Document 3J25Kx1KMNdKrDv21Qr3bKyQD

FILE NAME: Oil Industry and American Petroleum Institute (API) DATE: 1951 DOC#: API062 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Unpublished - Report of Progress in the Appraisal of the Potential Carcinogenic Properties of American Petroleum Products February l, 1953 LIBRARY AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTF Mr. H. C. McGowen, Chairman Safety Comal ttee of Board of Directora c/o United Gas Pipe Line Company P. 0. Box 1H07 Shreveport 92, Louisiana Dear Mr. McGowen: At Its meeting on September 25, 1952 the Institute's Medical Advisory Committee requested me to revlev Its eight year8 of work and to report the results to you. The report Is enclosed. Additional copies of It are available for transmittal to members of the Safety Comalttee of the Board If A when you desire to have them mailed. Very truly yours, B. K. Linder M. D., Chairaos Medical Advisory Camaittee for 1952 me - Members and Associates Medical Advisory Committee 00241.J P LA IN T IFFS EXHIBIT 1- For Information Only - Not for Publication LIBRARY -- A f.1 ,/\I FE'i iiOLuUf INSTITI) If Report of Progress In the Appraisal of the Potential Carcinogenic Properties of American Petroleum Products API 934.311.2 rep 1951 Allen Friedlander, OGC, gave OK to photocopy for outside requester Jan 5, 1990. Final report is 26-60028, available from HESD. The Kettering Laboratory in the Department of Preventive Medicine and Industrial Health College of Medicine University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, Ohio 002114 M F or Inform ation Only - Not For Publication A ppraisal of the Potential Carcinogenic Properties of Am erican Petroleum Products LIBRARY AMERICAN PEInULEUM INSTITUTF Report of the P rogress in the Epidem iologie al Studies API 934.311.2 app 1953 V ' Allen Friedlander, OGC, gave OK to photocopy for outside requester Jan 5, 1990. Final report is 26-60028, available from HESD. The Kettering Laboratory in the D epartm ent of P reventive M edicine and Industrial Health College of M edicine U niversity of Cincinnati Cincinnati, Ohio 002110 For Information Only - Not For Publication American Petroleum Institute Medical Advisory Committee Report for Period 19**5 - 1952 February 16, 1953 (1) Chronological Highlights* May 7 - 8 , 19^5 May 15, 19*5 Committee held organization meeting. Executive Committee of Board approved Medical Advisory Committee recommendations to establish: (a) Special Medical Research Fund (b) Three research projects: 1. Chlorinated compounds 2. Carcinogenic properties 3 Permissible concentrations November 1^, 1 9 ^ Medical Advisory Committee requested in research fund and addition of tvo projects, namely: (1) Cutting fluids study (2) Fluorine study increase more April 2, 19^8 Medical Advisory Committee recommended Increase in program of vork on carcinogenicity. . November 11, 19^9 Medical Advisory Committee recommended retention of Professor Philip Drinker, Harvard School of Public Health, as consultant on industrial-hygiene problems. November 3. 1951 Medical Advisory Cousaittee recommended partici pation and financial support by and for petroleum industry in research on physiology of skin at Kettering Laboratory. * See outline ef Objectives, Functions and Procedures (January 18, 1952) attached as Appendix A. 002110 (2) Financial Sujrcnary (a) Contributions received 19*0 * 1952 (b) Expenditures and committments to June 30, 1953 University of Cincinnati Carcinogenicity $ 396,506.91 Fluorine Studies 11,500.00 Physiology of Skin 7,500.00 Harvard University Toxicological Reviews Cutting Oil Study Philip Drinker Miscellaneous ^5,^53*73 2,500.00 12,500.00 M+7 . 2 8 Total Unobligated balance, December 31, 1952 (c) Budget for year ending June 3 0 , 195^ University of Cincinnati Carcinogenicity $ 78*,20~3.00 Fluorine Physiology of Skin 2 ,500.00 5 , 000.00 Harvard University Philip Drinker 2 ,500.00 Total $ 528,187.00 $ l*76,h07.92 $ 51,779*08 $ 8 8 ,83.$0 (3) Objectives of Work The Medical Advisory Committee functions as an advisory group to provide the Board of Directors with medical information deemed to be helpful in protecting oil-company employees against known.and potential sources of industrial disease. It serves only in an advisory capacity. Its recommendations relate only to the medical aspects of specific problems. Therefore, the committee by cooperative study, discussion, and recommendation seeks to anticipate and to ascertain conditions which may adversely affect the. health of oil-company employees; to investigate the causes and circumstances giving rise to such condi tions; to seek ways and means to prevent or remedy such conditions; and to make its findings available to the Board and, through it, to the industry. (k) Status of Work a. Carcinogenicity As evidenced by the amount of money expended during the past eight years, the investigation of carcinogenicity properties of petroleum constitutes the major part of the committee's work. This long-range study may require the continued attention of the committee for many years; hovever, its immediate objectives are now well defined and on the road to accomplishment. The rate of expenditure should decrease substantially after June 30, 195^* (For detailed