Document 37k1yNzD6Vw3jZ7j4b2KdeKpE

r jo.. I'D I : UNION CARBIDE ! :r;i= ,.--- (a//(fnia W^QOio * ^ bb1 ~f K f T0 rEsearch depart 'turn to REbt IVRV 701-3. ^ ?t. - : V? ' mn:-. mk \ : 'n lK- >' in Ltrfcj TUl /> Wd L- I V E D U!-: side ccap. AUG 1 4 1969 U ' Y-701 sbestos Effective thixotrope for polyester spray-up, hand lay-up laminating resins, and gel coats Effective thickener for plastisols and organosols used in adhesives, coatings, mastics, and sealants </ alidria Resin-Grade 244 r rnsbestos ... new, modified asbestos fiber from UNION CARBIDE... developed for maximum thickening efficiency and thixotropy in polyester spray-up and hand lay-up laminating resins... also an effective thickener for plastisols and organosols used in a broad variety of adhesives, coatings, mastics, and sealants. In many systems, CALIDRIA Resin-Grade 244 Asbestos will not contribute color or opacity--a characteristic that makes it particularly at tractive in polyester gel coats. Though CALIDRIA Resin-Grade 244 Asbestos is designed for use in stir-in mixers, optimum efficiency and lowest cost are obtained through use of high-shear mixers; such as, "Cowles" Dissolvers, sonic dispersers, and homogenizers. Other desirable features of CALIDRIA Resin-Grade 244 Asbestos include: . Ease of incorporation Reduced dust Clear, colorless products at low loadings . Long term shelf life Typical physical properties Specific Gravity................ 2.45 Moisture Content, % by wt..................................... 2.0, maximum Nature of Surface Charge...................................................Neutral Refractive Index, no250C............................................1.54 to 1.56 Bulking Value, gallons per 100 lb............................................. 4.8 Dry Bulk Density, lb. per cubic foot.......................................... 1.0 Standard Package Weight, lb...................................................... 10 % Magnetite................................................................................0.3 Oil Absorption, lb. DOP/(100 lb. Asbestos).................... 300-350 Screen Size, Typical; % plus 325 Mesh.....................................Nil Surface Area, sq. meters per gram........................................... 60 Fiber Diameter, microns........................................................0.025 Length/Diameter, microns............................................... 200 avg. (1000 maximum) IMPORTANT: This information is not to be taken as a warranty or representation for which we assume legal responsibility nor as permission or recommendation to practice any pat* ented invention without a license. It is offered solely for your consideration, investigation, and verification. BAKELITE, CALIDRIA, FLEXOL, and UNION CARBIDE are trade marks of Union Carbide Corporation, U.S.A. 1967, 1968, 1969 by Union Carbide Corporation Typical applications Eimino 1 comparison of thickening efficiency riyill U I OF CAUDRIA RESIN-GRADE 244 ASBESTOS WITH THAT OF PYROGENIC SILICA IN POLYESTER RESIN 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 SOLIDS, PER CENT BY WT. Figure 1 shows the thickening efficiency of CAUDRIA ResinGrade 244 Asbestos in a typical polyester. Comparison is made with a pyrogenic silica additive. Viscosity data are given in Table 1. VISCOSITY, CPS. X 10- Figure 2 THIXOTROPIC CHARACTERISTICS IN POLYESTER RESINS Figure 2 shows the viscosity profile of CALI DR IA Resin-Grade 244 --polyester systems as compared to a system containing pyro genic silica. Better flow at high shear rates, during pumping and spray-up, and better anti-sag properties when at rest are illustrated. use of CALIDRIA Resin-Grade 244 in promoted polyester resins Accelerators normally used in promoted resins may cause abnormally low viscosity and thixotropy when mineral thick eners are used. These properties may be enhanced in CALIDRIA R-G 244 systems by adding a small concentra tion of polyhydroxyl compounds, i.e. about 0.3 per cent by weight of ethylene glycol. In addition to higher viscosity and thixotropic index, viscosity stability is also improved. Ultrasonic dispersion of CALIDRIA Resin-Grade 244 Good dispersion of CALIDRIA R-G 244 in polyester laminat ing resins can be obtained with an "Econosonic" Disperser operating at a pressure of 300 psi. Pressures above 300 psi. tend to reduce viscosities obtainable. In general, CALIDRIA R-G 244 requires less energy for adequate dispersion than comparable concentrations of pyrogenic silica. A "Cowles" Dissolver may be used to incorporate CALIDRIA R-G 244 at 3500 rpm., with a 3-inch impeller and a 3-quart sample container, in 5-10 minutes. At 1 per cent loading, mixing time can extend for one hour without degrading; and at 2 per cent loading, up to 30 minutes. Longer mixing peri ods or properly scaled-up equipment should adequately mix larger batches. Tablet VISCOSITY DATA AT VARIOUS SOLIDS CONCENTRATIONS OF CAUDRIA RESIN-GRADE 244 ASBESTOS IN A TYPICAL POLYESTER FORMULATION CAUDRIA RESIN-GRADE 244 ASBESTOS, % BY WT. >. o 0.5 ; i-o ; 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 BROOKFIELD VISCOSITY AT 25C., CPS.; MODEL LVF, NO. 4 SPINDLE RPM. 2 6 20 100 100 100 1,400 730 390 3,600 2,000 890 11,000 5,600 2,300 26,000 15,000 5,200 58,000 30,000 11,000 100,000 54,000 20,000 60 100 270 630 1,600 3,500 6,200 OFF SCALE THIXOTROPIC INDEX 2/20 , 1.0 ' 3.6 4.0 4.8 5.1 5.3 5.0 Typical heat-curable vinyl sealant formulation (a) O. K. Sausaman, of a/, "Special Report XP-75"; Union Carbide, Chemicals and Plastics, Bound Brook, New Jersey. (b) Acrylic resin; Du Pont, Wilmington, Delaware (c) Powdered rubber; B. F. Goodrich, Akron, Ohio (d) Calcium carbonate; H. T. Campbell and Son's Corporation, Baltimore, Maryland (e) Polymerizable monomer; Rohm and Haas* Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (f) Stabilizer; Argus Chemical Corporation, Brooklyn, New York (g) Catalyst; Hercules, Wilmington, Delaware CALIDRIA Resin-Grade 244 Asbestos is recommended as a heat stable anti-sag agent in plastisol automotive sealer formulations. It may be used as a direct replacement for colloidal silica or similar thixotropes. There is no adverse effect on adhesion to steel. As an effective thixotrope in typical heat-curable vinyl seal ants, CALIDRIA Resin-Grade 244 Asbestos imparts a high degree of anti- sag and promotes adhesion. A suggested heat-curable vinyl sealant formulation(a) is the following: INGREDIENT PER CENT BY WEIGHT BAKELITE Vinyl Dispersion Resin QYLF-2................. 24.54 BAKELITE Vinyl Solution Resin VMCC....................... 3.92 "Elvacite" 2044<b>....................................................... 0.98 "Hycar" 1411<c>.......................................................... 0.37 "Camel White"(d)......................................................... 29.20 FLEXOL Plasticizer 10-10........................................... 29.20 FLEXOL Plasticizer TCP.............................................. 2.70 "Monomer X-970"(e)................................................... 4.91 "Mark" LL(,)................................................................ 0.49 CALIDRIA Resin-Grade 244 Asbestos....................... 3.68 "Dicup" R<e>................................................................. 0.01 100.00 Dissolve BAKELITE Vinyl Resin Solution VMCC in FLEXOL Plasticizer 10-10 at about 100C. Dissolve "Elvacite" 2044 in FLEXOL Plasticizer TCP at 100C. Mix the two solutions and all the other ingredients together in a pony ."Hobart", or similar mixer. # calidria Resin-Grade244 THE DISCOVERY COMPANY UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION ASBESTOS 270 PARK AVENUE. NEW YORK, N. Y. 10017 Sa/es Offices United States ATLANTA, GEORGIA 30329............................... . 17 Executive Park Dr....................... . BALTIMORE. MARYLAND 21207...................... . Beltway Bldg., 6707 Whitestone Rd BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS 02194............... . 300 First Ave., Needham Hgts........ BUFFALO, NEW YORK 14225........................... . 3343 Harlem Rd................................ CHARLOTTE. NORTH CAROLINA 28210......... . 6230 Fairview Rd.............................. CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60606............................... . 120 South Riverside Plaza.............. CINCINNATI. OHIO 45227............................... . West Street and Madisonville Rd... CLEVELAND, OHIO 44114................................. . 1300 Lakeside Ave., N.E................. CLIFTON, NEW JERSEY 07012......................... . 935 Allwood Rd................................. DALLAS, TEXAS 75207...................................... . 2710 Stemmons Freeway................ DETROIT. MICHIGAN 48221............................. . 10421 West Seven Mile Rd............... HOUSTON, TEXAS 77027................................. . 3839 West Alabama Ave.................. INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA 46220...................... .720 Broad Ripple Ave...................... KANSAS CITY (ST. LOUIS SALES OFFICE) . . . LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90058................ . 2770 Leonis Blvd. MEMPHIS (ATLANTA, GA. SALES OFFICE). . . MINNEAPOLIS. MINNESOTA 55416 ................ . . . 3033 Excelsior Blvd........................ MOORESTOWN, NEW JERSEY 08057 ............. .. . Route 38 and Pleasant Valley Rd. NEW YORK. NEW YORK 10017......................... . .. 270 Park Ave................................... PHILADELPHIA (MOORESTOWN. NEW JERSEY SALES OFFICE).................................... PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA 15220........... .. . P'kway Center, 875 Greentree Rd., ST. LOUIS. MISSOURI 63105. :...................... . .. 10 South Brentwood Blvd............. SAN FRANCISCO. CALIFORNIA 94106........... . .. 22 Battery St................................ SEATTLE. WASHINGTON 98118...................... .. .4726 Rainier Ave., South.............. .404-633-6161 .301-944-8211 .617-444-5400 .716-837-6450 .704-364-1400 .312-822-7000 .513-272-0206 .216-621-4202 .201-778-2900 .214-631-0010 .313-341-3131 .713-621-1000 .317-255-3181 .913-362-2200 .213-583-3061 .901-396-5375 . 612-927-4221 . 609-235-6200 .212-551-4641 .215 923-3200 .412-922-5700 .314-726-0324 .415-982-1360 .206-723-8660 # Asbestos F-41664B { t'jV'QC'IO '3r3, f FEB 9 1968 R. A. CONWAY RETURN TO RESEARCH DEFARI iViLNr LIBRARY 701-3 ESEARCH DEPARTMENT Effective, low-cost thickening agent and thixotrope for epoxy resin systems Imparts excellent aging characteristics fto emT-Tystep n Effectitfi&viuf amine hardeners ^ Typical physical properties Specific Gravity, g. per ml........................................................2.45 Moisture Content, % by wt............................... . .2.0, maximum Surface Area, sq. meters per gram............................... 60, appr. Reflectance, G. E. Brightness......... !....................................72-76 Nature of Surface Charge...................... Electropositive (cationic) pH in Water................................................................................. 9.5 Bulking Value, gallons per 100 lb............................................. 4.8 Oil Absorption (DOP), pounds per 100 lb............................... 120 Refractive Index, nD 25 C. . ........................................... 1.54-1.56 Wet Bulk Density in Water, ml. as received, 20 g. per liter; 3-hr. settling............................700 after dispersion, 2 g. per liter; 1-hr. settling........... 900-1,000 Dry Bulk Density, lb. per cubic foot............................................. 4 Shipping Density, lb. per cubic foot...................................... 12-14 Standard Package Weight, lb...................................................... 35 Resin and amine hardener evaluation METHOD OF INCORPORATING THE THIXOTROPE: In preparing the test samples used in determining data for Tables 1, 2 and 3, the thixotrope--Resin-Grade 144 Asbestos-- was added to the liquid resin or hardener at 25C. and dispersed in a "Cowles" Dissolver at 2400 rpm. for 5 minutes. VISCOSITY MEASUREMENTS: Viscosities of the prepared test samples were measured on a Brookfield Model RVF Viscometer at 2 and 20 rpm. IMPORTANT: This information is not to be taken as a warranty or representation for which we assume legal responsibility nor as permission or recommendation to practice any patented invention without a license, it is offered solely for your consideration, investiga* tion, and verification. BAKELITE and UNION CARBIDE are trade marks of Union Carbide Corporation, U. S. A. 1967 by Union Carbide Corporation. This folder Is printed on Glatfelter Old Forge Opaque Offset, vellum finish, paper contalnlng Asbestos T-135. Note the high opacity and brightness of the paper. Asbestos T-135 Is one of UNION CARBIDE*s specialty asbestos products for the paper Industry. Table 1 shows performance data of bisphenol-based resins, BAKELITE ERL-2774 and ERL-2795, with up to 4 PHR. of ResinGrade 144 Asbestos. Vertical drawdown was excellent, and even higher asbestos loading should result in even higher vertical draw down. Tobin 1 THICKENING of bisphenol-based resins I uUlu I WITH RESIN-GRADE 144 ASBESTOS Ingredient ' " - BAKELITE ERU2774 Resin-Grads 144 Asbestos Brookfield RVF Viscosity, cps. X 10-* 24 hours 7 days 30 days Parts by Weight 100 !: 100 12 100 100 3 4 RPM. 2 20 Thixotropic Index (T. 1.) (a) RPM. 2 20 Thixotropic Index (T.l.) RPM. 2 20 Thixotropic Index (T.l.) RPM. 2 20 Thixotropic Index (T.l.) 34 22 1.5 137 39 3.5 250 53 4.7 464 87 32 20 1.6 132 36 3.6 244 54 4.5 430 76 (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) 480 94 5.3 5.7 5.1 Vertical Drawdown, mil (c) Room Temperature (b) (b) (b) 125 45 days (b) (b) (b) 125 Ingredient BAKEUTE ERL-2795 Resin-Grade 144 Asbestos Brookfield RVF Viscosity, cps. X 10"* 24 hours 7 days 30 days 100 1 RPM. 2 20 Thixotropic Index (T.l.) 18 3.8 16 3.7 4.7 4.3 (b) (b) (b) Parts by Weight 100 100 23 RPM. 2 20 Thixotropic Index (T.l.) RPM. 2 20 Thixotropic Index (T.l.) 38 6.3 6.0 70 11 35 6.8 5.1 68 12 6.4 5.5 (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) 100 4' RPM. 2 20 Thixotropic Index (T.l.) 91 13 122 22 125 25 6.9 5.5 5.0 Vertical Drawdown, mil Room Temperature (b) (b) (b) 80 45 days (b> (b) (b) 70 (a) Thixotropic lndex(T. I.) - v!scosjV ' 7 K ' 7 viscosity at 20 rpm. (b) Not run. (c) Vertical Drawdown: A 2-inch wide drawdown was made on a horizontal sandblasted steel panel. The panel was im mediately raised to a vertical position and any sag noted. If no sag occurred in 10 minutes, the procedure was repeated and the thickness increased until sagging occurred. Table 2 presents data that show the effec tiveness of Resin-Grade 144 Asbestos as a thickener of several types of BAKELITE amine hardeners. Generally, other thicken ers are not effective with amine hardeners. Table 2 THICKENING OF AMINE HARDENERS WITH RESIN-GRADE 144 ASBESTOS Formulation Brookfield RVF Viscosity, cps. x 10-> 24 hours 7 days 30 days Parts by WL BAKELITE ZZL-0814......100 Resin-Grade 144 Asbestos................. 4 RPM. 2 20 Thixotropic Index (T.l.) 187 36 172 34 177 34 5.3 5.1 5.2 Vertical Drawdown Mil I Room Temperature (R. T.) I 50C. : 80c. 30 days at R. T. 30 days at 80C. ! j 70 20 -- 70 -- Parts by WL BAKELITE ZZL-0820......100 Resin-Grade 144 Asbestos....................4 RPM. 2 20 Thixotropic Index (T.l.) 67 32 66 32 67 35 2.1 2.1 1.9 Mil 40 40 40 40 Parts by WL BAKEUTE ZZL-0854...... 100 Resin-Grade 144 Asbestos....................4 RPM. 2 20 Thixotropic Index (T.l.) 102 23 104 23 104 24 4.5 4.6 4.4 Mi 40 40 40 40 Table 3 shows the thickening of a low-vis cosity, cyclo-aliphatic epoxide, BAKELITE ERL-4221, with Resin-Grade 144 Asbestos and "Armac" C, a long chain aliphatic amine salt. BAKELITE ERL-4221 is the exception that requires an amine salt to be used with Resin-Grade 144 Asbestos for viscosity build up or thixotropic stabilization. 1 '' h ' t > c2 THICKENING of a : Ul.'ly O LOW-VISCOSITY, CYCLO-ALIPHATIC EPOXIDE WITH RESIN-GRADE 144 ASBESTOS AND "Armac" C Ingredient Parts by Wt. BAKELITE ERL-4221...................................100 Resin-Grade 144 Asbestos............................. 7 | "Armac" C...........................................................5 Brookfield RVF Viscosity, cps. X 10-* ' RPM. .Thixotropic 2 20_ ~ Index (T.l.) Initial 8 Weeks at 25C. 7 Weeks at 40C. . 262 268 243 42 36 38 6.3 7.4 6.4 BAKELITE ERL-2774/ZZL-0814 With a Resin-Grade 144 Asbestos loading of 4 per cent on both resin and hardener, it was possible to hold a 70-mil thickness at room temperature. Higher loadings on the amine should result in much higher vertical drawdown. BAKELITE ERL-2774/ZZL-0820 A 4-per cent loading of Resin-Grade 144 Asbestos resulted in a 40-mil thickness that did not sag within 40 minutes at 80C. The system was gelled at that time. BAKELITE ERL-2774/ZZL-0854 With a 4-per cent loading of Resin-Grade 144 Asbestos, it was possible to hold a 40-mil thickness at 80C. until gelled (65 minutes). Resin-Grade 144 'sbestos ... a highly purified fiber product that is an effective, low-cost thickening agent and thixotrope for epoxy resin systems. By means of a special refining technique developed by UNION CARBIDE, Resin-Grade 144 Asbestos is made completely grit-free and non-abrasive--this latter characteristic makes it especially valuable in spray application. Other desirable features of Resin-Grade 144 Asbestos include: Disperses easily in liquid resin or hardener with a "Cowles" Dissolver or similar mixers Overmixing will not destroy the thixotropy of the resin-asbestos mixture Epoxy systems containing Resin-Grade 144 Asbestos have excellent aging characteristics Negligible dusting Unlike other thixotropes, it is effective with amine hardeners Resin-Grade 144 Asbestos is substantially lower in cost than com monly used refined silicas or modified clays With the exception of the low-viscosity, cyclo-aliphatic epoxides, no amine salts are necessary for viscosity build-up or thixotropic stabi lization THE DISCOVERY COMPANY Sa/es Offices United Stales Bunion carbide corporation ASBESTOS ^7?ParkAvenue, New York, N. Y. 10017 ATLANTA, GEORGIA 30309............................. BALTIMORE, MARYLAND 21207.................... BOSTON. MASSACHUSETTS 02194............. BUFFALO, NEW YORK 14226......................... CHARLOTTE, NORTH CAROLINA 28202___ CHICAGO. ILLINOIS 60601............................. CINCINNATI, OHIO 45227............................. CLEVELAND. OHIO 44114..'........................ DALLAS, TEXAS 75230.................................... DETROIT, MICHIGAN 48221........................... HOUSTON, TEXAS 77027............................... INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA 46220.................. KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI 64141.................. LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90058............. MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA 55401............. NEWARK OFFICE EAST ORANGE, NEW JERSEY 07018......... NEW YORK, NEW YORK 10017...................... PHILADELPHIA; DELAWARE VALLEY OFFICE MOORESTOWN. NEW JERSEY 08057___ PITTSBURGH. PENNSYLVANIA 15220......... ST. LOUIS. MISSOURI 63105........................ SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA 94106......... SEATTLE, WASHINGTON 98134.................... TULSA, OKLAHOMA 74114........................... 1371 Peachtree SL, N. E............. . 6660 Security Blvd........................ . 300 First Ave., Needham Hgts.. . 4446 Main St............................. 201 South Tiyon St.................. 230 North Michigan Ave............. West Street and Madisonville Rd. 1300 Lakeside Ave........................ 5925 Forest Lane......................... 10421 West Seven Mile Rd........... 3839 West Alabama Ave............. 720 Broad Ripple Ave................. 910 Baltimore Ave........................ 2770 Leonis Blvd........................... 915 Midland Bank Bldg............... 100 Halsted St............................. 270 Park Ave................................. Route 38...................................... P'way Center, 875 Greentree Rd. 10 South Brentwood Blvd........... 22 Battery St............................. 3404 Fourth Ave., South............ 2901 South Harvard.................. 404-876-3331 301-944-8211 617-444-5400 716-839-4040 704-377-6991 312-346-3300 513-272-0206 216-621-4211 214-239-8581 313-341-3131 713-621-1000 317-255-3181 816-221-2400 213-583-3061 612-339-0313 201-678-2800 212-551-4641 215-923-3200 609-235-6200 412-922-5700 314-726-0324 415-982-1360 206-622-6247 918-742-5524 Affiliates Pan America Eastern ARGENTINA.......................... Union Carbide Inter-America, Inc., Buenos Aires BRAZIL ................................ Union Carbide do Brasil S. A., Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro CANADA................................ Union Carbide Canada Ltd., Toronto. Belleville, Calgary, Vancouver, Montreal CARIBBEAN ..........................Union Carbide Inter-America, Inc., San Juan, Puerto Rico CENTRAL AMERICA............. Union Carbide inter-America, Inc., Panama City, Panama COLOMBIA............................ Union Carbide Colombia, S. A., Bogota MEXICO ...............................Unicarb Comercial, S. A. de C. V., Mexico, D. F,, Guadalajara, Monterrey PERU ....................................Union Carbide Inter-America, Inc., Lima VENEZUELA.......................... Union Carbide de Veneauela, C. A.. Caracas WESTERN HEMISPHERE___Union Carbide Inter-America, Inc., New York, N. Y. AUSTRALIA ........... .............Union Carbide Australia Ltd., Sydney, N. S. W. HONG KONG.......................Union Carbide Asia Ltd., Hong Kong INDIA ..................... .............Union Carbide India Ltd., Calcutta, Bombay, Madras, New Delhi NEW ZEALAND ..... .............Union Carbide New Zealand (Pty) Ltd., Auckland PAKISTAN _______ .............National Carbop Co. (Pakistan) Ltd., Karachi PHILIPPINES......... ..............Union Carbide Philippines Inc., Manila SINGAPORE........... .............Union Carbide Singapore Ltd., Singapore Europe Middle East, and North Africa AUSTRIA .............................Union Carbide Austria Ges. mbH,, Vienna BELGIUM .............................Union Carbide Belgium N. V., Brussels FRANCE ...............................Union Carbide Europa S. A., Succursale Francaise, Neuilly Sur Seine (Paris) GERMANY ...........................Union Carbide Deutschland, GmbH, Dusseldorf ITALY ...................................Union Carbide Italia S.p.A., Milan MIDDLE EAST..................... Union Carbide Middle East Ltd., Athens NETHERLANDS...................Union Carbide Belgium N. V., Amsterdam SCANDINAVIA.......................Union Carbide Norden A. B., Stockholm SPAIN....................................Union Carbide Iberica S. A., Madrid SWITZERLAND .................... Union Carbide Europa S. A., Geneva UNITED KINGDOM.............Union Carbide U. K. Limited, London, Manchester, Rickmansworth Africa F-41723 AFRICA (EAST) ................... Union Carbide Africa Ltd., Nairobi, Kenya AFRICA (SOUTH) ............... Union Carbide South Africa (Pty) Ltd., Johannesburg, Capetown, Durban l-rinli;.! i r. U. b. A. Effective, low-cost thickening agent and thixotrope for epoxy resin systems Imparts excellent viscosity control to resin systems (coatings, adhesives, sealants, caulks, mastics) Resin-Grade 144 'sbestos ... a highly purified fiber product that is an effective, low-cost thickening agent and thixotrope for epoxy resin systems. By means of a special refining technique developed by UNION CARBIDE, CALIDRIA Resin-Grade 144 Asbestos is made completely grit-free and non-abrasive--this latter char acteristic makes it especially valuable in spray application. Other desirable features of CALIDRIA Resin-Grade 144 Asbestos include: Disperses easily in liquid resin or hardener with a "Cowles" Dissolver or similar mixers Overmixing will not destroy the thixotropy of the resin-asbestos mixture Epoxy systems containing CALIDRIA Resin-Grade 144 Asbestos have excellent aging characteristics Reduced dust Unlike other thixotropes, it is effective with amine hardeners CALIDRIA Resin-Grade 144 Asbestos is substantially lower in cost than commonly used refined silicas or modified clays No amine salts are necessary for viscosity build-up or thixotropic stabili zation (with the exception of the low-viscosity, cycloaliphatic epoxides) Typical physical properties Specific Gravity 2.45 Moisture Content, % by wt.....................................2.0, maximum Surface Area, sq. meters per gram............................... 60, appr. Reflectance, G. E. Brightness............................................... 72-76 Nature of Surface Charge..................... Electropositive (cationic) pH in Water................................................................................ 9.5 Bulking Value, gallons per 100 lb.............................................4.8 Oil Absorption (DOP), pounds per 100 lb....................... 120-140 Refractive Index, nD25 C............................................... 1.54-1.56 Wet Bulk Density in Water, ml. as received, 20 g. per liter; 3-hr. settling............................700 after dispersion, 2 g. per liter; 1-hr. settling............900-1,000 Dry Bulk Density, lb. per cubic foot............................................. 4 Shipping Density, lb. per cubic foot......................................12-14 Standard Package Weight, lb..................................................... 35 % Magnetite............................................................................... 0.6 Screen Size, Typical; % plus 325 mesh.................................... Nil Fiber Diameter, microns....................................................... 0.025 Length/Diameter, microns.............................................. 200 avg. (1000 maximum) IMPORTANT: This information is not to be taken as a warranty or representation for which we assume legal responsibility nor as permission or recommendation to practice any patented invention without a license. It is offered solely for your consideration, investiga tion, and verification. BAK ELITE, CALI DR IA and UNION CARBIDE are trade marks of Union Carbide Corporation. U. S. A. 1967, 1968, 1969 by Union Carbide Corporation. Typical applications Cinnno 1 thickening efficiency in riyill C I LIQUID epoxy resins Figure 1 illustrates the effective, low-cost thickening and viscosity control properties of CALI DR IA Resin-Grade 144 Asbestos in epoxy resin systems. It compares relative differ ences in viscosity of BAKELITE Epoxy Resin ERL-2774 solu tions containing equivalent concentrations of CALIDRIA R-G 144 Asbestos, micro-crystalline silicate, and pyrogenic silica. Figure 2 illustrates the ability of CALIDRIA R-G 144 Asbestos to control viscosity in two different solvent-epoxy systems used in many epoxy coatings and paints. 2 VISCOSITY CHARACTERISTICS OF CALIDRIA R-G 144 IN BAKELITE EPOXY SOLUTIONS o ji n iJ i ! ij u.11 ii i I it iia[ ,f ` METHOD OF INCORPORATING THE THIXOTROPE: In preparing the test samples used in determining data for Tables 1, 2 and 3, the thixotrope--CALIDRIA Resin-Grade 144 Asbestos--was added to the liquid resin or hardener at 25C. and dispersed in a "Cowles" Dissolver at 2400 rpm. for 5 minutes. VISCOSITY MEASUREMENTS: Viscosities of the prepared test samples were measured on a Brookfield Model RVF Viscometer at 2 and 20 rpm. Table 1 shows performance data of bisphenol based resins, BAKELITE ERL-2774 and ERL-2795, with up to 4 PHR. of CALI DR IA Resin-Grade 144 Asbestos. Vertical draw down was excellent, and even higher asbes tos loading should result in even higher verti cal draw-down. Tsihlfi 1 THICKENING of bisphenol-based resins I flUlu I WITH CAUDRIA RESIN-GRADE 144 ASBESTOS w Ingredient BAKELITE ERL-2774 CAUDRIA ResinGrade 144 Asbestos Brookfield RVF Viscosity, cps. X 10~1 24 hours 7 days 30 days Room Temperature 45 days Parts by Weight 100 100 100 100 1 2 ;1 4 RPM. 2 20 Thixotropic Index <T. 1.) (a) RPM. 2 20 Thixotropic Index (Tel.) RPM. 2 20 Thixotropic Index (T.l.) RPM. 2 20 Thixotropic Index (T. 1.) 34 22 1.5 137 39 3.5 250 53 4.7 464 87 "5.3 32 20 1.6 132 36 3.6 244 54 4.5 430 76 5.7 (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) 480 94 5.1 Vertical Drawdown, mil (c) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) 125 (b) 125 Ingredient BAKELITE ERL-2795 CAUDRIA ResinGrade 144 Asbestos Brookfield RVF Viscosity, cps. X 10~* 24 hours 7 days 30 days Room Temperature 45 days 100 RPM. 2 20 18 3.8 '16 3.7 (b) (b) Thixotropic (T.l.) 4.7 4.3 (b) Parts by Weight 100 2 100 RPM. 2 20 38 6.3 Thixotropic (T.l.) 6.0 RPM. 2 20 70 11 Thixotropic Index (T.l.) 6.4 35 6.8 5.1 68 12 5.5 (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) 10O 4 RPM. 2 20 91 13 Thixotropic Index (T.L) 6.9 122 22 5.5 125 25 5.0 Vertical Drawdown, mil (c) (b) (b) (b) 80 (b) (b) (b) 70 (a) Thixotropic Index (T. t.) = viscosity viscosity at at 2 rpm. 20 rpm. (b) Not run. (c) Vertical Drawdown: A 2-inch wide drawdown was made on a horizontal sandblasted steel panel. The panel was im mediately raised to a vertical position and any sag noted. If no sag occurred in 10 minutes, the procedure was repeated and the thickness increased until sagging occurred. Table 2 presents data that show the effec tiveness of CAUDRIA Resin-Grade 144 As bestos as a thickener of several types of BAKELITE Amine Hardeners. Generally, other thickeners are not effective with amine hardeners. Tahiti O thickening of amine hardeners EdKIIC & WITH CALIDRIA RESIN-GRADE 144 ASBESTOS Formulation Brookfield RVF Viscosity, cps. X 10~* 24 hours 7 days 30 days Vertical Drawdown Room Temperature (R. T.) 50C. 80C. 30 days at R. T. 30 days at 80C. .Parts by WL BAKELITE ZZI.-0814......100 CALIDRIA Res! n-Grade 144 Asbesto5................... 4 Parts by WL BAKELITE ZZL-0820......100 CALIDRIA Res [n-Grade 144 Asbesto S....................4 Parts by WL BAKELITE ZZI.-0854......100 CAUDRIA Resln-Grade 144 Asbesto S................... 4 RPM. 2 20 Thixotropic Index (T.l.) RPM. 2 20 Thixotropic Index CT. 1.) RPM. 2 20 Thixotropic Index (T.l.) 187 36 5.3 67 32 2.1 102 23 4.5 172 34 5.1 66 32 2.1 104 23 4.6 177 34 5.2 67 35 1.9 104 24 4.4 Mil Mil Mil 70 40 40 20 -- -- -- 40 40 70 40 40 -- 40 40 Table 3 shows the thickening of a low-vis cosity, cycloaliphatic epoxide, BAKELITE ERL-4221, with CALIDRIA Resin-Grade 144 Asbestos and "Armac" C, a long chain ali phatic amine salt. BAKELITE ERL-4221 is the exception that requires an amine salt to be used with CALIDRIA Resin-Grade 144 Asbestos for viscosity build-up or thixotropic stabilization. 1 rt- by t ** THICKENING OF A ! QkMU tl LOW-VISCOSITY, CYCLOALIPHATIC EPOXIDE WITH CALIDRIA RESIN-GRADE 144 ASBESTOS AND "Armac" C Ingredient Parts by Wt. BAKELITE ERL-4221... .........100 CALIDRIA Resin-Grade 144 Asbestos. ............ 7 "Armac" C.................... ............ 5 Brookfield RVF Viscosity, cps. X 10~* RPM. Thixotropic 2 20 Index (T.l.) Initial 8 Weeks at 25C. 7 Weeks at 40C. 262 42 268 36 243 38 6.3 7.4 6.4 ems fcV5iu.fi BAKELITE ERL-2774/ZZL-0814 With a CALIDRIA Resin-Grade 144 Asbestos loading of 4 per cent on both resin and hard ener, it was possible to hold a 70-mil thick ness at room temperature. Higher loadings on the amine should result in much higher vertical drawdown. BAKELITE ERL-2774/ZZL-0820 A 4-per cent loading of CALIDRIA ResinGrade 144 Asbestos resulted in a 40-mil thickness that did not sag within 40 minutes at 80C. The system was gelled at that time. BAKELITE ERL-2774/ZZL-0854 With a 4-percent loading of CALIDRIA ResinGrade 144 Asbestos, it was possible to hold a 40-mil thickness at 80C. until gelled (65 minutes). f CAUDRIAResin-Grade 144 THE DISCOVERY COMPANY UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION ASBESTOS 270 PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, N. Y. 10017 Sa/es Offices United States ATLANTA, GEORGIA 30329..................................... 17 Executive Park Dr....................................404-633-6161 BALTIMORE. MARYLAND 21207..............................Beltway Bldg., 6707 Whitestone Rd..........301-944-8211 BOSTON. MASSACHUSETTS 02194 ...................... 300 First Ave., Needham Hgts.................. 617-444-5400 BUFFALO, NEW YORK 14225.................................. 3343 Harlem Rd...........................................716-837-6450 CHARLOTTE, NORTH CAROLINA 28210 ................ 6230 Fairview Rd........................................ 704-364-1400 CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60606..................................... 120 South Riverside Plaza........................312-822-7000 CINCINNATI, OHIO 45227......................................West Street and Madisonville Rd............... 513-272-0206 CLEVELAND, OHIO 44114........................................1300 Lakeside Ave., N.E.............................216-621-4202 CLIFTON, NEW JERSEY 07012................................935 Allwood Rd........................................... 201-778-2900 DALLAS. TEXAS 75207............................................. 2710 Stemmons Freeway.......................... 214-631-0010 DETROIT. MICHIGAN 48221.................................... 10421 West Seven Mile Rd.........................313-341-3131 HOUSTON. TEXAS 77027............. ..........................3839 West Alabama Ave.............................713-621-1000 INDIANAPOLIS. INDIANA 46220............................ 720 Broad Ripple Ave................................. 317-255-3181 KANSAS CITY (ST. LOUIS SALES OFFICE)............................................ .................................... 913-362-2200 LOS ANGELES. CALIFORNIA 90058 ...................... 2770 Leonis Blvd......................................... 213-583-3061 MEMPHIS (ATLANTA. GA. SALES OFFICE)....................................................................................901-396-5375 MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA 55416...................... 3033 Excelsior Blvd......................................612-927-4221 MOORESTOWN, NEW JERSEY 08057 ....................Route 38 and Pleasant Valley Rd................609-235-6200 NEW YORK. NEW YORK 10017............................... 270 Park Ave............................................... 212-551-4641 PHILADELPHIA (MOORESTOWN, NEW JERSEY SALES OFFICE)............................................... 215-923-3200 PITTSBURGH. PENNSYLVANIA 15220..................P kway Center. 875 Greentree Rd................412-922-5700 ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 63105................................. 10 South Brentwood Blvd......................... 314-726-0324 SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA 94106.................. 22 Battery St............................................. 415-982-1360 SEATTLE, WASHINGTON 98118 .............................4726 Rainier Ave., South...........................206-723-8660 # Asbestos F-41723B 3/69--3.5M PRINTED IN U.S.A. ' . i/.v-ooio. Hi ASBESTOS T-135 OPACIFYING AGENT APPLICATION BULLETIN return to research department LIBRARY 701-3 ASBESTOS T-135 OPACIFYING AGENT a highly efficient opacifying agent now in mill use. Excellent performance in both dry and waxed or oiled opacity make it useful in offset, envelope, map, book, glassine, pouch, and saturating papers. a unique UNION CARBIDE development, a specially titanated high purity asbestos fiber on which Ti02 is fixed in finely divided form along the filament. It max imizes the light scattering power of Ti02 by achieving unusually high retention in the dispersed state without agglomera tion. Kubelka-Munk tests show T-135 more than doubles the scattering power of Ti02 in the sheet over a broad range of addition. positively charged, the most highly re tained pigment known. low cost, less than 70 per cent that of TiC>2 per pound. Direct substitution in quality paper grades can save up to $15 per ton of product paper. Economic amounts can be used to improve opacity/ ash ratios in sheet where TiC>2 costs are prohibitive. available commercially in carload quan tities, in a convenient dust-free pellet F-41734 UNION CARBIDE is a registered trade mark of Union Carbide Corporation. This information is not to be taken as a warranty or representation for which we assume legal responsibility nor as permission or reconv mendation to practice any patented invention without a license. It is offered solely for your consideration, investigation and verification. G v..' i\ i' vj i \ i ; o !' ''kC'juuio r G i\ 2/0 P A R K A V E f U t_. A L V.' i P i 1. ;g v. 10017 ASBESTOS T-135 OPACIFYING AGENT % TiOj IN THE SHEET HOW TO USE T-135 Replace Ti02 in the furnish pound for pound; frequently 3 pounds of T-135 will replace 4 pounds of Ti02- Recommended use levels for mill trial evaluation: Present TiC>2 Addition, Per Cent of Furnish 2Vi or less 2 lA-4 Over 4 Per Cent Ti02 Replacement with T-135 100 50 to 100 50 or less Under certain conditions, amounts above these recommended levels may affect drainage and strength properties. Add T-135 pellets to the beater; the energy requirement to repulp T-135 pellets is less than to defiberize pulp lap. Reduce, or preferably eliminate, organic retention aids; T-135 performs this secondary function. T-135 can be used in both acid and alkaline systems. 2 ASBESTOS T-135 OPACIFYING AGENT SOME TYPICAL T-135 MILL PERFORMANCE T-135 has proved itself in more than 40 mills. Examples of mill data tabulated below, indicate the savings using improved T-135 based pigment-filler systems to produce specification grade paper. In some cases specifications were exceeded, indicating opportunity for further cost optimization. MILL `A" "B" "C" "D" ipH PAPER GRADE ORIGINAL PIGMENT-FILLER % Added Cost Per Ton Paper 50 lb. 6 Ti02 Opaque Offset 2 Clay 25 lb. Book Paper 50 lb. White Opaque Envelope 10.9 Ti02 10 Ti02 1.25 Extender 45 lb. White Opaque Book 1.1 Ti02 2.8 Extender Clay 50 lb. Offset 70 lb. Vellum Opaque Offset 4.7 Ti02 0.6 Extender 3.1 Clay 5.4 Ti02 8.9 Clay $27.80 $47.80 $45.72 $9.43 $23.35 $27.86 IMPROVED PIGMENT-FILLER % Added Cost Per Ton Paper DIRECT SAVINGS 3 T-135 1.75 Ti02 2 Clay 5 Ti02 3.8 T-135 $18.28 $34.13 $9.50 per ton of paper $13.70 per ton of paper 5 Ti02 5 T-135 $38.00 $7.72 per ton of paper 1.0 T-135 1.7 Extender Clay (Unchanged) $5.92 $3.50 per ton of paper 2.2 T-135 2.4 Clay $8.00 $15.35 per ton of paper 2.2 T-135 3.2 Ti02 7.8 Clay $24.56 $3.30 per ton of paper SECONDARY BENEFITS In addition to direct savings, fibrous T-135: Acts as a retention aid for separately added components such as Ti02, dyestuffs, fillers, etc. Improves sheet formation, smoothness, and printability. Often yields wax pick increase for starch-sized sheets. Markedly improves solids recoveries in the saveall, reducing loss in mill effluent. 3 ASBESTOS T-135 OPACIFYING AGENT TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF T-135 Ash............................... Ti02.......................... Moisture (105%).......... Mg..........................-. . Brightness (Photovolt) Surface Charge............ pH of 2% Slurry........... 90% by wt. 35% by wt. 2.0% by wt. 16% by wt. 86 Electropositive -9.5 SHIPPING INFORMATION Pellets, having 53 lb. per cubic foot density. Packed 50 lb. per bag in 3-ply repulpable bags. Palletized on 1-net ton pallets; overall dimensions of loaded pallet 46" L X 39"-ff X 48" H. Shipment by rail: 60 tons per boxcar, from King City, California. bulk: 100 tons per covered hopper car from King City, California, truck: 20 tons, from local warehouses. THE DISCOVERY COMPANY UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION PRODUCTS FOR PAPER 270 PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, N.Y. 10017 UNITED STATES: Atlanta, Ga. 404-892-7500 Baltimore. Md. 301-944-8211 Boston. Mass. 617-444-5400 Buffalo. N.Y. 716-837-6450 Charlotte. N.C. 704-377-6991 Chicago, III. 312-822-7000 Cincinnati, Ohio 513-272-0206 Cleveland. Ohio 216-621-4202 Clifton. NJ. 201-778-2900 Dallas. Texas 214-631-0010 Detroit. Mich. 313-341-3131 * Hartford, Conn. 203-525-9345 * Houston, Texas 713-621-1000 * Indianapolis. Ind. 317-255-3181 Kansas City. Mo. 816-221-2400 Los Angeles. Calif. 213-583-3061 Memphis. Tenn. 901-396-5375 Minneapolis, Minn. 612-927-4221 Moorestown, NJ. 609-235-6200 * New York, N.Y. 212-551-4641 Philadelphia (Moorestown. NJ. Sales Office) 215-923-3200 Pittsburgh, Pa. 412922-5700 St. Louis. Mo. 314-726-0324 San Francisco. Calif. 415-982-1360 Seattle, Wash. 206-6226247 Tulsa. Okla. 918-742-5S24 CANADA: LATIN AMERICA: V.T/AI DV.IOl: UNION CARBIDE CANADA LIMITED Calgary, Alberta, 403-263-8563 Montreal 11, Quebec, 514-384-6420 Toronto 12, Ontario, 416-487-1311 UNION CARBIDE INTER-AMERICA, INC. New York, N.Y. 10017, U.S.A., 270 Park Avenue, 212-551-2345 INTERNATIONAL DEPARTMENT, CHEMICALS AND PLASTICS, UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION New York, N.Y. 10017, USA., 270 Park Avenue. 212-551-2345 F-41734 5M-AAA I THE DISCOVERY COMPANY CO'AOOIS F& PERFORMANCE DATA RtS^CH 701-3 COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF CAL/DR/A R-G 244/POLYESTER RESIN SYSTEMS UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION CHEMICALS AND PLASTICS 270 PARK AVENUE. N.Y..N.Y. 10017 COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF CALIDRIA R-G 244/POLYESTER RESIN SYSTEMS CALIDRIA Resin-Grade 244 Asbestos, a new, modified asbestos fiber from UNION CARBIDE, developed for maximum thickening efficiency and thixotropy in polyester spray-up and hand lay-up laminating resins, is also an effective thickener for plastisols and organosols used in a broad variety of adhesives, coatings, mastics and sealants. In many systems, CALIDRIA Resin-Grade 244 Asbestos will not contribute color or opacity -- a characteristic that makes it particularly attractive in polyester gel coats. The distinctive characteristics of CALIDRIA Asbestos offer improved viscosity and thixotropic properties to polyester resin systems, superior to other commonly used thixotropic aids, at a considerable cost savings. On a pound-for-pound basis, CALIDRIA Resin-Grade 244 Asbestos has been found to contribute more than twice the viscosity of a typical pyrogenic silica. Savings up to 30 per cent or more are illustrated. Though CALIDRIA Resin-Grade 244 Asbestos is designed for use in stir-in mixers, optimum efficiency and lowest cost are obtained through use of high-shear mixers such as "Cowles" Dissolvers, sonic dispersers and homogenizers. Other desirable features of CALIDRIA Resin-Grade 244 Asbestos include: Ease of incorporation Reduced dust Clear, colorless products at low loadings Long term shelf life IMPORTANT: This information is not to be taken as a warranty or representation for which we assume legal responsibility nor as permission or recommendation to practice any patented invention without a license. It is offered solely for your consideration, investigation, and verification. 2 COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF CAUDRIA R-G 244/POLYESTER RESIN SYSTEMS SCOPE The rheological properties imparted by CALIDRIA R-G 244 Asbestos to polyester resin systems have been determined in a number of commercial laminating resins. Comparative evaluations of CALIDRIA R-G 244 versus pyrogenic silica have also con firmed the performance and economic advan tages claimed for CALIDRIA R-G 244 Asbestos. The following commercial polyester resins were used for these evaluations: Polyester Resin Manufacturer "Hetron" 26869 ............................................................... "Hetron" 17....................................................................... "Hetron" 130.................................................................... "Hetron" 19....................................................................... "Paraplex" 43.................................................................... "Marco" Resin .................................................................. "Koplac" 1000-23 ............................................................. "Dion" DR-315 ............................................................... Freeman Resin.................................................................. Ourez Div. of Hooker Chemicals Corp. Durez Div. of Hooker Chemicals Corp. Durez Div. of Hooker Chemicals Corp. Durez Div. of Hooker Chemicals Corp. Rohm and Haas Marco Chemical Div. of W. R. Grace Co. Koppers Company, Inc. Diamond Alkali Company, Dion Polymer Prods. Freeman Chemical Corporation TEST PROCEDURE To establish a sound and reliable basis for relative test comparisons, viscosities of the base resins were equated by the addition of styrene. CALIDRIA R-G 244 was evaluated in the resins at the 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 parts per 100 parts of resin (PHR). A commercial pyrogenic silica was used for comparative evaluations in several of the resins. Solids were incorporated by one of two procedures: 1. A high-shear laboratory "HomoMixer", with a 4-blade, 2-inch di ameter impeller. 