Document 3JYqzBOq0xRb5ykw9oEGGGgq0

DANGEROUS PROPERTIES of INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS Second Edition N. IRVING SAX Head. Radiologic Sciences Group Division of Laboratories and Research New York State Dept, of Health Albany. N. Y. Assisted by LEONARD J. GOLDWATER Professor of Occupational Medicine School of Public Health and Administrative Medicine Columbia University New York, N. Y. BENJAMIN FEINER Head, Exhaust Plan Review Unit Engineering Section Division of Industrial Hygiene New York Slate Labor Department New York, N. Y. MORRIS 8. JACOBS Associate Professor of Occupational Medicine School of Public Health and. Administrative Medicine Columbia University New York. N. Y. JOHN H. HARLEY Director ,Health and Safety Laboratory U. S. Atomic Energy Commission New York, N. Y. JOSEPH J. FITZGERALD President and Technical Director Isoserve, Inc. Cambridge. Massachusetts MILTON S. DUNN Medical Director, Rensselaer Division General Aniline and Film Corp. Rensselaer, N. Y. REINHOLD PUBLISHING CORPORATION, NEW YORK CHAPMAN & HALL, LTD., LONDON Copyright 1963 by REINHOLD PUBLISHING CORPORATION All rights reserved Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 63-20370 Photocopy set by Applied Science Laboratories, Inc. State College, Pennsylvania CA1LO 1 oA) H* 3 fi CS M <0 33 A> C rt- 01 <3 H- 1 fi> O t-1TJ (V 1 rt ro Ho* 3 0) <0 Hj p. M 3 H* O. NO C on m i -- ON V0>t-J --- Wqon 03 Ni M 3 X <1 H* 3 CJ J- ge al V.C. V.C. V.C. * SECTION 2 VENTILATION CONTROL Benjamin Feiner Head, Exhaust Plan Review Unit, Engineering Section Division of Industrial Hygiene New York State Labor Department New York, N. Y. m Hj ( -i >d CtiOO ' . the mar'' indiirotic latios these o de. the . Atrelit' X-raT aeralrrnal' s mar fur.ee ar<i TOt * ree irdU- When materials are used industri ally so that air contaminants are Created, generated or released in concentrations which may injure the health of workers, the usual method of providing protection is by means of ventilation, usually local exhaust. There are, however, other methods Of protection which should be investi gated before consideration of ventila tion control. Control by Methods Other Than Ventilation The basic principle of industrial hygiene is to prevent dangerous mate rials from coming into contact with Workers. While ventilation control is the ttott widely used method of achieving protection, a number of other, ionpler procedures are available. can often effect considerable R*rtional economies as well as reJcce the cost of ventilation or elim** its need e..n..t.i.re-- ly/ ,t a**n**d** arev *f*rev ^nently the most practical method of providing such protection. &elga Into Plant or Process It nopn is flor bpelacnotmainnnHdgw increasingly comd^ es-ig-----n---------e------n-----g---i-n'--/e---e--r-s- *"to consult with the industrial hygiene *tliceer at the design stage of a new PUct or process. Consideration of ^d-Jstrial hygiene control principles *v ltl* point nan eliminate or simplify costly exhaust ventilation which *ould otherwise be necessary. Auto mation and automatic operations which require few if any workers are ex amples of this principle. Other ex amples include the design of continu ous, enclosed chemical processes in stead of batchprocesses, underground trenches for ventilation ductwork and grouping of hazardous operations to localize control, such as central shakeout stations, etc. Process Change. A simple proc ess change can often not only reduce contaminant dispersion but improve production efficiency. The following are examples of decreasing contami nant dispersal or otherwise reducing exposure: metal joining by welding or crimping instead o f' soldering; a change in temperature, speed or pres sure of a chemical reaction: automatic electrostatic paint spraying instead of manual compressed air paint spray ing; mechanical continuous hopper 'charging instead of manual batch charging. A change in the physical condition or container specifications of raw materials received by a plant for fur ther processing may be salutary. Thus, use of pelletized or briquetted materials that are ordinarily dusty, such as carbon powder, may drasti cally reduce atmospheric dust con tamination at several steps in a proc ess. Batch charging of slightly wetted materials or in paper bags rather than in a dry bulk state may eliminate or reduce the need for control In storage bins and batch mixers. 31 SECTION 2 32 !