report on this study, see Appendix B to this report.) b . Other committee activities 1. Toxicological Reviews Literature reviews on sixty-three substances used or produced by oil companies have been prepared and made avail able primarily for oil-company use; but as a public service they are also available to public purchase at nominal prices. (See Subcommittee report attached as Appendix C.) 2. Fluorine Studies Cooperating with industries and others interested in fluorine compounds, the Medical Advisory Comalttee is one of the sponsors of the investigative work being done at Bettering Laboratory (University of Cincinnati). The results obtained are available to the oil companies which contribute to the special medical researoh fund. (See report attached as Appendix D.) 3. Philip Drinker Professor Drinker is an outstanding authority in the field of industrial hygiene. He has been retained by the committee and is available for advice upon request from any contributing oil company. 4. Physiology of Skin The great need for knowledge on the physiology of skin and the lack of financial support for research on the subject have impelled the committee to take a modest share of the cost of a project underway at Kettering Laboratory. This is research of a fundamental character. There is no certainlty of compensa tory results. (See report attached as Appendix E.) 5. Atmospheric Pollutants The committee seeks to keep Informed on the medical aspects of atmospheric pollutants. (See-report attached as Appendix F.) 002116 6 . First Aid - k - The committee has assisted In the preparation of the API First Aid Training Guide. 7* Cutting Fluids The committee has endeavored to assist in problems Incidental to the use of cutting fluids, but to date circumstances have not favored an organized study of the subject. (See report attached as Appentix G.) 8 . Medical Policies and Practices This committee has arranged to make available upon request by any member or associate member the various records and record systems used by member physicians in their respective medical organizations. These records are available in the API head quarters. In April 1952 this subcommittee sponsored an infor mation illustrated resum of hov a good medical program functions in the petroleum industry. In September 1952 the subcommittee presented to members and associates a complete method of uniform medical records and sponsored a discussion on "What Constitutes a Good Record System in the Petroleum Industry". In addition,.in response to request made by the General Committee, Division of Refining, the Medical Advisory Committee 1b formulating the following: 1. Suggosted minimum standards for physical examination of employees, 2. Suggested qualifications for medical directors and plant doctors, 3 Suggested uniform methods of preparation and maintenance of medical records of employees. Additional information on any phase of this report or the work of the Medical Advisory Committee will be supplied promptly upon request. E. Kern Linder, Chairman Medical Advisory Committee for 1952 002'liJ A p p e n d ix A ~co e a ic a j . j i a r m o r j uamnu&vee n e p u ri. o r rarxot. j . y ^ j - j . y j c . t o u , m , 1 ? J -) OUTLINE OF OBJECTIVES, FUNCTIONS AND PROCEDURES OF fffE MEDICAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE (AS RECORDED IN COMMITTEE FILES AND MINUTES OF MEETINGS) ****** June 1, 1 9 ^ June 21, 1 9 ^ August 25, 1 9 H October 2, 19M+ November 1, 1 9 ^ February 2 3 , 19^5 April 3, 19^5 May 7 & 8 , 19^5 Dr. Robert E. Wilson, President, Pan American Petroleum and Transport Company, suggested, by letter that the API Department of Safety investigate as to the availability of information on degree of hazard involved in the more important compounds being made or used in refineries. Circular letter addressed to 27 members of the Institute's Board of Directors transmitted copy of Dr. Wilson's letter and quoted in part a letter referring to carcinogenicity of certain residue oil and requested expression of vievs on dissemination of information on health hazards and supplying of names of representatives. Recirculated June 21 letter to 28 API directors, with statement of favorable response already made by 15 and with invitation to attend a joint meeting of safety and medical men in Chicago on October 2, I9I44. At the October 2, 19^4- meeting of the Central Committee on Accident Prevention (attended by representatives of medical departments), those present voted unanimously to request the appointment of an API Medical Advisory Committee to formulate and recommend a program of work on the medical aspects of occupational health problems in the petroleum Industry. Circular letter to 28 directors requested names of medical men who should be made members of the Medical Advisory Committee. Pursuant to nominations made by API directors, President Boyd appointed 16 oil company medical direotore and physicians to serve as the Institute's Medical Advisory Carol ttee. Notice of first meeting (May 7 and 8 , 19^5) was issued with suggestion that members may be accompanied by non-medical technologists who are familiar with recent progress in hydrocarbon research and development. Actions taken at firat meeting of the Medical Advisory Committee included: oo::-na Appendix A l May 15, 19^5 July 19^5 November l6, 19^5 -2 - 1. Dr. MeIvor Woody, Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, wae chosen to serve as chairman for I9U5 . 