2. A low-shear "Lightnin' " Mixer, with a 6-paddle, 2-inch diameter impeller. The degree of shear, implied herein, is in relative terms of impeller rpm. Mixing time was held constant at 3 minutes for all samples. Viscosity measurements were obtained with a Brookfield Viscometer at 25C. The samples were hand-stirred prior to measuring the viscosities. 3 COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF CAUDR/A R-G 244/POLYESTER RESIN SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS The comparative rheological properties of these commercial polyester resins containing CALIDRIA R-G 244 Asbestos are shown in the bar graph, Figure 1. Viscosities are those determined at 2 rpm. Thixotropic Index is based on the 2/20 rpm. viscosities. FIGURE 1 VISCOSITY AND THIXOTROPIC INDEX DATA COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF CALIDRIA R-G 244 ASBESTOS IN VARIOUS COMMERCIAL POLYESTER RESINS AT 0.5 PHR ADDITION POLYESTER "Hetron" 26869 "Hetron" 17 I0> VISCOSITY, CPS., at 2 RPM. 25 C. 2 3456789 ID1 2 2* "Hetron" 130 "Hetron" 19 "Paraplex" 43 Freeman "Koplac" 1000-23 "Dion" DR-315 "Marco" THIXOTROPIC INDEX, 2/20 RPM. at 25C. Polyester base resins: adjusted to 100 cps. with styrene. Mixing: "Lightnin' " Mixer, 6-paddle, 2-inch diameter impeller. Mixed for 3 minutes at 1600 rpm. PROMOTED POLYESTER RESINS Unlike most other thixotropes, CALIDRIA R-G 244 does not normally re quire polar additives such as glycol derivatives for viscosity build-up or thixotropic stabiliza tion. However, in some promoted resins, particularly those containing cobalt-type accelerators, nominal additions of ethylene glycol or similar additives will improve the viscosity, thixotropy, and stability of CALIDRIA R-G 244 dispersions significantly. This is illustrated in Table 1. TABLE 1 Viscosity of CALIDRIA R-G 244/Promoted Polyester *** Resin Systems CALIDRIA R-G 244 (PHR) Ethylene Glycol (PHR) Viscosity, cps., at 25C. 2 rpm. 20 rpm. Thixotropic Index at 2 and 20 rpm. 0.75 -- 800 560 1.4 0.75 0.30 1600 630 2.5 <*)"Silmar Resin" J-3798 -- Vistron Corporation Base viscosity 165 cps. CALIDRIA R-G 244 incorporated with "Homo-Mixer" at 5000 rpm. for 3 minutes 4 BROOKFIELD VISCOSITY, CPS., at 25C. COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF CAUDRIA R-G 244/POLYESTER RESIN SYSTEMS RELATIVE VISCOSITIES Figures 2 through 5 compare the relative viscosities of the various polyester resins over a range of 2 to 60 rpm.; each containing 0.5 PHR of CALIDRIA R-G 244 Asbestos. "Hetron" 26869 is used as the standard for comparison. FIGURES 2 THROUGH 5 - COMPARISON OF RELATIVE VISCOSITIES 10 20 30 40 50 60 SPINDLE SPEED, RPM. 10 20 30 40 50 60 SPINDLE SPEED, RPM. BROOKFIELD VISCOSITY, CPS., at 25C. 10 20 30 40 50 60 SPINDLE SPEED. RPM. 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 SPINDLE SPEED, RPM. COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF CALIDRIA R-G 244/POLYESTER RESIN SYSTEMS CAUDRSA R-G 244 ASBESTOS VS. PYROGENIC SILICA A comparison of the relative perform ances of CALIDRIA R-G 244 Asbestos and pyrogenic silica is shown in Figures 6 through 9. The thickeners were incorporated with a high shear "Homo-Mixer", for 3 minutes, at 5000 rpm. Four polyester resins, ranging from high to medium low performance (see Figure 1, page 4), were selected for this comparative evaluation. In all resins, the performance of CALIDRIA R-G 244 Asbestos was superior to pyrogenic silica for promoting viscosity and thixotropy. In addition, significant economic advantages became apparent. FIGURES 6 AND 7 COMPARISON OF RELATIVE PERFORMANCES OF CALIDRIA R-G 244 AND PYROGENIC SILICA WITH "Hetron" 26869 AND "Marco" 7 BROOKFIELD VISCOSITY, CPS., at 25C 10 20 30 40 50 60 SPINDLE SPEED. RPM. 10 20 30 40 50 60 SPINDLE SPEED, RPM. NOTE: Polyester resins were initially adjusted to a Brookfield viscosity of 100 cps. with styrene. Mixing: "Homo-Mixer" at 5000 rpm. for 3 minutes. 6 COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF CALtDRlA R-G 244/POLYESTER RESIN SYSTEMS FIGURES 8 AND 9 COMPARISON OF RELATIVE PERFORMANCES OF CALtDRlA R-G 244 AND PYROGENIC SILICA WITH "Paraplex" 43 AND "Koplac" 1000-23 10 20 30 40 50 60 SPINDLE SPEED, RPM. 10 20 30 40 50 60 SPINDLE SPEED, RPM. NOTE: Polyester resins mere initially adjusted to a Brookfield viscosity of 100 cps. with styrene. Mixing: "Homo-Mixer" at 5000 rpm. for 3 minutes. 7 COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF CALIDRIA R-G 244/POLYESTER RESIN SYSTEMS VISCOSITY VS. COST Figures 10 and 11 compare the viscosities obtained at 6 rpm., on various additive concentrations vs. the relative cost of the thickeners per 100 pounds of the polyester base resins. From these comparative tests and the relative thixotropic properties shown in Figure 16, page 11, it can be concluded that CALIDRIA Resin-Grade 244 Asbestos will provide, on the average, viscosities equivalent to pyrogenic silica, at approximately one-half the cost. FIGURES 10 AND 11 COMPARISON OF VISCOSITIES VS. RELATIVE COST OF THICKENERS BROOKFIELD VISCOSITY, CPS., at 6 RPM., and 25C COST OF THICKENER, CENTS, PER 100 POUNDS OF RESIN COST OF THICKENER, CENTS, PER 100 POUNDS OF RESIN SHEAR EFFECTS ON RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES The effects of shear on the rheological properties of CALIDRIA R-G 244 Asbestos and pyrogenic silica in polyesters are shown in Figures 12 to 15. "Paraplex" 43 and "Marco" resins, considered to be typical of most polyester systems, were selected for these tests. Although results obtained with labora tory equipment cannot be assumed to predict optimum conditions for production facilities, these data do indicate that pyrogenic silica is more shear dependent-than CALIDRIA R-G 244. On this basis, it can be concluded that pyrogenic silica requires relatively higher levels of energy to develop optimum rheo logical properties, in polymer suspensions, equivalent to those obtainable with CALIDRIA R-G 244 Asbestos. COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF CAUDRIA R-G 244/POLYESTER RESIN SYSTEMS HIGH AND LOW SHEAR MIXING VS. SOLIDS CONTENT The viscosity vs. solids content experi mental results shown in Figures 12 and 13 below were obtained with both high and low shear mixing equipment, using the following standard testing conditions. The initial vis cosity of each of the polyester base resins was adjusted to 100 cps. with styrene. Mixing Time, minutes Mixing Blades and Size Mixing Speed, rpm. High-Shear "Homo-Mixer" 3 4 - 2-inch diameter 5000 Low-Shear "Lightnin'" Mixer 3 6 (paddle) - 2-inch diameter 1600 (tip speed 800 to 900 rpm.) FIGURES 12 AND 13 VISCOSITY VS. THICKENER CONCENTRATION RELATIVE EFFECT OF HIGH AND LOW SHEAR MIXING BROOKFIELD VISCOSITY, CPS., at 6 RPM., and 25C. 1.0 2.0 3.0 THICKENER,PHR 1.0 2.0 3.0 THICKENER. PHR 9 COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF CALIDRIA R-G 244/POLYESTER RESIN SYSTEMS VISCOSITY VS. SHEAR RATE Viscosities determined at 25C., over a range of spindle speeds, from 2 to 60 rpm, on "Marco" and "Paraplex" 43 polyesters, con taining 0.5 PHR of the thickeners, indicate that CALIDRIA R-G 244 Asbestos, again, maintains a relatively higher degree of thick ening efficiency than pyrogenic silica, Figures ' 14 and 15. It is evident from these results that pyrogenic silica is more shear dependent than CALIDRIA R-G 244 Asbestos and requires higher levels of energy to develop satisfactory rheological properties for poly mer suspensions. FIGURES 14 AND 15 VISCOSITIES AT VARIOUS SHEAR RATES VS. EFFECT OF HIGH AND LOW SHEAR MIXING OF POLYESTERS CONTAINING 0.5 PHR OF THICKENERS o (oo(f/)t > o * ococ CO 10 20 30 40 50 60 SPINDLE SPEED. RPM. 10 COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF CAUDRIA R-G 244/POLYESTER RESIN SYSTEMS EFFECT OF SHEAR RATE ON THIXOTROPIC PROPERTIES CALIDRIA R-G 244 Asbestos provides exceptional rheological characteristics to polyester resins as shown in Figure 16. As indicated, a more fluid system for better spraying and brushing performance is avail able at one-half the concentration using CALIDRIA R-G 244 as compared to pyro genic silica, yet sag resistance and viscosity are higher as the shear rate is reduced. FIGURE 16 COMPARATIVE THIXOTROPIC CHARACTERISTICS CALIDRIA R-G 244 VS. PYROGENIC SILICA 0 50 100 ISO 200 250 SHEAR RATE. SEC."1 NOTE: These data were developed for a "Paraplex" 43 polyester resin (Rohm and Haas) with 10 per cent by weight of styrene added. Instrumentation was with a Haake "Rotovisco", using measuring system SV 11. 11 For complete information on properties, applications and prices, or technical assistance in utilizing ASBESTOS contact the nearest UNION CARBIDE Sales Office or CALI DR IA Asbestos Representative: 270 Park Avenue New York, N. Y. 10017 P. O. Box K King City, Ca. 93930 Sales Offices United States ATLANTA, GEORGIA 30329....................................... 17 Executive Park Dr......................................404-633-6161 BALTIMORE. MARYLAND 21207.............................. Beltway Bldg.. 6707 Whitestone Rd........... 301-944-8211 BOSTON. MASSACHUSETTS 02194....................... 300 First Ave., Needham Hgts....................617-444-5400 BUFFALO, NEW YORK 14225...................................3343 Harlem Rd...............................................716-837-6450 CHARLOTTE, NORTH CAROLINA 28210................ 6230 Faitview Rd........................................... 704-364-1400 CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60606........................................ 120 South Riverside Plaza......................... 312-822-7000 CINCINNATI, OHIO 45227........................................West Street and Madisonville Rd................ 513-272-0206 CLEVELAND, OHIO 44114.......................................... 1300 Lakeside Ave,, N.E...............................216-621-4202 CLIFTON, NEW JERSEY 07012 ................................. 935 Allwood Rd............................................. 201-778-2900 DALLAS. TEXAS 75207.......................... ................ 2710 Stemmons Freeway............................. 214-631-0010 DETROIT. MICHIGAN 48221......................................10421 West Seven Mile Rd............................ 313-341-3131 HOUSTON. TEXAS 77027.......................................... 3839 West Alabama Ave.............................. 713-621-1000 INDIANAPOLIS. INDIANA 46220.............................. 720 Broad Ripple Ave................................... 317-255-3181 KANSAS CITY (ST. LOUIS SALES OFFICE)......................................................................................... 913-362-2200 LOS ANGELES. CALIFORNIA 90058....................... 2770 Leonis Blvd........................................... 213-583-3061 MEMPHIS (ATLANTA. GA. SALES OFFICE).........................................................................................901-396-5375 MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA 55416 ..................... .. 3033 Excelsior Blvd.......................................612-927-4221 MOORESTOWN. NEW JERSEY 08057 ..................... Route 38 and Pleasant Valley Rd.................609-235-6200 NEW YORK, NEW YORK 10017................................. 270 Park Ave....................................................212-551-4641 PHILADELPHIA (MOORESTOWN, NEW JERSEY SALES OFFICE).................................................. 215-923-3200 PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA 15220................... P'kway Center, 875 Greentree Rd................ 412-922-5700 ST. LOUIS. MISSOURI 63105................................... 10 South Brentwood Blvd.......................... 314-726 0324 SAN FRANCISCO. CALIFORNIA 94106................... 22 Battery St................................................. 415-982-1360 SEATTLE, WASHINGTON 98118 .............................. 4726 Rainier Ave.. South............................ 206-723-8660 THE DISCOVERY COMPANY UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION CHEMICALS AND PLASTICS 270 PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK. N.Y. 10017 F-42354 3/sq-^u uV. ( " V0015 PERFORMANCE DATA f4d POLYESTER PREMIXES-- COMPARATIVE COST AND PERFORMANCE DATA F-42355 CALIDRIA and UNION CARBIDE are trade marks of Union Carbide Corporation, U.S.A. UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION CHEMICALS AND PLASTICS 270 PARK AVENUE. N.Y..N.Y. 10017 POLYESTER PREMIXES - COMPARATIVE COST AND PERFORMANCE DATA CALIDRIA R-G 110 Asbestos, a relatively new product of UNION CARBIDE, has been found to offer the polyester premix market decided product improvements, at reduced costs. Superior properties are obtained with R-G 110 as the sole reinforcing fiber at costs 1/3 to 1/2 those normally associated with Grade 7 chrysotile in similar compounds. In high performance fiber glass premixes, R-G 110 is also superior in providing mechanical properties and processing improvements at lower cost. A high purity product, CALIDRIA As bestos has an unusually high fiber content that is converted by a proprietary process to a product that is up to five times as effective, pound for pound, as currently used commer cial grades of asbestos, that contain large amounts of ineffective inert materials. Polyester premix compounds, largely for the electrical, automotive, refrigeration, elec tronics and industrial equipment fields, usually contain various types of low-cost chrysotile shorts or float-type mineral addi tives to provide: Lower shrinkage during molding. Controlled flow. Improved heat resistance. Uniform distribution of other fibers throughout the molded piece. Lower product cost. The asbestos usually selected are Canadian Grades 7TF and 7RF. Other fibers, such as glass and sisal, are frequently used to provide specific properties. Some formulations also include fillers, pigments, and special additives for mold release. EVALUATION PROCEDURES PREMIX PREPARATION All premix compounds were prepared from Rohm and Haas, "Paraplex" P-43 poly ester resin. The resin was mixed with 10 per cent by weight styrene monomer and 1 per cent by weight benzoyl peroxide catalyst. Two types of asbestos were used: Canadian 7TF8 and CALIDRIA R-G 110. The lime stone used was sized to permit 98% to pass a 325 mesh screen. Chopped fiber glass strand, 1/8-inch, and sisal fiber, 1/2-inch, were added to the high performance compounds. MIXING Sample premix compounds were mixed in a "Baker-Perkins" mixer. The resin system was added to the mixer followed by asbestos, limestone, sisal, and glass, in order, for a total of 30 minutes, but in no case was the compound mixed for more than 5 minutes after the glass fibers were added in order to minimize attrition of fiber length. The premixes were extruded from a "Hobart" mixer fitted with a 3/16-inch plate for further homogenization. IMPORTANT: This information is not to be taken as a warranty or representation for which we assume legal responsibility nor as permission or recommendation to practice any patented invention without a license. It is offered solely for your consideration, investigation, and verification. 2 POLYESTER PREMIXES --COMPARATIVE COST AND PERFORMANCE DATA TEST SAMPLES Test samples were compression molded from the extruded premix in a 10 x 10 x 1/8-inch plaque mold for 5 minutes at 150C. with an average 4000 psi. pressure. All speci mens for mechanical testing were cut from the 10 x 10-inch plaques. VISCOSITY SAMPLES Samples for viscosity determinations were prepared in a "Hobart" mixer. Asbestos and/ or limestone was added to the resin system and mixed for 20 minutes. Viscosity measure ments were made with a "Burrell-Severs" capillary rheometer. HIGH PERFORMANCE PREMIX CALIDRIA R-G 110 Asbestos plus lime stone was substituted for 7TF8 asbestos in a high performance premix which contained glass and sisal as primary reinforcement. Both premixes containing CALIDRIA R-G 110, (Table 1 below) exhibit physical properties as good as, or better than, the conventional premix containing 7TF8 asbestos. The overall cost of raw materials is below that of the conventional premix. The relative cost figures used to calculate comparative costs are shown in Table 4, page 5. The lower ultimate compound cost can be achieved, because the higher purity and greater asbestos fibril liberation in CALIDRIA R-G 110 permit the use of lesser quantities of CALIDRIA Asbestos and the incorporation of additional quantities of low cost limestone. A comparison of the property characteristics of CALIDRIA R-G 110 and 7TF8 is shown in Table 2 on page 4. TABLE 1 Comparative Physical Properties and Costs of a Conventional Polyester-Glass Premix Compound vs. CALIDRIA Asbestos-Glass Premix Compounds Composition, % by Weight Conventional Premix CALIDRIA Asbestos Premixes Polyester resin system .................................... Fiber glass, 1/8", chopped strand...................... Sisal, 1/2", chopped......................................... Asbestos, Canadian 7TF8............................... Asbestos, CALIDRIA R-G 110 ...................... Limestone........................................................ Relative Properties & Costs Izod, ft.-lb./inch.............................................. Flex strength, psi. x 10`3 ............................... Flex modulus, psi. x 10`6............................... Cost, S/lb........................................................... 40 15 10 10 -- 25 1.0 8.5 1.2 0.151 35 10 10 -- 5 40 1.1 8.1 1.3 0.128 40 7.5 10 -- 7.5 35 0.9 8.7 1.4 0.132 3 POLYESTER PREMIXES - COMPARATIVE COST AND PERFORMANCE DATA LOW COST PREMIX FORMULATIONS Asbestos fibers yield increased flexural strength, modulus, and heat distortion tem perature (HDT) when used as the sole rein forcement in low-cost moldings. CALIDRIA R-G 110 may be substituted for 7TF8 with additional improvements in impact resistance, strength, and HDT. Table 3 presents data for a series of CALIDRIA R-G 110 reinforced, low-cost premixes showing the variation of properties with changes in composition. These data show that very acceptable properties can be at tained with CALIDRIA R-G 110 at a total raw material cost of less than 8$t/lb. TABLE 2 Typical Asbestos Characteristics Specific Gravity .................................................. Reflectance, Photovolt, %.................................... Surface Area, BET-Nitrogen, m.2/g....................... Magnetite Content, % ......................................... Oil Adsorption, lb. DOP/100 lb. asbestos............ Particle Size, Wet Screen, Retained on 325M, %. . Dry Bulk, Aerated, lb./ft.3.................................... Total Available Asbestos, % fiber in package .... R-G 110 2.45 68 55 1.5 110 12 5 85 7TF8 2.50 65 15 3.5 50 11 19 25 TABLE 3 Comparative Physical Properties and Costs of a Conventional Polyester P.remix Compound vs. CALIDRIA Asbestos Premix Compounds Composition, % by Weight Conventional Premix CALIDRIA Asbestos Premixes Polyester compound CALIDRIA R-G 110 7TF8 Asbestos Limestone Relative Properties & Costs Izod, ft. Ib./in. Flex strength, psi. X 10'3 Flex Modulus, psi. X 10"6 HDT, C. Cost, S/lb. 60 60 40 40 30 30 - 20 15 10 20 10 40 - -- -- -- -- - 20 45 50 50 60 0.2 9.1 1.16 74.0 0.132 0.3 11.4 1.0 76.7 0.137 0.3 11.0 1.7 0.097 0.3 9.4 1.1 77.9 0.093 0.3 8.8 1.3 79.7 0.080 0.3 8.1 1.2 78.5 0.074 4 POLYESTER PREMIXES-COMPARATIVE COST AND PERFORMANCE DATA COST DATA In order to determine relative compound costs, the following delivered prices were assumed: TABLE 4 Relative Cost Figures 1. Polyester system (including styrene monomer and catalyst)................. 2. Fiber glass, chopped 1/8" strand.......................................................... 3. Sisal, chopped 1/2" ............................................................................. 4. 7TF8 Asbestos .................................................................................... 5. CALIDRIA R-G 110 Asbestos ............................................................ 6. Limestone ............................................................................................ $/lb. 0.20 0.30 0.20 0.030 0.075 0.01 These costs, while not necessarily accurate at any particular location, provide relative data which are useful, as shown below in typical cost comparison calculations. Polyester 7TF8 Asbestos R-G 110 Asbestos Limestone Overall Compound Cost/Lb. Conventional Premix % Per Lb. Premix by WL Cost Cost 60 X 40 X - 0.20 0.03 - 0.12 0.012 - SO. 132 CALIDRIA R-G 110 Premix % Per Lb. Premix by Wt. Cost Cost 40 X 0.20 -10 X 0.075 50 X 0.01 0.08 - 0.0075 0.005 0.0925 VISCOSITY CONTROL Samples of polyester resin, asbestos, and limestone containing a total of 30 per cent mineral additive were prepared to demon strate the viscosity control capabilities of CALIDRIA R-G 110 compared to 7TF8. A comparison of the two is shown in Figure 1, page 6. Higher viscosities are obtained with a 1:3 mixture of CALIDRIA R-G 110 and limestone than with an equal quantity of 7TF8. A curve fora 1:1,7TF8:limestone mix is included to show that the same perform ance cannot be obtained. These data illustrate the ability of CALIDRIA R-G 110 to impart flow control characteristics to a polyester premix formulation which surpass the effect achieved with 7TF8. 