Document 3JoRN0xBJB8ZEGVdw2wL2VMJy

r.'i Regraded.' N by atrthority of-M 3 S P r . t r A PROGRAM FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN CHEMICAL DEFOLIATION OF VEGETATION IU> HEir .\:o m 7, csa prepared .by i!: ' r S', -..`-i-S l - ; iH x n `u""-'... r Crops Division IT* S. Army Biological Laboratories i Ft. Detrick, Maryland November 1 6, 1?62- U-I lie.-. . I i :4 ;;;ii;i /V ' "***~L'J1 '" finpinroin fi\ ( .. I IXSIIIFIIICft >* IN THCDU CTIOM i f An urgent need has been recognized by the Department of Defense, fos/a chemical agent which will cause rapid defoliation of native or crop, vegetation when applied at minimal dosages* The recent limited testing and use of high-volatile esters of 2Jli-D,and 2,ii,5-T as interim defoliation i agents in South Vietnam have emphasised the possibilities of such a method for increasing horizontal and vertical visibility in heavy vegetational cover so as to permit observations of enemy troops and material* (U) Defoliation agents are growth-regulating chemicals which induce premature leaf-fall when - applied to plants. They differ from systemic or contact herbicides in that death of the plant does not recessarily accompany defoliation. Normal defoliation of plants results from the formation of an abscission layer or shear zone at the base of the leaf blade or petiole, under the control of a hormonal mechanism. The ideal defoliation agent is then a hormone or growth-regulant chemical which induces rapid abscission. Other chemicals known as desiccants may cause death of foliage by dehydration or desiccation without accompanying leaffall. (U) Research activities in the development of chemical agents for use as anticrop herbicides and defoliants have been the responsibility of'the Crops Division of the U. S. Army Biological Laboratories. The accompanying plan of research points up the immediate and long range program proposed by the Crops Division in the development of a suitable defoliation agent 4* and system for distribution under military use. Detailed information and budgetary requirements are furnished only for research proposed b y the Crops Division; general requirements for systems development to be carried out by the Munitions Divisions and other agencies are indicated. Previous Research of Crops Division (U) A sustained program of investigations by tbs Crops Division of the U. S. Army Biological Laboratories at Fort (Camp) Detrick has led to the discovery and development of a vide array of growth-regulating chemicals for use as anticrop agents. In the period from World War H to 1957, especial emphasis was given to anticrop agents and to aerial methods for lcr.:-volume application. Kore mhar. 15,ODD chemicals were screened for their phytotoric activity in this period. (See Appendix A ior list of speotsl reports and published parers of the Chemical Branch, Crops Division, 19i;5-57). Butyl esters of 2,1*-D and 2,h,5-T were selected as anticrop agents because of their extreme phytotoxicity at low rates and their specific action of broadleaf crops and vegetation. In 1958, cacodylic acid (CA) was report ed to be effective in preventing maturity of rice when applied at Tates of 0.25 lb/A; at higher -rates (5 to 10 lb/A), CA was effective in desiccation of most kinds of vegetation (1 ). In 1958, 2',U,5-T and a mixture, "purple" of 2,b-D and 2,b,5-T esters were 'sprayed aerially for forest vegetation control at Camp Drum, New Tork. Rates of approximately 1 gallon per acre were effective in defoliation 'and control of most hardwood species in these tests. Due to subsequent cur tailment of funds, no further defoliation studies were made until 1961. (Ep In early FI 1962, an in-house screening program of defoliation agents was initiated and a synthesis contract was negotiated with the H 2- inois Geological Survey for synthesis of fluorinated compounds. By late 1961 and 1962 additional funds were provided for interim tests and super vision of operational applications of herbicides for defoliation in South Vietnam by Dr. J. W. 3rown (2)^ for modification of aircraft equipment rat-ri ) t^ (3 and for an expansion of the contract research program for synthesis of chemicals as possible defoliant agents.. Evaluations of tests and operational applications of interim defoliants in South Vietnam were made in February, 1962 by Brown (6), by a 5-man eval uation team headed by General Fred Delmore, Commanding General, U. S. Army *< CBR Agency, in April, 1962 (7), and in August .and September 1962 by'Delmore and Kinariic (8) (U) Scone of Present Research Program in- Defoliation of Crons Division . 