Document 37Lyao5Dg808wYVVQKq3drGQ3

-5^ #187 - Physical Properties of Pigments In a continuation of the studies of the permeability of double draw-down systems os described in lost month's report, data has been obtained for 1403 Ti02 in (3109) and'1403 in a mixture of (2) and (48) in equal parts. The PVC's of the paints were chosen to straddle the CPVC as previously determined for the pigment/binaer system involved and the draw-downs made in a manner corresponding to that of the December report. The results Obtained are shown in the following charts; Conductivity - Amperes x 10 1403 in (2) + (48), 1:1 PVC % Sinele 30 '35 40 45 50 55 30 11 .0 0 0 0 0 0 35 14 0 0 14 15 0 12 40 15 _ 0 0 0 0 0 0 45 1500 13 13 49 240 790 1900 50 4300 14 14 25 300 1600 3000 55 5000 15 15 - 670 3000 4300 1403 in (5109) PVC i Single 35 40 45 50 55 60 35 1 1 - 5 13 16 - 40 6 1 '3 9 14 35 39 45 2700 6 140 390 970 1200 2500 50 3000 420* 670* 2100 2700 3000 3700 55 3300 2300* 3000* 3300 3700 3700 3700 60 3700 3300* 3300* 3300 3700 3700 3700 *These samples were cracked and consequently shov/ values which are too high. 0007-SWP-000114599 6- - #187 - Cont. The results obtained by the use of 1403- Ti02 with various binders correspond closely with those obtained for magnesium silicate 20 F under similar conditions. The extreme break in the porosity curve displayed by the single draw-downs at the CPVC is almost wholly absent and only at values substantially above the CPVC do superimposed films showing individual high permeability become porous. Evidently a large portion of the vehicle in the top coat is imbibed by a permeable first coat to seal Its pores, forming substantially a non-porous film. The mechanics of the transfer of vehicle from the upper to the under coat can probably beexplained by the assumption that the first coat imbibes enough of the vehicle of the upper coat to seal its pores and bring its pigment to vehicle ratio to a value substen.tic.lly commensurable with the CPVC. The PVC of this second coat rises correspondingly with the quant ity of vehicle extracted. If the PVC of the upper coat (discounting the bound oil) reaches 10Q',i without bringing the value of the lower coat to the CPVC, a porous coat results even with two coat application. Obviously, if the PVC of the under coat is originally below the CPVC, no transfer of vehicle from the upper to the lower coat results. Under idealized conditions, and if the product of adhesion tension and pore size of the under coat exceeds that of the second coat, the final PVC of the upper coat, p , can be expressed by the simple relationship: (PVCi - CPVCj.Jtj. = *rc8 + --~------------- Where: PVC2 = original PVC of second coat; CPVCJ = CPVC of under coat; PVCj. - PVC of under coat; t1 - thickness of under coat and t2 = thickness of second coat. When PVCj - CPVCX becomes negative, the second term of the equa tion becomes fictitious and reduces to zero. The rate of transfer of the vehicle from the second to the under coat is related to the difference between the adhesion tension, 7"*cos. > between solid particles and liquid of the two films and some power of the1 differences of the pore sizes, according to the approximate formula: V n = K {-/'x cos. t x Ri - y^s cos. &z x ) Where: V = volume of transferred liquid; t = time required for transfer; v'"l cos, - adhesion tension of vehicle for under coat; F.x r pore size of under coat; y'i cos,f?-2 = adhesion tension of vehicle for particles of second coat; R2 a pore size of second coat; n - viscosity of vehicle; and K = constant. Here again, if the right hand side of the equation becomes negative, the values become fictitious and no transfer takes place. 0007-SWP-000114600 -7- #187 - Cont. To study the differences in degree of dispersion and CPVC for pigments in vehicles consisting of increasing amounts of volatile, a series of determinations were run on the systems 1403/(2)/(63), 1403/(48)/(63) end 20 F/(2)/(63) by the use of the CPVC cell. The sam ples were made by dispersing 10? by. volume of pigment in liquids consist ing of, respectively, Q?, 1?, Z%, 5?, 10?, 20/S, 40/S, 75%, and 100? of the vehicle in question in (63). The dispersions were carried out in 1/2 pint cans with steel balls by rolling over night and all samples were treated as similarly as possible. The CPVC's were determined in the usual manner in the CPVC cell, without dilution. The results obtained are represented in the following tables: 1405/(2)/(63) % 75) 0 l 2 5 10 20 40 75 100 PVC 100? 