2. Selection of four studies for 19^5, as follows: a. Medical policies and practices and formulation of tentative procedures. b. Chlorinated compounds, particularly chlorinated .cutting oils used In petroleum products. c. Possible carcinogenic properties of hydrocarbons. d. Toxic effectB and properties of other hydrocarbons, products and substances. 3. Placed names of each duly authorized associate on committee mailing list to receive all committee communications. k. Recommended to the Executive Committee of the Board of Directors a three-year program of medical research to be conducted under the auspices of the American Petroleum Institute with guidance and advice of the Medical Advisory Committee, with authority to: a. Raise $25,000 special Medical Research Fund. b. Establish three research projects on substances made, used, or sold by oil companies, as follows: (1) Chlorinated compounds. (2) Carcinogenic properties. ' (3) Permissible concentrations. The Executive Consnittee of the Board of Directors approved the recommendations as submitted by the Medical Advisory Committee. (See API Quarterly, Vol. 15, No. 3, July 19^5> pages l8 , 1 9 , and 2 0 , for public announcements on appointment and work of the Medical Advisory Committee. At its second meeting, the Medical Advisory Conzaittee: l. Accepted subcommittee reports as follows: a. Carcinogenicity - Dr. M. N. Nevquist, Chairman b. Chlorinated Compounds - Dr. F. F. Boys, Chairman c. Permissible Concentrations - Dr. 7. C. Baird, Chairman d. Medical Policies and Practices - Dr. R. A. Jewett, Chairman. 002121 2. Established budgets for allocation of funds for research on: a. Carcinogenicity. I b. Permissible Concentrations. - 3 Recommended that Dr. MeIver Woody should continue as chairman during 19^6 and that he should make changes in subcommittee memberships. Recommended circularization of subcommittee reports in advance of each meeting. 3 . Recommended Dr. Woody and Mr. Bonslb as member and alternate respectively on ASA Committee on Toxic Busts and Gases (Z37). April 5, 1 9 ^ November 1U-, 19^6 April 28, I9U7 At its third meeting the Medical Advisory Consnittee received and accepted recommendations reported by its subcommittees. At its fourth meeting the committee received and accepted recommendations reported by the subcommittees, and voted to ask the Executive Committee to authorize solicitation of $30,000 for allocation to research work in 19U7 a follows: 1. Carcinogenicity .................... $ 10,000 2. Permissible Concentrations ......... 10,000 3. Cutting Fluids ..................... 3,000 U. Fluorides .......................... 3.000 TOTAL $ 30,000 At its fifth meeting the committee received reports and adopted recommendations submitted by its subcommittees, and voted that the chairman should report committee activities to the Safety Committee of the Board of Directors. November 13, 19^7 April 2, 1 9 ^ November 12, 19^8 April 2, 19^9 In addition to the adoption of subcommittee recommendations reported at its sixth meeting, the Medical Advisory Coanittee voted that ail meetings of the committee and its sub committees should be closed to all persons except members, associates, and invited guests. The seventh meeting of the committee resulted in recommen dations to the Safety Committee of the Board for the enlargement of the program of work on carcinogenicity at Kettering Laboratory. The eighth meeting produced recommendations relating to API medical publications and circulars and to atmospheric pollu tion, in addition to those pertaining to subcommittee work. Preliminary to the regular order of business at the ninth meeting, the chairman stated that the members of the Medical Advisory Committee, in executive session, had requested him to report statements of committee policy as follows: 002122 \ Appendix A November 11, 19^9 April 2k, 1950 November 10, 1950 April 21, 1951 1- 18-52 - k - 1. Decisions on recommendations as to medical problems and policies and as to appropriations of funds for medical research should be the sole responsibility of the fully accredited members (MDs) of the Medical Advisory Committee. 2. Recommendations to individual oil companies about contributions to the API Medical Research Fund also should be the sole responsibility of the fully accredited members. 3. In beeping vith these responsibilities, each motion and each vote on such a matter should be made or cast by a fully accredited member or, in his absence from the meeting, by his duly designated representative. No limitations should be imposed upon associate members or invited guests in the discussion of motions at meetings of the Medical Advisory Committee. 