1. (U) Synthesis and screening of new chemicals for defoliants under contract research. Contracts funded during FT 1962 include: Fennsalt Chemical Corporation, 1 year contract for synthesizing and screening approximately 1,000 compounds $h6U ,000 Ethyl Corporation, 6 month contract for synthesis and screening 300 compounds $66,000 ` Ansul Chemical Corporation, ! year contract for synthesis of arsenic-organic compounds $U5,000 Illinois Geological Survey, 1 year contract for synthesis , of fluorine-containing compounds $20,000 ' BioSearch and Development Company, 1 year contract for screening submitted chemicals on 6 woodyspecies $38,000 Negotiations -are underway for an additional* contract for the synthesis of defoliants /by Honsanto Chemical Corporation for approximately $500,000 to be funded in FT 1963. \\ 3 rrnnn^n ^ ^ H iP ilc h ) <t 2* (U) Contracts for fundamental research University of California at Davis (Dr. Addicott), continuing con tract for the_isolation and characterization of abscisin, a natural`plant hormone causing abscission* $30,000 3* (U) In-house screening and field testing program All chemicals received under synthesis contracts and the ILO program undergo a primary screening for anticrop activity# Active compounds are then subjected to defoliation screening on bean plants and on six woody species under greenhouse conditions* Field tests have been made by injection applications into tree trunks at Fort Ritchie; field plantings of nursery stock have been made for subsequent field tests* 2i* (U) South Vietnam program Dr* D.* S* Minarik, Chief, and Dr# J* W. Brown, Deputy Chief, Crops Division, have each spent several months in South Vietnam in supervision and evaluation of operational and test applications of defoliants (2,6,7,8)* 5. (U) Aircraft equipment modification Calibration tests of the C-123 and HTDAL equipment were conducted at Eglia A*F*B* in Florida in June 1962; a second calibration series has been scheduled for November 1962 (3jk,)# PROPOSED PROGRAM Objective \ Primary 1 1* (U) To determine effective chemical agents which will cause rapid defoliation of vegetation 2* (U) To develop appropriate distribution systems for chemical -efoliant agents* h Corollary 3. (U) To determine effeiv:ive dose rates, volumes and conditions for application of selected agents in various vegetational types# li, (U) To determine ecological and physiological conditions affect- defoliation of various kinds of. plants by selected agents# '$ (U) To assemble background information on the vegetational composition and ecological conditions of various vegetational and crop areas of the world pertinent to effective use of selected defoliants# Program Phases (U) The proposed plan outlines research operations and personnel and budgetary requirements for these time-periods; (A) Immediate (January 1963 to July 1963); (B) Intermediate (January 19^3-July 196U); (C) Long-range (1961-1968) Budgetary requirements, unless otherwise specified, are for total research program including currently budgeted funds# A. Immediate (January 1903-July 1963) Research program t 1# l Field testing of interim defoliant agents in Thailand, / A testing and evaluation team should be assembled not later than 1 April 1963 for defoliation tests with available chemicals in Thailand in vegetation types comparable to those of South Vietnam. The team would be headed by a military officer and consist of 5 civilian technicians and a compliment of Thai and U.S. military personnel. &A The team would conduct applications of defoliants with C-123, H-3k AO-6 and other available aircraft, evaluate plant response and make necessary modifications of aircraft and ground distribution equipment. I M f l l^^fliii^tt I Interim defoliant chemicals available' for the Thailand test 4 ing progrg^n are as follows: Recommended 1. Combinations of butyl esters of 2,J;-D and 2,2t,j?-T 2, .2,2;,5,-T ester 3* Cacodylic acid I Additional suggested, chemicals, *< h. 2,3,6,-TBA (U) Commercial formulations contain 2 or U lb/gal.; cost approximately $5.00 per pound Suggested rate U to 6 lb/A/ $ C&) Dinitro or pentachlorophenol Dinltros available under trademark Dow General, Sinox General, etc Primarily contact or desiccant herbicides, to be used in mixtures with diesel fuel at rates of 1-2 quarts dinitro per 5 to 10 gallons of oil and 1-lJ gallons pentachlorophenol per 3 to 6 gallons of solution. Costs $2-lrper gal 6. ^!Ammate For heaTy-rate- applications in ground equipment using high go c.o wl *V ' volumes of water. 1 lb/gal and 200 to 1^00 gals/A. Not suitable for aerial application. Cost about $0.30 per pound. Corrosive to equipment. 7. (TJ) Endothal An effective cotton defoliant, not thoroughly evaluated on \ '4 m woody plants; used at 1-2 gals/A in 5-10 gals of water for crop plant defol- iation. Other cotton defoliants include DEF (S,S,S-tibutylphosphorothioata) and K3LZX (tributyl phosphorotrithioite) which are applied at rates of 1-2 quarts in 5 to 10 gallons of water. * nnwi(p>n ) 8. (U) Diquat An extremely active chemical with good defoliant and desiccant activity. Of limited availability; available in experimental quantities from California Chemical Company. 