01.7 85.0 69.0 52.6 35.7 21.8 12.9 10.0 1403/(48)/(63) % (48) , PVC ' .0 100? 1 91,7 2 85.0 5 69,0 10 52,6 20 35.7 40 21.8 75 12.9 CPVC 25? 27 28 - .32 34 38 36 37 CPVC 25? 29 34 38 40 38 38 39 20 F/(2)/(63) *. .(*) PVC 0 100? 1 91.7 2 85.0 5 69,0 10 52.6 20 35.7 40 21.8 75 12.9 100 10.0 CPVC - 25? 25 25 24 25 27 30 30 29 0007-SWP-045230 0007-SWP-000114601 -23#177 - Pigment Studies Paints have been prepared for the cooperative exposure evalua tion of 414 leaded zinc oxide in conjunction with basic silicate white lead. We are working with the National Lead Company on this project. In this program substitutions of 414 dry with basic silicate white lead are made by the following methods. A, ZnO replacement by equal poundage. Lead replacements by equal volume. B, Maintain a 35/65 Pb pigment/ZnO ratio replacement is based on total volume. C, Maintain 35/65 Pb pigment/ZnO ratio replacements based on total pounds. (Adjust volume with extender.) Further details will be given when the panels are placed on exposure. 0007-SWP-000114602 -26i #162 - Studies in Flat Wall Paint Formulation Flat Wall Paints A sanple of Pratt and Lambert's One Coat Flat White, sold under the name of Solidex, was obtained locally and compared with Flat-Tone and Paintercraft One Coat Flat #10. Solidex appears to be a calcicoater type of flat similar to Newark's Calcicoater Flat RL 114 A. The three flats were applied over a panel painted with strips of enamel, Kem-Tone, Decotint, Flat-Tone and shellac to check the uni formity of tint and sheen over non-uniform surfaces. Other paint-outs were also made over a glue sized surface to check on wash&bility. Solidex is similar in uniformity to Paintercraft One Coat Flat #10 Rex 630 and Flat-Tone - Rex 810, but it is not equivalent to the S-W flats in washability over glue size. We would not recommend a flat of this type for general usage. However, it would be satisfactory for the New York metropolitan area where calcicoater flats are acceptable mat erials. Solidex E 17 7 K 356 Paintercraft One Coat Flat #10 Rex 630 Flat-Tone White Rex 010 Reduction Brushing Flow 12-1/2$ with (348) Good Good 12-1/2$ with (348) Good Good None Good Good Drying properties Good Good Good Uniformity (a) Tint Very good Very good Good (b) Sheen O.K. O.K. O.K. Washability Very poorj break O.K. at 200 rubs; O.K. at 200 rubs; (over glue size) in film at 65 rubs, no break. no break. Work was continued on the reformulation of Flat-Tone White to con serve titanium calcium. Work to date indicates that 100 pounds of titanium calcium can be replaced by pure Ti03 (1403 dry) and inert. An effort has also been made to use a small amount of aluminum naphtherate for body characteristics but it was found that this material has poor compatibility with (3880) E. Work will be continued. 0007-SWP-045232 0007-SWP-000114603 -27- #162 - Cent. Semi-Lustre The Vehicle Research Department had submitted a solvent processed P.E.-flosin-CTO-Dehydrol 25 gallon length varnish, CVR 981-7 for evaluation in Semi-Lustre tints. CVR 981-7 at 605& solids has a body of V-W, acid value of 6.3, end color 9-10. Semi-Lustre made with this varnish was high in body and showed considerable reactivity after 5 days. Work will be continued. Batch OJ 590 L Vehicle Viscosities. #3 Orifice Fresh 5 Days 33 gal. CVR 981-7 36 sec. 65 sec. 9 " (48), 50/30/20 type OJ 590 LL 33 gal. CVR 981-7 9 " (48) Linseed 33 " 51 " Enamels The Resin Research Department submitted RB 6047, a long oil alkyd containing approximately 70? soya styrene on the non-volatile, for use in trade sales formulations. At 50/5 solids, RB 6047 has 'I viscosity, an acid value on the base of 15, a final cure of 12, and a color of 7 +. Enamels were made