Document 3J59bZNnJ8aEMGKBOvvqVk06O

72 CHAPTER 6 1959 Guide by acclimatized men working in hot environments (The Journal o^lndustrud Hygiene end Toxicology, Vol. 27, March IMS, p. "F. C. Houghtea, M. Ferderber, and Carl Gutberlet: A3KYE Rsssa&ch Rovki No. ii&--Local cooiing of workers m hot industry (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 47, 1941, p. 403). F. C. Houghten and C. P. Yaglou: ASHVE Research Re post No. 673--Determination of the comfort zone (ASHVE Transactions, VoL 29, 1923, p. 361). F. C. Houghten and C. P. Yaglou: ASHVE Research Report No. 691--Cooling effect on human beings produced by various air velocities (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 30, 1924, p. 193). C. P. Yaglou and W. E. Miller: ASHVE Research Report No. 717--Effective tempera ture with clothing (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 31,1925, p. 89). F. C. Houghten, W. W. Teague, and W. E. Miller: ASHVE Research Repost No. 755--Effective temperature for persons lightly clothed and working in still air (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 32, 1926, p. 315). C. P. Yaglou, W. H. Carrier, Dr. E. V. Hill, F. C. Houghten, and J. H. Walker: How to use the ef fective temperature index and comfort charts (ASHVE Trans actions, VoL 38, 1932, p. 410). "Thomas Chester, N. D. Adams, C. R. Bellamy, G. D. Fife, E. P. Heckel, Dr. W. J. McConnell, F. C. McIntosh, A. B. Newton, B. F. Raber, and C. Tasker: ASHVE Ressasch Report No. 1196--Comfort with summer air conditioning (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 48, 1942, p. 107). "C. S. Leopold: Conditions for comfort (ASHVE Transac tions, Vol. 53, 1947, p. 295). "A. B. Newton, F. C. Houghten, Carl Gutberlet, R. W. Quailey, and M. C. W. Tomlinson: ASHVE Research Report No. 1102--Shock experiences of 275 workers after entering' and leaving cooled and air conditioned offices (ASHVE Transac tions, Vol. 44, 1938, p. 571). N. Giickman, T. Inouye, S. E. Telser, R. W. Keeton, F. JEC. Hick, and M. K. Fahnestock: Phys iologic adjustments of human beings to sudden change in en vironment (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 53, 1947, p. 327) N Giickman, Tohru Inouye, R.'W. Keeton, MD., I. W. Callen, MD, F. K. Hick, M.D. and M. K. Fahnestock: ASHVE Re search Report No. 1350--Physiological adjustments of normal subjects and cardiac patients to sudden changes in environment (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 55,1949, p. 27). F. K. Hick, MD, Tohni Inouye, R. W. Keeton, MD, N. Giickman, and M K Fahnestock: ASHVE Research Report No. 1447--Physiological adjustments of clothed human beings to sudden changes in en vironments--first hot moist and later comfortable conditions (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 58, 1952, p. 189). Tohru Inouye, K.^K. Hick, _MD;, R. W. Keeton, MI), J. Losch. and N. truckman: ASuVE_Kesbabcb Report No. 1463--A comparison of physiological adjustments of clothed women and men to sudden changes in environment (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 59, 1953, p. 35). Tohru Inouye, F. K. Hick, MD, R. W. Keeton, MD., and Lionel Bernstein, MD.: ASHVE Research Report No. 1508--Physiological responses to sudden changes in atmos pheric environment--Studies of normal subjects, obese, hyperthyroid and hypothyroid patients (ASHVE Transactions. Vol 60, 1954, p. 315). ** F. C. Houghten, F. E. Giesecke, C. Tasker, and Carl Gutberlet: ASHVE Research Report No. 1055---Cooling re quirements for .summer comfort air conditioning (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 43,1937, p. 145). "A. P. Kratz, S. Konso, M. K. Fahnestock, and E L Broderick: ASHVE Research Report No. 1012--Study of sum mer cooling in the research residence for the summer of 1934 (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 41, 1935, p. 207). C. P. Yaglou: ASHVE Research Report No. 1319--A method of improving the effective temperature index (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 53,1947, P-307). Tohru Inouye, F. K. Hick, MD.. S. E. Telser, MD, and R- W. Keeton, MD.: ASHVE Research Report No. 1480--Effect of relative humidity on heat loss of men exposed to environments of 80. 76, and 72 F (ASHVE Transactions. Vol. 59, 1953, p.329). M. K. Fahnestock and J. E. Werden- En vironment, comfort, health and people (Refrigerating Engi neering, February 1956, p. 43). " F; C. Houghten, W. W. Teague, and W. E. Miller: ASHVE Research Report No. 755--Effective temperature for persons Lightly clothed and working in still air (ASHVE Transactions. Vol. 32, 1926, p. 315). "A. P. Gagge, A. C. Burton; and H. C. Gazett: A practical system of units for the description of the heat exchange of man with his environment (Science, Vol. 94, 1941, p. 428). ^ **C. P. Yaglou: Thermal insulation of clothing (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 54, 1948, p. 291). "C. P. Yaglou. Philip Drinker, and K. D. Blackfan: Appli cation of air conditioning to premature nurseries in hospitals (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 36,1930, p. 383). CHAPTER 7 AIR CONTAMINANTS Classification of Air Contaminants; Sizes of Airborne Particles; Air Pollution by Smoke, Ash, and Cinders; Smoke Abatement and Air Pollution Control; Odor Nuisance; Industrial Air Contaminants, Flammable Gases and Vapors; Combustible Dusts; Atmospheric Pollen; Airborne Bacteria; Radioactive Air Contaminants