2. (U) In-house screening an ,, field evaluation ( Greenhouse screening program will be expanded with the addition of a screening supervisor and' technician. Screening tests will be initiated on field plantings of nursery stock. Field tests with grounc and aerial equipment with selected agents will be conducted at Fort Ritchie, Camp Drum and other locations. 3. (U) Contract synthesis i Existing contracts will be continue^* negotiations will be completed for yearly synthesis of 300 additional compounds. Renewed contracts will *incorporate screening tests, on selected woody species. Additional personnel will be designated to monitor synthesis con- * tracji. and to develop effective information retrieval system for handling chemical and plant response data. J lu C&) In-house basic research Fundamental studies of mechanism of abscission and of mode of action of defoliant agents will be initiated b y two new plant physiologists. Personnel J 1. (U) Current* civilian personnel assigned to the chemical defoliation program include Dr. J. W. Brown, Deputy Chief; Dr. R. A. Darrcw, GS-lh, Chemical Branch; 1. W. Boyer, G S - H . Military personnel induce, Lts. Bird, Quitell, Bertram and Francis and enlisted men, Frank, Buschmann ana 7 I Ko m e week. 2. (C) Testing and evaluation tea- Tor Thailand 2 agronomists or plant physiologists, G S - H and 9 2 agricultural or aeronautical engineers, -GS-H 1 botanist or. taxonomist familiar with tropical vegetation, GS-9 or 11 'iBudget Recuixements .` Budget requirements in excess of funds already allocated for FT 1963 are as follows: ; In-house screening, field testing and basic research, Contract monitoring Personnel $15,000 Equipment and maintenance Thailand field testing and evaluation 60,000 $75,000 Personnel 15,000 ' Overhead, travel, equipment lcotooo $n5,.ooo Contract synthesis $150,000 Total, Crops Division $3UQ,Q0Q Aircraft equipment modification and systems -`^w> development B* Intermediate (January 1963-July- 196k) $150-,000 ,_ I Research phases (IT) Emphasis will be placed on the development of an interagency agreement between Crops Division and the Agricultural Research Service of USBA in an expanded program of secondary screening of defoliant compounds, and in */ basic research in defoliation and abscission. Synthesis contract research will be expanded to review greater numbers of chemicals. Field testing programs will be expanded in tropical and temperate areas. Both in-house and contract programs in fundamental research oh defoliation and abscission will be strengthened. nnr\n/n\n /si/^infPiiM'-- ' J 1 (U) Proposed cooperative agreement with Crops Protection Div ision, Agricultural Research Service. Effective broadening and strengthening of some phases of the Crops Division defoliation research program can be. secured by cooperation ct with the Crops Protection Division, Agricultural Researve- Service, U. b. * *i Department of Agriculture. The proposed research would be carried'out under an interagency agreement between the Crops Division and .the Crops Protection Division of TJSDA. Funding would be effected through the U. S. Army Biolog ical Laboratories. Suggested phases in this cooperative program are s a. Secondary screening of candidate chemical agents in woody plant nurseries in Texas and Arizona. b. Field testing of chemical agents in various temperate zone locations including Washington, Nevada,. California, Utah, Texas, Arizona Nebraska, and Georgia. Rate, volume, and season of application studies would be conducted at a level requiring L to 6 full time technical personnel. Field testing of chemical agents under tropical and subtrobical conditions would be conducted in Florida and Puerto Rico, re- qui-'lng 2 full-time technicians. co 'M d. Fundamental research on environmental factors affecting defoliation and action of chemical defoliation agents would be conducted at Beltsville requiring 1 or 2 full time plant physiologists# e* Engineering assistance in the development of aircraft application systems would be available on a consultant basis. The proposed research effort of the U. S. Department of Agri culture group would be projected on a 2 to 5 year basis. 9 ) 2. (U) In-house screening and field testing Increased personnel and greernhouse facilities will he needed for review of synthesized compounds Nursery field screening tests wili be up graded. in additional field testing and evaluation team will he developed .i for tests of agents and7'equipment in tropical and sub-tropical areas, in cluding Panama and Mexico. The team would work at several locations on a * rotational basis. i * Monitor teams of chemist and plant physiologist 'would be established to handle contract syntheses liaison. The monitor team would cooperate closely with'the Biomathematics Division in the development of information retrieval systems to record assembled data on chemicals and plant response. An addi tional technician might be assigned to this phase if available. 