besed on a hlue-green pigmentation used by Dow Chemical, but with slightly more hiding pigment. It was found that it was necessary to use part (4106) in conjunction with RB 6047 to obtain a satisfactory body in the enamel. The above vehicle combination appears to be very good from the standpoint of water and soap resistance, as indicated by the data below. The enamels will be exposed at Chicago and Florida for durability characteristics this spring. Batch Varnish Under Test Drying Time Se t- to-touch 0' Nite Water Spot 1% Soap Sol- Viscosity Test for ution for 24 Hrs. 5 Hrs. Fresh 10 Days (Whitening') (Whitening) 516 LL (3952) A 1 hr, 30 min. Very 24.8" 35" good Very slight Traci? 517 LL (4106) 6 hr. - Good 23,2" 24,8" V, V. slight V. slight 518 LL (4106) 1 hr. 31 min. Very- 22" 23.8" V, V; slight V. slight R3 6047 good The enamel 518 LL based on RB 6047 and (4106) appears to be satisfactory for brushing, flow, drying and gloss charac teristics. [ 'i i i' 0007-SWP-045233 0007-SWP-000114604 -fc8- Special. Spectrophotometry On January 19, 20 and 21 R. R. Bruhn attended the Spectropho tometer Service Course offered by the General Electric Company, at Schenectady, New York, It was of interest that the persons attending the course represented a wide cross section of the chemical field with an especially heavy representation from the textile field. 90$ of those attending represented firms already using the Recording Spectrophotometer, and the course gave emphasis to maintenance and trouble shooting on the instrument itself rather than the vide field of application for which the instrument is suited. Applications were touched on in the lecture by Dr. S. Q. Duntley, of Massachusetts Institute of Technology end in the lecture by Dr. E, I. Sterns, of Cclco, and also in conversations with various operators. Among the applications which might be of interest to The Sherwin Williams Company are the following: 1. Tristimulus specifications for paint colors as determined ty the spectrophotometer for Federal, Army and Navy contracts. Most federal testing laboratories are now equipped. 2. Colorimetric analysis of in-process materials for various chemical processes. The instrument is being used widely for this purpose by Calco, Harshaw, General Aniline, Eastman, Harmon Color, du Pont, and others. 3. Color matching is now being done extensively in the textile field by means of the spectrophotometer, 4. The spectrophotometer has supplanted retained samples for color standards on paper products. 5. Mr, C, E. Reynolds, of the National Lead Company, reports that the spectrophotometer is very useful as a control instrument for white pigment production, both titanium and lead pigments. 6. Mr. Max Saltzman, of Harmon Color Works, remarked that the machine was not satisfactory as a control on finished colors, but that it was extremely useful as an in-process analytical tool. 7. Andrew Jergens Company use the spectrophotometer to control colors of their cream and emulsion type cosmetic preparations. More complete details of the course will be available in a special report which is in preparation. 0007-SWP-000114605 6- - i^lB7 - Physical Properties of Pigments Continuing the study of the differences in degree of dispersion and CPVC for pigments in vehicles consisting of increasing amounts of volatile as described in the January report, the systems basic sulfate white lead - 9 dry/(2)/(63), leaded zinc - 412 dry/(2)/(63), basic carbon ate white lead - 18 dry/(2)/(63), graphite - 1709 dry/(2)/(63) and magne sium silicate - 20 F/(2)/(63) were studied at concentrations of 5% and 10% pigment in total volume as well as the systems 9/(2)/(63) and 18/(2)/(65) at 20% pigment in total volume. The results obtained correlate closely with those of last month's report. All the pigment/vehicle combinations showed low CPVC for low concentrations of the oil (high PVC), rising rapidly in the low to medium range and remaining essentially constant for concentrations of oil in thinner from about 10% to 30% upward, depending on the pigment. The FVC's of the 5%, 10% and 20% suspensions vary