5 POLYESTER PREMIXES --COMPARATIVE COST AND PERFORMANCE DATA FIGURE 1 VISCOSITY PROFILES: POLYESTER-MINERAL SYSTEMS18* Viscosity, cps. x 10'3 (a) 30 per cent solids 6 POLYESTER PREMIXES-COMPARATIVE COST AND PERFORMANCE DATA ASPHALTIC COMPOUND VISCOSITY CONTROL CALIDRIA R-G 110 Asbestos is also particularly adapted to use in asphaltic and similar compounds where good bodying is required at low concentrations, such as in automotive undercoating and sound deaden ing applications. Because of its fine particle size, high fiber content and high purity, R-G 110 is essentially non-abrasive and ideally suited to meet the demanding performance of air-less spray applications. Comparative thickening efficiency is shown in Figure 2. FIGURE 2 COMPARATIVE THICKENING PERFORMANCE Thickener Added, % By Wt. 7 For complete information on properties, applications and prices, or technical assistance in utilizing YCf J7SBESTOS contact the nearest UNION CARBIDE Sales Office or CALIDRIA Asbestos Representative: 270 Park Avenue New York, N.Y. 10017 P. O. Box K King City, Ca. 93930 Sates Offices United States ATLANTA. GEORGIA 30329........................................ 17 Executive Park Dr..................................... 404-633-6161 BALTIMORE, MARYLAND 21207...............................Beltway Bldg., 6707 Whitestone Rd.......... 301-944-8211 BOSTON. MASSACHUSETTS 02194....................... 300 First Ave.. Needham Hgts................... 617-444-5400 BUFFALO, NEW YORK 14225................................... 3343 Harlem Rd..............................................716-837-6450 CHARLOTTE. NORTH CAROLINA 28210................. 6230 Fairview Rd.......................................... 704-364-1400 CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60606......................................... 120 South Riverside Plaza.........................312-822-7000 CINCINNATI, OHIO 45227......................................... West Street and Madisonville Rd................513-272-0206 CLEVELAND. OHIO 44114.......................................... 1300 Lakeside Ave., N.E.............................. 216-621-4202 CLIFTON, NEW JERSEY 07012................................. 935 Allwood Rd............................................. 201-778-2900 DALLAS, TEXAS 75207............................................... 2710 Stemmons Freeway............................ 214-631-0010 DETROIT. MICHIGAN 48221...................................... 10421 West Seven Mile Rd............................313-341-3131 HOUSTON. TEXAS 77027............................................3839 West Alabama Ave.............................713-621-1000 INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA 46220.................................720 Broad Ripple Ave..................................317-255-3181 KANSAS CITY (ST. LOUIS SALES OFFICE)........................................................................................ 913-362-2200 LOS ANGELES. CALIFORNIA 90058.........................2770 Leonis Blvd............................................213-583-3061 MEMPHIS (ATLANTA GA. SALES OFFICE)................................... .................................................... 901-396-5375 MINNEAPOLIS. MINNESOTA 55416 ........................3033 Excelsior Blvd........................................612-927-4221 MOORESTOWN. NEW JERSEY 08057 ..................... Route 38 and Pleasant Valley Rd.................609-235-6200 NEW YORK, NEW YORK 10017.................................. 270 Park Ave................................................. 212-551-4641 PHILADELPHIA (MOORESTOWN, NEW JERSEY SALES OFFICE) ..................................................215 923-3200 PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA 15220....................P'kway Center, 875 Greentree Rd................ 412-922-5700 ST. LOUIS. MISSOURI 63105.................................... 10 South Brentwood Blvd..........................314-726-0324 SAN FRANCISCO. CALIFORNIA 94106....................22 Battery St................................................ 415-982 1360 SEATTLE. WASHINGTON 98118 ................ ..............4726 Rainier Ave.. South.............................206-723-8660 THE DISCOVERY COMPANY UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION CHEMICALS AND PLASTICS 270 PARK AVENUE. NEW YORK. N.Y. 10017 F-42355 I THE DISCOVERY COMPANY /J,'/;D0i5 14 PERFORMANCE DATA PERFORMANCE OF CAL!DR!A R-G 144 AND COMPETITIVE THIXOTROPES In Liquid Epoxy Resin Systems F42356 BAKELITE, CALIDRIA, and UNION CARBIDE are trade marks of Union Carbide Corporation, U.S.A. UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION CHEMICALS AND PLASTICS P7D PARK' A\/fmhf m y m y -inryi7 PERFORMANCE OF CAUDRIA R-G 144 AND COMPETITIVE THIXOTROPES in Liquid Epoxy Resin Systems CALIDRIA R-G 144 Asbestos is a highly purified fiber product that is an effective, low-cost thickening agent and thixotrope for epoxy resin systems. Produced by UNION CARBIDE'S proprietary process, an unusually high fiber content is obtained, that is both grit-free and non-abrasive. Comparative evaluations have shown that up to 50 per cent less CALIDRIA R-G 144 Asbestos is required than other commonly used thickeners, to provide equivalent vis cosity and thixotropic properties, in liquid epoxy resin systems. Because CALIDRIA Asbestos is much lower in price, its costperformance is outstanding. Figures 1 and 2 compare the relative differences in viscosity and thixotropy of BAKELITE Epoxy Resin ERL-2774 solutions containing equivalent concentrations of CALIDRIA R-G 144 Asbestos, micro-crystal line silicate, and pyrogenic silica. The superiority of CALIDRIA R-G 144 is again indicated, as shown in Figures 1 and 2, in that its use does not require amine-type additives usually recommended with the use of pyrogenic silicas. Figures 3 and 4 show the superior per formance of CALIDRIA R-G 144 Asbestos in BAKELITE Resin Hardener ZZL-0814, in comparison with equivalent mixtures of micro-crystalline silicate and pyrogenic silica. RESIN AND AMINE HARDENER EVALUATION In preparing test samples used in deter mining data for the following graphs, the thixotropes were added to the liquid resin or hardener at 25C. and dispersed in a "Cowles" Dissolver at 2400 rpm. for 5 minutes. VISCOSITY MEASUREMENTS Viscosities of the prepared test samples were measured on a Brookfield Model RVF Viscometer at 2 and 20 rpm. IMPORTANT: This information is not to be taken as a warranty or representation for which we assume legal responsibility nor as permission or recommendation to practice any patented invention without a license. It is offered solely for your consideration, investigation, and verification. 2 FIGURES 1 AND 2 COMPARISON OF VISCOSITY AND THIXOTROPY OF BAKELITE EPOXY RESIN ERL-2774 SOLUTIONS CONTAIN ING EQUIVALENT CONCENTRATIONS OF CALIDRIA R-G 144 ASBESTOS, MICRO-CRYSTALLINE SILICATE, AND PYROGENIC SILICA PERFORMANCE OF CALIDRIA R-G 144 AND COMPETITIVE THIXOTROPES in Liquid Epoxy Resin Systems FIGURES 3 AND 4 PERFORMANCE OF CALIDRIA R-G 144 ASBESTOS IN BAKELITE RESIN HARDENER ZZL-0814 COMPARED WITH EQUIVALENT MIXTURES OF MICRO CRYSTALLINE SILICATE AND PYROGENIC SILICA B R O O K F IE LD VISCO SITY. CPS., at 2 RPM. and 25C. THIXOTROPIC INDEX, 2/20 RPM. o 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 SOLIDS, PER CENT BY WEIGHT 5 a. cc CoM w XUOJ 2 O 0ocIQ-c_ X 1h- o 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 SOLIDS, PER CENT BY WEIGHT 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 SOLIDS. PER CENT BY WEIGHT 3 For complete information on properties, applications and prices, or technical assistance in utilizing vm ASBESTOS contact the nearest UNION CARBIDE Sales Office or CALI DR IA Asbestos Representative: 270 Park Avenue New York, N. Y. 10017 P. O. Box K King City, Ca. 93930 Sales Offices United States ATLANTA, GEORGIA 30329 ..................................... 17 Executive Park Dr................................ 404-633-6161 BALTIMORE, MARYLAND 21207.............................. Beltway Bldg., 6707 Whitestone Rd...........301-944-8211 BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS 02194....................... 300 First Ave., Needham Hgts..................... 617-444-5400 BUFFALO, NEW YORK 14225...................................3343 Harlem Rd.............................................. 716 837-6450 CHARLOTTE, NORTH CAROLINA 28210................ 6230 Fairview Rd........................................... 704-364-1400 CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60606........................................ 120 South Riverside Plaza......................... 312-822-7000 CINCINNATI, OHIO 45227........................................ West Street and Madisonville Rd............... 513-272 0206 CLEVELAND, OHIO 44114................... ................... 1300 Lakeside Ave., N.E................................216-621-4202 CLIFTON. NEW JERSEY 07012......... ................... 935 Allwood Rd.............................................. 201-778-2900 DALLAS, TEXAS 75207............................................... 2710 Stemmons Freeway.............................214-631-0010 DETROIT, MICHIGAN 48221...................................... 10421 West Seven Mile Rd............................313-341-3131 HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT 06103.......................... 410 Asylum St.............................................. 203-525-9345 HOUSTON, TEXAS 77027...........................................3839 West Alabama Ave............................. 713-621-1000 INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA 46220.............................. 720 Broad Ripple Ave..................................317-255-3181 KANSAS CITY (ST. LOUIS SALES OFFICE)........................................................................................ 913-362-2200 LOS ANGELES. CALIFORNIA 90058..................... .2770 Leonis Blvd............................................ 213-583-3061 MEMPHIS, TENNESSEE 38116................................. 3385 Airways Blvd......................................... 901-396-5375 MINNEAPOLIS. MINNESOTA 55416 ........................ 3033 Excelsior Blvd.......................................612-927-4221 MOORESTOWN, NEW JERSEY 08057 .............. .... . Route 38 and Pleasant Valley Rd..............609-235 6200 NEW YORK, NEW YORK 10017................................. 270 Park Ave.................................................. 212-551-4641 PHILADELPHIA (MOORESTOWN. NEW JERSEY SALES OFFICE).................................................. 215-923-3200 PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA 15220................... P'kway Center, 875 Greentree Rd................ 412-922-5700 ST. LOUIS. MISSOURI 63105.................................... 10 South Brentwood Blvd.......................... 314-726 0324 SAN FRANCISCO. CALIFORNIA 94106................... 22 Battery St................................................ 415-982-1360 SEATTLE, WASHINGTON 98118 .............................. 4726 Rainier Ave., South............................ 206-723-8660 THE DISCOVERY COMPANY UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION CHEMICALS AND PLASTICS 270 PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, N.Y. 10017 F-42356 THE D.SCOVERY COMPANY RESEARCH DEPARTMENT RETURN TO RESE HiMrin FtBit n CALIDRIA" ASBESTOS SG-130 AND SG-210 For Tape Joint Compounds RECEIVED Lowers Costs Two Ways Enhances Sandability m - 8 1971 Eidg.7d7/LIBRARY CALIDRIA Asbestos acts as a body ing and secondary thickening agent permitting formulation of lower den sity, more economical tape joint com pounds without the sacrifice of per formance. CALIDRIA Asbestos is produced by a proprietary manufactur ing process that yields unusually high fiber content and more complete fiber liberation from the natural bundles. As a result, CALIDRIA Asbestos goes up to twice as far, pound for pound, as commercial grades of as bestos containing large amounts of other filler materials that have no specific desirable effects on tape joint compound properties. CALIDRIA Asbestos contains mainly chrysotile fiber and is essentially free from abrasive contaminants, such as magnetite and serpentine rock dust. This composition results in a low density product, free from con taminants that interfere with sanding. Improves Uniformity Narrow and well-controlled particle size distribution, low alkalinity and high brightness are characteristic of CALIDRIA Asbestos. These proper ties are consistent from batch to batch and improve the uniformity of tape joint compounds using CALIDRIA Asbestos. Reduces Cracking The fibers of CALIDRIA Asbestos behave as an active lyophobic colloid in aqueous dispersion; by this mecha nism CALIDRIA Asbestos increases tape joint compound liquid cohesive strength during drying. Increased liquid cohesive strength greatly re duces the tendency for cracks over nail holes, in thick sections at the center rof tho--j<-inri nnd alone the feathei ;d edges. Suggestions for Use of CALIDRIA Asbestos CALIDRIA Asbestos can be readily used in your present tape joint compound formulation. Add approximately one-half the proportion of asbestos you now use. Increase the proportion of calcium carbon ate or other inert filler to make up for the lower quantity of asbestos. You may also be able to use slightly more water in your ready-mix and maintain your present viscosity level. Ntj utlier changon--in your \ .1 ?V.1 4 Ii CALIDRIA, CELLOS1ZE, UCAR, anFuNlON CAR&ltil ar*tra2e ofj^gjo tober, 1968 F-42258 nde Corporator "CALIDRIA" ASBESTOS SG-130 AND SG-210 For Tape Joint Compounds Suggestions for Use of CALIDRIA Asbestos (Continued) formulation or manufacturing procedure are required. CALIDRIA Asbestos SG-130 has the coarser particle size; it finds use for bedding compounds or perhaps spackling compound. The SG-210 has the finer parti cle size and is favored for topping com pounds, all-purpose compositions, texture paints, and similar formulas. A Suggested Ready-Mix Tape Joint Compound For Use With CALIDRIA Asbestos Parts by Weight Dry Basis Fillers: Calcium Carbonate, No. 1 White (Thompson Weinman)........................................... Mica, P80F (Western Mica)............................................................................................ Clay, ASP-400 (Minerals and Chemicals Philipp Corp.)......................................... CALIDRIA Asbestos, SG-210 (Union Carbide)......................................................... 61.42 21.00 4.00 4.58 Binder: UCAR Latex 131 (Union Carbide)............................................................................... 6.60* Workability Control Agent: CELLOSIZE Thickener, TJC Grade (Union Carbide)............................................... 0.50 Drying Control: Ethylene Glycol (Union Carbide).................................................................................. 1.00 Defoamer: "Nopco" PD-1 (Nopco Chemical Company) ............................................................. 0.10 Dispersant: "Daxad" 30 (Dewey & Almy Chemical Div.)............................................................. 0.60* Bacteriastat: "Dowicide" A (Dow Chemical Co.)........................................................................... 0.20 100.00 Total Water: about 56 parts by weight per 100 parts dry solids Contained solids basis "CALIDRIA" ASBESTOS SG-130 AND SS-210 For Tape Joint Compounds Typical Product Characteristics Reflectance (G.E. Photovolt) ......................... Contained magnetite......................................... Alkalinity (as % of NajO)............................... pH (5% aqueous slurry)..................................... Surface area (BET)........................................... Oil Adsorption (DOP #/100# asbestos)........ Wet Bulk, settled vol. (ml.) 10g/250 ml./l hr Dry Bulk (#/ft.3) ............................................. Water absorption (wt. % in filter cake) ........ Size distribution (cumulative % retained) Wet Screen mesh size 100................................................... 200 ................................................... 325 ........................................................... CALIDRIA Asbestos SG-130 SG-210 68% 2% max. 0.05 to 0.06 8.5 to 9.5 50 to 60 mVg. 90 to 100 200 7 to 8 55 to 60 no to 120 220 5 to 6 62 to 65 5 17 28 to 32 T race 3 10 to 15 Packaging and Shipping Information Product Form -- Opened (finely ground) chrysotile asbestos fiber. Packaging -- One Package................................................................................. Pallet Weight Carload .................................................................................... Truckload................................................................................. Shipping Classification - asbestos shorts Rail point of origin - Welby, California (King City, California) CALIDRIA Asbestos SG-130 SG-210 40 lb. 30 lb. 1,600 lb. 2,000 lb. 1,050 lb. 1,500 lb. TOXICOLOGICAL PROPERTIES It has been known for many years that some persons working in asbestos produc tion were prone to develop a disabling lung disease. In time, this condition became known as asbestosis and was related to exposure to high concentrations of asbes tos dust. With further experience, it was found that men could work with asbestos without development of lung disease if dust concentrations- were kept below a certain level. It is now generally accepted that a man can work a 40-hour week for a lifetime without developing asbestosis if the asbestos dust particle count is kept at or below 5 million particles per cubic foot of air. This dust concentration of 5 million particles per cubic foot of air is the Thresh old Limit Value for asbestos, and no cases 3 "CALIDRIA" ASBESTOS SG-130 AND SQ-210 TOXICOLOGICAL PROPERTIES (Continued) of asbestosis are believed to have occurred when exposures have been maintained at or below this level, despite large-scale utilization (now approaching one million tons per year in the U.S.A.). This concen tration of dust is generally not visible in the average work area unless a beam of light causing a Tyndall effect is present. Usually the dust concentration must be from 8-10 million particles per cubic foot before its presence is visible in average lighting conditions. Several years ago, it was reported that there was an increase in the incidence of cancerous tumors, especially of the lung, associated with asbestosis. Recently there have been reports of some cancers occurring in individuals exposed to asbestos dust, but who have not developed clinical as bestosis. It is believed by most authorities that these cases have been associated with exposures significantly exceeding the Threshold Limit Value. A major manufac turer of asbestos products who also mines asbestos has not been able to show an in crease in cancerous growths in men work ing where dust concentrations were main tained at the Threshold Limit Value. Control of asbestos dust exposure is therefore necessary. The control methods are the standard ones applicable to a variety of dusty operations. They include closed flow systems, wet processes where possi ble, and adequate exhaust ventilation where openings in the system are necessary. Pelletizing is sometimes used to improve the handling characteristics of otherwise dusty materials. Where satisfactory con tainment to stay within the Threshold Limit Value is impractical or impossible, effi cient and reliable respirators are available for the protection of the employee. A pro gram of environmental monitoring in manu facturing operations is highly desirable to determine that Threshold Limit Values are not being exceeded. Employees should wear respirators where dusting occurs in finishing products such as sanding taped joints. Pre-employment and periodic physical examinations of workers are desirable. These should include chest X-rays to in sure that the worker has no chest con dition prior to work with asbestos and to determine that no lung changes are result ing from work with asbestos. In conclusion, while asbestos dust in excess of the Threshold Limit Value is potentially harmful, as are many other dusts encountered in industry, it is as readily controlled as other such dusts and it can be used safely with appropriate precautions. 4 OIL ADSORPTION (ml. DOP/lOg.) "CALIDRIA" ASBESTOS SG-130 AND SG-210 For Tape Joint Compounds 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 WATER RETENTION (ml. H2O/20g.) RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WATER & OIL ADSORPTION CAPACITY OF SOME ASBESTOS PRODUCTS FOR TAPE JOINT ADHESIVE FORMULATIONS 5 < THE DISCOVERY COMPANY Sales Offices UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION CHEMICALS AND PLASTICS 270 PARK AVENUE. NF.W YORK, N.Y. 10017 United States Affiliates ~ ATLANTA. GEORGIA 30309.....................................1371 Peachtree St.. N. E.............................404-892-7500 BALTIMORE, MARYLAND 21207............................Beltway Bldg.. 6707 Whitestone Rd.......... 301-944-8211 BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS 02194......................300 First Ave.. Needham Hgts.................... 617-444-5400 BUFFALO. NEW YORK 14225................................ 3343 Harlem Rd............................................ 716-837-6450 CHARLOTTE, NORTH CAROUNA 28210............... 6230 Fairview Rd..........................................704-364-1400 CHICAGO. ILLINOIS 60606..................................... 120 South Riverside Plaza......................... 312-822-7000 CINCINNATI, OHIO 45227..................................... West Street and Madisonville Rd................ 513-272-0206 CLEVELAND, OHIO 44114....................................... 