3. (U) In-house basic research Capability will be developed for studies in the mechanisim of abscission and defoliation and of environmental and internal variables vc influencing normal or induced defoliation. rs; .. (U) Contract research on synthesis and screening J Present contracts will be renewed or renegotiated to maintain a *" caps* ility of production of 1500 - 2000 compounds yearly. Primary Screening on woody plants will be included In contracts. 5. (U) Contract research on defoliation 4 Existing contracts with the University of California on isolation .* 4 and characterization of abscisin will be continued. Additional contract with Dr. Leopold at Purdue University on mechanisim of abscission will be developed - 10 ) F -.rsonnel Qu} Additions to civilian personnel (FT 1?61*) Screening and field testing 2 agronomists or plant physiologist, GS-7 or 9 1 plant physiologist, Go-11 and I, 1 organic chemist, C-3-11 (indicated on immediate program) as monitor team for contract synthesis Field evaluation 'earn - tropical 1 agronomist or physiologist GS-9 or 11 1 Ecologist or taxonomist, GS-9 or H 1 agricultural engineer, GS-7-11 In-house basic research 2 plant physiologist GS-9 or 11 i cr v? V. J v. i Budget Becuirements Complete budget requirements for tbs Crops Division defoliation program for FI 196U: In-house screening and fie-c testing including evaluation team 'for tropics; additional greenhouse facilities $350,000 In-house basic research program Contract synthesis of chemicals and screening Contract research on abscission and defoliation 100,000 1 ,500,000 80,000 Interagency agreement with U.S. Department of Agriculture for field testing and basic research on defoliation Field testing and evaluation in Thailand 250,000 250,000 Total, Crops Division $2,530*000 Lonc-Bange Program (1963-1968) ilesearch phases (TJ) (tv By the end of FI 19 6U or early 1965, it is anticipated that synthesis programs, screening and field testing programs will have been * expanded to d&sired capacity. Shift in emphasis in chemical agents may be made to a dry-type agent, assuming that' effective liquid agents are r secured. Field testing programs will be shifted in location to secure diversified vegetatioxzal areas. * (U J Basic research capability will be strengthened with both in- hou^a and cooperative TJSDA effort cn hormonal mechanism studies* of de- fo- .ation. Isolation and syntheses of natural defoliation hormones may be achieved. rrnnrt/^sn n vifv/!,, CO * ! t . (U) Contract synthesis and screening of chemicals Contracts will be renewed and/or negotiated for development and standardization of a liquid defoliant and for a-universal dry-type defoliant* Synthesis of new compounds will or continued for possible agents in aerial and ground equipment of both liquid and dry-type chemicals* Emphasis will * ; also be given to soil *sterilsnt herbicides* Synthesis capability of 2000 compounds yearly will be established for contracts* -2*- (U) Screening and field testing .Screening programs under greenhouse and controlled conditions will be continued* Field testing will be conducted in temperate and trop ical -areas in diversified vegetation types* Emphasis in- screening may shift from liquid to dry-type chemicals* 3* (U) Cooperative research with U.S. Department 6f Agriculture Field } evaluation'program and fundamental research studies will be continued as outlined under the Intermediate Program* c* (U) In-house program of basic research Capability will be developed for securing fundamental and back ground information on the mechanism of action of defoliants, desiccants, and herbicides. >1 Proposed research will includes Use of radioactive tracer techniques in absorption and translocation studies; biochemical analysis of metabolic changes in natural abscission and tha nduced by application of chemical agents. / Studietos on the environmental and internal controls of plant response to application of growth-regulant chemicals; senescence and aging of leaves ` of plants from various tropical and temperate climate a in relation to natural or induced defoliation. i 5 13 Development of ecological background information on the species composition and responses of plants in various vegetation types to defoliant anJ ..erbicide application. 