5. At meetings of subcommittees there should be no restric tions limiting the making of motions or voting by asso ciate members of the Medical Advisory Committee. (The members present voted unanimously to adopt these statements of committee policy.) At the tenth meeting the Medical Advisory Committee vas informed of action taken by the Executive Committee of the Board of Directors on November 10, 19^9 to vit: "That the Safety Committee of the Board of Directors of the API be requested to ask the Medical Advisory Committee to refer to the General Committee of the Division of Refining all mate rial dealing with or affecting refinery operation or petro leum products, prior to approval for the publication of this material by the Institute or through other channels." The eleventh meeting was devoted almost entirely to actions on subcommittee reports. At the twelfth meeting members were of the opinion that work was being delayed and in some cases Jeopardized by the number of guests in attendance, particularly when guests are unidentified. This led to adoption of a committee policy that future meetings of the Medical Advisory Committee and its subcommittees should be "closed" except for the first of the two sessions of the Medical Advisory Committee. The thirteenth meeting vas concerned only vith reports and appointments of subcommittees. 0 0 -- '12 3 Appendix B to Medical Advisory Committee Report for Period 19^5-1952 Feb. 16. 195^ PROGRESS REPORT OF SUBCOMMITTEE OK CARCINOGENICITY MEDICAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE A.P.I. \ i British experience with occupational skin cancer, particularly iron lie oils, a few cases of skin cancer among petroleum workers in the United ites, and the fact that catalytic cracking produces polycyclic aromatic hydro tons suggested the possibility of an occupational skin cancer hazard in this \try from some petroleum materials. Research Project (MO-1) was, therefore, bllshed to study this subject. TIVES of the research project are (l) determination of which, if any, \ refinery streams and products are carcinogenic, (2 ) identification cancer-causing agents, (3 ) development of an analytical tool for deter- (potency of any oil instead of having to rely on time-consuming, expensive leal testing, (A) investigation of protective measures which might be ble, and (5 ) epidemiological studies to determine cancer incidence among \ in the petroleum Industry. A special progress report from Dr. R. A. Kb hoe es the research work to date and is attached hereto as part of this report. 5 of Dr. Kehoe's report and of the research work are as follows: 'l. Carcinogens are present in low concentrations in crude oil, the amount varying in different crudes. \ These carcinogens are concentrated by distillation in the hlgfc\ boiling fractions. Catalytic cracking, and thermal cracking to a \ lesser degree, create additional carcinogens and these are likewise \ concentrated in the high-boilij fractions. Progress is being made toward identifying the individual or classes of polycyclic aromatics which cause the skin cancers. In analytical tool (spectrophotomstrie) has been developed by which Potencies of cracked residua apparently can be predicted with fair ccuracy. To date this tool has not proven applicable tor high- illing straight-run or cracked distillates due to variables such 'the presence of materials, as yet unidentified, which accelerate '.retard the action of the carcinogens. .-V a carcinogenic oil was removed from the skin of mice by washing ' \ soap and water 10 minutes after applications, practically,,no \cancers developed. Washing k hours after applications greatly U s e d the time before skin cancers appeared in the mlee. When ashing was done 9 hours after applications, skin cancer devel- m almost the same basis as If there had been fto washing* This B is of considerable practical significance since it confirms V opinions and experience that personal cleanliness is the W preventive measure. f. 'studies have shown that the potencies of catalytic cracked .--a can be reduced by dilution with non-carcinogenic oils. Mouse tests of some samples from certain refining processes which are known 002124 ipendlx B -2 - to alter or remove polycyclic aromatics have revealed a reduction or elimination of cancer potency of such samples to mice. Further studies oay yield Information of practical significance, hut present studies axe directed towards the fundamental aspects of the problem rather than the testing of large numbers of individual samples. No studies are directed towards changes in processing. 7. The study of incidence of skin cancer among employes in the petroleum industry (epidemiological survey), which is not a costly item, should, be continued for a period of years in order to be of practical value. 8 . This research project (MJ-1) started on a small scale in 1 9 ^ and was expanded in 19^9. Expenditures and allocations up to June 30, 1953* will total $hOlt-,893 >33 The budget for this project for the year starting July 1, 1953, is $78,283.00. iCUSSION - While the results of experimentation on mice may not be strictly applicable to man, these findings plus the development of Bcrotal icers among some wax pressmen and the fact that catalytlcally cracked residua e a close resemblance to coal tars in their effects on mice and in their con it of certain types of polycyclic aromatics, indicate that a potential skin cor hazard exists- in certain petroleum materials and that appropriate control sures are advisable. Three points should be emphasized: first, the time it ps for a skin cancer to develop