THE normal constituents of the earth's atmosphere are Fumes are solid particles commonly formed by the conden oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, argon, sation of vapors from normally solid materials such as molten small or negligible amounts of other inert gases, hydrogen,,metals. Metallic fumes generally occur as the oxides in air variable traces of ozone, and small quantities of microscopic because of the highly reactive nature of finely divided matter. and submicroscopic solid matter, sometimes called permanent Fumes may also be formed by sublimation, distillation, cal atmospheric impurities. From the viewpoint of the air-con culation, or chemical reaction, whenever such processes cre ditioning engineer, all other airborne substances may be ate airborne particles predominantly below the 1 micron size. termed contaminants. This term is applied preferably, how Fumes permitted to age tend to flocculate into clumps or ag ever, to undesirable or chance impurities, since the occasion gregates of laiger aze, thereby facilitating removal from air. may arise for adding to the air controlled amounts of solid or Smokes are the extremely small solid particles produced gaseous diluents for the prevention of explosions; germicidal - by incomplete combustion of organic substances such as to vapors or mists (aerosols) for bacteria control; masking bacco, wood, coal, oil, tar, and other carbonaceous materials. substances for odor control; or a substitute-for one of the The term smoke is commonly applied to the mixture of solid, normal gases, as, for example, when helium is used to replace liquid, and gaseous products of combustion, although the nitrogen in atmospheres for compressed air workers or divers. technical literature prefers to distinguish between such com Since control of the chemical quality of air'is one of the ponents as soot or carbon particles, fly-ash, cinders, tarry functions of complete air conditioning, some knowledge of the matter, unburned gases, and gaseous combustion products. composition, concentration, and properties of air contami The finest particulate constituents are much less than 1 mi nants under various circumstances is essential to the air con cron in size, often in the range of 0.1 to 03 micron. ditioning-engineer. Air contaminants arise from the normal processes of wear, Mist? and Fogs erosion, windstorm, sea-spray evaporation, thermal disinte gration, earthquake, volcanic eruption, combustion, manu facturing, transportation, agriculture, and the biochemical or biological processes of life. They are classified at various times as organic and inorganic, visible or invisible, microscopic or macroscopic, particulate or gaseous, toxic or harmless, bene ficial or . destructive. The following classification , is " based chiefly upon the origin-or method of formation of air con taminants. Mists are very small airborne droplets of materials that are ordinarily liquid at normal temperatures and pressures. They may be formed by atomizing, spraying, splashing/ mixing, violent chemical reaction, electrolytic evolution of gas from a liquid, or escape of a dissolved gas upon release of pressure. Very small droplets expelled or atomized into the air by 'sneezing constitute mists containing micro-organisms that become air contaminants. Fogs are limited by some clarifications to airborne drop CLASSIFICATION OF AIR CONTAMINANTS Air contaminants may be classified in the following groups: (1) dust, fumes, and smokes which are solid particulate con taminants, (2) mists and fogs which are liquid particulate contaminants, and (3) vapors and gases which are nonpar- - ticulate contaminants. ' lets formed by condensation from the vapor state. This arbi trary distinction between mist and fog is of minor impor tance, as both terms are used to indicate the particulate state of airborne liquids (occasionally termed aerosols). Fog noz zles are so named because of their ability to produce extra fine droplets as compared to the oust-from ordinary spray devices.' The highly volatile nature of some liquids quickly Dust, Fumes, and Smokes reduces their airborne droplets from the mist to the fog range, and 'eventually to the vapor phase until the air be Dusts arc solid particles projected into the air by natural forces, such as-wind, volcanic eruption, or earthquake, and by mechanical processes, such as crushing, grinding/milling, drilling, demolition, shovelling, conveying, screening, bagging, comes saturated- with that liquid. Many droplets in fogs or clouds are microscopic- and submicroscopic in size, and may be conceived as.the transition state between the larger mists and the vapors. and sweeping. Some of these forces produce dust from larger . masses, while others simply disperse materials that are al- ! Vapors and Gases ready pulverized. Generally, particles are not called dust un Vapors and Gases are nonparticulate air contaminants. less they are smaller than about 100 microns. Dusts may be of Vapors are the gaseous phase of substances that are either mineral type, such as rock, ore; metal, sand; vegetable, such liquid'or solid in their commonly known state, examples be as grain, flour, wood, cotton, pollen; or animal, such as wool, ing gasoline, kerosine, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, mercury, hair, silk, feathers, leather. iodine, camphor. Vapors may be changed to the solid or 73 X