Document 37mRLdvQDwaGzLLrvykmpGJ3y

Remove the DANGER sign PLEASE USE COUPON Let du Pont Dynamite help you settle that highway Jill to your satisfaction . . . . and for the safety of the motorist! l o w d o w n *' . . . the sign warns the S oncoming motorist. A sharp curve? No. A had depression, bumps and broken pave ment, caused by marshy, swampy areas underneath the road-bed. For years, the problem of settling highway fills was a particularly tough one for high way construction engineers. In recent years, however, a new and efficient means of acceler ating fill settlement has been widely adopted throughout the country. Dynamite! Dynamite blasts out the muck and un stable material in short order--cuts down maintenance costs -- removes the danger element and ensures permanent road-bed. The du Pont Company has been particu larly active in its study of fill settlement problems and has developed several methods of using dynamite in work of this nature -- methods which adequately meet any fill settlement situation in any section of the country. These methods are fully explained in a new booklet--"Use of Explosives for Settling Highway Fills"--just published by the du Pont Company. Write for your FREE copy. Please use coupon. flEG.U.S. PAT.OFF. E.I.DUPONT DENEMOURS & CO. Explosives Department Wilmington Delaware DU PONT COMPANY Explosives Department Wilmington, Delaware Please mail to address given "Use of Explosives for Settling Highway Fills." N AM E:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Po s it i o n o r Pr o f es s io n :----------------------------------------------------------------- Pl a c e :-------------------------------:--------------St a t e : -------------------- D M. THE DU PONT MAQAZINE Vo t .. XXVI FALL, 1932 Nos. 10-11 THEY FOUNDED AN INDUSTRY JS^an y American chemical compa nies have been extremely fortunate in their founders E. I. du Pont, Eugene Grasselli, Henrik Krebs, Franz Roesslcr and Jacob Hasslacher--such men, to mention only a few, had the vision, ability and character to found business enterprises which, even today, perpetuate their names. These organizations, in many cases begun under individual or partnership aus pices, are still influenced to a large degree by the rich heritage of skill and experience which their founders left. The Roesslcr & Hasslacher Com pany, one of the most recent organi zations to join theih.i Pont Company, well illustrates the ooinr.. The history of this company goes back to Germany where the free cities of an older day had "masters of die mint" who were responsible for the coinage of their respective districts. The art and science of this occupation were handed down from father to sou. Among the mint masters for several generations before: the German Fed eration was effected, none were so widely and favorably known as the Roesslers. In 1B71, when the metal lurgy of precious metals was rapidly advancing, the Schelde Anstalt of Frankfurt am Maui, a pioneer group, absorbed the various Roesslcr inter ests and acquired the benches of their skill as metal refiners and workers. The business grew and soon demanded greater outlets for its metallurgical and chemical products. An export business was established and in 1882, Fran% Roess/tr and Jacob Hasdaclm\ partners, started a business that is ftjfyyears old 1885 Messrs. Roesslcr and Hasslacher formed a co-partnership, and at once began the construction of a factory at Perth Amboy, New Jersey, for the and still growing manufacture of acetone from gray acetate of lime; chloroform from after American china and glass deco raters had begun to use some of the materials, Franz Roesslcr was sent to the United States to start in Brooklyn the manufacture and sale of products used in these industries. Two years later Jacob Hasslacher, who was trained in the business de partment of the Schcide Anstalt, came ro this country to represent a number of German chemical exporters. In acetone; cyanide of potassium from prussiate of potash, and ceramic col ors. In October of that year this plant was opened, the manufacture of liquid bright gold was transferred from Brooklyn to Perth Amboy, and pro duction work was started. As markets were developed for these products, others were added--oxide of tin, metal cyanides, hydrogen peroxide and the like. The partners thought it best to import materials until such time as enough business could he built up in the United States to justify manu facture here. Most of the agreements with the foreign exporters covered such expectations. Another business policy soon adopted was that of demonstrating to customers how to use their products. In the 80's consumers of chemicals were very secretive; they became suspicious when any seller made a suggestion, but the R & H plan of servicing was a direct guaranree thar no inside information obtained from a customer would he used to his dis advantage. Tlie partners supported this guarantee so well that they estab lished :t reputation for integrity and bound their customers to rlicm by tics C. K. DAVIS, President The Roesslcr & Hasslacher Chemical Company of common interest. Roesslcr and Hasslacherwsre among the first Amer- <&xe OHJ WKCmiTMagazine ic:in chemical groups to associate manufacture, demonstration and sales work, and that pal icy is continued today- The character of the resident part ners was such as to insure the success nf the new venture. Roessler was the skillful painstaking Technical director ... quiet, direct, and fond of the simple things of life. Jlasslacher was the far-seeing merchant honest, gener ous, jovial, and eminently fair, and with a widening circle of friends. In HH9 the partnership was dis solved and the firm incorporated as The Roessbr & Hasslachcr Chemical Company, hut its internal affairs con tinued along the lines of die friendly partnetship. This company opened business at 5h PifieSrreer, New York, subsequently moving two or three rimes to larger quarters in the down town district. The executive cilices of the company are now located in the Empire Stale Building. Following the plan of continuously improving its processes, die company soon found that sodium could be used in making the double cyanide from prussiate of potash. This gave a mate rial containing more cyanogen at a lower cost, which was especially advantageous since the demand for cyanide in the mining industry was then increasing rapidly. At first the sodium was imported from Europe, where it was made by the electrolytic process of Hamilton Young Castner, but after a short time manufacture by the same process was started in this country at Niagara Falls by the Niagara Electro Chemical Company which was financed by English, Ger man and R & H interest*. The Roessfcr ft Hass lac her Chemical Company managed the new concern and also acred as agent in selling its products, among which were metallic sodium, peroxide of sodium and the sodium cyanide. In the Late nineties the domestic market for formaldehyde had so ex panded that in 1903, The Rocsslcr ft Husslacher Chemica( Colnpany formed the Perth Am hoy Chemical Works to manufacture this product. While the use of formaldehyde m agriculture grew stench I v, it also be came an important raw material for other industries. It was of especial interest to L. H. Baekeland, inventor oi Bakdite, during the early stages ol the commercial development of that product. The new company and its successor contifitted closely associated with Doctor Baekeland in this enter prise until recent years. The business of the R ft il Com pany was continually expanded to cove1' the manufacture by it of new products, such as the oxygen-bleach ing compounds ol the type of sodium peroxide; hydrogen peroxide in its various degrees of strength and of purity; calcium ;xaoxide, magnesium peroxide, zinc peroxide, persulfates, perborates and percarhonares; pres siates, metal cyanides, speua! anodes, rubber accelerators, solvents (chlo rinated and non-chlorinated), caustic soda, chlorine, ammonia and organic ammonia derivatives. Because of its foreign connections and its merchandising power, prior to the World War, the company was a large factor in the importation of chemicals. At the same time it also sold chemicals of domestic manufac ture, some of these agencies having Keen held for over thirty years. The great stimulus to American produc rion during the war yeats improved this position. Jacob Hasslacher was an active, vigorous leader until lie became par tially incapacitated :n 1914. Both lie and Mr. Rocsslcr were naturalized American citizens. They managed the compan y, but the Schcide Anstalt was the principal owner. In an cllorc to bring financial control to the United States, the American stockholders in February, 1917, bought from the Germans enough stork of the three companies ro insure majority control, but they did not obtain a clear right to if until 1923, when they were also permitted to purchase the foreignowned stock which had been seized by the alien property custodian. At this time they acquired the stock of the Niagara Fdei rro Chemical Com pany and the Perch Amboy Chemical Works, and these companies were merged with The Rocsslcr ft HussJacher Chemical! Company. Mr. Hasslachcr died in 1921, and live years later his former partner passed away. W. A. Humana then heeame president and the company again began a period of increasing activity. In the spring of 1928 he retired to become chairman of rhe board, Dr. R. H. Carveth became president, anti volinger men were ad vanced to positions oi greater respon sibility. Two years later rhe owner ship of cite R ft H Chemical Company passed to the du Pont Company, and Dr. Carveth continued as rhe execu tive head until his retirement in 1932. The present officers of the company arc: C. K. Davis (formerly president of the Du Pont Viscoloid Company, Inc.), president and general manager; 1C A. Ryketihoer, vice-president and assistant general manager; Milton iCnniimtd nn juif- 24) 11sislifi'i down upen thf fAnnt ;d i!i<- t* S H Chc-micjl Company of Nij:wr.i fads. New Voft Pa g e Tw o Jk Qfie DU PONT'Magazine G. M. Peters., whose inventive ?icmu^ joiii Hisr foundMior1. foi -n.- i-V:.- * Cartridge Larr.pdrw oMahi.dwm'n! .-^i Kings tZills, Ohio. v/h* r>-: machin--.--lr::)decJ shotiki'Hs and Tie c=!rndq.;s w.'re hn: -jrod-jL>--J AMMUNITION BY PETERS A STORY OF PROGRESS hi j $8j . The Peters Cartridge Company first produced tuachim-loaded shotgun shells. Today, its product, are tad! known throa ahout the world By F. C. TUTTLE Vico-Prcodcnr ;md Treasurer, ')lit Peters Crtnd. (.iimixinv Twi-MY miles north of Cincinnati, on a scrip of land between the Little Miami River ami the hills at Kings Mills, Ohio, stands The Peters Car tridge Company plant. Tins cn un-prise was established forty-five years ago, on what has since become a historic site. Here was the birth place of machine-loaded shorshclk. Here was built the first shot tower used by an American manufacturer of ammuni tion, More recently Peters has employed that ingenious process of "Sparkography" to study ammuni tion performance. Becausethe.se events mark progress, it wiM be interesting to trace briefly the development of this company. The story starts in the early eighties tv hen j. W, King, president of The King Powder Company, induced his son-in-law, G. W. Peters, a Baptist clergyman, to accept die vice-presidency of that company. Peters was a natural inventor, liven before going to college he invented and subsequently sold a ball bearing axle and a revolving rake reaper, Shortly after going with The King Povvdei Conii'uin , Mi. Peters got the idea of mechanically loading shotgun shells. His fu>fconception o( a loading mac bine was what is known as the endless chain type. Bur he never used his drawings to build this machine, ha vingdecided rh ac wear on the chain Jinks would, in rime, impair its use fulness. He therefore abandoned that project and developed the "round table" machine, which was a success from the start. The Peters Cartridge Company was organized by G. M. Peters and incor porated January 24, 1887, He was then president of The King Powder Company, having succeeded his father-in-law, who cited in 1885* The new venture was well timed, for fixed loaded shotgun ammunition was just coming i itu the lidd. The