1300 Lakeside Ave., N.E...............................216-621-4202 CLIFTON, NEW JERSEY 07012......... '.................... 935 Allwood Rd........................................... 201-778-2900 DALLAS, TEXAS 75207............................................ 2710 Stemmons Freeway........................... 214-631-0010 DETROIT, MICHIGAN 48221................................... 10421 West Seven Mile Rd...........................313-341-3131 HARTFORD. CONNECTICUT 06103........................ 410 Asylum St.............................................. 203-525-9345 HOUSTON, TEXAS 77027........................................3839 West Alabama Ave.............................713-621-1000 INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA 46220............................ 720 Broad Ripple Ave................................. 317-255-3181 KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI 64141...........................910 Baltimore Ave....................................... 816-221-2400 LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90058...................... 2770 Leonis Blvd..........................................213-583-3061 MEMPHIS, TENNESSEE 38116............................... 3385 Airways Blvd........................................901-396-5375 MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA 55416 ...................... 3033 Excelsior Blvd.................................... 612-927-4221 MOORESTOWN, NEW JERSEY 08057 .................... Route 38 and Pleasant Valley Rd................ 609-235-6200 NEW YORK, NEW YORK 10017...............................270 Park Ave.. ............................................. 212-551-4641 PHILAUELPH1A;(M009EST0WN. NEW JERSEY-SALES OFFICE) . ............ ................ . : 215-923-3200 PITTSBURGH. PENNSYLVANIA 152,20. .. . . .'. .,. P'kway Center. 875 Greentree Rd.............412-922-5700 ST.. LOUIS; MISSOURI 63105. / .............. I'vlO South Brentwood Blvd.............. .......314-726-0324 san Francisco, California 94106.................22 Battery st................................;____ 415-982-1360 SEATTLE, WASHINGTON 98118____.. . . .4726';Ralnier Ave., South......................... 206-723-8660 TULSA, OKLAHOMA 7411^;.',2901'-Sbuth Harvard............................... 918-742-5524 Pan America ARGENTINA............................ Union Carbide Inter-America, Inc., Buenos Aires BRAZIL .................................. Union Carbide do Brasil S. A., Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro CANADA ................................ Union Carbide Canada Ltd., Calgary, Lachine (P.Q.), Toronto. Vancouver. Winnipeg CARIBBEAN...........................Union Carbide Inter-America, Inc., San Juan, Puerto Rico CENTRAL AMERICA............. Union Carbide Inter-America, Inc., Panama City. Panama CHILE .................................... Union Carbide Comercial Chile Ltd., Santiago COLOMBIA............................ Union Carbide Colombia, S. A., Bogota MEXICO .................................Unicarb Comercial, S. A. de C. V., Mexico, D. F,, Guadalajara, Monterrey PERU ...................................... Union Carbide Inter-America, Inc., Lima VENEZUELA............................ Union Carbide de Venezuela, C. A., Caracas WESTERN HEMISPHERE.... Union Carbide Inter-America, Inc., New York, N. Y. Eastern AUSTRALIA .......................... Union Carbide Australia Ltd., Sydney, N. S. W. HONG KONG ........................ Union Carbide Asia Ltd., Hong Kong INDIA .....................................Union Carbide India Ltd., Calcutta, Bombay, Madras, New Delhi NEW ZEALAND.................... Union Carbide New Zealand (Pty) Ltd., Auckland PAKISTAN ............................ National Carbon Co. (Pakistan) Ltd., Karachi PHILIPPINES ........................ Union Carbide Philippines Inc., Manila SINGAPORE .......................... Union Carbide Singapore Ltd., Singapore Europe Middle East, and North Africa AUSTRIA ............... BELGIUM ............... FRANCE ................. GERMANY ............. ITALY ...................... MIDDLE EAST NETHERLANDS ..... SCANDINAVIA ,_i; Spain .... Switzerland UNITED KlNGtSDM Africa AFRICA (EAST) ..... AFRICA (SOUTH)... Union Carbide Austria Ges. mbH., Vienna Union Carbide Belgium N. V., Brussels Union Carbide Europe s.a., Succursale Francaise, Puteaux-Paris Union Carbide Deutschland, GmbH, Dusseldorf Union Carbide Italia S.p.A., Milan Union Carbide Middle East Ltd., Athens, Greece '] Union Carbide Belgium N. Y,, Amsterdam Union Carbide Norden A.B.VGtockholmr, Swedgi^ ; Union Carbide Iberica S. A..,Madrid Union Carbide.Europes.a Geneva, - *';_1 Union Carbide U. K. Limited, London, ManC^estCT. Rickmansworth; England **:> ***.*' *., . Union Carbide Africa Ltd., Nairobi',' Kenya ; Union Carbide South Africa (Pty) Ltd., Johannesburg, Capetown) Durban; Republic of- South Africa ' F-42258 ...a chemically modified, highly refined fiber with a mineral coating that gives: HIGHER VISCOSITY AT LOW LOADINGS-- "Calidria" asbestos RG-244 builds more vis cosity at a given concentration than pyrogenic silica or other thickeners. Part of this viscosity increase comes from hydrogen bonding be tween the mineral coating and the resin system --the same way that pyrogenic silica builds viscosity. What makes RG-244 more efficient is that the fibers enhance flow resistance. On a Ib.-for-lb. basis, RG-244 builds over twice as much viscosity as pyrogenic silica. BETTER FLOW AT HIGH SHEAR RATES"Calidria" RG-244 also improves flow at high shear rates because of its inherent thixotropic characteristics. This property is especially de sirable in spray-up applications where less resistance to flow is desired during pumping and spraying. SAVINGS FROM BETTER PERFORMANCEBy increasing viscosity and thixotropy more efficiently than other materials, "Calidria" asbestos RG-244 allows users to obtain their desired properties with less mineral additive. This reduction lowers costs and reduces any detrimental effect of thickeners on other resin properties. LOW COSTS TOO--"Calidria" asbestos RG244 costs less per lb. than similar thickeners. Thus, users save two ways--on unit cost and cost performance. FAST WETTING. EASY DISPERSION--Con ventional mixing equipment can be used to disperse "Calidria" RG-244 quickly and easily. In fact, this unique product wets out and dis perses considerably faster than most other thixotropes. BETTER SHELF LIFE. LESS SETT LING-Sys tems containing "Calidria" asbestos RG-244 can be stored for long periods without any significant change in viscosity or thixotropy. Settling during storage is minimized, and sys tems containing RG-244 can be remixed easily. In all these respects, RG-244 surpasses most other thickeners. NO COLOR OR 0!V Ci'i Y-"Calidria" asbes tos RG-244 is a highly refined fiber with a clear mineral coating that does not add color to most systems. At the same time, RG-244 has a refractive index that matches many systems, so that it does not add opacity. These features make RG-244 especially well suited for use in clear polyester gel coats. REDUCED DUSTING-"Calidria" RG-244 is a fibrous material containing a minimum of dust. It therefore reduces dusting during materials handling and additions to resin systems. TYPICAL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ; rr.'i! /.*. VC-'.i.Hfli'tV.i Specific Gravity. .. 2.45 Moisture Content Nature of Surface Charge ci-vs 2.0 Neutral Magnetite Content 0.3 Refractive Index 1.54 to 1.56 Oil (DOP) Absorption 300 to 350 Surface Area >60 Fiber Diameter Length/Diameter (Aspect Ratio) ' 0.025 200 avg. Bulking Value 4.9 Dry Bulk Density (aerated) 1.0 -- % max. by weight -- % max. by weight ^25 C. lb. per 100 lb. sq. m. perg. microns -- gal. per 100 lb. lb. percu. ft. /-r.KAGSU'G AMD AVAILABILITY Single Package--Weight (3-ply paper bag sealed in polyethylene) 101b. Single Pallet--Weight - --Dimensions (full pallets covered by waxed cardboard) 350 lb. approx. 53 in. x 44 in. x61 in. high Full Carload (available from King City plant) 52 pallets 18,2001b. Full 40-ft. Truckload (available nationwide) 17 pallets 5,950 lb. "Calidria" asbestos RG-244 is stocked at Union Carbide's shipping locations throughout the United States and is available front several distributors. Why is "Calidria" asbestos different? "Calidria" products are made from hlghpurity, short-fiber chrysotile asbestos obtained from a unique deposit about 160 miles south of San Francisco, California. Unlike conven tional deposits that extend through the host rock, this deposit is essentially free of hard, consolidated rock masses. Further, the ore assays up to 60% asbestos fiber compared to conventional deposits which contain from 6 to 10% asbestos. Special hydraulic beneficiation techniques developed by Union Carbide efficiently break down the fiber bundles and remove the rock and impurities from the asbestos fiber. As a result, all "Calidria" products are over 95% pure asbestos whose fibers are 98% liber ated from fiber bundles. RG-244 is made by additional refining to achieve over 99% purity. The fibers are then chemically coated by a patented process to form this unique, highly efficient thickener and thixotrope. CANADIAN ASBESTOS--AS-MINED--Individual fiber bundles are straight and tightly bonded, surrounded by consolidated rock masses. In this form, the fibers defy separation from each other and from the host rock. "CALIDRIA" ASBESTOS--AS-MINED--Here the fibers are randomly oriented and essentially free of hard rock masses. Further, the ore assays up to 60% asbestos, considerably more than the Canadian ore. "CALIDRIA" ASBESTOS--IF DRY-PROCESSED-Even the most exacting dry processes do not completely break down the fiber bundles into individually liberated fibers. Union Carbide technology developed a special wet proc ess to liberate the fibers. "CALIDRIA" ASBESTOS-UNIQUELY WET-PROCESSED -- Union Carbide's process separates 98% of the fibers from the fiber bundles. RG-244 fibers are over 99% pure asbestos and chemically coated to provide an efficient thickener and thixotrope. Typical Performance Data/General Purpose UNPROMOTED Polyester Resins HIGHER VISCOSITY AT GIVEN CONCENTRATION On a Ib.-for-lb. basis, "Calidria" asbestos RG-244 builds substantially more viscosity in these 2 polyester systems than pyrogenic silica. RG-244 builds twice as much viscosity at al % concentration and 4 times as much viscosity at 3% concen tration. Thus, users can use less RG-244 to obtain their de sired viscosity. HIGHER VISCOSITY AT LOW SHEAR RATES BETTER FLOW AT HIGH SHEAR RATES 2% "Calidria" asbestos RG244 gives better thixotropic properties than 4% pyrogenic silica in this unpromoted poly ester resin containing about 50% styrene. The RG-244 sys tem has better flow at high shear rates, allowing easier pumping and spray-up. As the shear rate is reduced, the RG244 resin has better viscosity and sag resistance. SAVINGS USING "CALIDRIA"ASBESTOS RG-244-UNPROMOTED Polyester Resins The better performance and lower cost of "Calidria" asbes tos RG-244 allow substantial savings. In the typical unpro moted polyester resin system shown at the right, "Calidria" RG-244 builds a given viscosity for about one-half the cost of pyrogenic silica. Typical Performance Dala/Generai Purpose PROMOTED Polyester Resins IMPROVES BOTH VISCOSITY AND THIXOTROPY "Calidria" asbestos RG-244 also effectively improves the viscosity and thixotropy of pro moted polyester resins. In many cases, the improved vis cosity and thixotropy provided by RG-244 will be sufficient to meet user needs. Should higher values be required, a small ad dition of ethylene glycol or a similar additive will improve the viscosity, thixotropy, and sta bility of the RG-244 dispersion. At the right is an example of these improvements in a typ ical polyester resin containing a cobalt-type accelerator. Typical Performance Data^Heat-curabie viwylplastisol Sealants "Calidria" asbestos RG-244 improves the vis cosity of heat-curable vinyl plastisols without reducing their inherently good adhesion prop erties. In fact, RG-244 provides excellent anti sag properties at both low (275 to 375 deg. F.) and high (above 350 deg. F.) fusion tempera tures. An example of how RG-244 improves the viscosity of a high-fusion temperature structural sealant without detracting from ad hesion is shown below: FORMULATION FOR HIGH-FUS!ON TFMI-ERATURE STRUCTURAL SEALANT INGREDIENT BAKELITE QYOH-2 Resin FLEXOL Plasticizer 10-10 FLEXOL Plasticizer 10A EX-1 Extender Plasticizer Barium-Cadmium Stabilizer UNION CARBIDE Silane Y-5162 Adhesion Promoter Calcium Carbonate CALIDRIA Asbestos RG-244 PARTS BY WEIGHT 100 60 40 10 2 0.25 130 5 TEST DATA Butt tensile adhesion to cold-rolled steel after 45 minutes cure at 350' F. Severs type flow properties Binks orifice (1 /8 inch) Time of test: 150 seconds Aged 24 hr. at room temperature Aged 72 hr. at 130'F Aged 45 days at room temperature Shore hardness, A scale after 24 hr. at room temperature 440 psi 63 g. at 40 psi 76 g. at 40 psi 73 g. at 40 psi 76 Dispersion of "Calidria" Asbestos RG-244 Ul.7,r:/-SONIC Good dispersion of "Calidria" asbestos RG244 in polyester laminating resins can be obtained with an "Econosonic" disperser op erating at 300 psi pressure. Pressures above 300 psi tend to reduce viscosities. In general, "Calidria" asbestos RG-244 requires less en ergy for adequate dispersion than comparable concentrations of pyrogenic silica. roWI.FS" DISSOLVER A "Cowles" dissolver can disperse "Calidria" asbestos RG-244 in 5 to 10 minutes at 3500 rpm, using a 3-in. impeller in a 3-quart con tainer. Under these conditions a 1% loading can be mixed for 1 hour while a 2% loading can be stirred for 30 minutes without degrad ing. Large volumes of RG-244 can be dis persed easily by scaling up the equipment. Any of our offices below will be glad to give you complete information on properties, applications, and prices of "Calidria" asbestos. {Hhdriaasbestos Marketing and Technical Center Niagara Falls, New York 14302 Plant King City, California 93930 P. O. Box 579 P. O. Box K 716-285-3311 408-385-5961 Sales Offices Atlanta, Georgia 30329 17 Executive Park Dr. Baltimore, Maryland 21207 Beltway Bldg. 6707 Whitestone Rd. Boston, Massachusetts 02194 300 First Ave., Needham Heights Buffalo, New York 14225 3343 Harlem Rd. Charlotte, North Carolina 28210 6230 Fairview Rd. Chicago, Illinois 60606 120 South Riverside Plaza Cincinnati, Ohio 45227 West Street and Madisonville Rd. Cleveland, Ohio 44114 1300 Lakeside Ave., N.E. Clifton, New Jersey 07012 935 Allwood Rd. Dallas, Texas 75207 2710 Stemmons Freeway Detroit (Southfield, Michigan Sales Office) Houston, Texas 77027 3737 Greenway Plaza Dr. Indianapolis (Cincinnati, Ohio Sales Office) Kansas City (St. Louis, Mo. Sales Office) Los Angeles, California 90058 2770 Leonis Blvd. Memphis (Atlanta, Ga. Sales Office) Minneapolis, Minnesota 55416 3030 Excelsior Blvd. Moorestown, New Jersey 08057 Route 38 and Pleasant Valley Rd. New York, New York 10017 270 Park Ave. Philadelphia (Moorestown, New Jersey Sales Office)' Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15220 P'kway Center, 875 Greentree Rd. Southfield, Michigan 48075 26500 Northwestern Highway St. Louis, Missouri 63105 10 South Brentwood Blvd. San Francisco, California 94106 One California St. Seattle, Washington 96118 4726 Rainier Ave., South 404-633-6161 301-944-8211 617-444-5400 716-837-6450 704-364-1400 312-822-7000 513-272-0206 216-621-4202 201-778-2900 214-631-0010 313-354-0800 713-621-1000 317-255-3181 913-362-2200 213-583-3061 901-396-5375 612-927-4221 609-235-6200 212-551-6423 215-923-3200 412-922-5700 313-354-0800 314-726-0324 415-982-1360 206-723-8660 UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION MINING AND METALS DIVISION 270 PARK AVENUE. NEW YORK, N. Y. 10017 THE 0ISC0VERY COMPANY r r: U.:,.A UNION CARBIDE PERFORMANCE OF CALIDRIA R-G 144 AND COMPETITIVE THIXOTROPES in Liquid Epoxy Resin Systems CALIDRIA R-G 144 Asbestos is a highly purified fiber product that is an effective, low-cost thickening agent and thixotrope for epoxy resin systems. Produced by UNION CARBIDE'S proprietary process, an unusually high fiber content is obtained, that is both grit-free and non-abrasive. Comparative evaluations have shown that up to 50 per cent less CALIDRIA R-G'144 Asbestos is required than other commonly used thickeners, to provide equivalent vis cosity and thixotropic properties, in liquid epoxy resin systems. Because CALIDRIA Asbestos is much lower in price, its costperformance is outstanding. Figures 1 and 2 compare the relative differences in viscosity and thixotropy of BAKELITE Epoxy Resin ERL-2774 solutions containing equivalent concentrations of CALIDRIA R-G 144 Asbestos, micro-crystal line silicate, and pyrogenic silica. The superiority of CALIDRIA R-G 144 is again indicated, as shown in Figures 1 and 2, in that its use does not require amine-type additives usually recommended with the use of pyrogenic silicas. Figures 3 and 4 show the superior per formance of CALIDRIA R-G 144 Asbestos in BAKELITE Resin Hardener ZZL-0814, in comparison with equivalent mixtures of micro-crystalline silicate and pyrogenic silica. RESIN AND AMINE HARDENER EVALUATION In preparing test samples used in deter mining data for the following graphs, the thixotropes were added to the liquid resin or hardener at 25C. and dispersed in a "Cowles" Dissolver at 2400 rpm. for 5 minutes. VISCOSITY MEASUREMENTS Viscosities of the prepared test samples were measured on a Brookfield Model RVF Viscometer at 2 and 20 rpm. IMPORTANT: This information Is not to be taken as a warranty or representation for which we assume legal responsibility nor as permission or recommendation to practice any patented invention without a license. It is offered solely for your consideration, investigation, and verification. FIGURES 1 AND 2 COMPARISON OF VISCOSITY AND THIXOTROPY OF BAKELITEEPOXY RESIN ERL-2774 SOLUTIONS CONTAIN ING EQUIVALENT CONCENTRATIONS OF CAUDRIA R-G 144 ASBESTOS, MICRO-CRYSTALLINE SILICATE, AND PYROGENIC SILICA PERFORMANCE OF CAL/DR/A R-G 144 AND COMPETITIVE THIXOTROPES in Liquid Epoxy Resin Systems FIGURES 3 AND 4 PERFORMANCE OF CAUDRIA R-G 144 ASBESTOS IN BAKELITE RESIN HARDENER ZZL-0814 COMPARED WITH EQUIVALENT MIXTURES OF MICRO CRYSTALLINE SILICATE AND PYROGENIC SILICA BROOKFIELD VISCOSITY, CPS., at 2 RPM. and 25C. THIXOTROPIC INDEX. 2/20 RPM. SOLIDS, PER CENT BY WEIGHT 2 a. a. o(N X* oz o 0o<c. o X X 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 SOLIDS. PER CENT BY WEIGHT 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 SOLIDS. PER CENT BY WEIGHT 3 Any of our offices below will be glad to give you complete information on properties, applications, and prices of "Calidria" asbestos. Watidria jisbbstos Marketing and Technical Center Niagara Falls, New York 14302 Plant King City, California 93930 P.O.Box 579 P. O. Box K 716-285-3311 408-385-5961 Sales Offices r-, r L v \ Atlanta, Georgia 30329 17 Executive Park Dr. 404-633-6161 Baltimore, Maryland 21207 Beltway Bldg. 6707 Whitestone Rd. 301-944-8211 Boston, Massachusetts 02194 300 First Ave., Needham Heights . 617-444-5400 Buffalo, New York 14225 3343 Harlem Rd. 716-837-6450 Charlotte, North Carolina 28210 6230 Fairview Rd. 704-364-1400 Chicago, Illinois 60606 120 South Riverside Plaza 312-822-7000 Cincinnati, Ohio 45227 West Street and Madisonville Rd. 513-272-0206 Cleveland, Ohio 44114 1300 Lakeside Ave., N.E. 216-621-4202 Clifton, New Jersey 07012 935 Allwood Rd. 201-778-2900 Dallas, Texas 75207 2710 Stemmons Freeway 214-631-0010 ..D.etroit (Southfield, Michigan Sales Office) 313-354-0800 Houston, Texas 77027 3737 Greenway Plaza Dr. 713-621-1000 Indianapolis (Cincinnati, Ohio Sales Office) 317-255-3181 Kansas City (St/A.ouis'/Mo. Safes Office} 913-362-2200 Los Angeles, California 90058 2770 Leon is Blvd. 213-583-3061 Mempl^s (Atlanta, Ga. Sales dffice) ,, 901-396-5375 Minneapolis, Minnesota_S5416' 3033 Excelsior Blvd. 612-927-4221 Moorestoyyl, New jersey 08057 Route 38 and Pleasant Valley Rd. 609-235-6200 New York, NewYork 10017 270 Park Ave. 212-551-3763 Philadelphia (Moorestown, New Jersey Sales Office) ' 215-923-3200 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15220 ' P'kwayCenter, 875 Greentree Rd. 412-922-5700 Southfielcf, Michigan 48075 26500 Northwestern Highway 313-354-0800 St. Louis, Missouri 63105 10 South Brentwood Blvd. 314-726-0324 San Francisco, California 94111 One California St. 415-765-1244 Seattle, Washington 96118 4726 Rainier Ave., South 206-723-8660 UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION MINING AND METALS DIVISION 270 PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, N. Y. 10017 THE DISCOVERY COMPANY F-71-100 7/71-4M "Bakelite," "Calidria," and "Union Carbide" are registered trade marks of Union Carbide Corporation. Printed in U.S.A. / toV-OJi'J CHECKING OPACITY ... . * -r- retention aid can do Kt-mSi-i LftsSS* `A<fc- !# it / f* V Ifc.1?5 C- i'/- & t *% ' i- mx f 'Z'*0. *; ?. . . t* . s'-sfmX &3* m?{.'.>.. `$'t. - -Vic i'fs&j is K'!*5 &#$. :WMl f ist'-ij. J3 ;.rxT^' C.).*?... .'itZ m p?SsL_ l.#M. !? !i \r; i! sfcw,!.1 iSj-'?.'-- y- ;*'S'ifriffi ?:T -'.'S-*'" - &AV: -?;: - i; -> |-?:: "> p?:;-; v-v-:;' ; . ' l:' j;?*'frr.t'i * &!" 3 'A? J."!?K. $M ?-.\r. ;..-:vj : -v ': '.-, > ' .' ': , -; ;V . :/. i;. jv \i j"' ;i. >* ;; ::' ;t? ;'. ; v' ' ' - . '*"<&}- ............. .. .. . . .. 4jM4.%K ,. This paper contains asbestos "T"...t; H< :., ii6v^v.,. ;.j`Tf`SS i- ' fcj* a v r.:.-5.m? :v!# sAP t4^pfii;v madet It is a^7(Wb!; offset grade" * i :r produced by P, H. Glatfelter Co., ^ ; Spring Grove, Pa. The rigid opacity and brightness specifications forthis high-quality paperwere maintained ;. *.N -4. ;,Tv f ^ when asbestos "T" was substituted for part of the Ti02 in the furnish. > '?'