*, Substitution. An often effective and usually inexpensive method of control is the substitution of non toxic or less toxic materials for highly toxic ones. The classic examples of sub- titution as a control measure include placing of mercury used intheprocsing of fur into hatter's felt with n-mercurial compounds; replaceent of white lead in paint pigments zinc, barium or titanium oxides; e use of mixtures of paraffin hydrotrbons instead of benzene (benzol) in the rubber products industries; and the almost complete disappearance of the hazards of carbon tetrachloride from industry by substitution of much less toxic chlorinated hydrocarbons. We may also cite the use of steel shot instead of sand for abrasive blasting; synthetic rather than sandstone grind ing wheels; and nonsilica parting com pounds in foundry molding operations. Frequently, such substitution car ries with it a bonus in the form of an operational improvement. For ex ample, the replacement of benzene by toluene in the manufacture of self sealing airc raft gasoline tanks during World War II resulted in elimination of the troublesome problem of too rapid drying of the benzene between the various steps of the process. Substitution often requires a good selling job to overcome the reluctance of production engineers to change the status quo. Fortunately, it can usual ly be demonstrated that substitution can result in an overall increase in economy. Isolation in Time or Space Many operations which do not readily lend themselves to ventilation control because of their nature or ex tent may generate contaminants in such quantities as to permeate an en tire workroom or building and expose all the workers to a hazard, although only a few of them are actually en gaged in the operations. In such in stances, an attempt should be made to perform the operation so that only those workers immediately concerned with it need be within its influence. One such method is isolation in time or space. In a foundry without central shakeout this operation may be performed after the regular shift has gone for the day. The three or four shakeout workers can be pro vided with suitable respirators for the one or two hour s during which they are exposed to the silica dust. Blast ing in mines at the end of or between shifts and housekeeping procedures or plant painting at night are other examples of work that can be sched uled so as to minimize the number of workers exposed to a hazard. An operation can also be isolated in space. The ordinary furnace is a prime example of such isolation. Complete enclosure of a sand blast operation with an air-line respirator for the worker within the enclosure is another instance. Some operations require complete enclosure and re mote control so that nobody is exposed, as in many processes involving nu clear radiation. Enclosing a dangerous operation or locating one or more dangerous operations together in a separate room or building not only sharply reduces the number of workers exposed but greatly simplifies the necessary con trol procedures. Plating tanks, lead melting pots, paint dipping operations and similar processes, when located in a separate room and grouped to gether, can usually be provided with efficient and relatively inexpensive, local exhaust systems. Where con tinuous supervision of an operation by a worker is not necessary, only general ventilation may be required to prevent e scape of contaminants in to the main workroom. If necessary, the exposed worker can in such a case be provided with a respirator for use during his brief periods of exposure. Segregation of Personnel. An op posite approach, where contaminantproducing operations must be carried out over a large area, is to segregate the worker from the operation. The crane operator in a large foundry, bulk material storage building or ce ment clinker shed can be provided with a completely enclosed cab venti lated under positive pressure to keep contaminants out. In automatic stone crushing, grinding and conveying SECTION 3 RESPIRATORY PROTECTION AND PERSONAL HYGIENE Benjamin Feiner Division of Industrial Hygiene New York State Labor Department New York, N.Y. RESPIRATORY PROTECTION T les Personal respiratory protection is -e of the classical methods of conrol in industrial hygiene. However, importance of this technique is 'tea misunderstood. All the other tthods of control, when properly **lgr.ed and applied, can provide equate continuous protection of a orker against harmful contaminants ^der normal working conditions, "ereonal respiratory protection, how r*r finds its chief usefulness as an ^ergency or short-term means of. Section. It should be used as a pri"4rY protective device for normal ^rations only when no other method ~ control is possible. At times, it --4ybeuseful as an adjunct to exhaust <af^tion or othe r control measures. , J***pirators are thus emergency They are needed when it is lt*d *4ry t0 enter a highly contami- *"atmosphere for a short time for r emergency repair work; as a .?