business was starred in a small structure located at one eml of the present, plant area. He requested his brother, O. L. Peters, then a successful merchant at Lan caster, Ohio, to heeome president and general manager. As may he supposed, the relation ship of the two companies, from the beginning, was very close. G. M. Peters became a director of the new concern. O. E. Peters wnsabo treasurer of the powder company. A. King, nephew of the founder, eventually became works manager for both com panies. For some years the powder company owned the real estate and factory buildings occupied by the cartridge company, until they were purchased hr the latter. While each operated independently, this inter relationship continues; the financial controlofnotls coiiipaniesstill remains in the hards of the same people. The personalities and complemen tary abilities of the two brothers are worthy of note. "G. M.,'' as stated before, was the inventive power bade of the company. But while his parric- Pa u k Th s u ;b CWe DU POINTT Kaya z. i no ular attention was given to mechanical problems, as a director he also kept in close touch with the firm's managerial policies. Mentally keen and widely informed, be had an inspirit! ve influ ence upon the company. He had that rare quality of making people even the humblest employees - feel that he was genuine!v interested in their per sonal problems---and he was. Every body felt, that he had a real friend in G. M. Peters. O. F. Peters was a man of tireless energy. Quick and brusque in business, lie was easily touched by another's mischance or distress; be j-erformed many unobtrusive kindly acts. He was intellectually quick; it was diilieult to elaborate on any proposition to him, for he would cut through to the conclusion and give his answer quickly, O. K, Peters, keen business manager, was a tower of strength in ail theearlysmiggles of the company. In spite of the advantage gained by the use of Peters' new automatic machine, se\ ere price competition soon threatened the company's exis tence, At the outset, the business was confined to loading shotgun shells. Peters purchased the empty shells, the shot, the felt for the wadding and the powder. Depending for its empty shells upon manufacturers who were also marketing loaded shotgun shells, the company was in an exposed position. By advancing the price of "empties" and cutting the price of their loaded shells, competitors had the young company at their mercy. PetersescufX'd eventualiy by acquiring parent rights to manufacture empty shotgun shells. Later, the com puny began the man ufacture of rifle: and revolver car tridges, developing a complete line. And to reduce costs the manufacture of component materials was under taken . It was about this time that the company's first shot tower was erected, in 1895- Peters began making felt, fiilininate, primers, wood cases, and paper boxes until the only con stituents not made in its own shop were pig lead, rolled brass, powder and paper. Incidentally, Peters also improved the quality of its products, lor each article was now made for a specific use. In the matter of powder, of course, the assocnation with The K i ng Powder Compare was not without advan tages. Peters entered the ammunition held when black sporting powder was in general use, and smokeless G. M. Pri.rr:/ fixv. fOLfid-r^blc lortdrny frachot\ ihc original p.clufir of whio stiff bane* <n lH- canipun/s offir.'s. This machine, in jnpcarance, differs little from Ihr* mdchin;^ now used, although, of coufS-c, many iripiuveii u its him; teen made: This "iparkograch" of a bullet in flight was taken at 3 sp^cd of one mil ioruh cf a second. Such pictures reveal much inforrruticr that could nolutlmwi.c' fcnrd.tterT.imtd. Ihis onrr was '^produced from urrctouchcd copy powder was just beginning to be used in shotgun shells. King developed Peters' semi-smokeless powder which hits been used exclusively by The Peters Cartridge Company in its Referee brand of loaded shells and in its semi smokeless line of rifle and revolver cartridges. Wirli the velocity of stand ard nitrt) powders, semi-smokeless has the low breech pressure and is as safe to shoot as the regular black powder, while giving off much less smoke. Peters loading now covers the entire held of smokeless powder for rifle, revolver and shotgun use. On July 15, 1890, after three and a. half years of hard work, the company suffered a great misfortune. Close to the railroad station ar Kings Mills and likewise near the Peters factory, two carloads of nictate of soda were standing on a switch track by a warehouse. About fifty feet away was a freight car containing 400 kegs of black sporting powder. It was sealed, with brakes set, readv for shipment. The train crew made a "running switch" and threw in at high speed two more cars of soda, which rammed the powder car, skidding it along the rails nnrd ir crashed into the standing soda rats. A terrific explosion fol lowed, demolishing an empty-shell factory and a shotgun shell loading plant. Fire completed the destruction. Rut this misfortune merely retarded the company for a time. This story would he incomplete without paying tribute to the ability Pau l Po u :< <7/ie BU PONlV/ta^razeno of A. King, who built the powder plain, and win* winks manager of both companies until 1iis death in 3909. A. manoi sound judgment, Ins steady ing influence was hclphii in solving many didicult factory and business problems. He left the impress of a strong man in alt his relationships. As the Peters Cartridge Company business grew, its plant facilities were extended along the river and railroad and back to the lolls, until the whole of the small valley was occupied. During the World Whir the plant was greatly expanded. Great Britain and other Allied countries placed large orders with Peters for ride and revolver cartridges. And after the United States entered the conflict, Peters handled large contracts for our Government. (The chief items pro duced were the Mark VII British, 45 automatic. 7M/M and 7*65, 30-caliber 1906 U. S. Gov't cartridges.) Rather than put up temporary structures, buildings of center t construction were erected. Following the Armistice, many of the old (Hies were torn down, the excess equipment for war purposes was dismantled and sold or abandoned, and machinery for commercial pro duction was installed in the new buildings. Few of the old pre-war structures remain. In ballistic standards and testing equipment, in chemical laboratory work and manufacturing processes, Pctecs has kept abreast of develop ments in the industry. In 1927 the company brought in Dr. Philip P. Quavlc, inventor of an electric spark photographing ma chine, to apply his apparatus to the study of ammunition performance, and that association was continued until his death in 1931. Phis process, which Peters exclusively employs, is a most interesting one. Photographs are taken at thesoeed of one millionth of a second. So instantaneous is che exposure that not only are shot and bullets caught in flight, hut even the gases from an exploding cartridge can be pictured before the bullet has passed the muz zle, and sound waves are visualized! The process was first used in a determination of the amplitude and period of oscillation of experimental boat-tail bullets, with the aim of eliminating it by improving bullet design. Accurate information from sparkographs permitted rhe making of successive changes in design which finally led ro the complete elimination of oscillation. From such photographs have been secured valuable data concerning the effect of various factors upon shot patterns..-leakage gases, the pressure of wads on the shot column, and so on. Theheiter understanding \vc have of shotgun patterns and how to im prove them has been due entirely to spark photography showing condi tions ;ir. the muzzle. The trull] about 'shot-stringing" has been revealed with photGgra phs showing the length of shot strings at various ranges and visualizing dearly the positions of The PtMer? Oirfcrids*' Company w.r. l;ou>.:d in am: smil! building lony-fivr y.-ars ago. Th.s iHuitraCon yiv.p you i.om> uf pi ^.su'it-djy Oolites of lh<-; company a: Kmg'j Mills all pellets of a shotgun load in flight. Velocity determinations on bullets after their penetration of various objects can be made, and losses of energy hv bullets can also be com puted . in this maimer, from a series of tests, rhe most elhcicnt bullet for game purposes was selected. These are some of rhe uses Peters makes of spark photograph v. Others are constant!y suggest nig themselves, C. T. Ervin, dud physicist, is now in charge of this work. This story may he concluded by saying that Peters' products are today sold throughout the United States and m mauv foreign countries. They compriseuinintiniuuiifoieverv known make of rifle, revolver or shotgun, domestic and foreign. The company does not manufacture firearms. It makes empty and loaded shotgun shells, rifle and revolver cartridges, and components felt, shot, fulmi nate, primers, wood cases, paper boxes and the Duvrock Trap and Target, Its main factory and subsidiary build ings, situated on ninety acres of land, have a total floor space of 379,173 square feet. George G. King is now president of the powder company and also of the cartridge company. The or her officers of the latter are: F. C. Tuttle, vice-president and treasurer; Harry L. King, vice-president and works man ager, and John Moore Wallace, a grandson of G. M. Peters, is vice president and secretary. FnrroiFs None This is the fourrh of a series of articles on the amis ami ammunition industry of America. The nextwill appear in an early issue. Pa g e Five zjfie IMJ PONT^flagaczine PREPARE YOUR CAR FOR WINTER DRIVING The du Pont Company manufactures many products which will protect the automobile against Old A4j/n Winter By PAUL SAMPSON ./Al mo s t everyone who drives a car today can remember, for it wasn't so many years ago, when the family automobile was jacked up in the garage at the beginning of winter, usually just after Thanksgiving Day, the battery removed, most of the air let out of the tires, then covered with a huge drop cloth. It was not un veiled until late the following spring. In those days every body thought it something of a ininieJc dial the car should start so easily after having lain idle all winter. But not so today. It Is axiomatic that even the weather isn't what it P\GV SlX used to he. Motorists, with their anti freeze, car heaters, windshield warm ers, cold-weather oil and high-test gasoline, operate their cars from December to April. But even today some steps are essen tial to make sure the car which is used will come through the winter as safe and unharmed as the old-timer under the drop cloth. First, there is the danger of freez ing, This can he avoided by using du Pont Anti-Freeze Methanol or its com pan ion product, du Pont Dena tiired Alcohol Anti-Freeze. Before you put either one into your radiator, die accumulated rust and dirt should be removed. For this purpose, du Pont No. 7 Radiator Cleaner is perfect. It is tftiLk and easy to use, .aid will thoroughly remove all fust and scale deposits. Then yon can rest secure that the entire cooling system is open and dean, allowing free circulation of water with its Anti-Freeze guard ian. No matter how much care you have taken to keep your radiator full during the summer, and to guard against overheating, a cross-section view of your engine's cooling system at the end of a summer's driving would probably show it to he badly clogged. The car finish is worth a lot of at tention, but, unfortunately, seldom gets much. Three or four months' ex posure tinder the snmmcrfs sun usually causes the finish to chalk and turn dull. Its beauty is gone, and unless restorative measures are taken, serious damage may result. The tliorcmgli-goi i ig car owner will do a complete job on liis car. He will wash it. Then he will apply No. 7 Pre-Wax Cleaner to remove the chalked pigment. Now that linisli beauty has been restored by darning, the next step is to protect it com pletely against water absorption and winter rains, snow and mud. No. 7 Due o-Wax is the answer. It forms a protective film that is glossy, hard and impervious to the worst assaults which might