 1 organs = 7] 0 0.15 ppm [0.11 - 0.16 mg/kg-day = 4] (7.00)
Probable Human Carcinogen (NTP, IARC, EPA, ACGIH)
Air Toxicant, score * 11.00 Acute: 1040 mg/cu m (2)
Subacute: 2.5 mg/cu m (3) Systemic: Lung Injury [mild effects on Cat. I organ
= 6J 0 17 ppm [0.53 mg/kg-day = 4j (6.00)
bEHC 005671
Option I2 3 4
XX
Chemical Isobutyraldehyde
XX X XX X
X X
Lead and compounds Maleic anhydride
XXXX XX
Mercury Methyl methacrylate
XXX
XXXX X
4,4'-Methyleneb1s (N.N'-dlmethyl) benzeneamlne
Methylene chloride
4,4*-Methylene dianaline
Selection Basis
Air Toxicant, score =* 6.50 Acute: 39500 mg/cu m (1)
Subacute: not listed (1) Systemic: Hemoglominemia [mild effect on Cat. I
organ = 6] 0 50 mg/kg [2.7 mg/kg-day = 3] (4.50)
Probable Human Carcinogen (NTP, EPA)
Air Toxicant, score s 6.50 Acute: 400 mg/kg (2)
Subacute: 1 mg/cu m (3) Systemic: Increased susceptablllty to lung Infection
and bronchitis [mild effect on Cat. I organ = 6] 0 undefined concentration [? mg/kg-day = 1] (1.50)
Listed by International Joint Commission
Air Toxicant, score = 6.50 Acute: 15350 mg/cu m (1)
Subacute: 410 mg/cu m (1) Systemic: CNS effects (decreased neuronal firing
rate) [mild effect on Cat. I organ 1 6] 0 400 ppm [2.3 mg/kg-day = 3] (4.50)
Probable Human Carcinogen (NTP)
Probable Human Carcinogen (NTP, EPA, ACGIH)
Probable Human Carcinogen (NTP)
GEHC 005872
-- Ift --
Chemical Methylenebis(phenylisocyanate) (MBI)
HI rex Molybdenum trioxide
Nickel and compounds Nitric acid
2-N1trophenol
Selection Basis
Air Toxicant, score = 6.00 Acute: 178 mg/cu hi (3)
Subacute: not listed (1) Systemic: Pulmonary fibrosis [major effect on Cat.
organ * 8] 61 undefined concentration [7 mg/kg-day 1] (2.00)
I
Listed by International Joint Commission
Air Toxicant, score * 7.75 Acute: 125 mg/kg (2)
Subacute: 5 mg/cu m (2) Systemic: Pneumoconiosis [minor effect on Cat. I
Organ * 5] 0 10 mg/m^ [1.3 mg/kg-day = 3] (3.75)
Known Human Carcinogen (NTP, 1ARC, EPA, ACGIH)
Air Toxicant, score * 6.50 Acute: 170 mg/cu m (3)
. Subacute: 5 mg/cu m (2) Systemic: Increased susceptablllty to pulmonary infection [mild effect on Cat. 1 organ * 6] 0 undefined concentration [? mg/kg-day - 1] (1.50)
Air Toxicant, score * 9.00 Acute: 334 mg/kg (2)
Subacute: not listed (1) Systemic: CNS effects (disruption of reflexes) [mild
effect of Cat. I organ * 6] 0 0.003 mg/kg-day [0.003 mg/kg-day * 4] (6.00)
60 -7-
Option 12 3 4 XX
XX X X X
XXXX
XX
XXXX X
Chemical 4-Nitrophenol
2-Nitropropane Peracetic acid
Phenol
Phosphorus
PCBs Selenium and compounds
Selection Basis
Air Toxicant, score = 9.00 Acute: 250 mg/kg (2)
Subacute: not listed (1) Systemic: CNS effects (disruption of reflexes) [mild
effects of Cat. I organ = 6] $ 0.00125 mg/kg-day [0.001 mg/kg*day = 4] (6.00)
Probable Human Carcinogen (NTP, IARC)
Air Toxicant, score = 9.25 Acute: 450 mg/cu m (3)
Subacute: not listed (1) Systemic: Chemical bronchopneumonia [definite effect
on Cat. I organ = 7] 9 186 mg/cu m [3.2 mg/kg-day = 3] (5.25)
Air Toxicant, score = 11.75 Acute: 316 mg/cu m (3)
Subacute: 19 mg/cu m (2) Systemic: Severe damage to lung, heart, liver, and
kidneys [severe effects on Cat. I organs * 9] 0 25 ppm [1.3 mg/kg-day * 3] (6.75)