in man after exposure to a carcinogen is long, b estimates being as high as ten to twenty years or more; second, skin cancer tig on the surface can be readily detected in its early stages when it can be pd; and third, whether or not a skin cancer is due to oil requires careful |.uation of all pertinent facts and circumstances. . I IRE ACTIVITIES - While it is not expected to develop all the answers to this problem, it is reasonable to expect that within the next * or two it will be possible to outline more clearly the magnitude of the ird and to recommend specific preventive measures where indicated. It is also id that further progress will be made in developing analytical methods which enable a refiner to determine the carcinogenic potencies of oils without rting to time-consuming biological testing or at least to minimize the reed animal testing. T rKKVENTTVE MEASURES - Industrial hygiene engineering controls, avoidance of unnecessary skin contact, good personal cleanlipesp and adequate medical control which includes periodic physical, examinations are the fundamentals in the prevention of occupational skin cancers due to oils. Of these, good personal cleanliness is a simple measure which can and should be observed by everyone. It will not only aid in this particular problem but is of value in the control of occupational dermatitis in general. HAZARD TO CUSTOMERS - An epidemiological study of cancer among employes in the petroleum Industry to aid in evaluating the hazard is a part of the research project. The matter of similar studies to determine whether a hazard exists among customer employes exposed to petroleum products has been kspt in mind since the inception of the subcommittee. Due to the many difficulties and possible undue implications that would be involved in an epidemiological study 00212 o Appendix B - 3 - of cancer among employea of oil company customers, It la the consensus of the subcommittee that no action be taken with respect to Buch a study. However, the subcommittee will continue to give this subject Its earnest consideration and no recommendations for action will be made without the knowledge and consent of Interested divisions of the Institute. M. N. NEWQTJIST, M.D., Chairman November 2 0 , 1952 ATTACHMENT: Progress report from Dr. B. A. Kehoe (November 7, 1952) I tottering Laboratory - University of Cincinnati THE POTENTIAL CANCER HAZARD IN THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY Introduction This investigation has as Its primary purpose the appraisal of the hazard of cutaneous cancer to persons whose work Involves contact of their skin with petro leum products. For the sake of perspective, It Is well to recognize that occupa tional cancer has long been known to medical men. Examples are "mule spinners" cancer, the bladder cancer of workmen employed In the manufacture of beta naphthylamine, and the malignant tumors of the lung, skin, bone and blood of those whose occupations have provided exposure to certain radiations and radioactive materials. A feature of occupational cancer which should be mentioned to provide further perspective is the time factor so often associated with its induction. Regular or intermittent exposure to cancer-inducing materials over periods of ten or fifteen years may be required to induce the disease. This and other features of the disease necessitate reliance upon employment and medical records for direct information. Since such records are not available, generally, in the petroleum industry, it is impossible to determine by direct means, the significance of the hazard which has existed up to the present time. Resort must be had to indirect measurement of the potential hazard, therefore, and adequate recording must be instituted for the future. This report must limit itself to the experimental program undertaken and thus far prosecuted by the staff of the Kettering Laboratory. Acknowledgement must be made, however, if only in passing, of the many contributions of other investigators in this country and abroad, and also of the invaluable information and help given by many representatives of the companies that have supported the investigation. Initiation and Cost The work of this Laboratory on this problem, under the sponsorship of the American Petroleum Institute, and at the instigation of its Medical Advisory Committee, began in April of I9L6 , in a preliminary manner. The early observations served to point up the need for precision in the experimental methods and for means of expressing the results in numbers which would portray the relative carcinogenic potencies of materials under test. A systematic attack on the general problem waB initiated in 19^9, after extensive pi.n M n g fcy representatives of API and the Laboratory. Funds were provided for an expanded experimental program, and additional sums have been added annually. The investigation has been carried out essentially ae planned under the critical guidance of a Research Advisory Committee. The expenditures made for the prosecu tion of the work, including tfcpse involved in the preliminary work ($6000.00) and those provided for physical facilities ($hO,0OO.qft), will have reached the total sum of approximately $335,000*0 *>y the end of 