Lie made against it by Old Man Winter. Snow and hail slide oil its cough hide. Rain cannot pene trate the protective film which seals in (he beauty. Dirt of all kinds is wiped off easily with a cloth. And yer, all winter you can have a car of <7fie DU PONT^ia^azim? sparkling beauty, The motorist who takes pride in his auto will give his car finish conipfetc protection by using No. 7 Pre-Wax Cleaner and the No. 7 Duco-Wax. If, however* there is not time for waxing, No. 7 Duco Polish will do an adequate job. This prod net removes the unsightly tradic film and restores showroom luster. While it does not provide a film to protect the hnish for months, it docs revive the original color and beauty If used at frequent intervals, it will keep the winterdriven automobile new looking. If you operate a dosed car, its top material is undoubtedly Everhright Pontop, made by the Fahrikoid Divi sion of the du Pont Company. Good as it is, constant bombardment by sun, wind, rain and dust has no doubt dulled the luster. And winter might do it serious damage with summer inroads as a start. If the top is neglected, it may even tually develop leaks, and seepage will rot the inside fabrics. You have, no doubt, seen damp spots on closed car ceilings that indicate a leaky top. If wood has been used in the frame work, this may even rot. All this trouble am be avoided by the appli cation of a good top dressing. As the world's largest liiamifaunrer of lop materials, the du Pont Companv is well qua iheel to make the best of all top dressings. It is called No. 7 Auto Top Finish, and will renew the top us completely as though you had sent the material back to die factory to be completely re-processed. Or, if vou drive an open car, you will probably use the top and the side curtains .ill winter. In this case, you will want to have them thoroughly waterproofed for the winter. The an swer to this need is No. 7 Waterproof Dressing. It completely waterproofs the top, and successfully rids it of the dulled, old look. Incidentally, No. 7 Waterproof Dressing is excellent on all out-of-door fabrics, such as awn ings, hammocks, leggings, anJ so on, where waterproofness h desired. Tile hazards of narking places and the open road arc many, and it is an exceptionally lucky driver who comes through the summer with an un scathed automobile. Fender nicks are a common casualty. These can easily be straightened out, and the unsightly scars removed by the application of No. 7 Touch-up Black, which is obtainable in small cans with small brushes already attached to the cap. H you wish to do the re-touch job more rapidly, there is the No. 7 Spray Guo, which is operated with the air from vour spare tire. A quarter million of these guns are now in use and have delighted their owners with the ease of their operation. It will work on air pressure down to ten pounds, so that the tire cannot he drained liar, The usual range is be tween ten and sixty pounds. Touching-up is an essential J"getre;u1y - for -rhe wt nter' ' job, not only from an appearance standpoint, but also because scraped and humped fenders mean exposed metal, and exposed metal means rust. Through the use of these items in the No. 7 Line, you have taken care of the cooling system, the finish, all of the fender nicks, and the top. Now, whether the car be an open or closed type you have very effectively sealed the surface against winter and the worst that it can do. Spring will not mean taking oil the drop cloth and rolling the car our into the open, for the No. 7 Line of products will have protected it as completely as though it had been 'hinder wraps" and out of service all through the winter in your garage. Pa g k Sk v b n cJ/ie IMJ PONTiCa^aze?ii3 LITHOPONE A VERSATILE PIGMENT // is found in hundreds of products of every-Jay use as ml/ as in paints of superior appearance and durability By DR. H. H. MORRIS Miiiw"LT. Technical Service Krch:- Pigment X t.nlor C.orpontciun 'W,a t is lithopone wiJJ no doubt be the first question which conics to the mind oi man)' readers of this magazine. The name may be unfamiiiar hut the products made from this pig 110111' are well known to alb Probably no common material is so often seen and handled, and so infrequently recognized. Brief mention of the principal uses of lithopone will indicate its close association with every-dav activities. Lithopone is the white pigment used in practically all interior Mat white paints. If. is widely used in stipple paint, plastic paint, high gloss enamel, traffic paint and quick-dry ing enamel, lu exterior house paints, its use has been found to give finishes .superior in appeal ance and durability to die wel l-known lead in oil or lead line paints. The brilliant, white, glnssv surface oftahleoilclotb is produced by spread ing a mixture of lithopone and oil on a suitably prepared fabric. (Oilcloth, however, is only one among many types of coated fabrics in which litho pone is used.) Many kinds of wall coverings include it as an ingredient of thecoaiing composition. Initial ion leathers for upholstery, book-bind ing and other uses contain lithopone, colors and fillers bonded by a suit able vehicle. Rubber-coated fabrics for raincoats, dress shields, shower curtains and hospital sheetings are prepared Iwmmngruhber with litho pone and uther ingredients to form a composition which can be applied to a fabric to make it waterproof. Lithopone also finds extensive usein rubber compounding to produce a great variety of merchandise, ranging from light rubber articles, such as bathing caps and shoes, tea a prom, ha by pants, rubber sponges and hath mats, to heavier molded articles such as tennis-shoe soles, rubber boots, rubber heels, auto tires and rubber flooring material. The linoleum industry consumes large amounts of lithopone in both the felt-base and inlaid types of door coverings. Felt-banc linoleum consists essentially of lithopone paint suit ably t,nted and applied in attractive designs to a prepared felt base. 1 lie in laid type carries 1 ithopone with other pigments and fillers, bonded together by an oxidized linseed oil cement and pressed un to a fabric backing. Smaller amounts of lithopone are consumed in such articles as white shoe cleaners, shoe polishes, leather fi nishes which yield r he popu I ar white and colored leathers; molded casein plastics, artificial stone, gasket and valve packing, cosmetics and fancy candles. It also serves as a lubricant for pressing and drawing steel. A comparatively new use is being developed in the paper industry. There is an i ncreasi ng de 111 and forth I n, light weight pa per which is opaque enough to prevent printing from being visi ble through the paper. Lithopone is incorporated with the paper pulp, adding greatly to its opacity when fabricated into thin sbeers. It is also used in preparing coated paper and cardboard of the types used in illus trated catalogs or the heavier stock required for candy boxes and fancy containers. Lithopone lias been used for some time in the silk printing industry to whiten portions of designs where col ors have been removed by bleaching. It is now used successfully in inks which print white directly on the cloth. The pigment is so fine that it impregnates the doth deeply yet leaves it with a soft, attractive feel. By this time the reader has discov ered that lithopone is an old friend, appearing in many disguises, but the question still remains, "What is lithopone?" This material is a manufactured product consisting of approximately seventy per cent barium sulphate and thirty per cent zinc sulphide. In ap pearance it is a fine, brilliant, white powder, having a sped lie gravity of 4.3 Bv means of slight but carefully controlled changes in the manufac turing process, lithopone of various Pa g e "Fig h t cjHe DU PONTAt?az i no physical and chemical properties can be produced. These variations are of particular importance to the pint manufacturer, since they affect the oil absorption nf the pigment and its action with vari ous paint vehicles. Some types are designed to yield thick paint. Some are intended for rhin paint. Certain grades are chemically inert and will not react with paint vehicles, even those having a high acid number. Other grades do react, yielding the thick, puffy paint desired for certain uses. In addition, lithopones have been devekijx:d to meet particular needs. For instance, enamels require a pig ment of very fine particle size, one that will give good How, leveling and high gloss to the enamel hire. Lithopcmes having these properties are now obtainable. One of the outstanding improve ments made in lithopone some years ago, the result of research work, was the development of light stability. Prior to 1921 this pigment had the disagreeable trait of turning gray when exposed to sunlight, a fault that has since been completely corrected. In addition, modern highgrade lithopunes may safely be user! with lead pigments or lead driers without fear of darkening, due to chemical reaction. In a word, they can be mixed with basic carbonate white lead, sublimed white lead, chrome yellows or lead driers with in lh- fwckinc loom ,it Hi.' Newport plant. Close inspection cf the bigs on ibz truck wi 1 disclose the Udine ol a Srimom brand of iitnopone--Ponclirfj out danger of forming any darkcolored lead sulphide. Many p:gnicnt users arc not aware of these important improvements in lithopone and still hesitate to use it in exterior paint or mixed with lead pigments. Such restrictions onl yserve to set up artificial limits on fnrmnladcm. Now that high-grade Jithopones retain their color when exposed to sunlight. they can be used in exterior paints with advantage. Lithopone exterior paints have been developed which are superior in both appearance and durahilirvro rhe older types of lead in oil or lead and zinc paints. These paints have the case of working under the brush, which is demanded by the painter. They have the moderate cost demanded by the contractor, and the long life and fine appearance demanded by the home owner. The recognition at these outstand ing advantages has resulted in the widespread and rapidly-increasing adoption of properly formulated Jithoponc paints for exterior work. Only one factor retards their even wider useand chat is an old prejudiceagainst lithopone. Still fresh in the minds of many painters is the recollection that the lithopone of a decade or more ago was not light stable, and that the first lithopone exterior paints developed were not entirely satisfactory from the durability standpoint. These faults were as dearly recog nized by paint technologists as by practical painters. Development work was continued so successfully thar lithopone miints with exceptionally good properties are now available. Independent investigators have reached identical conclusions as to the best formulation for them. The pigmcntcombination should be iichoponc, thirty-live per cent leaded zinc. One staye oS mainilacturing lahopom: a: the Newport, Dchwcre, plan!. Hus vjtfw iliawi pail of ft bug.: rn^c'Vimcdl filirr sod drier, saiii to bo iht* largest unit of its kind in the woria and inert m the approximate ratio of 40 45 15. The vehicle should be re fined linseed oil with a lead-manganese drier and thinner. Any doubts concerning the relative merits of lithopone exterior paints would be quickly dispelled by a visit to any of ilie puiiii.-LcM.iiig farms situ ated in various parts of l Iic country. At these puims hundreds of finishes undergo tests on thousands of panels. Invariably the lithopone paints stand out because of their dear whiteness as against the dull, grayish white of the older type paints. It is a peculiarity of whites that most all of them look white until a whiter white is placed nearby for comparison. That is why many persons fail to note the inferior color of a lead in oil or lead and zinc paint after u has been exposed for a year or more. If a lithopone paint were placed nearby for comparison, the lead paint would be at once recog nized as having a gray color instead of white. Lithopone exterior paints appeal strongly to the home owner, because of the savings associated with their use. The low initial cost of these paints coupled with their exceptional durability reduces up-keep painting cxncusc to minimum. The Krebs Pigment & Color Cor poration has been closely associated with the development of lithopone and its adaptation to these modern uses. Readers desiring additional in formation may address inquiries to the company oflice, 256 Vanderponl Street, Newark, New Jersey. Pac .h K:n-k DU JPONTT Haga z ino Rt?foducir(q a sampL: cf genuirte woo: chafLe from j phoio punt itowint* <3 ;cn CvazC .rtji.wsr'n.