5. (U) Contract program of basic research Isolation* characterization and* if possible* synthesis of natiural abscission-inducing hormones (abscisin) will be carried out. S^eriments \ with-the naturally-occurring abscission hormones will greatly facilitate * an understanding of the process and the conditions favorable to defoliation* 6* (U) Development and modification of equipment It is anticipated that subsequent modification of aerial and ground equipment may be needed to accommodate to the type of agent stand- ardized-liquid or dry-type to meet future requirements. ;i)Squipment should be developed for three types of aircraft: (1) helicopters and fixed wing craft of minimum speed; (2) aircraft of medium speed* with large and small tank or storage capacity ofr agent; and (3) fast-speed aircraft. Use of the latter may be feasible for, dissemination of anticrop chemical and biological agents; their use is not foreseen in the defoliation program because of the apparent higher rates per acre * ^ required. Personnel Additional civilian personnel needed for FT l?65-lp68: '-O 2 agronomists or plant physiologists for screening and field 4 testing, GS-7 or 9 U plant physiologists and biochemists for in-house basic research, GS-9-12 111 r Budgetary Reouiments Corolete yearly budget requirements for Crops Division defoliation program in FT 1965-1963: In-house screening and field tv sting additional greenhouse facilities $275,000 - , In-hcuse basic research progress 250,000 1 Contract synthesis of chemicals and screening 1 ,700,000 Contract research pn abscission and defoliation 120,000 Field testing in tropical areas 150,000 Interagency agreement with U.S. Department of Agri culture for field testing evaluation and basic research 275,000 Total: Crops Division $2, 770,000 Approximate cost of Development of distribution syste -3 including liquid and dry-type agent dissemination b y air said ground equipment $500,000 cj rx 15 T M Li.lL.T.,. T '* ) Budgetary Reouirments Complete yearly budget requirements for Crops Division defoliation program in FT 1965-1968: In-house screening and field sting additional greenhouse facilities ` $275,000 . , In-house basic -research program 250,000 Contract synthesis of chemicals and screening 1,700,000 Contract research on abscission and defoliation 120,000 Field testing in tropical areas 150,000 Interagency agreement with U.S. Department of Agri culture for field testing evaluation and basic research 275,000 Totals Crops Division $2,770,000 Lpprorimate cost of Development of distribution systa .s including liquid and dry-type agent dissemination by air and ground equipment $500,000 . *4 15 LITERATURE CITED 1. chnical Report EdL 6, Confidential ._ is potentialities of cacodylic acid as an anticrop agent (U). by Charles Hess, U, 5. Army Chemical Corp, Biological Warfare Laboratory, Fort Detrick Maryland, April 1958 / 2 Trip Report, Secret Trip Report - South Vietnam (u). by J * W * Brown, Crops Division,* U. S. Army Chemical Corps, Biological Laboratory, Fort Detrick, Maryland, 19 December 1961. 3 Report, Unclassified Modification and calibration of defoliation equipment (C-123 First Mod* ification). Joint report b y personnel of USDA, USAF and USA CmlC of work performed under OSD/ARPA order 256, Amendment u b y J . W. Brown `and Donald Whittam, U. S.-Army Biological Laboratory, Fort Detrick, Maryland, July 1962. li. Report, Unclassified Supplement to Modification and Calibration of Defoliation equipment (C-123 First Modification) by James W. Brown and Donald Whittam, U. S. Army Biological Laboratory, Fort Detrick, Maryland, July 1962. 5. Report, Unclassified Spray test calibration of the KIDAL (HUS-1 or H - 3 W Report prepared under OSD/ARPA order 256 Amendment li, b y J. W. Brown. U. S. Army Biologies-- Laboratory, Fort Detrick, Maryland, July 1962. 6. L .cial Report, Secret Vegetational spray tests in South Vietnam. Supplement, (U). by J. W. Brown, U. o. Army Biological Laboratory* Fort Detrick, Maryland, April 1962. c=> co cn 7. Report, Unclassified * , s** Review and evaluation of ARPA/OS.. -Defoliation Program in South Vietnam" by General Fred J.' Delmore, W. C. Shaw, C. E. Minarik, L. T. Bureham and Donald Whittam. U. S. Aimy, CBR.'Agency, April 1962. 4 t. 8. Special Report, Secret 1 Man Peninsula Defoliation Operations, September - October 1962, in Repiv -c of South Vietnam by General Fred J. Delmore, and C. E. Hinarik,* U. S. ilitary Assistance Command Vietnam, Saigon, Vietnam, October 1962. AFFSK3IX A i Fort Detrick Special Reporta 1. Special Report 12, "Cron Destruction by Aerial, Sprays. ,Rrelindnary Trials,* Bushnell Arny Air Field, February to A p r i l v19b5 (U)," oecial Projects Division, Camp Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, April ?k5. c c i i f i d e n t i a l . 2. Special Report 13, "Markin'; and Defoliation of Forest Vegetation , CU) , 11 Crops Division, Camp Detrick, Frederick, Maryland. May 191*5. w 3HFEENTIAL. 3. Special Report XL, "The Effect of VXA and VXS on Natural Vegetation, Preliminary Trials, -Bushnell Army Air Field, February'to April 191*5," Special Projects Division, Camp Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, June 19hS. UNCLASSIFIED. ... 