*n* of escape from a suddenly y .COntaminated atmosphere; for short-term inspection, iac<l enince or repair of equipment fll,aoootaminated atmosphere; i0 nrmal operations in conju/ic- other control measures where the contaminant is so toxic that a single control measure such as ven tilation cannot safely be relied on. A respirator must be designed and selected for the particular environ ment in which it is to be used. The type of contaminant, its probable max imum concentration, the pos sibility of oxygen deficiency, the useful life of the respirator, the escape routes available; all these and other factors must be considered in selecting a res pirator for emergency use, for per iodic use, or for stand-by purposes. Where these factors are not known with certainty, the device providing the widest spectrum of protection must be used. Respirators must fit well, if pos sible without discomfort, should per mit breathing without undue effort, should not interfere with vision, and should permit complete freedom of movement where danger may other wise result. Respirators should be cleaned after each use and sterilized frequently; be assigned to individual workers; stored in dust free cabinets readily available for use; where nec essary, they should be available both in the workroom for escape and just outside the workroom in a safe atmos phere for rescue. Careful records should be kept of length of time in use, the remaining oxygen or air supply or 59 T~' it SECTION 3 PLAINTIFFS EXHIBIT 60 1538(7) condition of purifying element, and they should be renewed when neces sary. Atmospheric Hazards The type and degree of hazard to be encountered will govern the kind of respiratory protective device to be used. Several classifications may be described to assist in proper selection of a device: Oxygen deficiency. Gases or vapors immediately dangerous to life. Gases or vapors not immedi ately dangerous to life. Particulates. Combination of particulates and gases or vapors immediately dangerous to life. Combination of particulates and gases or vapors not immedi ately dangerous to life. Where the degree of hazard is not known, it must be assumed to be im mediately dangerous to life. Oxygen Deficiency. Normal air contains approximately 21% of oxygen by volume. This oxygen content may be reduced by such factors as dilution or displacement of oxygen by other gases, loss of oxygen by reaction with other substances or by absorption in certain materials. These conditions are usually found in such confined spaces as storage bins or silos, tanks, sewers, wells, mines and ships1 holds, and may also exist in burning rooms and inclosed areas where nat ural oxidation of materials can occur. Atmospheres containing 16% or less of oxygen may cause serious in jury or death to people breathing them, depending on the actual concentration, length of exposure and physical activ ity of the exposed persons. In such atmospheres, the respiratory pro tective device must be of a type which supplies fresh air or oxygen to the wearer. If the atmosphere is such that the wearer cannot safely escape, from the remotest location he is likely to be in, to an uncontaminated location without respiratory protection, the device chosen must be a self-contained type. Gas Or Vapors. Gases and vaport may be classified as toxic or inert Toxic gases and vapors may cause in. jury or death depending on the concen tration present. Inert gases can di*. place oxygen and are dangerous only under the conditions described above. Where gases are so toxic that ev*D in low concentrations they may be im. mediately dangerous to life, the re. spiratory protective device must be chosen to provide positive, reliable control for the conditions to be en. countered. Particulates. Particulates may assume the form of dispersions ot solids, such as dusts, fumes and smokes; liquids, such as mists and fogs; and combinations of the two, such as mists created by sprays oi suspensions of dusts and paints. With rare exceptions, such as the organic phosphorus insecticides and, possibly, massive