-m :>F :hc f'-ihr.c coivaruc!ion COTTON CLOTH CAN BE WOOL-FINISHED By a special procesv at the Bellm/n-Brook B/ufchevy, aitton fabrics are male mml-like in appearance, fee! and wear .Hr WALTER ELSAliSSKR JCj n g Co t roK extends his dominion! A sensationally new addition to the family of cloths has been born. By uu interesting new process, cotton piece goods and yams can be treated chemicalIv to simulate woolens. This is another rriumph of chemical sci ence a discovery that puls on the market a new material which may he as significant in its economic effects as was rayon. There is rhis diflerence between them Rayon came from the laboratory into the world as a man made liber of silk-like appearance and with properties all its own. Wool-finished cotton is, as the name implies, a natural liber from the Sunny South, but so transformed that it possesses wool-like characteristics of the lleete taken from sheep. One was chemically created, the other, chemically improved. There arc many "napped** cotton fabrics such as cotton flannels, but this is entirely a surface eflect obtained by brushing up the cotton fibers after the cloth is woven a mechanical process. These napped fabrics, at their best, are cheap in appearance and the brushed surface, through wear and washing, will "pill up" that is, form nodules of matted fiber - and rapidly wear oh, thus weak ening the fabric and spoiling its appearance. In the new wool-processed cloth, P-Acn: Ten the yarn itself, or the pitta: goods, is chemically treated so that the cotton libers take on a permanent curl, pre cisely after the manner oi natural wool. These curly fibers do not come loose from the yarn, nor will they "pill up" in the cloth. Mo amount of wear nr washing will change this characteristic as produced chemically, both as to finish and cului. The process by which this amazing transformation is accomplished is a patented one. It was developed be Bell it s an-Brook Bleacher)' in con junction with one of the oldest textile-finishing; establishments in Switzerland. In giving cotton cloth or yarn its woolly appearance and other physical properties a number of du Pour chemicals arc used. This process is, therefore, the result of hath textile and chemical experience accumulated for more than one hun dred years. The woolly characteristic of this yarn gives the cloth a soft chaliic or wool-like hand and is all the more wool-1 ike in appearance because of the dull luster imparted to the cloth in the finishing process. The wool finish does more than just make the cloth look and feel like wool. A comparison of wool-Jinkdied cottons with woolens of the same weight and construction is interesting because it brings into focus these advantages: <J/ie DU PONT>Ataga.2: i txo A phwoRlcroa^ph of th;:c Uncac'.,. At tin: too. rcdl woci, center, vvoyj finished cc;>or,- bevron. couo'. N. nr thf curly ftbrout anicti'' of the wool-finished; thread Warmth - The curly fibers form an insulator the same way wool libers do. Resistance to wear The springy nature of the curlv fibers insures addi tional wearing qualities. Washability Wool finished car tons retain fully the washable quali ties oi cotton fabrics. Comfort--These processed cottons arc more comfortable to wear; they arc not scratch) next to the skin, and they possess the desirable qualities of wool without its weight. Tins light ness of weight, combined with ser viceability and warmth, is what makes these fabrics in many resects more desirable than wool. All oi which is to sav they are highly practical garment fabrics. Price--Of course, we need hardly mention that these new fabrics, made from cotton yarn, are very inexpensive as compared with similar woolens. In these times when price-cutting has lost its punch, dress manufac turers and retailers, above everything else, want things that arc expressive of new ideas and styles new prod nets char will attract customer artenrion and lure the hoarded dollar back into circulation- And this cloth meets th at requirement supremely well. It mines at a time when rough effects in materials are in full vogue. The patterns selected carry out the rough weave idea by emphasizing this popular effect. It is interesting to note the mer- chamfising value and economic possi bilities of these new fabrics. Thcv provide the retailer with a volume item in cotton and cotton dresses for fall and winter when such goods normally move slowly. This point alone is of first importance to the entire cotton textile industry for, by the same token, it gives the cotton dress manufacturer a chance to main tain volume production in nis nor mally dull season. Clearly, the introduction ;> these wool-finished fabrics will have a tendency to prolong the market demand 'or cotton goods in the gar ment industry, so that them will he less seasonal variation. The peaks and valleys from now on should be Jess conspicuous on production and sales charts, and that of course means a long chain of benefits extending all the wav from the Southern cotton plantation to the ultimate consumer. In transforming cotton cloth to make it suitable tor fall am! wintca* use, Chemistry has not only enthroned King Cotton more securely, but has also added a new vigor to industry and trade hv extending the usefulness of this Jiher in regions where only wool was believed to be practicable. Economically, the development of these fabrics comes ar a most oppor tune time, when lean purses arc not opened to buy luxury goods. Most of the consumer's money, at least that spent in mv quantities, rs for the less expensive commodities. The public is able to buy these practical, inexpen sive fabrics...or garments made from them--at prices little higher than is currently asked for cottons. Shoppers, however, obtain added value, because these fabrics have the style, appear ance and wearing qualities of goods commanding a much higher price. Th is wool -processed doth can be made into misses ' and women's dresses for every day, shopping and housewear, girls' school dresses, and small boys' school and play suits. The colors arc last to washing, sun and perspiration. The Bel 1 man -brook Bleachery invites correspondence with those who may desire more information a bom these materials. The address is Fairview, New Jersey. Nov/(.oipiir,' thi', picture o! the wool-finished cotton hshne with rha or.f. showing genuine woo! choi!ir:. Nate I Ik : sinr.l smy oi t<-*tuu' Pa g e Eu v k k A she!! leaded w.:h a w.'illnown smokeless. sbrHgi-n powi -:r w-s shat i the right ban*1. Anoth< loaded with Du Pont M was shot in the left barre See for yourself th difference in dean bumm; DU JPON'TMaga.&inc Clean burning is just ore of features of the new Du Pont MX. o ! its balanced recoil it is f asy cn :hr shoulder H E unattectec by atmosprsenc changes, provides uniform loads, better patterns and insures clean breaks A NEW STAR IN THE SHOOTING WORLD 33iu.mvii it or not, the announce ment of a new powder creates imme diate interest in bug, debutante and sportsman circles. Each group wains to know. Is this for us? What will ir taste like? Will A. suit my complexion5 Will it shoot hen.cr? The answer to the last question is that it certainly shoots better. No wonder that the patiently-waiting sportsman greeted the news of the new smokeless shot gun powder, Du Font MX, with ex clamations of ' `Merry Xmas,'* because the glad tidings came as a very pleas ant surprise. While the initials VIX mean .Merry Xmas to many of us, to the technical stall' of the Smokeless Powder Department they also sig nify the many experiments required for the development of a better shot gun powder. Du Font MX is a better powder and it h Jclinitcly better in live particulars... super-dean burning, balanced recoil, ballLsiic stability, uniform ignition ami belter patterns. Thoroughness has always been the keynote in all research work con ducted by the du Pont Company's technical department, and thorough testing has always been the motto of the manufacturing stud' and techni- T)u Pont MX is the result of a cooperative effort to assist in the development of improved shotshell ammunition By R. 0. WOODBRIDGE cians before presenting a new' product to the public. There is no better way to tell you about the superior ballistic properties of this smokeJess shotgun powder than to take you behind the scenes and explain in as non-technical terms as possible the severe tests to which the new powder has been subjected. Du Pont MX is nun-hygroscopic..rhar is, imdlccted hv atmospheric moisture--and it is not affected by changes in atmospheric temperatureIt is Ixillisdcally stable, Totheshootcr dm mrails that the powder can be depended upon at all rimes. Everybody is familiar with dry ice or frozen carbon dioxide. Think of storing loaded shotsheiJs forty-eight hours in a box, surrounded by dry ice. Then without warming up the shells, which the thermometer showed to be at--22 F., or even taking the least bit of chill oif, expect die powder to func tion in a shotgun as well, or substan tially as well, as if the shells had been stored in a room at a nice comfort able temperature. The proverbial fish frozen in the ice did not wiggle until the ice was melted and he had some freedom of action. Nothing is expected of the frozen traveler until he has been thawed out by the fireside. But Du Pont MX does not lose its ardor at sub-zero temperatures. It may be too cold to go shooting perhaps, but Du Pont MX, even at 22 below, is ready. Ir still retains its power, its punch. That may not interest you, if you live in Arizona, hut ids good news to sportsmen who live in Maine, Alaska or other summer resorts. Now the shooter in Arizona or in any other hot, dry cHm.ite does not particularly care how well Dl i Pont MX will shoot in the cold, cold North. He knows that his climate is just as hard on powder as cold weather and in some respects harder. So, to find out how Du Pont MX would stand up under hot weather, our technical men stored shells loaded with it in a magazine maintained Pa q l Tw h .v k <Zfie 0U PONT^a^a z i nc at 122 F. for twelve weeks. Not one make cf shells, bur six. As in rhe cold test, i hesc wcre facrory-Joailcd shells from live ui the most important ammunition companies in the United States and from one in Canada. All six makes of shells performed satisfactorily after four, eight and twelve weeks of storage under this torrid heat. It was a most severe test for any powder and any shotshell; for hca: as well as cold affects the primer as well as the powder. Any powder that will pass these tests of freezing frosr mid torrid hear must be good. Yes, good, but not good enough. Cole and heat are ene mies ofsmokeless powder but its worst enemy is moisture. That may surprise many readers, but it is true. World War experience furnishes the back ground for this statement. The du Pont Company made more than one billion pounds ul smokeless cannon powdei for the use of file Allies ami ourselves. A good powder, yes, but ir. was pro duced on n formula adopted by the United States Government in 1899, and it absorbed too much moisture. At the request of the U. S. Army Ordnance Department, the du Pont Company in 1919 began the study of a less hygroscopic smokeless powder for big guns and this led to the devel opment in 1923 of an improved com position which has been adopted as standard in a large number of guns. For many years du Pont has been continuously studying how to make cannon, riile and shotgun powders less hygroscopic without sacrificing chemical stability, uniformity and other essential properties. All this accumulated experience has resulted in the development of a non-hygroscopic "multi-base" shotgun powder, Du Pont MX. A nd here* are the tests to prove its merits in tfiat respect. Two lots of your favorite make of shells for trapshooting, loaded with this powder and J If ounces of No. 7j- 1 shot, were stored eight weeks at a temperature of 86 F, In one case rwenty per cent relative humidity was maintained and in the other, ninety jx*t cent. Both the condition of the powder and its performance are indicated in the following tabulation; Six makes of shells, the same pow der DuPont MX- the same result in Mimuf.K'l'nrcr W Shells ]2 Velocity after 8 weeks ar 20 p:i war K. 11. . . Hr! 825 Velocity :thcr 8 weeks at 90 per anr R. H............................ 860 S23 3 849 S3* 4 839 823 3 833 S1& 6 858 835 DiCerci.O: iu vetuciry in kv: pc" h ic u s k I............................. i 3 !l 16 17 23 iVrci-nu^c- of moisture in powder ;if:n 8 week*. ar 20 per con R. II..................................................................0.2S Fcrccuu^c t)j moisture in powder aUer 8 weeks ai 90 pur cuit R. i I.. ......................... . ...0.