^ ;-.:m : i-'- ^ . . ...iCferiiii x~ r0;!t4: f .v v . --......u't jZJ< -* o.j a high-purity: There are all the appearances of a solid future for asbestos in papiermaking. pairing: asbestos- So Union Carbide Corp's Mining and Metals Div. (New York) thinks. For proof, the division points to over 200 mills that have used the fiber for retention, pitch control, saveall recoveries and softness. Now the company, confident about its markets, has brought titania out a modification of the original high-purity asbestos -- what it calls asbestos "T", with the fiber intimately bonded to titanium dioxide. This bonding, says i ) Carbide, means that Ti02 retention is at the same level as that of asbestos, said to be the highest of all furnish fillers. There are two other features also important to asbestos "T." The titania in the new product is dis persed uniformly throughout the fiber and does not agglomerate in use, yielding maximum optical efficien cy. And at the same time, asbestos "T" improves the retention of separately added Ti02, clay, cellulose fines and dyestuffs in the furnish. OPPOSITES ATTRACT The reason asbestos acts this way lies with its elec trostatic charge. At most pH's, the positively charged asbestos has a strong attraction for negatively charged Ti02. This pull is great enough to hold the titania contained in the product and still attract particles of separately added Ti02 that come in contact with the asbestos in the furnish -- and the bond holds up un * ! der severe agitation. This effect is also responsible for the ability of asbestos to optimize the optica] efficiency of Ti02. Without asbestos in the 'system, the Ti02 particles tend to agglomerate, reducing their optical effi ciency. But the strong opposite charge between as bestos and Ti02 helps keep titania scattered uniformly throughout the sheet, and this uniform distribution retains the optimum surface area and size for optical efficiency. Result: mills have found less Ti02 is needed in the sheet to obtain a given opacity. Mill experience has shown that asbestos "T" im !!.1 proves the retention and optical properties of Ti02 |! C hem ical 2 0 AVERAGE ANALYSIS IN PAPERMAKING SYSTEM 50-LB. OFFSET in shipping) are added to the pulper or beater, where they open up into short fibers that mix with the fur nish components. (Carbide recommends that asbestos BEFORE TRIAL % T0TAL FILLERS "T" at first replace up to 50% of Ti02 content, but not exceed a 5% addition, based on cellulose content. DURING RUN WITH ASBESTOS "T" 40.92 With experience mills can replace more than 50% of Ti02.) 18.27i7.ll Mm STUFF GATE HEAD BOX 16.56i5.i7 PAPER TRAY WATER Once in the system, asbestos "T" provides im proved retention by reducing solids losses to the tray water and the subsequent buildup of solids in the head box -- and it improves solids recoveries in the save- TiOj 38.62 all, thereby reducing their loss in the mill effluent. The end-product, says Carbide, could be a paper with 21.87 such pluses as better sheet formation, smoothness and printability. Such benefits from asbestos "T" have often resulted from mills which first started with the high-purity grade and then graduated to the new STUFF GATE HEAD BOX PAPER TRAY WATER Figure 1. During this production trial, 50 lbs. of Union Carbide's asbestos "T" (4.3%) replaced the equivalent amount of titanium dioxide in preparation of the furnish. formulation. What follows, then, are detailed results from several mills with experience in both these re tention aids. ON TO OFFSET :'l n! n One of the first production runs using asbestos "T" was at an operation making 50-lb. offset paper. Mill goal: to replace part of the TiOo in the furnish with asbestos "T" on a pound-for-pound basis. Thus, dur ing this production run, 50 lbs. of asbestos "T" (4.3%) replaced 50 lbs. of Ti02 added to the beater, and specifications for the paper were maintained. Trial run results showed the presence of asbestos "T" improved the retention of separately added Ti02 by 18% while retention of all fillers improved by 16%. And the single-pass retention of asbestos "T" (includ ij 'I: ing both the asbestos and TiOj in the product) was 57.1% -- higher than the other components. (Figure 1 shows the total filler anil TiOt percentages at various Carbide's California mine supplies high-purity asbestos. points in the papermaking system before and during asbestos usage; single-pass retention figures determined J from these numbers are indicated in figure 2.) to such an extent that in many furnishes, 1 lb. of asbestos "T" can replace 1 lb. of Ti02 without For the overall system, asbestos "T" improved the sacrificing opacity or brightness. Carbide now figures retention of separately added Ti02 by 9.6% -- from that since asbestos "T" costs about two-thirds as 76.2% to 83.5% -- with asbestos "T" retention (both much as Ti02, the substitution can yield significant components) at 79%. Mill analysis shows that 75 I savings. By making a complete or partial replace min. after additions of the retention aid were stopped, ment, says Carbide, mills have cut papermaking the head box contained 4.5% asbestos "T" and the costs by 83-8/ton. And they can achieve these savings sheet, 2.6%. On the basis of this information, Car ii by using the compound in much the same manner as bide says, the asbestos remaining in the recycle system the company's high-purity asbestos. How the prod continued to work effectively long after it was re uct's handled: the "T" pellets (used for compactness moved as an additive. i 1 JULY 1966 The improved retention provided by the asbestos reduced the loading of inorganic solids in the head box and buildup in the tray water. At the same time, the presence of asbestos "T" in the saveall improved re covery there. At the head box, the total filler content was reduced from 41% to 30%. As for the solids con tent in the tray water and saveall: brightness averaged 85.3% compared to 85.5% be fore. Moreover, claims Carbide, high values were maintained despite a drop in the Ti02 content of the sheet from 8.66% to 7.34 % when asbestos "T" was substituted for part of the titanium dioxide in the furnish. Supplier and customer conclusion: data con firm the ability of asbestos "T" to optimize the light scattering efficiency of Ti(>2, yielding improved opacity and brightness at lower filler levels. Total solids, lbs./lOOO gallons No asbestos With asbestos IT'S A GIFT Tray water Saveall influent Saveall effluent 26.54 18.08 0.34 17.14. 13.60 0.11 Asbestos "T" has yielded similar results in other production runs. For example, a mill producing 25-lb. white gift wrap used 30 lbs. of asbestos "T" to re place the same amount (or 50%) of the Ti02 going into the furnish. According to mill information (see i Thus the solids in the tray water were reduced by figure 3), the new asbestos formulation improved : | 34%, while the saveall influent and effluent were reduced by 25% and 68%, respectively. Overall re- across-the-wire retention of ash by 28% and sepa rately-added Ti02 by 6%. Retention improvements (I for the entire system were 50% and 15%, respectively. Retention of the asbestos "T" (both the asbestos and the TiOo in the product) was much higher than the other components -- 41% across the wire and 76% overall, mill personnel reported. SINGLE-PASS RETENTION, PER CENT 50-LB. OFFSET (^BEFORE TRIAL BiURING RUN WITH ASBESTOS "T" r coveries in this flotation saveall increased from 98.1% to 99.2% in the presence of asbestos. TOTAL FILTERS TiOj (SEPARATELY CLAY ASBESTOS "T" This mill, says Carbide, was most concerned with ADDED) the maintenance of its opacity and brightness specifica tions. However, all quality specifications were met -- opacity was kept at 91.0% vs. a prior 90.7% and Electron micrograph (left) shows the dispersed par ticles of titanium dioxide clinging to the asbestos fibers. Asbestos "T" itself (figure 2, above) improved the single-pass retention of fillers and titanium dioxide. C hem ical 2 0 These results reduced solids in the tray, water from 7.8 lbs./1000 gallons to 6.4 lbs./lOOO gallons and saveall effluent content from 0.79 lbs./l,000 gallons to 0.53 lbs./l,000 gallons. The brightness of the paper increased 3.5% with the addition of asbestos "T" -- rising from 79.3% to 82.8%, making it possible for the mill to replace even more Ti02 while maintaining the original 79% level. Opacity with asbestos, how ever, was down slightly. This was due in part to a 2-lb. higher basis weight when no retention aid was present in the system. GOVERNMENT ISSUE Meanwhile, Union Carbide's regular high-purity asbestos has been proving itself as another means for reducing clay and Ti02 input. Some mills, says the company, take advantage of the improved retention to obtain quality improvements without adding addition al fillers -- and Carbide claims either objective can be accomplished with considerable savings in fur nish costs by the use of asbestos. One mill which obtained such improvements used asbestos in the production of 40-lb. government off set. An average of 2.20% asbestos was fed into the machine, replacing an equivalent amount of clay, and Ti02 additions came to 3%. Results: asbestos im proved ash retention from 23.4% to 25.6% across the wire and from 40% to 51.5% overall. (The total ash AVERAGE RETENTION, PER CENT 25-LB. WHITE GIFT WRAP WIRE RETENTION--------|--MACHINE RETENTION-- content at various points in the papermaking system over a U.ree-day period is shown in figure 4.) Because of this improved retention, the TiC>2 content of the reel was increased from 1.16% to 1.40%. This meant an increase in opacity from 89.3% to 91.2%, while brightness remained the same and all other sheet specifications were met. This mill also obtained a substantial reduction in traywater and saveall losses: Total solids, lbs./1000 gallons No With asbestos asbestos Tray water 149.9 113.7 Cloudy effluent 28.0 13.0 Clear effluent 17.7 6.2 The addition of asbestos led to a 20% reduction of tray-water solids (Ti02, clay,' cellulose fines). And at the same time, the solids in the cloudy and clear save all effluents were cut back by 55% and 65%, re spectively. TAKING OUT TITANIA Another mill producing 40-lb. white opaque paper used, the improved retention obtained from asbestos to reduce TKD2 addition. Initially, 3% high-purity as- ASH Ti02 ASBESTOS (Separately "T" Added) ASH Ti02 ASBESTOS (Separately "T" Added) Figure 3. Asbestos "T" (which comes in the rod-shaped pellets shown on the right) at this. mill boosted the retention of ash and titanium dioxide across the wire. JULY 1966 bestos was used to replace a similar amount of clay. Then the Ti02 additions were reduced from 8% to 6.8%. This resulted in an ash retention increase during the production run from 38.4% to 40.6% across the wire and from 68.1% to 71.8% overall. (Data on this analysis throughout an 11-hour period are shown in figure 5.) But despite the reduction in Ti02, the ash and titania contents of the paper at the couch remained about the same as before the trial. The Ti02 content averaged 6.26% with asbestos compared to 6.12% before, and opacity and brightness were therefore kept at 92% and 81.5%, respectively. What all this data point up, Carbide hopes, is something the company has claimed over the past . few years -- that asbestos isn't as foreign an aid to papermaking as its industrial history would seem to imply. AVERAGE ASH ANALYSIS IN PAPERMAKING SYSTEM, PER CENT 40-LB. GOVERNMENT OFFSET BEFORE TRIAL As at the other mills, tray-water and saveall efflu ent solids were markedly reduced: Total solids, Ibs./lOOO gallons No With asbestos asbestos Tray-water 30.3 25.5 Saveall influent 22.0 19.2 Saveall effluent 11.7 8.9 From the figures, the mill estimates that traywater solids were reduced by over 15% while losses from the saveall were slashed by 24%. Saveall re coveries improved from 47.0% to 53.7% with asbestos in the system. Asbestos' contributions apparently have not been limited to paper. Board producers also report signif icant improvements in retention by using the highpurity variety. One mill producing 28-35 pt. white vatlined chipboard increased the retention of pigments in both the topliner and underliner, as measured by the decrease in solids in the white water. In the topliner system, 1.9% asbestos was added to the furnish without any other change in the furnish components. White-water solids were sharply reduced from 20.5 Ibs./lOOO gallons to 3.8 Ibs./lOOO gallons. As for the underliner, a 1.4% asbestos addition meant a reduction in white-water solids from 17.7 Ibs./lOOO gallons to 4.9 Ibs./lOOO gallons. Clay addition was then cut from 3.8% to 2.5%, further reducing whitewater solids to 4.1 Ibs./lOOO gallons. Besides obtain ing an improvement in pigment retention, mill per sonnel reported better smoothness with asbestos pres ent in the liner -- an improvement that could lead to better printability. MACHINE CHEST HEAD BOX REEL TRAY WATER Figure 4. Carbide's high-purity asbestos does well also. This furnish held 2.2% of the fiber, enough to raise ash retention by 10% across the wire and 30% overall. AVERAGE ASH ANALYSIS IN PAPERMAKING SYSTEM, PER CENT 40-LB. WHITE OPAQUE STUFF BOX HEAD BOX COUCH TRAY WATER Figure 5. Paper formed during this production run con tained 3% high-purity asbestos and maintained its ash content despite a reduction in TiOi and clay additions. reduces furnish costs - LOW-COST WET-END .*XsV:r; ADDITIVE Asbestos "T" is a special combination of asbestos and Ti02. The product gives unusually high reten tion--not only of its own components but also of separately added Ti02 and fillers. Thus. 1 lb. of asbestos "T" can often replace 1 lb. of TiO? with out sacrificing opacity or brightness. Since asbes tos "T" costs about 60 per cent as much as TiO,, substantial savings can be made. IMPROVED RETENTION OF FURNISH Positively charged asbestos "T" strongly attracts negatively charged pigments and fillers. A typical mill improved overall retention of separately add ed Ti02 from 76 to 84%. Retention of asbestos "T" was highest of all fillers. EFFECTIVE # 0 TiO f EXTENDER Asbestos "T" improves opacity by optimizing the light-scattering efficiency of Ti02. Thus, higher opacity can be obtained at lower Ti02 levels, re ducing TiO, costs. A typical mill reduced the TiO;, content of its sheet from 8.7 to 7.3% without any loss of opacity. BETTER SAVEALL EFFICIENCY With asbestos "T" in the papermaking system, mills have improved their recoveries of Ti02 and other solids in the saveall. Improvements have been made in flotation, filtration, and sedimenta tion savealls. One mill reduced losses of solids in the saveall effluent by 68%. By discharging a clearer effluent, it also reduced river pollution. UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION -MINING AND METALS DIVISION 270 Park Avenue, New York, N. Y. 1371 Peachtree St., N.E., Atlanta, Ga. 6855 W. 65th St., Chicago, III. 22 Battery St.. San Francisco. Cal. 212-LL1-4420 404-876-3331 312-581-5000 415-982-1360 ASBESTOS -. +'"4V`jj3ysy*35J6^V$#'ii5"*A*,*i',:';i:RAiL 4 ; p Mi 8$ Pulp &lap PSSHi aper MM 0 toV'00toJ|g; RfSpted|fr6rTi| s .-fr `0 s> 'v '5T,'C.\ 7&JW?;*sK -/fry^-iaK^' Asbestos-cellulose combinations offer dramatic possibilities i | Electrostatic attraction between high purity asbestos fibers and titanium dioxide pig!j ment in papermaking water systems. Electron micrograph magnification 10,000x. Asbestos-cellulose blends offer dramatic possibilities This highly-retained fiber does not replace other products, is being used as a retention aid, gives high optical efficiency, aids in pitch control and acts as a modifier. By R. G. Woolery Because of these properties, new ap the desired concentration, the coagu plications are constantly being de lants added, and agitated with a spe Chrvsotxle asbestos has found its veloped, and the proven areas of use cially designed plunger. An agitation way into the cellulosic paper indus expanded. period of 1.0 minute and a settling try only recently. This has been brought about by the introduction of Filler and pigment retention period of 20 minutes were used. The clear supernatant was decanted, sam a new high-purity, short-fibered In the application of asbestos as a pled, and a light transmittance deter grade made acceptable for all paper retention aid, it is important that its mined at 650 mu. The asbestos used grades by a novel processing tech function is not confused with that of was a specially prepared grade con r nique developed by Union Carbide. a polymeric coagulant. Laboratory taining a minimum of interfering Since its introduction, its use has been tests have shown each to have its ions. The organic coagulant used was growing steadily. The uniqueness of own special functions in this area. Union Carbide's C-149, a cationic this highly-retained fiber is that in These conclusions were arrived at polymeric fiocculent. most applications it does not replace through tests designed to study the One series of tests has been con 1 any available product. Being fibrous, coagulation or co-flocculation in sim ducted on slurries of 1,000 ppm j colloidal and cationically charged, it ple systems. A series of tests were kaolin. As is usual with the polymeric is set apart from all other wet end conducted on the ability of asbestos flocculents, some optimum level of i additives, and its function is quite unlike any of the other mineral fillers. and organic coagulants to produce floes and to clarify clay slurries of addition is reached (in this case, about 30 ppm), and thereafter any i various consistencies. The tests were further addition proved detrimental. i Mr. Woolery is group manager, asbestos run following American Cyanamid's standard fiocculent testing procedure With the asbestos, however, at no level does the trend ever reverse it development. Union Carbide Corp., Min employing a 1.0 liter graduated cyl self. There is a point, nonetheless, at ing and Metals Div. inder. The clay slurry is made up to which it is no longer economical to ' increase the asbestos addition as the advantages gained do not warrant the additional asbestos. Under these con ditions, that point would appear to be between 50 and 75 ppm asbestos. The most effective approach is a com bination of asbestos plus polymer. Asbestos with 1.0 ppm C-149 is su perior to asbestos with 2.0 ppm C-149. Both combinations, however, are superior to either the asbestos or the C-149 alone. It would be equally easy to show that the combination has economic advantages over either product alone. In terms of the conditions on a paper machine, this would be equiv alent to a heavily loaded sheet. If we take a typical case of 0.50 per cent (5,000 ppm) headbox fiber consist ency, this would amount to a 33 per cent (based on stock) filler loading, a not too uncommon occurrence in a highly-filled sheet. The 50-75 ppm of asbestos would be equivalent to 1.5 per cent of the cellulose stock. The combined furnish consistency would be 0.76 per cent. In a similar series of laboratory tests conducted on clay slurries of 100 ppm kaolin, the results were quite different. Coagulation with either the polymer or alum was only slight. Asbestos at 25 ppm, on the other hand, showed a remarkable ability to clarify the supemate at these low levels of solids. Under such conditions, it was found that it was not necessary to use a combination of asbestos and organic flocculent as the advantages to be gained by this technique were slight and uneconom ical. The ability of the asbestos to supply the nuclei for the floe enables it to clarify effectively even at low levels of solids. If we again use a typical headbox fiber consistency of 0.50 per cent (5,000 ppm), a level of 100 ppm of clay is equivalent to about two per cent filler based on the stock and an asbestos level of 0.5 per cent. Thus, these laboratory data would indicate that on highly-filled sheets a combi nation of M per cent asbestos plus an organic coagulant or two per cent asbestos alone would be optimum, whereas on low levels of filler, only 0.5 per cent asbestos would be re quired. To expect a direct relationship be tween the laboratory results and ma chine operation would be an over simplification since a great many other variables enter into the papermaking system. One of these factors is the type of organic flocculent used. For this reason, a wide variety of these products was investigated and in all cases the results were essen tially the same. At high levels of kaolin (1,000 ppm), it was found that the more effective the polymer, the more effective was the combina tion. The selection of C-149 was made because it was typical and showed a better than average ability to coagu late clays. Probably the principal overriding factor in the paper machine condi tions is the presence of the cellulose fibers themselves. By virtue of the large diameter of the average cellu lose fiber, it is not to be expected that an asbestos fiber (d = 270 A) would cause flocculation except per haps of the very finest fraction. It is known, however, that in the presence of an anionic wood fiber, the cationic asbestos is attracted and becomes at tached. Thus, when adding the min eral fillers, the asbestos acts as a coupling agent whereby the filler particles are attracted to the asbestos fibers that are already attached to the cellulose fiber. In the act of attaching itself to an anionic wood fiber, some of the cationic surface charge is lost, thus reducing its capacity to attract and hold filler (or Ti02) particles. This accounts for the fact that in over 400 mill trials it was found that more asbestos is required for reten tion than would be indicated in the laboratory tests. Mill trial experience has shown that for filler retention purposes at least one per cent asbes tos is required and, preferably, a level of two per cent is desired. Where heavy loading is necessary, and here is used a figure of > 10 per cent ash in the sheet, not less than 2'A per cent and, in some cases, as much as 3 to 3Vi per cent asbestos is recommended. Laboratory tests have also shown the effects that can be attributed to the presence of various ions. As has been shown elsewhere, the pH is im portant. The surface charge of the asbestos is enhanced greatly by low ering the pH with an optimum level in the range of pH 4 to pH 