from low values where 100% of the oil is employed, to 100%, where only thinner is used. Values for this complete range are easily obtainable with the CPVC cell. The PVC's corresponding to the 5%, 10% and 20% pigment in total volume as related to the ratio of (2) to (63) are tabulated below. % (2) in (63) P.V.O. 5% Piament 10% Piement 20% Pigment 0 100 100 100 1 84.0 91.7 96.0 2 72.5 85,0 92.6 5 51 f 5 69.0 83.4 10 54.5 52.6 71.4 20 20.8 35.7 55.5 40 11.6 21.8 38.4 75 6.6 12.9 25.0 100 5,0 10.0 20,0 The typical results obtained for the series of pigments against the various combinations of oil and thinner are tabulated for the system W(2)/(63) at pigment concentrations in total volume of 5%, 10% and 20% corresponding to the PVC1's as listed above. % (2) in (63) P.V.C. 5% P lament 10% Piament 20% Pigment 0 29 28 1 34 36 35 2 42 40 43 5 45 42 47 10 45 45 47 20 50 48 47 40 45 48 46 75 50 5Q 48 W 50 W 60 v t it -: rT-nr h "Tfiji'n11irjpfji rp"-I'j'iw )'i pin | 0007-SWP-045235 #187 - Coni. -7- The rapid rise of CPVC at low concentrations of oil (high PVC) is apparent fron the data. From the results so far obtained it is diffi cult to determine whether the PVC or the ratio oil/thinner or a combina tion of both are the chief factors involved in the determination of the CPVC. A graphical representation of the data is shown below for the various pigments in the system (2)/(63), CPVC 0007-SWP-045236 0007-SWP-000114607 #187 - Cont. -8- In an attempt to explain the reason for this behavior of the pigment/vehicle combinations! e series of determinations of the inter facial tensions of the vehicles against water were made. Although a rough parallelism between these interfacial tensions and the specific packing volume (reciprocal of CPVC) was found, other factors than simple wettability seem to be involved. Further work in this direction is planned and Till be reported when more data is available. In a circular obtained reconnending "Metronite" for certain pur poses the following claims were made for this material! "Metro-Nite (or Micron Grade Metro-Nite) is an excellent extender to use in Exterior Trim Paints to minimize the blistering and peeling tendency of these deep colors. It also is one of the most economical inerts to use and may be used in relatively large proportions vdthout detracting from durability as some inert pigments do. "The paint industry has practically discarded the use of linseed oil, long oil varnish or mixtures of the two in house paint trim colors because of the poor dry obtained with these deep colors. The long oil alkyds have taken their places and with these liquids good dry and excellent durability is obtained. These liquids, however, do produce hard drying, tight, water impermeable films which may blister and peel if moisture conditions in the walls are bad. "By using Metro-Bite together with s. small percentage of diatomaceous silica, it is possible to obtain films which can 'breathe1'; that is, films which allow the t o ter vapor to pass out without disrating the film, "Metro-Mite's low oil absorption makes possible the inclusion in the paint of a sufficient quantity to obtain these desirable properties without adversely affecting the body, brushability and gloss." The accompanying formula describes a trim paint of about 19# PVC. This seemed very low to produce the "breathing" film which would be neces sary to prevent blistering, especially since it seemed inprotable that, the CPVC would be as low as this value from the general formulation of the paint. Consequently, a batch of this material was made up and the CPVC determined by mecns of the CPVC cell. It was found to be 61#. From this value and the PVC (19#) it was predicted that the paint film would be relatively impermeable and consequently subject to blistering. A paint film with 42# excess oil is not of the "breathing," permeable type. Subsequent determinations of the permeability of cast films of this paint both by the static-electrolytic method as well as the moisturepermeability jnethod showed it to be, r.q predicted, impermeable tq a high degree. 