-12 0.30 0.25 0.30 <5,48 0.30 0.25 0.55 .48 0.28 0.40 nWercrtcc in MoiVuin.* in jvrccitt...........................................0.14 0.20 0.23 0.25 0.23 0.12 .AH moist arc li^urrs arc in fr,iciinns of 1 per cent': all sheik .. - little or no change in vclucky, and uulv 0.12 to 0.25 per cent, change in moisture content or the powder. The same test, if applied to other good powders of the nonhygroscopic tvpe, would have shown adiikrcncc in velocity of about thirtytwo to seventy-two feet per second and a change in moisture of about 0.80 per cent to 1.80 per cent. (Some of the shells used in this test got the breaks; don't rate them as von would your golf scores. They are all good very good...if shot again, the shells might change their order.) And now some tests which the sportsman will want to make for him self. Adults will readily comprehend what is meant by the rerm "super clean." Your motor engine purrs sweetest when it is clean. Yuti never worry about carbon until ''knocking' ' starts or a valve sticks. Most smoke less powders leave a certain amount ofresidue and unhurned powder grains in the gun barrel. The portion that usually causes the most trouble is nothing more than those unburued powder grains that didn't have a chance to burn up completely in the three or four thousandths of a second ir took from the time you pulled the tnN-rrri for rhf fim tima At iV Gi*nr; Aiurficon Handicap, Vandalia Ohio, Du MX <:oi*d the gr?al;'U record ever made by a now smoke less powder. A. E. Sheffield. 1932 G A. H. winner, was one of rrury shoolcii, whous^ilMX trigger until the shot sped out of the barrel. A lot of residue and partially burned powder grains are blown out of the shotgun Bartel by the succeed ing shots, but since it was probably pointed upwards while you shot and doling reloading, some of the residue jostled back into the delicate action of you rgu n, there to accum ulate a nd cause the mechanism to stick sooner or later. One oi the accompanying illustra tions visualizes the result of a test made with a double-barrel shotgun at the Burnside Laboratory. A shell loaded with a wdbknown smokeless shotgun puwder was shot, in the right barrel. Another loaded with Du Pont MX was shot in the left barrel. The Jcfr barrel is super-clean, due to the com niece combust ioi i of Du Pom MX. The other one is dirty with carbon residue mid particles of unburued powder. We expected a clean-burning powder, but the result was a super clean burning powder, which is not only a new product but one made by a new process. The sportsman will want to con vince himself about the recoil. Users oi Du Pont MX tell us that the recoil is softer and easier on the shoulder than others; that it is a "balanced recoil." One thing is certain, it will be found uniform whether the shells arc stored in a cold, damp garage or in a house where the atmosphere is drv and warm. Ii vou are a trnpslioorer, you will want to try Du Pont MX. Trapslioocers in large numbers are switching to It because of its uniform velocity, uniform ignition and uniformly hard hitting characteristics. Du Pom MX powder is fast and clean, its recoil balanced and uniform. Once shot... always shot. Few shooters, after trying it, will want to go back to the powder they formerly used. Pa g e THI STEEN T/ia DU POK'Ht^llcigcvziru? NEW FRESHNESS INSURANCE FOR COFFEE C^J'NTiun i s ago when rhe priests of an Arabian monastery stumbled by chance on the secret of the colice berry, they unlocked a most cunning package. Nature was almost too clever lor them, for she hid the fragrant coffee bean in a iiavor-ti gi,t triple wrap. But men are clever, too! They dis covered coffee Joses its freshness a very short time after being roasted, and in the course of years attempted to preserve that "roaster freshness" through many different ty pes of pack ages, With the introduction of Mois ture proof Cellophane they found a splendid solution to this problem. Todnv, they are sealing many brands of coffee in this new flavor-tight wrapping which is made from exactly the same basic substance as the orig inal coffee berry coverings, Nature's purest cellulose. This interesting use as an overwrap for coffee cartons and bags is one of the latest developments of Cellophane. Acruul tests have definitely proved Du Pout Cellophane now brings to pood coffee a modern method of <c sealing in" -its freshness ami flavor By PAUL A. DILLMAN that it does preserve the freshness and flavor of fine co/iees for weeks, far beyond rhe actual turnover period m the retail store. Ever since the housewife began serving codec, she has had freshness in mind when she bought it and when she prepared it; first by grinding it in the home, then by having it ground at the time of purchase, and now pre-ground in various tyjxs of convenient protective eotnainers. In introducing the new Cellophanewrapped package, coffee merchants foimc this unit had definite sales advantages over other types of con tainers. The woman of today is con scious as never before that Moistureproof Cel lophane means freshness. She has learned this not only through widespread du Pont advertising but also through an even greater amount nf publicity by thr present users nf Ccllonhanc, who arc stressing the benefits of this modern wnip in pro tecting the freshness of their products. Finally, she has seen Moistureprocf Cdk rdianc demonstrate its eificiencj in preserving freshness in cakes, candies, cigarettes and many similar products she buys protected this way. All this is hastening her acceptance of Cellophane-wrapped codec. The housewife also appreciates the dean, sanitary appearance which Cellophane gives to coffee cartons and hags. Because of her interest in health and sanitation, she values Cellophane highly as a protection against dust, dirt and handling. She is depending upon it more and more as a guarantee of getting full value for her money, particularly on food items like coffee where freshness is such a vital factor. In the illustration you see how four leading roasters have taken ad vantage of Moistureprocf Cel lophane to assure coffee freshness for rheir brands. Tea, also, is being wrapped in Moisturepruof Cellophane, for Iu t c again it renders .1 valuable service m preserving llavor. It protects rhe tea. against absorbing moisture and foreign odors, so ruinous to its original strength and flavor. From present indications many other progressive organizations mar keting coffee and tea will soon be taking advantage of this new' type of flavor insurance, it will enable them to bring your favorite brand right into your own home and in the finest possible condition. Pa g u Fut/n KEN Oriyin.il freshmriS arid flavor are scale in Ihns.c COio:.>hrtnv:-wtu.pp.d cartons mark-M.c? by the Harnil & Hewitt Co., Tht: WooliOn Spies' Co . Swi'msnn Rrotiu-n and John H Wilkins Co. LJ/ie IDU PONTatCagcioc iw WHEN THE THERMOMETER FLIRTS WITH FREEZING It x time to see old "Doc Anf-j-Fwp/* about fixing up your car fin" -winter driving By R- H. COFFMAN Wh a t with cold winds wandering arouml and marking time* waiting their chance to whistle down the streets am! incidentally reminding us to turn up coat collars, put on winter overcoats and shake up the furnace lire, we feed the urge w mention something about the health and wel fare of that automobile of yours. Somehow or other, chilly weather is not friendly to automobiles sort of stiffens them up with crank-case rheumatism, pesters them with bat tery grippe and, worst of all, lays them low with radiator colic. One thing though, if old "Doc Anri-Frcoze" is just put on the job early enough, he can knock that nerve-wracking disease known as ra diator colic into the well-known cocked liat. This ailltcrion may- and often does -reach the serious stage where the radiator finally gives up the ghost, freezes and busts. But it's easy to prevent that if you'll only use the right medicine before the trouble gets started. Old "Doc Anti-Freeze" has a real two-gun tonic for radiator ills. It is sold under the name of Du Pont Anti-Freeze Methanol, and it is a good product, like all the others du Pont makes. In case you're curious about thus potent aim-freeze, it is made from du Pont pure, synthetic methanol. This basic material results from a rather awe-inspiring process employ ing high piessure and heat- (If you're not chemically minded, skip to the next paragraph while we tell the others how it's made.) Hydrogen and carbon monoxide obtained from coke and steam are blended in proper pro portions and subjected to enormous pressure (equal to that oi the F.mpire State Building on its base) and to a temperature which is plenty hot in any language. These gases, in the presence of a suitable catalyst, Hash oif as pure methanol -the liquid used in compounding Du Pont Anti-Freeze Methanol. And there you have it. But what's more important to you and your car, this anti freeze is inex pensive to buy and use, and it lasts a lung time; it doesn't evaporate or boil away quickly. Another thing, in case you're particular, it really has a mild and not unpleasant odor. m ORDINARY ANTI-FREEZE A ft`-W llMIMltfl tilling Rapid in -lid^ (I'orrosioii) i ordinary anti-frt-ezes, in abrasive sit I inienl. i n from usina by large increase And it prevents corrosion, too; even retards corrosion resulting from the use of plain water. To prove this, our technical staff got together, from friends and acquaintances wrho could srill afford a car, two groups of assorted automobiles. First, they cleaned and Hushed the radiators until they were free from all traces of rust. Then tiicv filled those in one group with water and sulUdent ordinary' anti-freeze to protect them to 10 F. The others, more lucky, were tilled with enough water and Du Pont Anti-Freczc Methanol to protect them also to 10 F. After seven weeks of running over rhe highways these two groups of cars were corralled again, and you should have seen the dif ference between the radiator liquids taken from them. Since you weren't tliere, we took some photos that are reproduced on this page, they tell the story. Ton'll do well to protect your radi ator with this Du Pont Anti-Freeze Methanol. More folks used it last year than ever before, and they're coming back for more. It's colored purple for easy idetitiiicatioti. Ask for it at your garage or service station vou 11 be glad some frosty night when you watch the other boys trying to get their old limousines under way. DU PONT ANTI-FREEZE METHANOL A fow inhiuK'x after No noticeable increase in Mcdtnic nt shown ruM (corrosion) protection afforded by Mu Pont \ ill M'Vrey.e Mel Undid. These prio-nm<-rartf'nhc show tFu: tcsuIH ol"? s,'`/.:n wcA ft:st a: th;* rorrmiv-- (vhon o- engines divi <idi<;or5 of widc'y soid. low-piicv'd arili-h ci cD.-Rporcd with Du Pom Art -Fr Vkthdftol pMJJi I'lM m-N <7/i& DU Ft&MlP^flagcizinG THE TREE REJUVENATION DU PONT In view of the continued dry weather in many parts of the country and the MAQAZINE fact that many orchardists arc using dynamite for tree rejuvenation, ex plosives ex perts point out that certain PubiiihiJ .ifui tvP\r:;J'Std hj li. I, DU PONT !*>K NEMoi;RS N CO., Ik c . methods should he followed in this work so as to get the best results. % ILMlNb iUN, UfcLAWAhb. U, A. Sulxcr/Pfiov, $///') ihc '/ear !:. a, MANCiIbST R................................. . . . LTur I'nWiNhrrs nuy 'cjrii-t, mil: -.`rJu.all u::klc^ j i.-' iiliiNn.uion.s cxirpt i.u*v. vpcua.1 ...pvt iUi i. Flc.U'.-svjrc. ivill, tviifii I'e mrji.ii.lsJ i. s(jus.