5. Sulfate ions have been found to be detrimen tal, while the trivalent anions, partic ularly Al, enhance the surface charge. Thus, the very nature of the water in the machine may influence greatly the ability and efficiency of the as bestos. Mill trial data The effect of asbestos on the Fourdrinier machine is often quite dra matic. In one trial, the asbestos was added "on top" of the furnish of a 22.5 classified grade. During the trial period, reel samples were taken and analyzed for filler content. The re sults of these data are shown in Fig ure 1. As is common in many mill trials, only one per cent asbestos was added until it was evident there would be no machine problems. After Mr. Woolery is a graduate from the University of California, holding a BS degree in mining engineering. A member of TAPPI, AIME and ASTM, his expe rience includes 11 years with Union Carbide in both mineral engineering and asbestos application development. one hour and twenty minutes, this was raised to the recommended two per cent level. It was apparent that the machine was just reaching equi librium at the end of the trial. By this time, the clay content of the sheet had risen from 8.86 to 10.44 per cent although no additional clay was added to the system. The asbestos level during this period averaged 1.6 per cent for approximately an 80 per cent retention. Even three hours and twenty minutes after the asbestos addition was stopped, the sheet still contained 0.36 per cent asbestos. The increased retention of fillers was also reflected in the opacity gains noted during the trial. In addition, several side benefits were observed. These included a more closed sheet (a de crease in porosity), slight benefits in smoothness, better printability, and significant gains in show-through. In certain instances, the entire cir cuit was sampled to study the effects of the asbestos on the furnish com ponents. In one typical case, we were able to obtain these data on a 39-lb. (50-Ib. coated) magazine stock. The sampling points were (1) stuff box, (2) headbox, (3) white water, (4) reel, (5) saveall influent, and (6) saveall effluent. In Figure 2, the analyses of the headbox, stuff box and reel are presented. At the begin ning of the trial 2.5 per cent asbestos was added and the clay to the stuff box cut from 24 per cent to 17 per cent. This resulted in a reduction of the clay content in the headbox from 42 to 27 per cent. The clay content in the sheet dropped from 16.5 to 13 per cent, which was augmented by a 1.8 per cent asbestos content for a total sheet content of 14.8 per cent filler. In spite of the filler reduction, the machine retention of clay in- Figure X. Effects of asbestos additions to a 22.5 lb. classified grade. Figure 2. Clay analysis of machine run on a 39 lb. magazine grade. creased from 70 per cent to 80 per cent, and the one pass (or wire re tention) went from 39 per cent dur ing the control period to 47 per cent during the trial. A simple check on retention, par ticularly wire retention, is the solids level in the tray water. As shown in Figure 3, during the control period the total solids were running 59 lb./ 1,000 gallons. Of this, the clay frac tion accounted for 3511 Ib./1,000 gal lons. During the trial period, the total solids were reduced to 35 lb./l,000 gallons and the clay to 1911 lb./l,000 gallons. Thus, the cellulose content remained relatively constant, while the clay losses were reduced by 45 per cent. The asbestos content of the tray water amounted to an average of 1 lb./1,000 gallons. The other important circuit is the saveall unit (disc-type filtration) for the machine. This circuit was thor oughly monitored during the trial. As would be expected with the improved retention, the solids to the saveall in fluent were reduced significantly from a pretrial average of 61 lb. total solids per 1,000 gallons to 47 lb./ 1,000 gallons during the trial period. The clay portion of the influent for these periods was 37 and 20 lb./l,000 gallons, respectively. This amounts to a 23 per cent reduction in total solids, a 46 per cent reduction in clay and a reduction of 11 per cent in cellulose. The samples of the effects on the saveall effluent were too small for complete analyses; however, the re duction in saveall solids losses is ap preciable. The cloudy effluent was cut from 8J1 Ib./1,000 gallons to 4S IbVl.OOO gallons and the clear efflu ent reduced from 5& lb./l,000 gallons to 231 lbVl.OOO gallons during the asbestos trial. This represents a 47 per cent improvement in the cloudy effluent and a 55 per cent improve ment in the clear effluent. This was due, in part, to the reduced load to the saveall and in part to the im proved efficiency of the saveall with asbestos present. The saveall effi ciency rose in the cloudy and clear effluents from 86)j per cent to 91 per cent and from 92 per cent to 95 per cent, respectively. This example of a paper machine operation probably best explains the role of asbestos. Unlike the polymers, it does not break down (i.e., lose molecular weight) and continues to be effective in all phases of the paper making circuit. Furthermore, it con tributes to the basis weight in a man ner similar to other fillers. Finally, it contributes to improved sheet prop erties. Optical efficiency In addition to the improved filler and pigment retention gained through the use of asbestos, there is evidence that the type of coflocculation achieved gives a high optical effi ciency. This can be illustrated by the effect on waxed opacity obtained in a series of laboratory tests conducted on a "typical" saturating fumish of bleached alpha pulp. The handsheets (basis weight 120 g./M2) were made in a laboratory Noble & Wood handsheet machine. The asbestos and titania were blended with the pulp in a Herman Standard Disintegrator and the pH adjusted to 5.0 with alum. Waxed opacity results were obtained by measuring the opacity of a specimen which had been dipped in molten paraffin sealing wax. Results have been compared with the waxed opacity obtained on hand- sheets containing only Ti02. These data show that the incorpo ration of the asbestos is contributing significantly to the waxed opacity of the sheet. In the sheets containing asbestos it was possible to achieve a waxed opacity of about 90 per cent with a TiOj content of eight per cent; without the asbestos, it required a TiOz content of approximately 11 per cent. The handsheets incorporat ing asbestos varied in asbestos con tent from 2.3 to 5.5 per cent; how ever, little or no benefit was derived at the higher asbestos levels. These results indicate that the asbestos, per se, contributes little or nothing to waxed opacity which agrees with the results obtained in other studies. The improved waxed opacity is, therefore, attributed to the high optical effi ciency of the Ti02 obtained by co flocculation rather than agglomera tion. Economically, it is most advan tageous to use the lower level of as bestos as the savings in fumish cost under these conditions would be on the order of $12.00 per ton of prod uct. Pitch -control At the present time, no single product has really solved the problem of pitch. The most frequently used mineral for this application is a form of talc. The mineral itself tends to be hydrophobic and, therefore, may be classed as oleophyllic, at least in com parison with the common fillers used in paper. It is probably this property of talc that makes it somewhat suc cessful as a pitch controlling agent. Asbestos, on the other hand, is readily wettable by water and would, therefore, be considered hydrophyllic. When compared in various mill trials, TIME OF SAMPLE Figure 3. Tray water analysis on 39 lb. magazine grade. Figure 4. Effect of asbestos and talc on abietic acid removal from water solutions. it has frequently proved to be signifi cantly more effective than talc. This would indicate that some other prop erty is also important. Tentatively, this has been attributed, in part, to the high surface area and, in part, to the cationic surface charge of asbes tos. Laboratory tests have been made in an attempt to compare the rela tive effectiveness of asbestos and talc in removing pitch. Since abietic acid is the most common of the resin acids, it was used to simulate pitch in the laboratory study. The abietic acid solution was adjusted to a pH of 4.0 0.2, the level where many papermaking circuits operate. Be cause abietic acid is quite insoluble in acid solutions, a visible precipitate could be seen. Additions of four grams per liter of high-purity asbestos and talc were then made to different solutions. The suspensions were allowed to stand until a supernate free of asbestos or talc floes could be withdrawn. The floc-free solutions were then analyzed with spectrophotometer at a wave length of 250 mu to determine the abietic acid concentration. As shown in Figure 4, asbestos re moved abietic acid effectively at all concentrations. Talc was effective at low levels but became less effective and gave more erratic results as the abietic acid concentration increased. Thus, to the extent that the abietic acid simulates pitch, the effectiveness of asbestos for pitch control is largely due to its ability to flocculate and re move suspended solids and to a lesser degree by adsorption of dissolved matter. As yet, no one has developed a satisfactory method of analyzing for pitch and, therefore, in the mill the only criterion has been performance. In most of the mills now employing asbestos it has been used because their problem has been sufficiently severe that no other product has worked satisfactorily. In many in stances, the asbestos is performing a dual role. In addition to controlling pitch, it has contributed to improved filler retention, sheet formation and printability. Because of its success in pitch con trol, its use has been extended to areas such as control of organic mat ter in waste pulps. Only recently, it was tried in a board mill that had been experiencing problems of as phalt agglomerates in the final prod uct. It was reasoned that the same properties that make asbestos effec tive in pitch control should be appli cable to the problems encountered in asphalt dispersion and control. It was first tried at 1.25 per cent asbestos level in a 21-lb./1000 ft.2 chip board consisting of printed news and corrugated boxes. Little or no improvement was observed during the first 8-10 hours; however, after it had been on the machine for 18 hours, marked improvements were noted both in the number and size of the asphalt agglomerates. This type of response would indicate that the asbestos can do little once the agglomerates have formed, and its function is one of adsorption or co flocculation of dispersed asphalt be fore it has an opportunity to coagu late. As is customary with retention and pitch control applications, the asbestos was added with the pulp at the hydropulpers. As of the time of this writing, the asbestos is still being used in this grade and doing a satis factory job. In a subsequent trial on a light weight kraft grade, 1.25 per cent asbestos was employed for pitch con trol. This particular grade was also plagued with a polyethylene prob lem. Agglomerates would form in the sheet, which resulted in breaks on the rewind. It was observed in this grade that the asbestos not only im proved the asphalt condition but re duced the problem attributed to the polyethylene. Modified asbestos products The very fact that chrysotile as bestos has a positive surface charge as well as a somewhat reactive sur face makes it a prime candidate for modification. With high-purity asbes tos as a base product, it is relatively simple to affect the physical proper ties by either physical or chemical means. For some uses, it has been advantageous to use a combination of treatments. The most successful modified as bestos product is currently marketed under the name asbestos "T." During the cource of refining the asbestos, a highly-dispersed stream of titanium dioxide is blended with the purified asbestos and manufactured in such a way that the Ti02 becomes an inti mate part of the product. Once this has been accomplished, the material resembles a fibrous titania. The result is a single product that combines the properties of both constituents. The retention capabilities of the "T" are comparable to the natural product, and its opacifying power is greatly enhanced by the titania. In the mill trials completed, it has been used to replace titanium dioxide on a pound-for-pound basis in quantities up to five per cent of the total furnish. This is possible due to the high optica] efficiency achieved and to the improved retention of the fur nish components. In one mill trial asbestos "T" was substituted on a pound-for-pound basis for'titanium dioxide in a 50-lb. PULP & PAPER -- January 10, 1966 offset. At the beginning of the trial, 50 lb. of "T" were used to replace 50 lb. of titania. Eventually, 100 lb. of "T" per ton of stock were added to the beater in place of 100 lb. of Ti02 without affecting the properties of the final sheet. Thorough sampling was possible throughout the circuit Asbestos "T" has the ability to im prove wire retention, in one trial, the one-pass retention went from a pre trial value of 40 per cent to an aver age trial value of 49 per cent. As the trial progressed, the total filler in the sheet remained constant, while the headbox loading was reduced from 41 per cent to near 26 per cent of the total furnish. The wire retention of the "T" during this period was calcu lated to be 60 per cent. Any improvement in the wire re tention must, of course, result in less solids passing through the wire. The analyses of the tray water support the calculated wire retention im provements. The total solids in the tray went from 27 lb./l,000 gallons to 17 lb./l,000 gallons. More signifi cantly, the clay and TiOo content were both reduced by 50 per cent during the period. The Asbestos "T" portion seemed to level off at about 2 lb./l,000 gallons. As with the regular asbestos prod uct, the "T" material proved to be effective in the flotation type saveall. The solids content of the influent correlates well with the tray water and shows a 31 per cent reduction in solids to the saveall. The load to this unit was decreased from 19 lb./l,000 gallons to 13 lb./l,000 gallons while both the clay and the Ti02 contents were halved. The saveall effluent was also mon itored during this trial and the total solids content determined. The sam ples were too small for complete analyses; however, the amount of total solids reporting to the effluent was reduced by 76 per cent. Thus, the "T" material acts as a co-flocculating agent in the furnish while con tributing .substantially to the sheet opacity. For the most part, it is not recommended that levels exceeding five per cent "T" be used. Its cost, however, is only about % that of tita nium dioxide which makes this prod uct economically attractive in many grades of high-quality paper. A number of other types of mod ified products are currently under evaluation in the laboratory and, in some cases, under experimental con tinuous machine study. In some in stances, our research is aimed at solv ing specific problems. Two such pro grams now under way are "strike in" improvement for newsprint and a bulking agent for paper and board. An alternate approach has been to modify the asbestos, determine its physical properties, and then look for areas of application. One of these categories is an asbestos product of varying degrees of hydrophobicity. By controlling the chemical alteration any degree of water repellency can be given to the fiber up to and in cluding a product that is 100 per cent hydrophobic. Certainly, with such a versatile material, and by virtue of its amena bility to modification, a wide variety of end use oriented asbestos products will continue to be developed. Acknowledgments Thanks are due to Messrs. B. L. Ing alls and C. L. Dickson for their assist ance in obtaining the data presented and to Dr. A. W. Naumann for his contribu tion of the Abietic Acid Study. These pellets of Union Carbide high-purity asbestos burst into short, non-abrasive fibers when added to a pulper or beater. The fibers disperse uniformly throughout the pulp and give these improvements and cost savings: over lOO Mills have ... IMPROVED PITCH CONTROL Union Carbide asbestos effectively prevents pitch buildup. In this way, it helps keep cleaner felts and fourdrinier wires, reduces machine breaks and down time, and reduces rejec tions for paper blemishes. Several mills with severe pitch problems have found that 1% asbestos keeps pitch harmlessly dispersed throughout the sheet. EFFECTIVE Ti02 EXTENDER Asbestos improves opacity by opti mizing the light-scattering efficiency of Ti02. Thus, higher opacity can be obtained at lower Ti02 levels, reduc ing Ti02 costs. A typical mill reduced Ti02 content of its sheet from 10.6 to 6.3% without any loss of opacity. IMPROVED RETENTION OF 3 FURNISH Positively charged asbestos strongly attracts negatively charged pigments and fillers. A typical mill improved Ti02 retention from 65.5 to 88% with 2% asbestos and saved $3.60 per ton. Another improved single-pass re tention of all fillers by 21% with 3% asbestos. Also, the large surface area of asbestos readily absorbs dyes, im proving retention and reducing twosidedness. INCREASED SOFTNESS Tissues and towels containing Union Carbide asbestos have improved soft ness. One mill increased softness of towels by 20% with 3% asbestos. It also improved wet tear and per cent stretch. Another mill used asbestos to replace hardwood with stronger soft wood without sacrificing quality. The change also netted significant savings in furnish costs. I! SAVEALL | BETTER SAVEALL EFFICIENCY With asbestos in the saveall, mills have improved their recoveries of solids. Improvements have been made in flo tation, filtration, and sedimentation types of savealls. One mill increased saveall recoveries from 74 to 93%, saving $27,000 per year. By discharg ing a clearer effluent, it also reduced river pollution. UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION MINING AND METALS DIVISION 270 Park Avenue. New York. N. Y. 2I2-LL1-4420 1371 Peachtree St. N.t., Atlanta, Ga. 404-876-3331 6855W.65thSt..Chicago. III. 312-581-5000 22 Battery St., San Francisco. Cal. 415-982-1360 UNION CARBIDE ASBESTOS New type of asbestos shows advantages in papermaking Blair L Ingalls, Tech. Service Rep., Mining and Metals Division, Union Carbide Corp. and Charles P. Klass, Associate Editor, Paper Trade Journal Unique product, when used as ingredient in furnish, has increased filler retention and save-all recovery, improved opacity, enhanced softness and helped to disperse pitch. In 1958, Union Carbide began work on an unusual deposit of chrysotile asbestos 160 miles south of San Francisco, Cal. Unlike conventional deposits that extend through the host rock, this deposit was not associated with hard, consolidated rock masses. Wet processing techniques were then developed to produce a high-purity asbestos product--grit-free and of such high brightness that it could be used in paper. In fact, radiometric deter minations have shown that this as bestos is considerably less abrasive than ordinary fillers or bleached sul phite pulp. When added to the pulper or beater, this high-purity asbestos behaves in an unusual manner. The pellets of asbestos (pellets are used for com pactness in shipping) open up and dis perse into short fibers that mix thor oughly with the furnish components. Being positively charged, the fibers then attract negatively charged furnish components, including cellulose and fines, titanium dioxide, clay, and dye stuffs. Asbestos thus improves the re tention of these components on the wire, substantially reducing the loss of solids to the white water. The presence of asbestos in the papermaking system also allows im proved recoveries of solids in the saveall. Asbestos attracts fines in the same manner as on the machine, thereby reducing the loss of solids in the mill effluent Mills adding asbestos for retention generally use about VA per cent, re placing a similar amount of clay. The improved retention provided by the asbestos also allows reductions in pig ment additions such as titanium di oxide and clay. Since the mining and metals division of Union Carbide sells this asbestos in the price range of many cellulose pulps, savings in pig- FIGURE 1--Electron micrographs (x24,000) of commercial 50 lb. offset containing 1.68 per cent TiO, and 22.5 per cent clay. Sheet at left does not contain asbestos and has densely packed agglomerates of TiO, Iblack) and clay (gray, angular) with large surrounding voids. Sheet at right contains 1.5 per cent asbestos and has a more uniform distribution of TiO, and clay. Thus, latter structure provides better light-scattering efficiency. ment costs are significant. To these savings can be added the reduction in solids losses at the save-all. AVERAGE ANALYSIS IN PAPERMAKING SYSTEM 50 LB OFFSET Effective TiOi extender An additional benefit obtained from having asbestos in the furnish is its ability to improve opacity by optimiz ing the light-scattering efficiency of titanium dioxide. Thus, less titanium dioxide is needed in the sheet to ob tain a given opacity, lowering costs. This effect is illustrated by the elec tron micrographs of commercial sheets shown in Figure 1. Ideally, the particles of titanium dioxide should be scattered uniformly throughout the sheet so that the optimum surface area and size for light scattering can be retained. Without asbestos, however, the particles tend to agglomerate, re ducing the light-scattering efficiency. By having an opposite charge, as bestos fibers attract titanium dioxide and help keep the particles distributed more uniformly than previously. Other benefits Some mills are using asbestos to prevent pitch buildup. In this way, asbestos helps keep cleaner felts and fourdrinier wires, reducing machine