Air Toxicant, score * 9.00 Acute: 3.03 mg/kg (3)
Subacute: 0.1 mg/cu m (3) Systemic: Bone changes [definite effects on Cat. Ill
organs = 3] 9 0.05 mg/kg [0.05 mg/kg-day
= 4] (3.00)
Listed by International Joint Commission
Air Toxicant, score = B.00
GENE 005374
Acute: 6700 mg/kg (0)
Subacute: 0.2 mg/cu m (3)
Systemic: CNS effects (socio-psychiatric distrubance)
[minor effects of Cat. I organ 3 5] 0
0.2 mg/cu m [0.02 mg/kg-day = 4] (5.00)
Chemical Sodium fluoride
Sulfuric acid
Tetrachloroethylene Toluene 2,4diIsocyanate (TD1)
Toxaphene Trichloroethylene 1,2,4-Trimethyl benzene
Selection Basis
Air Toxicant, score = 8.00 Acute: 52 mg/kg (2)
Subacute: 2.5 (for F) mg/cu m (3) Systemic: Bone injury (osteosclerosis) [definite effect
on Cat. Ill organ 51 3] 9 4 mg/cu m [0.26 mg/kg-day = 4] (3.00) *
Air Toxicant, score = 11.00 Acute: 510 mg/cu m (2)
Subacute: 1 mg/cu m (3) Systemic: Slight pulmonary histopathology [mild
effect on Cat. I organ * 6] 0 0.38 mg/cu m [0.061 mg/kg-day - 4J (6.00)
Probable Human Carcinogen (NTP, EPA)
Air Toxicant, score = 12.00 Acute: 95 mg/cu m (3)
Subacute: 0.04 mg/cu m (3) Systemic: Sensitizer leading to respiratory difficulty
[mild effect on Cat. 1 organ * 6] 0 0.01 ppm [0.0022 mg/kg-day - 4] (6.00)
Listed by International Joint Comnlsslon
Probable Human Carcinogen (EPA)
Air Toxicant, score * 6.50 Acute: 18000 mg/cu m (1)
Subacute: 125 mg/cu m (1) Systemic: CHS (nervous anxiety) and respiratory
difficulty [mild effect on Cat. I organ ** 6] 0 10 - 60 ppm total hydrocarbons [1.5 mg/kg-day *= 3] (4.50)
-9-
6EHC
- cCj-JC.
Option III
XX
4
XXX XX
X
Chemical 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene
Vinyl chloride Vinylidene chloride
Selection Basis
Air Toxicant, score * 10.00 Acute: 795 mg/kg (1)
Subacute: 0.5 mg/kg (3) Systemic: Liver damage [mild effects on Cat. I or
= 6] 0 2.38 mg/cu m [0.15 mg/kg-day = 4
(6.00)
Known Human Carcinogen (NTP, IARC, EPA, ACG1H)
Air Toxicant, score * 7.50 Acute: 25175 mg/cu m (1)
Subacute: 20 mg/cu m (2) Systemic: Liver and kidney damage [mild effects
on Cat. I organs = 6] 25 ppm [5.8 mg/kg-day * 3] (4.50)
LDH/A/014
GEMC 005876
Chemical Acrylic acid Aniline Biphenyl
Boron trifluoride
n-Butano!
Carbon disulfide Cobalt
Cyclohexanone 2,4-D
Dibutyl phthalate
Dimethylamine
References
Reference
Miller, R. R.; Fund Appl Toxicol 1:271-277 (1981)
Oberst, F. W.; Arch Ind Health 13:379 (1956)
Hakkinen, I., S. Hernberg, P. Karli, and E. Vlkkula; "Diphenyl Poisoning in Fruit Paper Production", Arch Environ Health 26:70-74 (1973)
Torkelson, T. R., S. E. Sadek, V. K. Rowe; "The Toxicity of Boron Trifluoride when Inhaled by Laboratory Animals", Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 22:263-270 (1961)
Seitz, B.; Soc Med Hyg du Travail (April 10, 1972)
Velasquez, J.; Med del Trabajo 1:43 (1964)
Mihail, J.; Arch Mai Prof 29:109 (1968)
Kerfoot, E. J., W. 6. Fredrick, and E, Domeier; "Cobalt Metal Inhalation Studies on Miniature Swine", Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 36:17-25 (1975)
Treon, J. F-; J Ind Hyg Tox 25:323 (1943)
Hazleton Laboratories, 1983 Document Accession Number 251473, U.S. EPA, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, D.C.