(. "Soil in old orchards frequently becomes hard and impervious/' says the agricultural explosives expert of the Institute of Makers of Explosives. "Fruit trees have often been planted where die soil has not been properly S u l . XXVI I'ALL, I'Jyl Nos, 10-11 prepared, and where only a chin layer of permeable soil exists. In all of INDUSTRY'S "PIPE ORGAN" these cases, the growth and produc tivity 0 cpc tfCC are retarded and frequently to the degree that produc tion is unprofitable. Some method of An ancient writer of. orades gave* us this word picture: "The mill;, of the gods grind slowly, hut they grind exceeding small.: ' And it brings to mind die last stage in manufacturing a product described elsewhere in this number. Before Iithopone is packaged for shipment, it has to be reduced to an extremely fine powder, and the mills do grind "exceeding small" to obtain the required texture. Pictured on the front cover you sec some interesting equipment which is located on the third floor of the plant of the Krebs Pigment & Color Cor poration at Newport, Delaware. The milling operation is situ a ted on the ground floor where, with the aid of an air-flotation process, the product is lifted to the top of the building. In other words, while the Iithopone is being reduced to a powder of fine loosening the soil is obviously neces sary. The use of explosives, even when trees have reached lull growth, is not only practical but is the recog nized method of rejuvenating and improving old orchards. "In usi ng dyn amice for rlrs purpose, care mast be taken not to damage live roots. The ground must he dry and charges muse he placed a: a depth regulated by the nature and condition of the soil. The best way of doing this work is to place very light charges in the soil around the trees, as far out as the end of the limbs. Charges should never be placed closer to the tree trunk than six feet. The correct growing-tree blast will have little visible surface effect. Nearly all of its execution will he confined to a depth two feet or four feet under ground or deeper.'' texture, an air current, passing over In very poor soils, it is advisable the grinding rollers in an enclosed to dig out the holes after blasting, system, picks up and carries off the he states. Manure and fertilizer may finest particles to the bag collectors then he placed in these holes to good shown in the illustration. The coarser advantage. material falls hack and is reground until it, too, is ready to float and he carried away in a current of air to the "pipe organ/' PROGRESS In this closed system considerable A-CCj o c n is to children from playing air pressure is built up, and it mast with blasting caps were reduced 33M find an outlet. It does, through the per cent during the first six months cylindrical tubes of cotton cloth, of 193/ as compared to a similar which acr as a filter fo let out the air, period in 193E according to another at the same time retaining the Htho- report from the same source. A ponc of very line particle size. campaign to reduce such accidents has been conducted by the explosives manufacturers during the past six years, as readers of this publication know. This campaign has been par ticipated In by school authorities in every state of the Union, the Bureau of Mines, Federal Health Service, and Department of Agriculture m Wash ington; the Bov Scouts, Girl Scouts, am! safety organisations in various states. Accidents occur when children find blasting caps which have been left carelessly lying about after blast ing operations. The explosives manufacturers ai this time are broadcasting appeals to teachers ami parents, asking them to warn children of the clangers of play ing with blasting caps, which contain a powerful explosive, and may cause injuries which unlit a child for useful work in later life. SAGE ADVICE TO HUNTERS Wh a t follows is not original. We read ir in the American field, whose editors saw it iti some publication issued or sponsored by the Province of Alberta, Canada. No matter who first gave expression to the ideas, they arc thoroughly sane, sound and timely; "1. Remember, LIec farmer is your best friend. 2. Ask permission ro hunr on his land. He will usually meet you half way, 3. Pm up his bars and close hi.s gates 4. Crawl through, over or under his fences, without breaking diem down. 5. Don'r destroy or injure his eh it kens and cuttle, or let vour dug worry them. 6. Par our your camp lire and protect his property .i;;d your hunting ground. 7. Never in spirt endanger human IPc. S. Never kill wantonly, needlessly or brutally. 9. Olu-y the Jaws, work for better laws and uphold the law-enforcing authorities 10. Respect the rights and feelings of farmers .md pmj>crty tnwieis. 11. Always leave seed birds and game in . coverts, 12. Never be a game hog. j Discourage in every wav the taking of game for commercial purposes. 14. Be a gentleman." Pa g e Six t e e n OYc DU POMT^te^azme? Left to nght, the first four becks show tah'tL'oid m the new tuir-tact limsh: no others reveal new Dequf-red prints in dniniy flora! and conventional catterm bindings mat arc truly '`bookish"" in charm, fed and aopca-ancc MODERN BOOKS AND BINDINGS Dxir in g the early summer jxriod the du Font Fahrikoid Division held an exhibit, "Modern Books and Their Bindings," in the reception room adjoining the company's New York offices in the Empire State Building. The object was to show caver designers, publishers, bookbinders, school executives and hook trades people in general a major portion of all titles that are being bound in Fahrikoid, and to acquaint these people with some new and interesting lacquered fabric materials. This exhibit contained over 2,000 volumes, representing the works of one hundred leading publishers. In cluded in it were subscription sets, medical hooks, law books, technical hooks, dictionaries, encyclopedias, directories, atlases; indexes, cook and recipe books, licnou, religious books, hymnals, juveniles, school ami college text-books; pocket classics, library books, college annuals, catalogs, blank books, loose-leaf devices, diaries, albums and memorandum hooks. It was a varied collection. The trend in cover materials is decidedly toward those that have interesting textures and are novel in character--those that lend them selves to unusual and distinctive treatments in color and design. This was indicated dearly by the com ments of scores of publishers and designers who attended the display. Book lovers, while primarily intercsted in text matter, are inclined to avoid books with drab and unattrac tive covers; they prefer those with color, variety of texture and design. Bookbinding is an ancient art. Tn Some high lights on an interesting exhibit which was held in the world's tallest building By R,, A. APPLEGATE 21X10 B. C. historv was recorded on day tablets. Direr came papyrus rolls, skins and paper books. Since then erdtsmen have cominua II y searched for new mediums of expres sion, new materials to raise the art of bookbinding to ever higher levels. Today, the publisher is still seeking new materials of unusual texture and design to bind modern books. Also, under present conditions, consumers demand that the publisher shall deliver maximum value. So he en deavors to furnish the best ink, thread, binding board, workmanship and cover material that can he ob tained. He looks for products that are durable, sanitary, unaffected bv A general view nf :1k - Mod*"in Bad; ->chibil had in Sc spacious reception "OOto aii.amifiy llitr du Pont Company's office. m the Empire Si-sic BjiWir.5 changing weather conditions, im mune from the attacks of insects and vermin and that will retain their beauty through years of service. Modcni methods of manufacturing books involve automatic machines of many types which require material that can lx supplied in the roll. And it must have definite characteristics so that it can be used successfully in the machine. Certain qualities of Fahrikoid have been developed and improved for the express purpose of bookbinding. Many methods of deco ration have been developed whereby designs can lie successfully applied to the material in the bindery. Du Pont Fahrikoid and du Pont Lacquered Fabrics, for example, will take gold or ink stamping, embossing, foil stamping, printing, air brushing, screen stenciling, top rolling and lithography. Leading artists today believe that a bookbinding material should be selected with an eve to its relation to the particular title of the book on which :t is used. The Publishers' Service Bureau of the Fahrikoid Division has been working for some time with leading hook designers to perfect new binding materials that are distinctive and unusual and that are also better from the standpoint of appearance and feel. Some of these new clients are illustrated here. Among the leading book-cover designers who had special exhibits of their work on display were J- V. Nickelsen. Clarence P. Hornung, j Clemens Greeter, Samuel Bernard Schaeffer, F. L, Ambcrger, Dorothy Waugh, \V. HeJ mer and Ernest Reich!. P.iru; Se v in 'i t:b.N cjfie 1DU A vi. w of h*- rock obstruction wasned into the channel by high Wrttpr The ditch rii' n Ju! beyond dir silt b<vR at the left wmmm ANOTHER DIX DAM JOB Du Pont dynamite helped to build the jirst daw* Nature formed the second--and it had to be removed, which is the. ttory hen By E. IE IIIMROD interesting exam plcofcflicicncy and economy in the use of explosives for ditch excavation is shown in the project recently carried out lor the Kentucky Utilities Company at its plant on the Dix River, near Burgin, Kentucky. The darn and die lanojc Jake it has formed are in the center of one of the most scenic sections of the Appala chian regionj a mecca for tourists, campers and fishermen. The river below tile dam rushes through a gorge, its vertical walls towering hundreds of feet above the water level, giving an aspect of rugged grandeur seldom found in this part of the country. The generating station located there is capable of supplying the power requirements for most of eastern and central Kentucky, as far west as Louisville. During the last high-water period, the Jake overflow down the spillway washed a large quantity of broken rock into the river channel, blocking it with a natural darn to a point where the power head was reduced eight feet, and seriously affecting the power capacity of the plant. To remove this obstruction by dredge or other mechanical means would have been prohibitive, due to the dilliculty of bringing such equip ment to the location. The manage ment then railed on the du Pont Company for assistance, and one of its representatives, accompanied by a member of the Technical Section, inspected the place, laid out the work, and specified the labor and explosive requirements. A week later the work was com pleted wi th enough water flowing through a by-pass channel to reduce the back head to its normal level. As the illustrations show, the ditch was blasted through the silt deposit extending along one hank of the: river. Holes were punched by hand to a depth of seven feet in three row's, spaced 2Tt> by 4D feet. Each hole was loaded with 6>< cartridges of 60 per cent straight dynamite, 1?4 by 8-inch size. At Erst a detonator was placed in each hole, but this proved unnecessary, so the remaining holes were fired by propagation. After blasting, the ditch was found to be ten feet deep and fifteen feet wide at the top. In addition to the material actually thrown out by the shot, the bottom and banks were so loosened that the ensuing flow of water readily washed the excavation out, so that the total material moved was 3,000 cubic yards. Punching the holes and loading the dynamite re quired three days' time. The total hill for labor and mate rials was $283-48, or 9.44 cents per cubic yard of material removed, which is a small fraction of what the cost would have been if culler means had been emplaced. ti'fl LociUr.e downstream toward thu coinr-ic:tR.d d.ich lii: opening of whitl* .5 shown -at Sell cvnti'r R iilil--A iu s Ii cU watci, folh'vvilitf trw blrfM. earned Jway tirg.- qudi of .-?n.