concentrations of the more highly toxic metals, particulate con. taminants are not immediately dan. gerous to life. Mechanical filtratioc of inspired air is the usual protection method used. Particulates may be classified as toxic, pneumoconiosis-p r o d u c i n g, and non-specific or nuisance. The design of a respirator depends on the type of dust to be encountered. Toxic particulates, such as lead, fluoride and phosphorus dusts, enter the blood stream directly from the lungs anc cause systemic poisoning. Pneumo coniosis-producing dusts (silica, as bestos) remain in the lungs and cause localized fibrotic diseases. Nuisance dusts (flour, wool, wood) may do ei ther, but usually do not produce local or systemic effects. However, they may be irritating or allergenic and. in massive concentrations, may cause debility by their physical presence in the lungs. Combination of Particulates and Gases. Special respiratory devices designed to protect against mixtures of more than one type of contaminant are available. These should be se lected to provide protection against the maximum expected concentration oi each contaminant. Where one of the contaminants may be immediately ARSPHENAMXNE General Information Synonym: 3-Diamino-4-dihycfroxy -1 -arseno- benzene hydrochloride. Description: Light yellow, hygroscopic pow- de r. Formula: CuHl2AstN2Oj* 2HC1- 2H*0. Constant; Mol wt: 475.0, Hazard Analysis Toxicity: See arsenic compounds. Disaster Hazard: See arsenic compounds. Countermeasures Ventilation Control: 5ectTon zT p. 31. Personnel Protection: Section 3, p. 59. First Aid: Section 1, p. 1. Storage and Handling: Section 7, p 179. ARSYSODILA. See sodium cacodylate. ARTHR YTIN. See amiodoxyl benzoate. ARTIFICIAL ALMOND OIL. See benzaldehyde, ASBESTOS DUST. See asbestos particles. ASBESTOS PARTICLES General Information 'aonym: Asbe stoV dust. >xic Hazard Rating: Acute Local: Irritant 1; Inhalation 2. Acute Systemic: 0. Chronic Local: Inhalation 3. Chrome Systemic: U, TLV: ACG1H (accepted); 5 million particles per cubic loot of air. Hazard Analysis Toxicology: The essential lesion produced by asbestos dust is a diffuse fibrosis which probably begins as a "collar" about the terminal bronchioles. Usually, at least 4 to 7 years of exposure are required before a serious degree of fibrosis results. There is apparently less predisposition to tuberculosis than is the case with silicosis. Clinically, the most striking sign is shortness of breach of gradually increasing intensity, often associated with a dry cough. In the early stages physical signs are ab sent or slight; in the later stages rales may be beard, and in long-standing cases there is frequently clubbing of the fingers. In early stages of the disease the chest x-ray reveals a groundglass or granular change, chiefly in the lower lung fields; as the condi tion progresses the heart outline becomes "shaggy" and irregular patches of mottled shadowing may be seen. Asbestos bodies may be found in the sputum. At autopsy, the pleurae are thickened and adherent and thick subpleurat fibrous plaques are often present. Where the disease is far advanced there are usually large areas of fibrosis, with emphysematous changes in the apices and bases. The alveolar walls are thickened, and the cjpraqceristic bestos bodies" are founc^ J Countermeasure^ Ventilation Control: Section a, *p. 31. Personal Hygiene: Section 3, p. 59* ASCARrDOLE General Information Synonym: Ascansm. Description: Liquid. Formula: C2oHu02. Constants: Mol wt: 168.2, bp: 115 *C at IS mm, d: 1.011 at 13 */l5 *C. Hazard Analysis Toxicity: Details unknown. See oil of chenopodium. See also peroxides, organic. Fire Hazard: Moderate, by spontaneous chem ical reaction (Section 6, p. 161). Caution: An oxidizer. Explosion Hazard: Explodes at 250*C. Disaster Hazard: Dangerous; when heated, it emits toxic fumes and may explode; it re acts with reducing materials. Countermeasures Storage and Handling: Action 7, p, 179. ASCARISIN. See ascaridole. ASPERXN. See acetol. ASPHALT General Information Synonyms: Bitumen; petroleum pitch. Description: Black or dark brown mass. Constants: Bp: <470*C, flash p: 400 + *F(C. C. ), d: 0.95-1,1, auroign. temp. :/905*F. Hazard Analysis Toxic Hazard Rating: Acute Local: Irritant 2. Acute Systemic: U. Chronic Local; Irritant 2. Chronic Systemic: U. Fire Hazard: Slight, when exposed to heat or flame. Spontaneous Heating; No. Countermeasures To Fighl Fire: Foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical or carbon tetrachloride (Section 6, p. 161). Personnel Protection: Section 3, p. 59. Storage and Handling: Section 7, p, 179. Shipping Regulations: Section 11, p. 317. Coast Guard Classification: Hazardous arti cle. ASPIDIUM General Information Synonym: Male fern. Hazard Analysis Toxic Hazard Rating: Acute Local: Irritant 1; Allergen !. Acute Systemic: Ingestion 2. Chronic Local: Allergen 1. Chronic Systemic: U. TOXIC HAZARD RATING CODE (For detailed dlseueelon, ice Section 1.) (a) No barm under any condition.; and reversible changes; not severs enough Harmful only under unusual conditions to cause death or permanent injury. or overwhelming dosage. 