1952, and somewhat more than $ltfj0 ,000.00 by the end of 1953* ' Dr. B. A. Kehoets Report - 2- 1. Representative samplee of petroleum products derived from various rav materials and technologic processes have been selected; 2. The samples have been tested (biological tests) for their capacity to induce cancer in susceptible mice; 3 Systematic efforts have been made to relate the oancer-inducing capacity of these materials to certain physical and chemical prop erties and to certain specific chemical constituents (chemical research); Data on the incidence of cancer among employees of the petroleum industry are being gathered (epidemiologic research) to establish the scope of the control measures that might be required, and the extent to which control measures, once applied, shall have achieved success. The procedure that seemed to be required to carry out these four lines of investi gation within reasonable limits of time and cost, was that of applying the available biological and technologic methods of study to relatively few samples of clearly defined type with respect to source and processing procedure, while at the same time subjecting the experimental methods to critical examination, and adapting them to specific practical ends. The ultimate goals of the investigation are intensely practical, in t^at the work is pointed toward preciee localization of the hazard, the determination of its signifi cance, end the elaboration of the means by which it may be prevented or controlled. Such information will enable the industry to apply measures of prevention or control which will be appropriate, whether based upon technologic or hygienic procedures. Progress Samples of three hundred and forty (3^0) product and feed streams have been collected from over two hundred (200) operating units, in conjunction with continuing study of detailed data on charge streams and operating conditions.1 These samples have been examined for physical properties, among whioh the pattern of their transmission of ultraviolet light has appeared to be of special significance as a means of predict ing their cancer-inducing capacity. Further work has tended to relate these proper ties to epeciflc chemical compounds. One hundred and sixteen (116) samples of such products have been subjected to biological tests. Some of these have been fractionated and retested piecemeal, one of them to the extent of thirty (3 0 ) different fractions, and others in lesser numbers of fractions. The epidemiologic aspects of the investigation have developed slowly, but are now progressing. Medical records are being gathered in accordance with a plan accepted by medical representatives of a number of the participating companies. Results A firm foundation has now bean laid for fiur^er work. Careful exploration of significant variables in the methods of biological testing has led to the develop# of techniques of observation and recording whereby all resuite can be related to each other and expressed in simple terms of cancer-inducing potency. 002428 Dr. ft: A. Bebop's Report - 3- Certain practical questions have been answered, by the biological tests. As a generalization, it can be said that certain current technologic processes in the petroleum industry tend to concentrate cancer-inducing substances which are present in low concentration in crude petroleum, while certain other processes result in an absolute increase in the available quantity of cancer-inducing substances. By this means certain products and intermediate materials come to possess a significant capacity for inducing cancer of the skin of mice. Cracked residua from catalytic cracking commonly exhibit relatively high potencies of this type, although it should be noted that those potencies may vary over a ten-fold range from ope source to another. These products bear such close resemblance to the coal tars, with respect to their effects upon mice and also as to their content of certain types of poly cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, as to support the belief that the hazards of the two types of materials are comparable. . It has been established that the high cancer-inducing capacity of a catalytic gas oil cannot be reduced by further thermal cracking on a practicable basis. However, by such methods, appreciable proportions of the hazardous streams may thus be broken down to valuable nonearcinogenic products such as gas and gasoline. Spectrophotometric analysis of distillate fractions of residua from catalytic cracking and also from thermal cracking of catalytic gas oils has revealed in them characteristics which have been associated with their relative cancer-inducing potency. Such analysis, therefore, has become a useful tool, when employed experimentally with appropriate reservation of judgment, for the estimation, by physical means, of the extent of carcinogenic properties in these types of cracked residua. Satisfactory analytical methods for predicting the potencies of side stream products of catalytic cracking and coking operations are still being sought. An increasing body of evidence is being developed, which indicates that a major contribution to the potencies of such distillate streams is being made by non carcinogenic alkylbenzene