<vater: material F.Vili F.KSHTEHS" <J/ie BU PONT^a^azind WAHNETAH NECKWEAR ... A NEW ,Aceie yarn enters Into the manufacture of a great many qu.dity fabrics among which are ire materials of unusual beauty and chnmt LINE By B. G. CHAMBERS In introducing t line of fall neckwear in fabrics made of Aceie yarn, the Wahnetah Silk Company reviews the progress of American silk man ufacture during the past half century. The new ties, of which one design is shown, feature stripes, plaids and checks in new and interesting color combinations. Such romance as is attached t o the name of the Indian maiden ' `Wahnetah" has been interpreted by this iirin in the successful sale of quality fabrics for the past forty years. Indian lore in a realistic way pic tures to us the Early American period with its native traditions, ideas and customs, becoming more picturesque when viewed in the perspective. Symbolizing for us what is perhaps the nearest approach to a truly Amer ican fashion origin, it takes on an added interest. There is here a suggestion of sturdiness in texture, combined with native beauty and richness of color, which carries an appeal iu the sense ol harmony, all of which, with the proper treatment, form an lesthetic background for an American style in wearing apparel. The Wahnetah Silk Company has catered to many branches of industry using textiles. The various types uf raw material found to be most adap table to the production of a finished product in which utility and beauty weie equally important factors have always been adopted. Realising that neckties furnish the high lights in men's wear, its stylists were alert to the fact that good taste demands a measure of conservatism, fashion rightness and beauty. The styling of Wahnetah tie fabrics has received merited commendation En tile study given the elements, enterTM ing into their production and sale. While the development of its tie silk department has been accom plished siuring a period ol less than two years, the company has assumed a leading position and the qualities of ils products have become well known throughout the country. The line of tie fabrics Wahnetah is now bringing before the public embodies the use of Aceie yarn, which has dehnifely taken its place among the live leading fibers for textile manufacture. The material has excellent wearing value- Neckwear made from it may be tied to present the comet appear ance, and the weaves, colors and patterns in which it is being offered aic a guaiantcc of its successful ouimution in the held of modcratdvprreed, high-class merchandise. Theft- are nrcL-tit'. oF rwny mttrms and hues, 'or individual urdetences vaty widely, but s?r,fj:S etc cxpecfvci lo be popular ll is ;a:i m& DU PONT n& Right~ * tweed effect in design; made of Iv Cushing T.-eFt--Hvy sheer, resembling light-weight woolen; made of : -u Poor Rayon and spun 1 rfon. Cushing-Feinberg, Inc, . '/.'.y \b ..v..': v- } r+ '.' .' f-..:,-. :: .viV'-' . v; , ;.- :---!L h -e-ri- -i-v.^7? . wmmmm -U\ y'.. ." : V-~ 'A,' F '{, fc vAV#.;/fc FABRIC IS PRIME ;. i. } . -f j- ., '" .':'V- % IN FASHION N'iv'-L wxHHIi >' Rigl.: <hcv<--Cu.ly 0"pe. This ii, a heavy, very crinkly fabric rr.ropcs"d of Du Pont Ravon .ind cotton, <s product of the l ohn H.iii-Vdfy Company left, .ibov?--Rayon R.ihnz in ciatsic chevron design, by Ccshing-Fcinbcrg, Inc.. Bottom--B-ihurtid Scrm. cisnkly 3'id o.mh. v/'th rcve'ssble crcpc bark,- a rayon -cotton mixture by IX i, & C, H. Stem, he. It may have been the new, serai ghrer silhouette. It may h a % e been the con servative trend in dress fashions for fall and winter that compelled greater emphasis on interesting fabrics. What ever the reason, manufacturers have realized that this fail there is room for more variety in fabrics and have gone to work with a vengeance on new weaves and textures to create renewed style interest. The results have been eminently worthwhile; suflicteritiv so, in fact, to give a new slant to the fashion picture. Because of the wealth and variety of new materials, designers can afford to permit the fabric to domirurc the garment. The lines of dresses become simpler and interest centers on the cloth. The emphasis on texture tends to increase public consciousness of fabric quality and design, and should prove ,And Du Pont Rayon, because of its beauty and adaptability has a leading place hi the new dress materials By E. C. Ha r r i n g t o n a healthful remedy for a market flooded by cheap merchandise. From the mass of new weaves and textures for anruinn certain ones have become distinctively i mpurrunt. These consist largely of extremes in various aspects, such as extremes of dullness and brilliance, of roughness and satiny smoothness, of depth and sheerness. In the matter of luster the popu larity of the chalk finish is bv no means exhausted. The chalk fabrics that arc handsome in dark shades will he used again for fall. Dullness that is not actually cha!ky, hut is still very dull, is achieved in many wavs. In the rough crepes, for in stance, the very roughness of the surface breaks u pthe 1 uster effectively. To the sheer fabrics the vogue is to ward high-twist varieties, resembling woolens. This twist produces a dull, grainy appearance. In velvets, new, dull rayon yarns and uncut pile effects give mat-surface cloths a refreshingly new semblance. The re-entry of satin as an impor tant fall fabric indicates that, al though dull fabrics are important, extreme luster will supply an inter esting note of contrast. For example, many of the new fall dresses show woolens combined with satin. For evening wear the supremacy of dull crepe has been challenged by many new interprerations of brilliant satin. The trend in weight for the past Pa h h Tw e n t y IDO !^OTS$rT<Auya vJ. w few years has been toward lighter woolens . . . and heavier silks and rayons. This season's rayon and silk mareria Iseinhndy both of these trends. Semi-sheer fabrics, modeled after semi-sheer woolens, are perhaps the lightest in weight we have had in some time for autumn daytime wear. Although much lighter than flat crepe, many of them arc perfectly opaque* and have none of the sum mery, (llittery appearance generally associated with .shea textiles. This type of sheeruess preserves the charm of autumn cloths, but is coo! and comfortable for wear under coats in a steam-heated existence. These new materials arc thick, dull and perfect for die first fall dress. Most of the new sheers have inter esting weave notes, such as tiny raised honeycomb and warile effects, fine eAte de cheval ribs and horizontal cords. Possibly the most popular of these fabrics is a fine grainy surfaced, high-twist sheer, often made of rayon, and called the ''Sable" weave because its surface seems powdered with, grains of sand. The heavy rough crepes arc at thc ocher extreme ami sonic of them arc heavier than any we have had in years. Rayon lias been the leading fiber in the development of heavier, duller, rougher crepes. In particular, there arc ravoti versions with bold crinkles such as Sehiaparelli has spon sored which subscribe to increased weight. Especially lovely arc two such crepes of Du Pont Rayon with All f.iyon, U -M.-rcd wrtin. with hniisanbai sulin stripe. fli,: of the lahnr n s-hovvr. cV lho left side oc the lliustmion.. while ct the rr-.iy b<- seen the crcr-c back Ihi* m.iii'n.jl ic nads: o: Du Punt Rayon by C u-ihinn-i i,mb<vf, He. line self-colored hon/on ra 1 stripes running through them. These are called the "Great Bahama" and the "Little Bahama." In general the roughness of these crepes is more marked than those shown last spring. In some instances the crinkle is emphasized almost to the point of a blistery effect. All sorts of crinkles are shown, long vertical ones of crepon effect, squared and horizontal band effects. Plainer bur nevertheless as rough as they come is "Crepe Breton,'' which is an allover rough crepe of Du Pont Rayon. Satins as well as crepes have gone rough. Fretjuenclv they have two sur faces which are used interchangeably for the body cm trimming oi the dress as desired. One surface is a rough crepe and the other a rough satin. Sometimes both the erc|*: and the satin show crcpon effects, I his revers ible idea permits the contrast ol lus ters which is so much emphasized in the new dresses. The newest outgrow disci the much vogue are blisrered and inatelussc ef fects . The latter are still scarce hut gaining in importance. Some repro duce the long vertical crinkles of urpojj in design; others arc mure fanciful and elaborate for formal twi ning wear. Too much cannot be said about the new velvets. They are as numerous in their variations as they have ever been in slurred, fur, dill I, broche and crushed effects. Their number is a rejection of the great choice and richness ol the season s dress mate rials, and of the recurrent iuvor for rayon velvets, especially those of the transparent type. Velvets arc uemeiulouslv popular this season for bridge and luncheon frocks, dinnerdresses, c\ cuing gow ns, day and evening wraps in all lengths, hats, negligees in a bewildering variety. Some of the very luxurious negligees serve a double purpose. Thev can be worn in the boudoir or as hostess gowns for informal enter taining Somerimes two velvets, such as dull and lustrous, are combined in one costume. All of the fabrics illustrated on these pages were developed hr Du Pont Rayon Company, Inc., in con junction wi th leading fabric man ufacturers in New York City. Pa c e Tw l k t v -On 'h <tjfie DU POM'TutCagaszinQ Typical mixing operation in <s fertilizer plant. The dry ii-.aienai, i."ft OfKg'Ound, is conveyed by r levator to ihx n ixvi. At the efc side non* the measuring :-jnt for the u<r.) ammonia so ebon UREA-AMMONIA SOLUTION A new tin Pont product for the fertiliser industry has much to recommend its use By F. W. PARSER Chcniicu. Djvbjojj, Aiumo;jt.i Dcpurtnicor ^Lp p r o x ima v I'Ly three fourthsofthc fixed nitrogen consumed in die United Scutes is used as fertilizer, the amount varying front 200,000 to 325,000 tons of nitrogen in recent years. Of this amount, two-thirds is marketed in complete fertilizers... those containing the three principal plant foods, nitrogen, phosphoric add and potash. The nitrogenous materials usee' in making them are grouped into two major classes: inor ganic, such as ammonium sulphate and nitrate of soda, and organic, such as cottonseed meal, tankage, and urea. Most complete fertilizers con tain both Inorganic and organicsources of nitrogen. In 1926, tank cars suitable for handling anhydrous ammonia were developed by rhe du Pont Company in cooperation with the U. S. Bureau of Explosives. This development made possible greatly lowered prices for ammonia with consequent use of anhydrous ammonia bv fertilizer manufacturers. The com pane has now dexclupcd h urea-ammonia solution for their use. For the past two years, this solution has been used exten- she!y in small-scale experimental work in the du Pont fertilizer labora tory at Wilmington, and during the past year, experimental tank cars of the solution have been tested in a number of fertilizer plants. In these factory-scale tests, varying quantities of the solution have been employed in the manufacture of many kinds of fertilizer with excellent results. The new product is essentially a solution of crude urea in aqueous ammonia, ihe total ammonia con tent is fifty-five per cent. Two-thirds of the ammonia is inorganic, mostly tincombincd, or free ammonia as in ordinary aqua ammonia. One-third of the ammonia is present as urea, an organic compound that is one of rhe inohL imporrant fertilizer constitu ents of farm manure. Unlike other fertilizer materials, the solution is a source of both inorganic and organic nitrogen and these are present in about the ratio in which they are found in many complete fertilizers. Due to its content of free ammonia, the solution has a pressure of approx imately thirty pounds at ordinary temperatures. It is shipped in steel tank cars of 11}CXX) gallons capacity. Most of the large and many small fertilizer plants are equipped to use the solution, for it can be handled in the same equipment as anhydrous or, when it is properly diluted, as aqua ammonia. When received at the jdant, the solution may he used as shipped or it may be diluted with a small amount of a ter in order to reduce the pres sure at which it is handled. The accompanying illustrations indicate the