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26 RUTH B. PATTY An analogous program, the analysis of 'blood specimens for the determination of lead absorption, was reported8 in 1949 and the conclusions drawn at that time have since been supported by eight additional years' experience and approximately 60,000 specimens. Blood-lead determinations are coming into more widespread use, with much benefit when all steps are carefully controlled. Figure 6 shows a specimen data sheet with detailed instructions for collecting the sample. Cards similar to those shown in Figures 4 and 5 can be set up for the blood-lead samples. Biological specimens can give information of value in detecting exposure to other materials: namely, a number of heavy metals and several organics, including some of the common solvents. A few of the solvents, such as methanol, ethanol, and carbon disulfide, are found unchanged in blood and urine, while a number of materials produce significant quantities of characteristic metabolites. These measurable quantities can be found in the biological fluids in advance of permanent injury to the employees. The industrial hygiene department can then go into action to locate and control the source of the exposure. E. SAFETY RECORDS Safety and industrial hygiene services in the plant will inevitably overlap,, and co-operation between the two is mutually beneficial. Four eyes see more than two, and the safety engineer frequently can call the hygienist's attention to con ditions that he observes in his plant visits. No industrial hygiene survey is complete without a record of safety cbn3ifionsl$served in the course ofThe worE7r to be referred to the safety department for its consideration. Each department should be fully informed about the work of the other by exchange of reports and , records. This exchange of reports also helps to promote a better understanding among persona-working in these closely related fields of endeavor. Where this is not done there is too often a rivalry between these departments as to jurisdiction over certain phases of the work. V'" F. PERSONNEL RECORDS Where the industrial hygiene service is a division of the medical department CA.r V?.T~ aOUHol UUparilllcIlu Call Il^niaQ^Iiric^.ln I QrTTift- tion on new &iiiioyfeiis:'5es8Sntial for the interpretation of the'lesultti jAt times a j new employee may sEqfr1 silicotic nodulation in his chest x-ray, for example, that cansbe.explained^only-byathespersonnelrecord .of his previoua-employmentbistor-y. G. COMPENSATION CLAIM RECORDS Compensation claim records are another key to industrial hygiene control; to be of greatest value they should be current and complete. Pertinent data *F. A. Pally, Inti. Med. and Surg., 18, 368 (1949). DAT! 7 V & r NAMl (T*. hi*} CLOCK chick comer occutatjon* WOtKI WITH IO10U At, wont on mu only At, ii *1 i ifc ii 1 k is IijSEiSjiV ilOMri* AcmnM Wit--111 an tuylpy--' anJ Claallr Canaclly. S^.V: Instructions for Collecting Blood Samples for the Determination of Lead ' .1. In collecting blood specimens every effort should be made to avoid contamination. It is .Vryjo /not essential that the donor disrobe; however, caution should be exercised to see that the site - of the puncture is free of lead. ' 2. Instructions in the proper use of vacutainer tubes and needles are attached hereto. J 53; The needles provided have been sterilized prior to shipment. 'it*. 4. Ten cubic centimeters or more of whole blood are desired for analysis. The capacity of 5, tube is approximately 20 cubic centimeters. , '5. Coagulated blood does not interfere with the analysis, and it is preferred that no antiV /coagulant be added to the specimen. f '6. After collection of specimen rinse the needle thoroughly, replace wire, and return un- "Sterilized with blood specimen. |?7. Attached hereto are copies of a form which, when completed, will give essential informa- j'JJ "'.tion regarding the occupation of the donor. The information provided in the column headed 'V. * ccupation" will be of value in correlating blood-lead determinations with specific operations. is,requested that the completed form.be returned with the specimen. U En, the past there has been a lack of uniformity in the wording used for describing the occupa- \u-Ltjpn of the donor. In order to have a uniform nomenclature, we have listed the more typical 'M^npations with a description of the work performed. Your cooperation in using these classifi'r^""Jiions will be appreciated. m ^%wil8W0^Sedrledve--r:Par8e:paresJ>ase metal for solder by application of flux\and tinning metal or ^^g|pj?lies solder to tinned surface. IgiJer--Removes wider by using file. Does not use power tools. K' ^ grinder--Works in solder grind booth. Uses power tools on solder. 'file;"disc "or "grinding wheel on solder. May apply solder before removing i'^|Kyt/^e'xcfiss. Also repairs steel surfaces. rOtkcr, such as grinder (similar to booth grinder except power tools are used on solder out~ booth), new hire, solder reclaim, booth cleaners, drip mold welders, blow-out, super- regrits wheels, etc. .^ on 'Steel Only as ;' finisher or grinder--Finishes steel surface only and does not remove-solder. ^B'ff&^^L^^^^^sembler--This includes door 'hangers, door fitters, and other similar operations. -* such as clean and grind booth, stock handlers, supervision, etc. j^gSi^The specimens and.needles should be returned to the laboratory. / Figure 6. Specimen data sheet.