0007-SWP-045237 0007-SWP-000114608 i -22- - Leaded Zinc Pigments Because of the plans to substitute combinations of 414 and 511 leaded zincs for 412 dry in current house paint production, test batches of SWP Gloss White were made using available samples as representative of the new practices as possible. The 414 dry used was Lot 5207, the 511 dry was Lot 2555. A blend of extenders 2201 - 2203 was substituted for the 20 F extender to emphasize the texture characteristics of the leaded zincs. The results of the tests may be tabulated as follows: RB 2264 RB 2265 Leaded Zinc Used 412 dry 414/511 dries Texture O.K. O.K.. Grind Time 6' 10" 6' 2" Fineness 3H 3H Gloss Good Good Color Standard Very slightly gray Viscosities #3 orifice Fresh 1 day 20 days 27" 29" 27" 53" 40" 34.5" Wtt./Gal. 14.80# 14.84# The color and viscosity characteristics of the 414/511 combina tion occasion some concern. ; 0007-SWP-0001 35SS3S: jflB2 - Studies in Flat Wall Paint Formulation Flat Wall Paints A proposed revision, OJ 649 L, for flat-Tone White was sent to Cleveland for distribution. This formulation is identical in pigmentation to H 8900, which was suggested for the Color Mix line. The vehicle com bination of OJ 649 L, however, was revised slightly to improve the flow and brushing properties. In connection with this work, a survey was also made of the com parative hiding and raw material costs of the various institutional flats. Flat Wall Paint Hiding and Cost Comparisons Formulation Opacity Pigment Holley Raw Material Costs 2152 2228 461 1403 Pnits Pigment Vehicle Total Rex 810 Flat-Tone White 495 Formula 3-12-47 18,315 $39,58 $65.24 $104,82 Rex 810 - Similar to H 8900; as 649 L 490 80 24,210 53.86 66,88 120.74 Rex 622 - Mellotone White 539 Rex 622 - Mellotone White 295 Alternate #1 19,943 42.25 59,21 #*101.46 196 74 19,212 51,16 58.52 *#109,48 Rex 675 .Neu-Tone Flat Rex 675 Neu-Tone Flat Rex 2652 Nu-Hue Flat 650 (Alternate formula) Rex 2652 Nu-Hue Flat 650 (Alternate formula) 1271 dry hex 2652 Nu-Hue Flat 560 (Regular formula) 1271 dry ex 2652 Nu-Hue Flat 560 (Regular formula) 2132 dry hex 630 Paintercraf t 550 paint #10 700 100 19,610 62.80 65,63 128.43 700 100 19,610 24,050 64.20 49.23 66,21 130.41 65,39 *114,62 24,050 50.83 65.86 116.69 90 21,170 58.42 65.75 *124.17 90 21,170 2173 dry 100 27,950 59.97 62.91 66.24 73.29 126.21 156.20 *Martin-Senour Company raw material costs, **Lowe Brothers raw material costs. 0007-SWP-045239 00G7-SWP-000114610 jfl.62 - Cent- -25- For several months the Chicago paint plant has been unable to manufacture Paintercraft flat Wall Paint #7, Bex 26607, that could be con sidered satisfactory for' the painter trade based on formula card7/13. As a result an effort has been made by Cleveland and this department to check on the manufacturing procedure and raw materials used in the production of this rex. Arrangements have been made with the Chicago factory to manu facture eight batches of Hex 26607 as indicated belov/. Batch Date Formulation (3880) E Mill Used Size l' C 568 625 L (Proposed) A.- V.- 3-6 Roller mill 300 gallons 2 C 588 A Regular 6-13-47 It * II II 300 rr i C 548 625 L (Proposed) It V Pebhle mill 700 It 4 C 548 A Regular 6-13-47 Tt H II 11 700 11 5 C 618 625 L (Proposed) H 2-5 Roller mill 300 n 6 ? Regular 6-13-47 It II tr ti 300 if 7 C 568 A 625 L (Proposed) . It n Pebhle mill 700 H 8 C 588 Regular 6-13--47 It ii 700 11 The above batches are to be checked for general performance and all future production will be made on the most suitable formula r.nd on the type of mill that produces the most desirable flat* Semi-Lustre The Resin Research Department has submitted three P.E.