Mllkov, L. E., et al, "Health Status of Workers Exposed to Phthalate Plasticizers In the Manufacture of Artiflcal Leather ?nd Films Based on PVC Resins", Env Health Persp pages 175-178 (January, 1973)
Dow Chemical Co., unpublished report (1964)
-11-
6ENC 005877
Chemical Ethyl acrylate
Ethylene Hexach 1 orocycl (ipentadl ene Hydrogen fluorideIsobutyraldehyde
Maleic anhydride Methyl methacrylate Methylenebis(phenylisocyanate) Molybdenum trioxide
Nitric acid
2-Nitrophenol 4-Nitrophenol Peracetic acid
i
Reference
Nemec, J. W., W. Bauer, Jr.; Kirk-Othmer Encycl Chem Tech, 3rd ed. Vol 1 paqes 330-354, John Wiley and Sons, N.Y. (1978)
Krasovitskaya, M. L., L. Malyarova; Gig Sanit 33(5), 7 (1968)
Treon, J. F.; Arch Env Hlth 11:459 (1955)
Laraent, E. J.; Fluorosis, Ohio State University Press, Columbus, OH (1961)
Svlntukhovskll, 0. A.; "Toxicological Characteristics of Iso Butyraldehyde", Toksikol Gig Prod Neftekhim Neftekhim Prodizvod 187 (1972)
Tanaka, S.; J Sci Labor page 117, Japan (February 1976)
Innes, D. L.; Neurotoxicol 2(3):515-522 (1981)
Ann Occup Hyg, 21(2):121 (1978) Moailevskava. 0. Ya. (1963) In: Toxicoloc^^
of Rare Metals, paqes 12-27. Izrael'son, 77 I. (Ed.) Gosudarstvennoelsdatel1stvo Meditsinskoi Llteratury, Moscow (Translated by Israely Program for Scientific Translation, Jerusalem, 1967)
Falrhall, L. T.; Industrial Toxicology 2nd ed., Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD (1957)
Treiger, P.; "Nitric Acid Fume Pneumonia", Ind Med 16:395 (1947)
Makhlnya (1969) abstract only
Ibid
Helnze, W.; "Peracetic Acid Aerosol Effect In Long-term Use of Germicidal Concentrations on Experimental Animals", Wiss, Z., Humbolt - Univ. Berlin, Math - Naturwiss Reihe 33(5):513-517 (1984)
12 GENl= 005378
Phenol
Chemical
Phosphorus
Selenium
Sodium fluoride Sulfuric acid
Toluene 2,4-diisocyanate
1,2,4-Trimethyl benzene 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Vinylidene chloride
LDM/A/020/psf
Reference
Deichmann, W. B.; Am 0 Clin Path 14:273 (1944)
Fleming, R. B. L.; J Ind Hyg Tox 24:154 (1942)
Glover, J. R.. B. Chlr; "Selenium and Its Industrial Toxicology", Ind Med 39:50 (1970)
Williams, C. R.; J Ind Hyg Tox 24:277 (1942)
Alarle, Y., W. M. Busey, A. A. Krunm, C. E. Ulrich; "Long-term Continuous Exposure to Sulfuric Acid Mist in Cynomolgus Monkeys and Guinea Pigs", Arch Environ Health 27:16-24 (1973)
Elkins, H. B., G. W. McCarl, H. G. Brugsch, J. P. Fahy; "Massachusetts Experience with Toluene Di-isocyanate", Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 23:265-272 (1962)
Battig, K.; Z Prav Med 1:389 (1957)
Goodwin, J. W.; "Twenty Years Handling TNT in a Shell Loading Plant", Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 33:41-44 (1972)
Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 3rd ed. Vol. 2B pages 3545-3ij50, Wiley and Sons N.Y., N.Y. (1981)
-13-
Systemic Toxicity Score - Severity of Effects Scoring Distribution of Toxicity Endpoints
Score:
1
. subjective symptoms
23 4
. les1ons> of nasal mucosa
. flu symptoms . dilation
of blood vessels
. bladder
. blood
stones
alteratlon
. skin
abnormalittes
. osteoporosis
. reduced
growth
. osteo
sclerosis
. minor blood
changes
5 S7 8
. decreased ABC
. headache/ nausea/ dizziness
. fatty
degeneration of liver
. toss of
narcotic effect
histology of liver
euphoria susceptible
to pulmonary Infection depression
decreased
cholin
esterase
hepato-
,
cellular
vacuolization
* significant
biochemical
changes
bone marrow suppression Cat. 1 organ necrosis pulmonary f1bros1s CMS deterior ation
concentration o hearing loss
. Cat. I organ 0 asthmatic
Injury
bronchitis
. hepatic
a histology of
pulmonary edema histology of brain
reversible
teratogenesls . reproductive
effects
porphorla
lung
decreased
neuro-
. pneumo
hepatomegally birth weight psychiatrfc
coniosis
, anemia
. Cat. I organ s disruption
with mater nal effects
effects fetal
dysfunction
of reflexes
asthmatic
toxicity
. Increased
. hemoglob-
sensiti
convulsions
Cat. 1 organ Inemta
zation
sterility
weight
* decreased
methemoglob- . emphysema
. decreased
pulmonary
Inemla
uptake of
compliance * kidney
norepi
Cat. 1 organ tubular
nephrine
dengeratlon
damage
. dyspnea
polyneuritis broncho
. exaggerated , pneumonitis
pneumonia
lung
EKG changes hepatitis
markings
* Jaundice
fetal organ
. Cat. 1 organ a nephritis
wetght change
congestion
a focal
. ulcers
emphysema
, polyneuro
pathy
chromosome
aberration
. decreased
sperm production
9
damage to multiple organs hepatic atrophy respiratory paralysis
Mote: Reversible effects can lower score. Multiple organ effects can raise score.
-14!-
GENt 0058