components, which boil in the range h00 - 600F, acting as accelerators. The fuller understanding of this phenomenon which has come out of the work of the past few months has given promise of the development of a reliable and widely applicable physical method of estimating the carcinogenic potency of any petroleum intermediate or product. Chemical fractionation experiments are pointing the way toward a classification of the polycyclic hydrocarbons which are responsible for the carcinogenic potency of catalytically cracked oils, and which, at the same time, are responsible for the characteristic absorption spectra of such oils. The specific carcinogenic compound, 3 ,h-benzpyrene, has been isolated from a sample collected from a catalytic cracking unit, in a state of purity satisfactory for its positive identification. The information obtained by animal experimentation, while not strictly applicable to TM-n or to the conditions of his occupational exposure, is such as greatly to strengthen the suspicion, which was responsible originally for these investigations, that an occupational hazard actually eiists. Thai is need, therefere, for the development and application of appropriate and effective measures of control. From the Battering Laboratory in the Department of Preventive Medicine and Industrial Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati. November 7, 1952 Robert A. Kehoe, M. D., Director 0 0 2 120 Appendix C to Medical Advisory Committee Report for Period 19^5-1952 Feb. 16, 1953 ASSIGNMENTS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON. TOXICOLOGICAL REVIEWS The Subcommittee on Toxicological ReviewB, of vhich I am chairman, vaa created in 1951 > to replace or succeed the Editorial Subcommittee in the handling of work on toxicological reviews. Both of the above mentioned subcommittees in turn were created for the purpose of editing the toxicological prepared reviews at Harvard University by Professor Philip Drinker and associates under the auspices of the Subcommittee on Permissible Concentrations. The Subcommittee on Toxico logical Reviews has compiled comments from member companies and carried on minor editorial revising of the toxicological reviews. In addition they have seen to the publication of the various toxicological reviews already distributed and in process. Two additional toxicological reviews have been prepared by Professor Drinker during the past year. These reviews on oil mists and lead compounds and cutting oils have been circularized among the Medical Advisory Committee members and associates. Marshall Clinton, M, D., Chairman O ctober SO, 1952 002430 Appendix D to Medical Advisory Committee Report for Period 19^5-1952 . Feb. 16, 195^ REPORT OF SUBCOMMITTEE ON FLUORIDES The introduction of HF alkylation caused the petroleum industry to he confronted with the question of health hazards arising from the operation of HF alkylation units as affecting man, animals, and plant life. In January, 19h6, considerable hysteria arose among faraers and residents In the industrial regions of Southern New Jersey relative to potential and alleged crop damage. Prior to this and in the central part of the United States, the a i m m industries had experienced great difficulty with fluorosis of cattle grazing in the vicinity of aluminum plants. Accordingly, the A.P.I. Subcommittee on Fluorides was formed to study the matter from the standpoint of the petroleum industry. One of the first efforts of the Subcommittee was to seek a scientific organization that would undertake such studies. After considerable investigation it was found that the Ketteripg Laboratory was already working on fluorides, the project being sponsored by five companies handling HF or fluorides to the extent of $17,000.00 per year. The five companies extended an invitation to A.P.I. to participate in the work and made available all previous data and reports on the project. A.P.I. agreed to contribute $2,500.00 per year (on a year-to-year basis) and thus received the benefit of an extensive investigation at a nominal cost. Payments of $2,500.00 per year started in 19^7 and have been continued to the present time. Since I9V 7, several other interested companies have Joined the group, the active sponsors in 1952 being: The Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Company Aluminum Company of America Reynolds Metal Company ' Universal Oil Products Company American Petroleum Institute Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Company ' Tennessee Valley Authority The Ear ahaw Chemical Company Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company During the past years reports have been issued on the fluoride problem covering such investigational studies as: IngeBtion of Fluorides Inhalation of Fluorides Metabolism of Fluoride by Man Effects of Fluoride on Man and Animals Report on Legal Treatment of Fluorine In addition to the above, a complete and extensive literature abstract survey has been made containing all known references to the subject of fluorine. In 1950, Part I, a 525-page bibliography, was issued on Inorganic Fluor! Compounds entitled, "Publications Concerning Fluorine and Its Compounds'- ih Relation to Man, Animals and Their Environment