method of measuring and using the solution. The liquid flows into rhe measuring tank shown at the left in the picture above. This tank is carefully calibrated and is fitted with a gauge glass so die operator can deliver a given volume or weight of solution into the fertilizer mixer. In practice, the mixer is charged with superphosphate; the operator then Pa g e TV rNTY-Twi Ofe DU POKTi%az?: ne opens ilie valve at the measuring tank am! introduces the urea-ammo ni;i soluriou while the mixer is being rotated. The injection is completed m about thirty seconds. The tank is again tilled and the operation re peated. The usual operating cycle is two minutes and the fertilizer charge is one or two tons. Potash salts and other materials may be added to the superphosphate either before, after, or during the treatment with ureaammonia solution. As soon as the solution is intro duced into the mixer, the free ur inorganic ammonia reacts with the superphosphate to form ammonium phosphate, ammonium sulphate, dicakium phosphate and, when large quantities of ammonia are introduced, some tnealcmm phosphate. The urea in the solution is precipitated in the fertilizer in such a finely-divided state and is so intimately mixed with the other constituents that its presence cannot he demux. microscopically, but can readily be shown by chemical analysis. hxpeninentx have shown that diis method of introducing urea is better than introducing solid urea and ammonia separately, for it gives more intimate mixing, prevents segre gation and reduces die tendency of the fertilizer to absorb moisture from rhe air. Since the urea docs not react with the superphusphattythe fertil izer manufacturer can add fifty per cent more total ammonia by means of this solution than he could with anhydrous ammonia. It has been a common practice to add thirty pounds A " clcsc--ir.- -m:w of _ m-.j'iufioB l.,nl, iron which tin: u*v.i rninomi oiuuor. h f-.ira.-O d.fccdy nn the: nixing rrdcLmc of anhydrous ammonia to make a ton of 4-10-4 fertilizer. Using the new solution, the manufacturer will add a total of forty-live pounds of ammo nia, thirty pounds being inorganic ami reacting with rhesujxnphuspliaLe in the same manner as anhydrous ammonia. The other fifteen pounds in the form of urea will replace some of the more expensive and less avail able organic sources of nitrogen. Urea-ammonia solution is superior to anhydrous ammonia and ocher basic ammonkites in that, per unit of ammonia added to the fertilizer, it produces the smallest increase in temperature during the mixing opera tion. A high temperature is generally objectionable, because it tends to decrease the rate of ammonia absorp tion and ro make phosphoric acid unavailable. Factory scale tests have shown that up to 100 pounds, or in some formu las 120 pounds, of the solution can be used per ton of fertilizer. The fertilizer cures quickly and the treat ment materially reduces caking in storage. The finished product is dry, but not excessively dusty and is in excellent rnndirion for use in fer tilizer-distributing machinery. The `'conditioning" action ol the solution is just as great as that of nnbvdronv ammonia and is superior to that of aqua ammonia. In some cases, the fertilizer lias been shipped in less rhan a week after mixing and in very good condition. The final test for any material used in fertilizer is its availability to important farm crops. The high agri cultural value of the inorganic ammo nia in urea-ammonia solution is well established, it has the same availa bility as ammonium sulphate, hut is superior in that it does not tend to Un-4 arr.rr.an a ioiulion * poduced dl NV'c Virginia, and ts iF-in.^cMird to ir-arl'ct in dii Pont tdfli'-Cdf% of the tyt-v shown here Pm , j: Tw r n t v -Th u r. n increase the acidity of soils rapidly as ammonium sulphate does. Urea is generally recognized *ls mi excellent source of nitrogen for all crons. Its high fertilizer value as a constituent of farm manure was known before synthetic urea was used as a fertilizer. The latter, how ever, has been extensively used in experiments by the United States Department of Agriculture and sev eral Stare Agricultural Experiment Stations. Results have shown that urea is superior to other organic sources of ammonia and is an excep tionally good source of nitrogen lor tobacco, potatoes and many truck crops. Urea is not readily leached from the soil by heavy rains; in this respect it is superior to nitrate souit.es of nitrogen. On being mixed with the soil, the urea soon decomposes lo ammonium compounds and these in turn are gradually oxidized by soil bacteria to nitrates. The plant can absorb the urea as such or as the ammonium compound first formed, or it mav absorb the nitrogen as the nitrate. Unlike ammonium sulphate, urea does not cause a marked increase in soil acidity, although it is some what acidic in its action. As a new fertilizer maierial ureaammonia solution has much to recommend its use. Its high concen tration and physical properties make for low handling costs. The inorganic ammonia makes it excel lent for "con ditiouitig" fertilizers. It is a source of organic and inorganic nitrogen of high agricultural value. me DU V*CmrTMaga ^ iru> THEY FOUNDED AN INDUSTRY {OiMmuat fr;m [h-rie 2) Kufz, vice-president and director of sales; CoJhy Dili, vice-president and secretary, and Albert Fninkcl, vice president and treasurer. The ft iSt H Chemical Company now has plants at Niagara Falls, Mew York, Perth Amboy, New Jersey; El Monte, California, and St, Albans, West Virginia. Branch offices and warehouses are located iu principal market centers. The Niagara, balls plant grew out of the demand for sodium, which was used for years chiefly as a raw mateiia! for manufacture into alloys, evanides and peroxides. The use of sodium has spread, and today it is ex tensively used in the organic indus tries. ft N H cyanide is one of the key chemicals in the steel treating, electroplating and fumigation indus tries, and sodium pemKide is widely used in the bleaching industry. At Niagara are also produced hydrogen peroxide, widely used lor textile bleaching; sodium perborate, used for fixing vat colors and ir dental and otherproprietary preparations; metallie cyan ides, a lso used in electroplat ing; methyl chloride and methylene chloride, refrigerants; trichforcthylenc, tetrachlorerhanc and chloro form, sol vents; liquid chlorine; caustic soda; and some other products. At Perth Amboy is centered the manufacture of mareria Is required for the ceramic, glass and iubber Indus tries. Here, also, is made fonnalde hyde, extensively used m the manu facture of synthetic resms, in agriculture, and in other industries. Other plants at Perth Amboy manu facture organic and inorganic mate rials of smaller market volume. The Pacilic ft & H Chemical Cor poration, a subsidiary, operates the plant at El Monte, California. Here is produced reclaimed robber, and licpm! hydrocyanic acid for the fumi gation of citrus trees. As an important adjunct to its manufacture of chemical specialties, ft N H maintains a number of service divisions to cooperate with customers in the application oi these products. Steel treating, electroplating, fund gution, bleaching, solvent use, refrig eration, ceramic decoration in evenlarge field of operation which R N H actively serves, there is a trained personnel to give customer assistance. Thus, The Rocsslcr 6c Hasslac.her Chemical Company combines die three functions of a well-arranged chemical industry: to manufacture qua 1 i ty produc ts; to merch andi se these products in fail channels, and to cooperate continuously with cus tomers in improving their use of these products. If Franz Iloessler and Jacob Hasslacher could view the company they founded, they would see that it is still carrying on the same sound policies which thev adopted fifty years ago. WHAT'S NEW IN FABKOTE? Cj'orFERs' ChioTn's--A new medium of exchange new to golfers hut not new to poker fans. It is designed to eliminate die necessit y of transferring small change to your golf cloihcs each rime vuu plav. One hundred of these miniature chips, in four colors, come nearly packed in a small Fahkore snap-button box, which is 3;?4 by 2f4 by 1 inch high, so that it can be slipped easily in a pants' pocket, sweater, or in the hall-pocket of your golf hag. Utility Book-Ends...These are not just the usual type of ornamental book-ends; they serve another worth while purpose. Their covers drop back and disclose numerous slots and compartments for stationery, post cards, stamps, dips, pens, and those littie incidentals for winch one is forever rausac. king the whole house. The lining is a beautiful moire effect, while the outside is in a rich, digni fied reproduction of hand-tooling in green, brown and bronze. Both the lining and the covering material are JFabkote. Executives' Collarette Mo matter what platform you support on ejec tion da)' this novel office utility is hound to win your vote. The Execu tives' Cellarette is sturdily built, lined and covered with Fabkote. The outside cover is finished in a smart, embossed geometric design in six colors. All of these articles arc manufac tured by JLeathcrronc, Inc., 1825 Ease 18th Street. Cleveland, Ohio. Pa g e Twiwn -Fo u r SAVE DOLLARS on your anti-freeze bill this winter with ANTI-FREEZE AES. U.S. PAT.Off- M ETHANOL Hl JJH NO CORROSION HEN you protect your fleet *HERE IS PROOF W-or your persona] car--with These photomicrographs show the results of a seven-week test du Pont Anti-Freeze Methanolof the corrosive action on engines and radiators of widely you prevent corrosion*in engines sold, low-priced anti-freezes compared with du Pout Anti Freeze Methanol. and radiators. That's one prof itable dollar-saving. Six other reasons why you should use du Pont Anti-Freeze are: ORDINARY ANTI FREEZE Rapid rusting (corrosion) resulting from using ordi 7 nary anti-freeze, shown by large increase in abrasive 1 -It is economical to buy and use. A few minutes uftcr filling sediment. 2 --It does not readily boil off. 3 --It has no unpleasant odor lion at low cost. protec- 5 -- It maintains cooling plant efficiency. G-It is colored purple for your protec tion and identification. mm ] / A few minutes uftcr filling DU PONT ANTIFREEZE METHANOL \ *% No noticeable increase in 1 `* sediment slimvs rust (cor- , rosion) protection afforded - / by d u Pont Anti-Freeze Methanol. Seven weeks later GET PRICES AND DATA FROM YOUR DEALER OR MAIL THE COUPON Reg . u .s .pat .o f f . ANTI-FREEZE E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS & CO., Inc. Ammonia Dept., Wilmington, Delaware Gentlemen: Please send me prices and information on du Pont Anti-Freeze Methanol immediately. METHANOL Address. E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS & CO. Ammonia Department, Wilmington, Del. Citv. .State. The "Elberta" has a peach of a wrap . . . but Nature's best packages are outclassed by At an Eastern Agricultural College the Professor of Pomology says: "The Elberta Peach is a standard in respect to the way its skin resists bruising to the best advantage." ATURE packed the peach in a N snug-fitting, fuzzy jacket, and then gave it a rosy blush to make the peach-package tempting. Nature never made a wrap as crys tal clear as Cellophane. But Cello phane not only lets you SEE-- it pro tects against dirt and handling, and it preserves fullflavor andfreshness. When you see a product advertised as "sealed in Cellophane," you know that the maker has taken extra care to give you full value and quality. Tea-time will be that much pleasanter because Cellophane savesflavor for your tea cup. You can prove this all over again when you taste a slice of fruit cake, or nibble at some glace fruit, or munch some crisp nuts--all of them fresh from a Cellophane wrap. Cellophane for home use is avail able at leading stationery and chain stores. Du Pont Cellophane Co., Inc., Empire State Building, New York City. SEE WHAT YOU BUY SEALED AND PROTECTED IN 11ophane MADE ONLY BY DU PONT* Cellophane is the registered trade-mark of the Du Pont Cellophane Company, Inc., to designate its cellulosefilms. 'In Canada the trade-mark Cellophane identifies the same products manufactured exclusively by Canadian Industries Limited. PPlNTFn 1KI I I A