-Fosin-CWODefiydrol 25 gallon varnishes made by the solvent process for evaluation in Semi-Lustre tints. An effort was made to moke the three varnishes identical in body, acid volue, solids, etc, due to inconsistencies in viscosity reading on Semi-Lustre made with previously submitted samples of this varnish. Bodx A. V. Color RB 8522-1 S- - 9.2 9-10 RB 8522-2 T 6.8 9-10 RB 8522-3 T- 8.5 9-10 \ 0007-SWP-045240 0007-SWP-000114611 :jr` -26- #162 - Cont. The three batches of Seni-Lustre Cream (formula 6-12-47, Alter nate A) made with these varnishes varied somewhat in viscosity but were all considered satisfactory in sheen and brushing characteristics. Batch Viscosity #3 Sheen Fresh 0'Hite Brushing Flow ('Photovolt heading) 657 L CV 7038 32" 49.4" Good Good 658 L RB 8522-1 22" 59.2" u w 659 L RB 8522-2 24" 31" 1! M * 660 L RB 8522-3 27" 37" n If 60 51 48 49 Enamels The Resin Research Department has submitted three of Cook Paint and Varnish Company's styrene alkyds for enamel formulation. Solids Body Color A. 'V! . RC5473N6 (45# Styrene - 55# Castor) 50# R-S 6-7 4.8 B3424K6 (50J? RC3372 (455? 11 - 50# (CW0-1 Soyc-4) " - 55# Castor) 90# 100# >Zs 10-11 3.5 >30" 6-7 <1 Two enamel formulations were developed, based on a pigmentation of 290 pounds 2030 T dry with a vehicle composed of RC3473N6 and B3424H6 or RC3372. These enamels compared favorably with Enameloid made from (2848)E or (3109) and (4100) with respect to drying, flow, brushing, gloss, etc. The enamels will be exposed at Chicago and Florida and draw-down films will also be checked for embrittlement and after-yellowing characteristics. s ,. . i'"ft 0007-SWP-045241 ;vj 0007-SWP-000114612 -27- ft 62 - Cont. Data on Styrene-Alkvd Enamels Vehicle Viscosity #5 Orifice Drying Properties fetch UsedT. Wt. A. Wt. Fresh 24 Hrs. 6 Devs Set-to-touch O'Nite 664 L RC3372 9.53 BC3473N6 669 L B3424N6 9.53 RC3475N6 665 L (2848) E 9.53 666 L (3109) 9.47 9.58 9.58 9.55 9,58 26.8" 31.6" 33.2" 65" 78" 58.2" 74" 33.6" 1 hr. 8 odn. Very good 45" 1 hr. 5 min. IT 84" 1 hr. 42 min. II 74" 1 hr. 6 min. II M. V-' Vehicle Batch Used Brushing Flow 664 1* RC3372 RC3473N6 Good Good 669 L B3424N6 RC3473N6 Similar to " Enomeloid 665 L (284 8) E Sticky " 666 L (3109) (4100) it ti 24 Hr. Tack Gloss Color Whitening I# Soap Water 3 Hours 24 Hrs. VVS Very Whiter Very Slight good than Blight 665 L n II ir Trace H ti W Very tf ws slightly yellow Very slight Slight . ! $ 0007-SWP-000114613  -pm. - Phvalcal Properties of Pigments The results obtained ip a continuation of the studies of the differences in degree of dispersion and CPVC for pigments in vehicles consisting of increasing quantities of'volatile constituents, showed a .close correlation for the binder;system bodied linseed (48)/naphtha (63) to the results obtained for raw linseed ()/(63). As ivould be expected, the final CPVC -for the (48)/(63) system is higher than that for the (g)/(63) system, but the same characteristic break in the CPVC/S Oil in Thinner curve is obtained as described in the February report. In .this case, too, the use of different pigment concentrations, namely 5%, 10$ and 20% by volume of pigment in the total system (including thinner), showed no major average differences in the CPVC for any particular vehicle to thinner ratio... To test the effect of increasing the grinding period, the CPVC of the 10% pigment concentration 1403 TiD2/(2)/(,63) system was determined . after 1 hour, 4 hours, and 18 hours of grinding in ball mills consisting of l/2 pint cans loaded with steel balls. The whole series showed low CPVC for .the one hour grind period. The values for four hours and 18 hours were higher end substantially the same, varying only within the average error of the method. Additional grind beyond the 18 hour period would sub sequently leave the CPVC of a given combination of pigments and binders unaltered. This is in direct correlation with previous experiments carried out on dispersion rate for various vehicles. Here-it was found that at 4 hours of grind in the mills in question, about-. 85$ of the ultimate grind .would be obtained end that after 8 hours grind, the curve becomes substan. tielly flat. As all the samples in this series of experiments were run over night (16 hours), it can safely be assumed that the ultimate dispersion for the pigment/binder combination was achieved in each case. A number of commercial paint samples were tested for correlation between CPVC and other properties. Special A review of ultrasonic methods and technique was presented at the March 10 Research meeting at Chicago*. .A modification of an ultrasonic super-siren described by Penn State University was designed and a cost estimate submitted. 