3 HIGH: May cause death or permanent injury SLIGHT: Causes readily reversible changes after very short exposure to small quantities. which disappear after end of exposure. U UNKNOWN: No information on humane con MODERATE; M*y involve both irreversible sidered valid by authors. K N C A D 'bfttu*, ft. 1 ASPIRIN Vi A u Fire Hazard: Slrht; when heated, it emit* acrid fume* (Section 6. p. 161). Countermeagure* Personal Hygiene? Section^ p. 59. Storage and Handling: Section 7, p. 179. ASPIRIN. See aceiol- ATABRINE DJHYDROCHLOR1DE. See ,fta- brine" hydrochloride. <70 AURIC BROMIDE General Information Description: Gray powder; crystals brown. Formula: AuBr*. Constants: Mol wt: 436.95, mp: --Brx at 160*C * HararC Analysis Toxicity: See gold compounds and bromides. Disaster Hazard: See bromides. Countermea sure e Storage and Handling: 5ection 7, p. 179. "ATABRINE" HYDROCHLORIDE General Information Synonym: Quinacrine hydrochloride. Description: Bright yellow crystal*. Formula: C12H,0ClN3O* 2HC1* 2HxO. Constants: Mol wt: 508.9* mp: decomposes 248-250 *C. Hazard Analysis Toxic Hazard Rating: Acute Local: Allergen 1. Acute Systemic: Ingestion 2. Chronic Local: Allergen 1. Chronic Systemic: Ingestion 2. Disaster Hazard: Dangerous; when heated to decomposition, it emits highly toxic fumes of chlorine. Countermeasures Personal Hygiene?* Section 3, p. 59. Storage and Handling: Section 7, p. 179. ATOXYL. See sodium arsanilate. ATROPAMINE. See apoatropine. ATROPINE General Information Synonym: Daturine. Description: Colorless, crystalline alkaloid. Formula: C ifHijNOj. Constants: Mol wt: 289.4, mp: 115. 5"C; sub limes at 118 *C. Hazard Analysis Toxic Hazard Rating: Acute Local: Allergen 1. Acute Systemic: Ingestion 3; Inhalation 3. Chronic Local: Allergen 1. Chronic Systemic: Tngestion 2. Fire Hazard: Slight; on decomposition it emits toxic fumes. Countermea sure* Ventilation Control: Section-?? ~p. 31. Personal Hygiene: Section 3, p. 59. First Aid: Section 1, p. 1. Storage and Handling: Section 7, p, 179. ATROPINE METHYL BROMIDE. See atropine. ATROPINE METHYL NITRATE. See atropine. ATROPINE SULFATE. See atropine. AURIC CHLORIDE General Information Synonym: Gold chloride. Description: Claret red crystals. Formula: AuGlj. Constants: Mol wt: 303.57, mp: 254 #C decom poses, bp: sublimes 265 *C. d: 3.9. Hazard Analyais Toxicity: See gold compounds. Disaster Hazard: See chlorides. Countermeasures Storage and Handling? Section V, p. 179. AURIC CYANIDE. See cyanoauric acid. AURIC HYDROGEN NITRATE General Information Synonym: Gold Titrate. Description: Yellow crystals. Formula: AuH(N05)4* 3HxO. Constanta: Mol wt: 500.29, mp: 72*C decom poses, d: 2. 84. Hazard Analysis Toxicity: See gold compounds and nitratea. Fire Hazard: See nitrates. Disaster Hazard: See nitrates. Countermea sure* Storage and Handling: Section 7, p. 179. AURIC IODIDE General Information Synonym: Gold iodide. Description: Dark green crystals. Formula: Aulj. Constant: Mol wt: 577.96. Hazard Analysis Toxicity: See gold dornpounda. Countermea sure* Storage and Handling: Section 7, p. 179. AURIC OXIDE General Information Synonym: Cold oxide. Description: Brown black powder. Formula: AuxOj. Constants: Molecular weight: 442.40, melting point: -Ox at 160*C, boiling point: -30* at 250#C. Hazard Analvsie Toxicity: See goicTcompounas. TOXIC HAZARD RATING CODE (For detailed discussion, see Section I.) 0 NONE: (a) No harm under any conditions; (b) Harmful only under unusual conditions or overwhelming dosage. 1 SLIGHT: Causes readily reversible changes which disappear after end of exposure. 2 MODERATE: May involve both irreversible and reversible changes; not severe enough to cause death or permanent injury. 3 HIGH: May cause death or permanent injury after very short exposure to small quantities. U UNKNOWN: No information on humane con sidered valid by authors.