1*. Special Report 25, "Crop*Destruction by Aerial Sprays. Field Trials, 19h5. Vigo Plant CWS, Terre Haute, Indiana and Beaumont, Texas, April to October 191*5 (U)," Crops Division, Camp Detrick, Frederick, 'Maryland. October 191*5. CONFIDENTIAL. 5. Special Report 61*, "Destruction of Tropical Crops with GrowthInhibiting Agents (Chemical Defense Research Establishment, Carmanore and Rumble, South'India) (U),n Special frojects Division, 'amp Detrick, Frederick, Maryland. May 191*5 to February 191^. rjNFUOTIAL. 6. ...ecial Report 73, "Observations on the Permanent Effects of Aerial Piant Growth Inhibitory Sprays Upon Natural Vegetation (Vigo Plant, Chemical Corps, Terre Haute, Indiana), Crops Division, Camp Detrick, Frederick, Maryland. .Aug 191*6. UNCLASSIFIED. 7. Special Report 79-1, "Crop Destruction by Chemical Agents, Part I (U),n Crops Division, Camp Detrick, Frederick, Maryland. November 19U7. c o h f e j e s t x a l . t 8. Special Report 7 9 -H, "Crop Destruction by Chemical Agents, fert H (U),n Crops Division, Camp Detrick, Frederick, Maryland. November 191*7- CONFIDENTIAL. i 9. i^ecial Report 7 9 - H I , "Crop Destruction by Chemical Agents, Part *`U (U)," Crops Division, Camp Detrick, Frederick, Maryland.. ..ovember 19l*7.; CONFIDENTIAL. lw. Special Report .86, /"Plant Growth Inhibitors (LN Agents) for Crop Destruction (U)," Crops Division, Camp Detrick, Frederick, Maryland. T*-ly 191*7. ` CONFIDENTIAL. i ) 1 1 . Special Report 92, "Field Plot Experiments with Plant Inhibitors 1916 and 19b? Seasons (U),'* Crops Division, Camp Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, February 19L8. COHFIDSXTXAL. 12- Special Report 105, "Field Plot Experiments with Plant Inhibitors 19b8 Season (TJ)," Crops Division, Camp Detrick, Frederick, Maryland. 16- Aug 19b9. CONFIDENTIAL. `l 13. Special Report 130, "Field Plot Experiments with HLant Inhibitors, 19b9 Season (TJ)," Crops Division, Camp Detrick, Frederick, Maryland* lk April 1550. CONFIDENTIAL. lb. Special Report. Ib 9 , "Low Volume Anticrop Aerial Spray Trials, Phase I (U),n Crops Division, Canp Detrick, Frederick, Maryland* May 1951. CONFIDENTIAL. ,15 special Report 151, "Low Volume Anticrop Aerial Spray Trials, Phase II (U)," Crops Division, Cano Detrick, Frederick, Maryland. 20 .December 1951. CONFIDENTIAL' 16. Special Report 153, "Field Plot Experiments with Plant Inhibitors . 1950 Season (U)," Crops Division, Camp Detrick, Frederick, Maryland. 21 June 1951. CONFIDENTIAL. 17. Special Report 156, "Field Plot Experiments with Plant Inhibitors, 1950 and 1951 Season (U),M Crops Division, Camp Detrick, Frederick, Maryland. December 1952. CONFIDENTIAL. 18. Special Report 200, "Field Development of Chemical Anti crop Agents: 1 Preliminary Field Evaluation of Chemical Agents for Attacking Vneat (U)," Crops Division, Canp Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, `abruary 195b. SECRET (5b-EL-723). 19. Special Report 201, "Field Development of Chemical Anticrop Agents: 2. Response of Field Grown. Crops to Chemical Anticrop Agents Released from an Experimental Spray Tower (TJ)," Crops Division, Camp Detrick, Frederick, Maryland. January 195b. SECRET (5b-BL-788). 20. Special Report 232, "Some Effects of Altitude and Airspeed on the Behavior of Chemical Anticrop Aerial Sprays (TJ)," Crops Division, Canp Detrick, Frederick,'Maryland. June 1955., SECRET (55-CD-2128). * 21. Special Report 23b, (Title-Confidential) Crops Division,--Fort*.:. Datrick,'Frederick, Maryland. May 1955- SECRET (55-CD-802) 22 special Report 256 by McLane, S. R. and E. V. Dean. (Title classified). Crops Division, Camp Detrick, Frederick, Maryland. December 1955- SECRET. (56-CD-3.6) 1 /' > * * ** 23. Special Report 262, {Title classified) by E. W. Dean, and S. R. McLane, Crops Division, Fort Dc- -ic.-:,'Frederick, Maryland. October 1956. CONFIDENTIAL. Interim Reports 1. Interim Report 9h, "Defoliation, Target Markins and Its Implications (U),"Crops Division, Camp Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, June 1955* CONFIDENTIAL. 2. Interim Report UiO, "Defoliation Investigations During 195Ii and " 1955 (U)", Crops Division, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland. October 1956. CONFIDENTIAL. St&'.as Report No. 53-6, (Title classified) by^Minarik, C. E., Crops Division, Camp Detrick, Frederick, Maryland. 15 Kay 1953 SECRET (5W3L-1371) 3 1 ) Pahlished Paoers Reprint No.* 70* Nebenan, A. S., W. Fonss and N Renoll. "New Compounds as .plant growth rgultera". Jour. Aci. Chemical Society* 69:713-723, March I9h7* Reprint Ho. 112 Ennis, W. 3. "Responses of crop plant3 to 0-isopr opyl N-pheny- cartonate". 