0007-SWP-045243 -22- ^177 - Pigment Studies This department hcs been interested for a long time in the pro perties T.'hich lead titanate contributes to ti paint film. The cancelation of this item by the Titanium Pigment Corporation dealt a rather serious blow to the One Coat House Pcint test program and the development of light colored vinyl pigmented paints. The cessation of manufacture made it even more imperative that we establish the structure of lead titanate, so that we could see whether there was any possibility that we might substitute other materials for it. R. E. Kottemcnn, Jr., of the Auxiliaries Research Laboratory, reports his X-ray diffraction analysis of Titanox L (lead titanate) as follows: "In the case of Titanox L, no published x-ray data was available on lead titanate, and it was necessary to establish its presence bpshowing that its pattern was not one of a mixture of PbO end Ti02. This was accomplished by comparing, both directly end by measurement, the pattern of Titanox L to those of anatase end rutile for Ti02 end red and yellow litharge for PbO. In doing this, no evidence was found of the presence of any of these materials in the pattern of Titanox L, showing that PbTi03 possesses a characteristic diffraction pattern und therefore a unique crystal structure, "It is entirely possible that the Titanox L contains either one or both of the materials PbO end TiOz in uncombined form, but if so, they are present In small amounts. "Since Titanox h supposedly contains about 7J6 PbS04, an attempt was made to detect this by comparison to a pattern of PbS04, one bright line of which was found in the pattern of Titanox L. Ordinarily, one line is not sufficient to identify e compound, but in ell proba bility this is o line of lead sulfate. This could be verified only if a pattern of pure PbH03 were available." ' A second material which was evaluated by X-ray analysis was National"Lead Company's Trlbase which many like to describe loosely as a "white litharge." The Auxiliary Research Department reports as follows on this material: "Comparison of the Tri-Base pattern to patterns of PbS04, both forms of PbO,. and a mechanical mixture equivalent to 5PbO.Pb504 using yellow litharge showed no corresponding lines, indicating that if these mater ials are present as PbO and PbS04, the amount is small, "The Tri-Base pattern was also compared to a pattern of 3Pb0.PbS04 found in the A.S.T.M. file of x-ray diffraction patterns. These pat terns were quite similar and although some discrepancies were found in line intensities, it is reasonable to assume that Tri-Base is pre dominantly 3PbO.FbS04 which exists as a compound." 0007-SWP-045244 0007-SWP-000114615 -23- f!77 - ConU In the January Report of Investigations, page 23, it was reported that paints had been prepared for the evaluation of 414 leaded zinc used in conjunction with National's basic silicate white lead. Panels 12510-44 CS, CN, Cof. and F were prepared to expose these paints south and north verti cal at Chicago, end south vertical at Coffeyville and Miami. The basic pirn for the series and the paints used are as follows: Substitutions of 414 dry with basic silicate white lead are made by the following methods: A. 2n0 replacement by equal poundage. Lead replacements by equal volume. B. Maintain a 35/65 Pb pigment/ZnO ratio replacement is based on total volume. C. Maintain 35/65 Pb pigment/ZnO ratio replacements based on total pounds. (Adjust volume with extender.) Paints listed below follow/ this pattern. White Paint Variations No. Description RB 2177 2178 2179 2180 2181 2182 2183 2184 2185 2186 2187 2188 2189 2190 2191 2192 2193 2194 2195 2196 Base formula Rex 471, card 47. 412 dry replaced using Method A. 412 dry replaced using Method B. 412 dry replaced - Method C. 412 and 18 dry replaced - Method A. 412 and 18 dry replaced - Method B. 412 and 18 dry replaced - Method C. Rex 471 modification - 5# ZnO. 412 + 18 dry replaced in RB 2184, Method A. Rex 471 modification - 20# 2n0. 