Including Effects on Plants". H was issued, a U6 h-page volume on Organic Fluorine Compounds. In 1952, Part 002131 Appendix D - 2- In sum mary, the A.P.I. Subcommittee on Fluorides has been very fortunate in participating and helping to promote an extensive investigation on fluorides through cooperation with other industrial companies interested in the problem. It has received through this meana the benefit of a study far more comprehensive than it could possibly undertake Itself at a fraction of the cost of such vorfc. It Is therefore the recommendation of the Subcommittee that the A.P.I. Medical Advisory Committee continue to support this research at the Kettering Laboratory. George M. Saunders, M. D., Chairman By A. C. Pabst October 20, 1952 002432 ^.'ndlx B to Medical Advisory Committee Report for Period 1945-1952 Feb...16 1953 REPORT OF THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON SKIN PHYSIOLOGY The Subcommittee on Skin Physiology was created in the fall of 1951 in order to consider a request by Dr. Robert A. Kehoe of the Kettering Laboratory for financial assistance in studies being conducted in his laboratory on the physiology of the skin. These studies were already in progress at the time of the creation of the Subcommittee and were being supported by several other interested groups, Including the Air Force. At its first meeting, the committee believed that the work at the Kettering Laboratory on skin physiology was of such importance to petroleum industry that the Medical Advisory Committee of the API could well recommend that financial support be given to this work. This was based on the knowledge that dermatitis to petroleum products is an ever present problem and on the fact that little is known about the normal physiology of the skin. Therefore, it is believed that until such information on the normal physiology of the skin is developed it will be almost impossible to understand the pathologic physiology of the skin. In consequence, therefore, the committee recommended that the API Medical Advisory Committee support this research at the Kettering Laboratory to the extent of $5,000 a year, this money to be given as $2,500 in 1951, $5,000 ifl 1952 and an additional $5,000 in 1953. One progress report has been submitted by Dr. Kehoe in which it was reported that the laboratory is studying the chemical composition of the fats of the skin in order to understand the chemical changes that occur in these fats in the presence of certain types of dermatitis. In addition, absorption into and through the skin is being studied by radioactive tracer techniques. It is con templated that information of this type may ultimately lead to basic knowledge on skin physiology, which will be of great value to the petroleum industry in Its attempt to control the dermatitis which may result from certain petroleum products. R. E. Eckardt, M. D., Chairman October 15, 1952 002433 Appendix F to Medical Advisory Conalttee Report for.1'Period 191*5-1952 Feb. 16, 'jc/i REPORT OF SUBCOMMITTEE ON ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS Tie American Petroleum Institute and other organizations hare undertaken the study of atmospheric pollutants and are attempting to determine causal rela tionships to the petroleum industry. These studies are many and varied and much has been learned concerning pollutants and the characteristics of atmosphere. Investigations Involve studies hy engineers, chemists, physicists, meteorologists, botanists, economists and others. Your Subcommittee of the Medical Advisory Committee has constantly kept itself informed of the results of these various studies and researches to the present time. We, as a part of the Medical Advisory Comiittee, are interested in the factors of air pollutants that might injure or affect the health of the human being either directly or indirectly. To date little is known about the exact effect of smog on human health. Your committee is aware that certain presumptions have been made to the effect of air pollutants is detrimental to well being. How serious this presumptions threat may be has not yet been established. U.S.P.H. is undertaking certain studies at this time which may give us some factual exact data with regard to what acute or chronic effect or physical residuals, air pollutants may have on the well being of humans. Your Subcommittee has not received any assignments nor any questions fer solution on the general subject of air pollutants. Your Subcommittee awaits the results of research that is being carried on at the present time or future research that might connect in some manner any deleterious physiologic effect of air pol lutants. At the present time your Subcommittee is not sure whether there is an unknown substance "X" or unknown substances "X, Y, Z" that might affect the well being of man, animals or plants. Theories and presumptions are numerous and when mors exact information is available to your Subcommittee, it is felt that no research be undertaken at this time for the determination of whether or not air pollutants are harmless or a nuisance or that it may have a physiological effect that is harmful to the human being. E. P. Luongo, M. D., Chairman By John C. Ruddock, M.D., Vice Chairman