'Bot. Gas 109:h:h7J-h93, June 19h8. > Reprint No. 12C. XeRose, H r R., and Nevnan, A 5 ^The" comparison of the persis tence. of certain plant growth regulators when applied to soil". Soil Sci Soc of America Proceedings.* 12:222-226, 19h7 Reprint Kg 122. Neuman, A . S., EeRbss H. R. and DeHlgo,.H. T. "Persistence of isopropyl N-phenyl carbamate in soil". Soil Sci 66:5093-397# November 19U3 Reprint No. 121* Neuman, A S. "The effect of certain plant growth regulators on soil micro-organisms and microbial processes. Soil Sci Soc of Am Proceedings 12:213-221, 19h7. Reprint No. 125 Watson, 0. P. "An anatomical study of the modification of bean leaves as a result of treatment with 2-hD.1 Am Jour of Botany. 35*9: 5U3-555# November 19h8. Reprint No 133 Addicctt, F. Lynch, R. S., Livingston G A, and Hunter, J. K. "A method for the study of foliar abscissions in Vitro". Plant Ifcysiol. 2ii:3:S37-S39, July 191:9. Reprint No Dili. Eases A J. "Histological effects of treatments with growth regulating substances of the 2,h-D' group". Science. 110:2853*235-236, Sep 12h?,, Reprint No lh3. Wood, D. C. and If. B. Ennis "Influence of Butyl 2,h,5-trl chlorophenoxyaestate upon the development of tuber abnormalities in Irish potatoes n Agronomy Jour. hi:?: 30U-308, July 19h9- f* Reprint No. 1U5. Weintraub, R. L. and A. G. Neuman* "Plant growth-regulators ^_ Economic Botany 30:289-298, July - Sep 19h9* Reprint No 156.' Weintraub R. L. and J. W. Broun '"Translocation of exogeruou>;.r.\* gre-ih regulators in the bean seedling". Plant Physiol. 25:l:lhO-lh9, 1950. ^ Reprint No. a157. E2mes, A J. "Comparative effects of spray treatments with growth regulating substances on the nut grass, Cyperus rotundis L. and anatomical modifications fallowing treatment with Butyl 2,h-dichlorophenoayacetate." Am. Jour Fot. 36:8:571-53h, October 19h9. Reprint No. 168-. Weintraub R. L., J. W. Brown, J. K. Teatman. "Recovery of grouch regulator from plants treated vuth 2,h-D" Science. 111(2888) :h93- h9h, May 1950. * - -u/. Reprint No. 172 Broun, J W. and R. L. Weintraub "A leaf repression method for evaluation of formative activity of plant growth' regulating chemicals" -. Bot. Gas. 111(h) x hh3-h56, June 1950. ^ ;* rTVA_.v* ') Reprint No* 133 Newman A. S. ar.d J. Thcmas* "Decomposition -of 2,h-D in soil and liquid media"* Proc. Soil 3ci. of An. H*:l6o-l6U, 191*9 Reprint No. 200 Ennis, W. 3. and 3. i. James* "A simple apparatus for producing droplets of uniform size from snail volumes of l i q u i d s S c i . 1*2 (2911) U3U-h36, 0cto*oerl3> 1950* Reprint No* 20h* -Eames, A. J. "Persistence of 2,L-D in Plant tissues* Science 122:601-602, November 17, 1950. 1 Reprint No* 211* Shoji, *, F* T. Addicott, and W. A* Suets* "Airnn in relation to leaf blade abscission11* Plant Physiol* 26:1:189*191, January 1951 Reprint No* 215 DeRose, H. R* "C m b g r a s s inhibitor with 0-isopropyl H-(3chlorophenyl) carbamatea. Agron* Jour* 1*3(Ho* 3)*135-U*2, March 1951 Reprint No* 216* Eases A. J* "Destruction of phloem in young bean plants after treatment with 2,li-D". A* Jour. Botany, 37.(10) :3hO-li7, December 1950. Reprint No* 23U* Eames A. J. "A correlation of severity of 2,li-D injury with stage of ontogeny in monocot stems'1 Science Hi;(2956) 203, August 2k, 1951 Reprir-S No* 2Ll* Veiniranb, R* L, James W* Broun, J* A* Throne, and J* N* Xeatmar "A r for measurement of csll-elongation-prcmoting activity of plant growth ret- tors11. Am* Jour* Bot* 38:6:h35-U*0, June 1951 Reprint No* 2l*3. Eames, A* J* "Leaf ontogeny and treatments with 2,1*-D" Am* Jour* Bot* 38:10:777-760, December 1951 *> Reprint No* 251* Addicott, F* T., and R. S. lynch* "Acceleration and Retardation of abscission by indoleacetic acid". Science, Ui*(2971*;; 668-669* 28 December 1951 Reprint No* 269* Neuman, A* S., Thomas, J.-E* and Valuer, R* L. "BLsappaaranes of 2-,h-D and 2,1*,5-T froa soil". Soil Sci* Proc* 16(1*):21-21:, January952* Reprint No* 270* Ennis, W. 3. Jr* "Influence of different carriers upon the inhibitory properties of growth-regulatory sprays". Weeds* 1(1):10-1*7, Oct,1951 Reprint No*, 271* Minarik,'C. E., Norman, A* G.,'Thanpson, H* E* and Ouings, ,, ?. Jr. "New growth regulating compounds. II* Substituted Benzoic adds". Bot* Gaz. 113:135-11*7, December 1951 Repn.::t No* 276* Weintraub, R. L., Broun, J. W*, Fields H* and Rcban J* Metabolism of 2,1*-D. Is C ^ O p production by bean plants treated with labelled 2,1; Plant Physiol* 27:2:293-301, April 1952. . Reprint No* 231* Welntraub, Broun, W, Nicheray, and Taylor* "Studies on the relating between molecular structure and physiological activity of plant growthregulators I* Abscission-inducing activity*? Bot* Gaz*.113(3):318-361, March 191 Reprint No. 2&U* . Bradbury, D. and W. B. Ennis Jr* - "Stnatal closure in kidney bean plants treated with ammonium 2,1*-D acetate" A. J* Bot* 35:321-328, Hay 195; I> Reprint No, 285* .Freiburg, 5. ?. azid H. 2. Clark* "Effects of 2,h-D upon the .nitrogen metabolism and water relations of soybean plants grown at different nitrogen l e v e l s H o t . Gaz. 113(3) :323-333* March 1952* . Reprint No*, 291* Norman, A. G., and R. L. Weintraub. "Structurc-acti7it7 . relationships in plant growth regulators*. U. 5, A m y Biological Laboratories Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland* Reprint No. 299* Brown J. V. and ?