breaks and down time, and reduces rejections for paper blemishes. From 0.6 to 2 per cent asbestos, depending on mill conditions, has been found to prevent pitch agglomeration and keep it dispersed in a finely divided form throughout the pulp. Mills using as bestos for pitch control also have ob- FIGURE 2--Average analyses in papermaking system pro ducing 50 lb. offset. During the 7 hours that 1.7 per cent as bestos teas added to the system, TiO, re tention increased from 48 to 62 per cent while clay reten tion increased from 45 to 57 per cent across the wire. HEAD BOX SHEET % CLAY O.'wW BEFORE > V TRIAL DURING RUN WITH ASBESTOS TRAY 75.00 35.92 28.67 I 16.02 15.89 HEAD BOX SHEET TRAY PERCENT RECOVERY IN SAVEALL AT CUDUDY EFFLUENT Ti02 CLAY ASBESTOS TOTAL SOLIDS AT CLEAR EFFLUENT 95.2 I 96.4 92.3 FIGURE 3--The pres ence of asbestos in this drum-filter saveall in creased solids recover ies from 44.4 to 74.1 per cent at the cloudy effluent and from S2J to 92J per cent at the clear effluent. the head box and in the tray water. At the head box, titanium dioxide and clay levels were reduced by about onethird and one-fifth respectively. In the tray water, solids were reduced by 36 per cent during the trial with asbestos. Tray-water reductions for titanium dioxide and clay were 49 and 43 per cent respectively. The presence of asbestos in the papermaking system also substantially improved the recovery of solids in the save-all. The solids content, per cent ash, and per cent titanium dioxide of the influent and effluent are shown be low: No With Asbestos Asbestos Save-all Influent Solids, Ib./lOOO gal. 19.1 15.0 % Ash 45.6 38.7 %m 2.42 1.41 Save-all Effluent Solids, Ib./lOOO gal. % Ash % TiO, 4.16 75.2 4.45 2.24 76.1 3.57 TlOj CLAY \\\\\\\\VV before trial ASBESTOS TOTAL SOUQS DURING TRIAL WITH ASBESTOS Based on these figures, save-all re coveries improved from 78 to 85 per cent with the use of asbestos. Solids losses at the effluent were reduced 46 per cent. Of even greater economic significance, losses of titanium dioxide in the effluent were reduced by 58 per cent. Retention save-all recoveries gain tained improved retention of fillers. In addition, mills making tissues and towels have added asbestos to im prove softness. A two to four per cent asbestos content in the sheet gives improved band feel, and its effect on sheet softness is readily measurable on Handle-o-meter and other softness measuring devices. Where economi cally attractive, asbestos allows mills to replace hardwood with stronger softwood without sacrificing softness. To date, over 100 mills have evalu ated asbestos and many are using it on a regular basis. Some of the results of this mill experience are given below. that titanium dioxide and clay reten tion across the wire improved about 28 per cent during the asbestos trial. Average titanium dioxide retention in creased from 48 to 62 per cent. Clay retention improved from 45 to 57 per cent. The average retention for as bestos during the trial was 69 per cent on the wire and 86 per cent for the overall system. This improved retention substanti ally reduced the buildup of solids in Similar results were obtained by a mill making 50-pound offset printing paper. In a four-hour trial, 2.4 per cent asbestos was added to the pulper. Clay was reduced in two steps from 27.4 to 18.0 per cent while titanium dioxide was reduced from 8.40 to 7.12 per cent. Despite these reductions, the titanium dioxide content of the reel averaged the same as before (at 5.2 per cent), indicating an increase in titanium dioxide retention from 63 to 73 per cent. The clay content of the reel decreased slightly; however, over- TABLE I--Production Run on. 30-pound Towel Retention improved 28% In one production run on 50-pound offset paper, asbestos was used to im prove the retention of the furnish components. The trial run lasted for seven hours, during which 1.7 per cent asbestos was added to the pulper, replacing 3.4 per cent clay. Figure 2 shows the titanium dioxide and clay analyses at various points in the papermaking system before and during asbestos usage. Retention cal culations from these figures indicate Basis Weight (lb./24 in. x 36 in.-- 480) Softness (Crush Test) % Stretch Wet Tensile Aged Machine Direction Cross Direction Dry Tensile (1-in. strip) Machine Direction Cross Direction Wet Tear Machine Direction Cross Direction Per Cent Asbestos in Paper 23 30.0 2200 6.5 2.7 1.7 9.6 5.7 30 34 30.1 1700 7.4 -- _ -- -- -- 29.8 1680 7.2 2.8 1.5 9.3 5.5 36 42 30.4 1680 7.1 2.7 1.6 8.6 5.5 42 52 all clay retention increased from 49 to 56 per cent, Opacity averaged 94 per cent while brightness averaged 85 per AVERAGE ANALYSIS IN PAPERMAKING SYSTEM cent, the same as before the trial. SUB 10 OPAQUE BONO A detailed analysis at the drumfilter save-all showed that asbestos also substantially improved recoveries at %Ti02 .53.85 both the cloudy and clear effluents. As shown in Figure 3, asbestos improved 41.2 recoveries at the cloudy effluent from 44.4 to 74.1 per cent. At the same time, recoveries at the clear effluent were improved from 82.3 to 92.3 per cent In terms of losses, asbestos re duced solids in the cloudy effluent from 0.85 to 0.38 lb./lOOO gal. At the clear effluent, asbestos reduced solids from 0.27 to only 0.11 lb./1000 gal. Opacity improved Another mill tried asbestos in hopes of improving titanium dioxide reten tion and meeting opacity specifications at lower titanium dioxide levels. The grade of paper used in the trial was substance 10 opaque register bond. FIGURE i--Average analyses in papermak ing system producing sub. 10 opaque regis ter bond. During this 8 hour production ' run, a 1.2 per cent asbestos addition in creased TiOt retention by IS per cent. HEAD BOX REEL TRAY During this eight-hour production run, % CLAY 1.2 per cent asbestos was added to the pulper, replacing three per cent 28.59 27.21 clay. This addition was less than the 2.5 per cent asbestos addition that the 20.72 mill had planned on making. Never theless, impressive results were ob tained. The titanium dioxide and clay analyses before and during the trial are shown in Figure 4. Single-pass re tention calculations showed that titan HEAD BOX REEL TRAY ium dioxide retention increased by 15 per cent during the use of asbestos. The average asbestos retention across Y////AHE* DURING TRIAL WITH ASBESTOS the wire was 54 per cent. At the same time, tray-water and save-all effluent solids decreased markedly. Solids in lower titanium dioxide levels. The ti before the trial are limited, the curves the tray water declined from 35.7 to tanium dioxide content of the sheet indicate that the asbestos-bearing sheet 15.5 lbs./1000 gal. while the solids in was reduced froml0.56percent before needed 20 per cent less titanium di the save-all effluent dropped from 0.84 the trial to 6.30 per cent with asbestos. oxide to obtain the same opacity as to 0.17 lbs./1000 gal. Despite this severe drop, opacity speci the sheet without asbestos. Thus, as Of major significance to this mill fications were met with 1.13 per cent bestos improved the light-scattering was its ability to meet its minimum asbestos in the sheet, as shown in efficiency of the titanium dioxide. opacity specification of 74 per cent at Figure 5. Although data on opacity Similar results were obtained in a six-hour trial by a mill making thirty- pound pouch paper (82 G.E. bright TIME TABLE II--Production Run on 13.5-pound Toilet Tissue FURNISH PROPERTIES Pine and Broke Hard Asbes wood tos Softness Tensile (Handie-o-Meter) (lb./y'x5W1 Machine Cross Machine Cross Direc- Direc % Oirec- Direc tion tion Stretch tion tion ness). A two per cent asbestos addi tion was made to the beater, replacing a similar amount of clay. The titanium dioxide addition was cut by 16.7 per cent in hopes of obtaining equivalent opacity values at reduced titanium di 1:25 1:45 2:50 3:30 4:45 5:55 20% Pine 80% Pine 60% Pine 60% Pine 40% Pine 40% Pine 15% Broke 20% Broke 20% Broke 20% Broke 80% 0 4.0 13.0 37.5 2.7 1.8 20% 3% -- ____ ____ 15% 3% 6.3 14.5 32.5 5.0 1.5 20% 3% 6.8 9.0 19.3 4.7 1.6 40% 3% 6.5 11.5 22.5 4.0 1.5 40% 3% 6.0 10.0 24.4 3.3 1.5 oxide levels. Retention of titanium dioxide increased from 60 to 84 per cent with the asbestos addition. Aver age opacity during the run with as bestos was 62.6 per cent, a slight im provement over the 61.9 per cent average before the trial. Average brightness was 85.1 per cent, up slightly from 84.6 per cent before the use of asbestos. EFFECT OF ASBESTOS ON TiOz AS AN EXTENDER FIGURE 5--Sub. 10 opaque register bond containing 1.13 per cent asbestos met opacity specifications at lower TiO, levels than paper containing no asbestos. Thus, asbestos improved the light-scattering efficiency of TiOi. Softness improved 20% In this trial run at another mill, enough asbestos was added to the pulper to obtain two, three and four per cent asbestos in 30-pound towel ing. The object of the trial was to determine if asbestos would improve softness of the stock. The results are shown in Table I. Using the crush test as the measure of softness, the mill found that softness improved from 2200 without asbestos to 1680 with four per cent asbestos. (Lower values indicate improved softness.) Thus, an improvement of over 20 per cent was achieved. At the same time, per cent stretch increased from 6.5 to 7.1, and wet tear strength was improved 40 per cent in the machine direction and over 50 per cent in the cross direction. There was no significant change in either the wet tensile aged or dry tensile strength with the addition of asbestos. Another mill took advantage of the improved softness provided by asbestos by increasing its use of pine in the furnish. This mill normally used an 80 per cent hardwood, 20 per cent pine furnish, because it needed at least 80 per cent of the short-fibered hardwood to meet softness specifications of its 13.5 pound toilet tissue. As shown in Table II, a three per cent asbestos addition was used dur ing the four-hour production run while the mill made various adjustments in its furnish. For the first three-hours, pine and broke were increased to 80 per cent of the furnish. Then, for the last hour, a 60 per cent pine-broke furnish was used. The properties of the tissue are also shown in Table II. With the 80 per cent pine-broke furnish, softness de clined somewhat according to Handleo-meter readings. (Higher values indi cate reduced softness.) When the pine and broke in the furnish were reduced to 60 per cent, softness values began to return to pre-trial conditions in the machine direction and were better than before the trial in the cross direction. Per cent stretch and tensile values went through similar cycles. Based on this trial and subsequent tests, mill management concluded that the in creased softness provided by asbestos would allow them more flexibility in their choice of furnish components and still produce equal or better qual ity tissue. These typical examples from mill experience show that asbestos can be an effective retention agent, extender, and softening material. Proper use can lead to extensive savings and improve- ments in the papermaking process. This paper contains asbestos too... The paper on which this reprint was printed contains Union Carbide's highpurity asbestos "T." The rigid opacity and brightness specifications for this high-quality paper were maintained when asbestos T' was substituted for part of the TiOi in the furnish. This substitution allowed substantial savings in furnish costs. Have you used these PELLETS as a wet-end additive? These pellets of Union Carbide high-purity asbestos burst into short, non-abrasive fibers when added to a pulper or beater. The fibers disperse uniformly throughout the pulp and give these improvements and cost savings: over 100 Mills have ... . . IMPROVED * * PITCH . ` CONTROL Union Carbide asbestos effectively prevents pitch buildup. In this way, it helps keep cleaner felts and fourdrinier wires, reduces machine breaks and down time, and reduces rejec tions for paper blemishes. Several mills with severe pitch problems have found that 1% asbestos keeps pitch harmlessly dispersed throughout the sheet. |* EFFECTIVE [ TM2 % EXTENDER Asbestos improves opacity by opti mizing the light-scattering efficiency of TiCb- Thus, higher opacity can be obtained at lower Ti02 levels, reduc ing Ti02 costs. A typical mill reduced Ti02 content of its sheet from 10.6 to 6.3% without any loss of opacity. r 66-04: IMPROVED RETENTION OF FURNISH Positively charged asbestos strongly attracts negatively charged pigments and fillers. A typical mill improved Ti02 retention from 65.5 to 88% with 2% asbestos and saved $3.60 per ton. Another improved single pass re tention of all fillers by 21% with 3% asbestos. Also, the large surface area of asbestos readily absorbs dyes, im proving retention and reducing twosidedness. INCREASED SOFTNESS Tissues and towels containing Union Carbide asbestos have improved soft ness. One mill increased softness of towels by 20% with 3% asbestos. It also improved wet tear and per cent stretch. Another mill used asbestos to replace hardwood with stronger soft wood without sacrificing quality. The change also netted significant savings in furnish costs. BETTER SAVEALL EFFICIENCY With asbestos in the saveall, mills have improved their recoveries of solids. Improvements have been made in flo tation, filtration, and sedimentation types of savealls. One mill increased saveall recoveries from 74 to 93%, saving $27,000 per year. By discharg ing a clearer effluent, it also reduced river pollution. UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION MINING AND METALS DIVISION 270 Park Avenue, hew Voik. N. Y. 212-LL1-4420 1371 Peachtree St. N t.. Atlanta. Ga. 404-876-3331 6855W. 65th St.. Chicago. HI. 312-581-5000 22 Battery St . San Francisco. Cal, 415-982-1360 ASBESTOS I rthnpranhprl in 11 S A ZPS3?'*/ u:/-CO'c Sales Organization Chart BAKELITE COMPANY Corporation We^Salliee*,..:; .* . ' Market Development^ . ..v ^Special MateriQU ^.: - Harry Carlson Resins and Compounds Polystyrene Resins and Compounds (Including Copolymers) Polyethylene Chlorinated Paraffins Vinyl Chloride and Copolymer Plasticized Calendered Film and Sheeting Vinyl Copolymer Cast Film and Sheeting and Planished Elastomeric Sheets Vinyl Chloride and Copolymer Calendered Rigid Sheeting and Planished Rigid Sheets Vinyl Alcohol-Acetate Solutions Vinyl Chloride and Copolymer Resins Vinyl Acetate Resins, Solutions and Latices Vinyl Butyral Resins Vinyl Ether Resins Polyethylene Resins and Compounds Polystyrene Latices Phenolic Resins, Solutions and Dispersions Modified Phenolic Resins and Solutions Epoxy Resins Chlorinated Naphthalenes and Compounds Vinyl Copolymer Cast Film and Coated Paper Polyethylene Resins and Compounds Polyethylene-Coated Paper Bonding and Laminating Materials A. F. Sward, Gen. Sales Mgr. r: Molding and Extrusion Materials J. L. Rodgers, Gen. Sales Mgr. Market Development * H. Grots Bonding Materials (40) R. A. Richards, Sales Mgr. R. D. Noyes, Asst. Sales Mgr. Market Development D. A. Munne Merch. Laminating Materials (42) : H. K. Phlnney, Sales Mgr. A. G. Butler, Asst. Sales Mgr. J. E. Stokes, Central Zone Mgr. Molding Materials (44) R. H. Bruce, Sales Mgr. D. N. Phillips, Asst. Sales Mgr. P. J. Rizzo, Asst, to Sales Mgr. J. R. Wilkinson, Eastern Zone Mgr. J. M. Herbert, Central Zone Mgr. P. W. Wood, Mid-Western Zone Mgr. r -- Extrusion Materials (46) : M. M. Suba, Sales Mgr. G. C. Shipston, Asst, to Sties Mg F. W. Wurtzell, Central Zone Mi Grinding Wheels and Coated Abrasives Shell and Sand Molds and Cores Forming Dies and Patterns Tools, Dies, Jigs and Fixtures Brake Linings and Clutch Facings Organic and Inorganic Fibers for Thermal and Acoustical Insulation Battery Separators Petroleum Products Evaporation Control Impreckants Investment Castings Laminates: Industrial Decorative Glass Fiber Reinforced Plywood Imprecnants: Reinforced Plastics Honeycomb Core Densified Wood Sealing Solutions Pre-Loaded Mats Moldincs: Wood Aggregate Products Pulp Products Glass Reinforced Pre-Mixed Compounds Glues and Cements: Lamp-Basing Resins and Cements High Temperature Adhesives Electrical Castikcs Plastic Solders Dielectrics Electrical Insulating Parts Communications Equipment Television and Radio Components Industrial and Appliance Housings Housewares Appliance Components Automotive Ignition Parts Wiring Devices Bottles and Closures Wall Tile Toys Phonograph Records Buttons Textile, Photocraphic and Chemical Equipment Tablewares Packaging Containers Jacketing and Insulation Submarine Cable Line Wire Building Wire Drop Wire Hook-Up Wire Appliance Wire Automotive Wire Signal Wire Utility and Municipal V And Cable Television Lead-In Win Coaxial Cable Communication Wire ar Cable Contour Extrusion Produ< Pipe Garden Hose Tubes and Monofilamen Gasketing, Welting and Belting Refrigerator Parts Toys Housewares Sheets * The fields of application listed here represent general market areas. Pulverized and Spray-dried Phenolic Resins Oil- and Rosin-Modified Phenolic Resins and Compounds Polystyrene Emulsions Cresol Resins and Solutions Urea, Epoxy and Vinyl Resins Chlorinated Naphthalenes and Resins Phenolic Resins Cresol Resins Polyester Resins Urea Resins Epoxy Resins Silicone Resins Chlorinated Naphthalenes and Resins Rigid and Plasticized Vinyl Chloride and Copolymer Resins and Compounds Phenolic Compounds Polystyrene High-Impact Polystyrene Rubber-Modified Compounds Styrene-Acrylonitrile Copolymer Compounds Fluorothene Resins and Compounds Polyethylene Resins and Compounds Silicone Compounds Polyethylene Resins and Compounds Rigid and Plasticized Vinyl Chloride and Copolymer Resins and Compounds. Fluorothene Resins and Compounds Polystyrene High-Impact Polystyrene Rubber-Modified Compounds Styrene-Acrylonitrile Copolymer Compounds Chlorinated Naphthalenes and Resins Benedito . Market Developments L '.Special MaterialsviSr Harry Carlson Howard Smith Calendering Materials & Sheetings J. B. Knowles Gen. Sales Mgr. v:Per*onnelAdmIn'ufrator A. E. Maibauer 1 ; " - r Asst, to Vice-President, Sales C. A. Norris --i Coating and Flexible Packaging Materials T. W. Sharp, Gen. Sales Mgr. ndising Manager J. R. Price _________ r Calendering Materials (50) C. D. Schuman, Sales Mgr. R. C. Schroeder, Asst. Sales Mgr. O. J. Johnson, Asst to Sales Mgr. -- ----- --, Sheetings . (52) J. W, McLaughlin, Sales Mgr. L. D. Burnett, Jr., Asst. Sales Mgr. W. I. Lowe, Asst to Sales Mgr. H. L. Burpo, Eastern Zone Mgr. T. R. Orme, Mid-Western Zone Mgr. _______________ i Surface Coating Materials (54) R. A. Calsibet, Sales Mgr. R. L. Nonim, Eastern Zone Mgr. V. L. Larson, Mid-Western Zone Mgr. """ "i Flexible Packaging Materials (56) J. R. Akers, Sales Mgr. Floor Coverings: Vinyl-Asbestos Resilient Laminated Coated Fabrics: Furniture Upholstery Automotive and Trans portation Upholstery and Trim Rigid Sheeting: Vacuum-Formed Packages n* Corrosion-Resistant Tank Linings Duct Work Fume Hoods l Novelties Christmas Ornaments Laminates Coated Paper and Film: Packaging Containers Pipe Wrap Plasticized Film and Skeetxnc: Toys Home Furnishings Clothing and Accessories () Wearing Apparel and Accessories: Rainwear Sportswear Protective Clothing Handbags, Shoes Household Products: Draperies, Window Shades Upholstery, Shower Curtains Tablecloths, Place Mats Inplatables: Swimming and Wading Pools Beach Accessories Mattresses, Toys Three-Dimensional Products: Relief Maps, Novelties Doll Faces, Plaques Advertising Displays Skin Packaging Containers Signs and Tags Bookbindings and Covers Lamp Shades and Lighting Fixtures Rear. Windows por Convertibles Tapes Drafting and Calculating Instruments Recording Disks Templets Sporting Equipment Luccace Vacuum-Formed Packages Coatings: Maintenance Architectural (Interior and Exterior) Strippable Traffic Markings Insulating Varnishes Paper Linings for Concrete Forms Product Finishes: Metal Cans and Drums Paper Containers and Cups Caps, Closures and Collapsible Tubes Consumer Appliances Industrial Machinery Office Equipment and Furniture Apparel and Luggage Organosols and Plastisols: Toys, Dolls Rainboots Sponge and Foam Products Work Gloves Lamp Shades Adhesives Printing Inks Liquid Solder and Caulking Compounds Packaging and Industrial Films Packaging: Fresh Fruits Vegetables Frozen Foods Poultry Meat Products Candy and Nuts Textiles, Hardware Soaps and Cosmetics Rack-Items Horticultural Supplies Refrigerator and Food Locker Bags Closure Liners Moisture and Gas Barrier Laminates Drum Liners Construction Applications: Temporary Weather Shields Drop Cloths Foundation Liners Agricultural Applications: Mulching Materials Greenhouse Insulating and Structural Materials Protective Plant Covers BAKELITE COMPANY DIVISION OF UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION 30 EAST 42nd STREET, NEW YORK 17, N. Y. kj Sales Offices ATLANTA 3. GA. 57 Forsyth St. BOSTON 94, MASS. 301 lit Ave., Needham Heights CHICAGO 1, III. 230 No. Michigan Avenue CINCINNATI 6. OHIO 2330 Victory Parkway CLEVELAND 14, OHIO 1300 Lakeside Avenue, N.E. CLIFTON, N. J. 1051 Bloomfield Avenue DETROIT 21, MICH. 10421 West 7 Mile Road HARTFORD 3, CONN. 410 Asylum Street KANSAS CITT 6, MO. 910 Baltimore Avenue LARCHMONT, N. Y. 1877 Palmer Avenue LOS ANGELES SB, CALIF. 2770 Leonis Boulevard NEW YORK 17, N. Y. 30 East 42nd Street PHILADELPHIA 3, PA. 117 South 17th Street PITTSBURGH 22, PA. 537 Smithfield Street ROCHESTER 4, N. Y. 130 Main Street, East ST. LOUIS 22, MO. 122 North Kirkwood Road SAN FRANCISCO 11, CALIF. 22 Battery Street WASHINGTON, D. C. 777 14th St. N.W. Divisions * 40 42 44 46 50 52 54 56 O O ooo O Oooo oOO O oo oOO Oooo O OoooooOO Ooo ooO ooo oo oo oo ooO oooooooO o o o oo oo O o oo o o oo oo o o * KEY TO DIVISION SALES OFFICES: Note the number appearing in brackets on Inside fold--e.g. (54)-- following each Division. The circles designate where sales representatives for each Division ore located. August, 1957 J-536-H Printed in U.S.A