-- L* Weintraub. "Influence of temperature on formative response of bean seedlings to 2,1*-D. * Bot* Gaz* 113 (h)s fa79-ii32, 1952. Reprint No* 316* Siegel and Weintraub* "Inactivation 3-lsdoleacetic acid0* Physiol* FI* 5:2la-2i*7, 19S2. Reprint No. 323* Weintraub I., leatman, J. N., Lockhart, J. A., and Reinhart, J* H., Fields M* *9ietabalism of 2,lx-D* H * Metabalisa of the side chain by bean plants." Archives of Bloch* and Siophys* 1:0(2);297-285, October 1952. . __ Reprint No. 31:9* Weintraub R. L. "Mechanisms of action" Agr. -Food Chem* 1(3):250-251:, 1953. Reprint No. 351. Minarik C* S* and Norman, A. G.# "Herbicldes-chenical weed Control". Agr. and Food Chea* l(l):l;2-LL, April 1953* * Reprint No* 332. /Bradbury, D*, and Ennis W. B* Jr* histological abnormalities of tubers formed on Irish potato plants sprayed with butyl 2,h,5-T.a J. Bot* 1:0(10) 827-831:, 1953. Reprint No* 1:20. McLane, S* R*, Dean E. W*, Brown, J* W*, Connell C* R* Howard H* W., Minhrik, C* E. "Halogenated phenyl alkyl ethers as plant growth regulators". Weeds, 2(h). October 1953. ^ Rep:lnt No* U21* Newman, *A. S* and K. T. DeSigo* "Isopropyl N-phenyl caroaaate. .Weeds 2(3):169-177 July 1953. * Reprint No* 1:33* Weintraub R, Reinhart, J* H*, Scherff, R* A. and Schlsler, Lee C* "Metabolism of 2,ii-D. Ill* Metabolism and persistence in dormant plant tissue." Flant Physiol. 29(3)* 3Q3-30L, 1951:. S CD Reprint No* h38* Weintraub, R* L*, Broun, J. W*, Throne, J. A. "Relation between molecular structure and physiological activity of plant growth . regulators H * Formative activity of phencs^racetic a d d s * " Agr* and Food Chenu 2&9):996-999, 195U. Reprint Uo* 502 'Ready D. and Hinarik C. E* " New growth regulating compounds 17* Selectediolaxyacatic acids". Weeds* H I * (3), July 195U. Reprint No* 601* Anderson, Bachmann, McLane and Doan* "Inhibiting of plant growth by seme nitropheuxylureas." Weeds* 5(2) :135-138j 1957. Reprint No* 617. Aldrich and HcLane* "A Paper chrmotographlc method for the detecting of 30amiQp-l, 2,li-Triazola in plant tissue." Plant Physiol 32(2) s 153-lSlu 1957,. "fe-- ; ` *` * ~ . - ) V-i Reprint No. 620. Lockhart, J. aud Weintraub, S. L. *^Influence of 2,It-D on auxin content o*'bean seedlings". A. J. Botany, Lk(5) iU2li-U28 May 1557. Eeprint No. 652. Anderson, B. 3. and McLane 5. H. "Control of annual tiluegrass and erabgrass in turf with fluorophenoxyacetic acida ", Weeds, 6(1)552-58, 1558. Reprint No. 66?. QrgeH, '/ H. and Weintraub E. L. "Influence of* sosa ions on foliar absorption of 2,L-D*. Bot. Gaz^ 115 (2)t38-93j 1557* t HEADQUARTERS UNITED-STATES ARMY BIOLOGICAL LABORATORIES 5MUFD-5 FORT DETRICX FREDERICK. MARYLAND 15 November 962 SUBJECT; Defoliant Program Requested by ARPA V f-dn - (\ w O TO: Commanding General U. S. Army CBR Agency Army Chemical Center, Maryland During a recent visit to the IT. S. Army Biological Laboratories, Dr, G. 7. Hock, Assistant Director of ARPA, and Dr, Heaston, also of ARPA, requested that a program in chemical defoliation be prepared for the use of ARPA. The program as requested is forwarded herewith for transmittal. FOR THE CQMHANDER: 1 Incl as Copy furnished: Dr. G. V. Hock n r -, HE7DL.ii v '\tr! UT' y k m si 1 28 in/ ,K TTHIS DOOCCUUlU!EKT IS DOTt-CRADSD 7 .TTrSEN SEPARATED FRGK OTHER CLASSIFIED DO~!'<riTo 1242 ASPA UonfC Ko IH V. SKUCB-TO-Btf (15 Nov 62) 1st Ind SU3JSCT: Befo liant Program Requested by ARFA HEADQUARTERS U. S. ASK CHE-ICAL-3IQL03IC^-RADIOLOGICAL AGENCT, Army Chemical Center, -Maryland 2 7 N O V 1962 TO: Coanianding General, U. S. Army Munitions Command, ATTN: AMSMU-R, Dover, New Jersey Attached program for defoliation submitted by U* S. Army Biological Laboratories is .forwarded herewith* -FOR THE COKlAXDSt: 1 Incl nc (h cys) B e e N r _ / / g .y .. E.-c Bo ^ -'7- i c,o CO VO 1242 MPX Corif. go. -- -, W h e n ibc rcrntn-v.........'V...<j(VO papers aro (V . B p a n r < -1 - - becomes J|aJ | ^ \i u // !r-! / AMSMG-.HB (15 Bor 6z) 2nd lad (U) SUBJECT: Defoliant Program Requested b y AHPA (U) Headquarters, U. 3 Anay Munitions Command, Dover, Hew Jersey ^ 20^2 -- TO: Commanding General, IT. 3. Army Materiel Command, JLTTH: JLMCRD-DE-CB, Washington 25 D. C. Forwarded for your information, retention and farther transmittal. FOE THE COMMAdDSA. 4? -/'f J L ` w/d 1 copy of l a d r^*. DAIS L. 7XHCEHT Colonel, GS Chief, CBR Operations Office ZD L .O >*0 CO CO 1242 aaprcoaS7So.' S S S S S V*