412 + 18 dry replaced in RB 2186, Method A. As RB 2181 using Azo 33 plus Basic Silicate White Lead. As RB 2185 using Azo 33 plus Basic Silicate White Lead. As RB 2187 using Azo 35 plus Basic Silicate White Lead. Rex 465 base formula card #4, 412 + 18 dry replaced. Method A. 412 + 18 dry replaced (25# ZnO variation). Method A. 412 + 18 dry replaced (20# ZnO variation). Method A. 412 dry replaced Azo 33 plus 9 dry. 412 plus 18 dry replaced - Azo 53 plus Basic Silicate White Lead. Method A. Rex 450 Undercoater is used as the undercoater for all exposures except for one variation following Method A substituting 414 plus basic sili cate for the leaded zinc plus BCWL normally contained. Rex 450 carries 45/' BOWL and 10# ZnO, ii i 1 ;*i ' V* 'Vi; 0007-SWP-045245 0007-SWP-000114616 -27- |162 - Studies in Flat fell Print Formulation Flat Wall Paints Vsork continued on toe reformulation of Flat-Tone lilhite to reduce cost. An effort was node to use Lowe Brothers' Mellotone vehicle LV-3600 but it was slightly more expensive on an equal solids basis and not equal in washability to the (3880) and (2396) combination. An effort was also made to reduce the vehicle solids in the present Flat-Tone formula.. The body was adjusted try the introduction of additional inert and thinner. The resulting flat was not satisfactory for flow or washability. Work will continue on the reformulation of Flat-Tone to use soybean and tall oils as partial substitutions for Dehydrol. The Resin Research Department was asked to prepare two (3880) type varnishes based on these oils. At Dr. Van Stone's request, a special Flat-Tone formulation was developed based on the use of 5$ D.D.T. along the lines of earlier and current tests. The proposed formulation was satisfactory for brushing, flow, drying and uniformity of tint and sheen. The D.D.T. content appears to improve the washability over glue size. An effort was also made to use an overstock on Pestroy 6$ in Flat- ' Tone, but this material produced sticky brushing and an undesirable odor during the drying period. ij i it i According to an article by S. C. Stokes (Paint Mfr, 17 , 261, 1947) reference is made to the depolymerization of rubber by the addition of 2-1/2$ (I i cobalt linoleate (6$ solution) and milling the rubber and cobalt linoleate until the two materials are incorporated. The rubber mix is then trens- ferred to a solution tank and dissolved in an equal amount of mineral spirits / until a homogeneous mass is obtained. The solution will nix readily with all -j; t natural oils but is not compatible with resins or varnishes containing them. The rubber solution was used to the extent Of 9$ based on the vehicle solids in conjunction with (2302) in a flat wall paint formulation. The flat was sticky in brushing end no improvement in washability was evident due to the y depolymerized rubber. / Semi-lustre - Enameloia ) The Resin Research Department submitted three solvent processed P.E.-Rosin-Dehydrol-C.W.O. 25 gallon varnishes for evaluation in Enameloid tints. Eody: JJVM P.B 8522-A "8 "G I H-I X- $S% n tr ] ,r) t : i: 'V *' .4 jif 0007-SWP-045246 0007-SWP-000114617 -28- jf!62 - Cont. The three duplicate varnishes were made and tested due to the inconsistencies in viscosities obtained in the initial evaluation of similar varnishes made by this process. The solvent processed varnishes appear to be quite satisfactory for Enameloid and Semi-Lustre tints com pared with (284 8) E or CV 7038. However, we would not recommend these var nishes for whites based on the after-yellowing tendency of the chinawood oil present. The experimental data covering the.various tests is reported below for the Encineloid Ivory batches. ,, Varnish Brush- . _. Drying Viscosity . Batch Under Test ing Flow Gloss Set-to-touch O'Blte Fresh O'Nite Days 715 L (2840) E G G G 1 hr. 20 min. G 33" 36,6" 43" 716 L RB 8522-A G G G 1 a 25 r VG 34.4" 35.3" 44.2" 717 L " B VG G G 1 it 15 ii VG 33.4" 32" 39" 718 L C VG a G 1 ir 5 ri VG 33. 8" 33.5" 37.8" Note: All four enamels above showed bed whitening with a 1% soap solution for a period of 3 hours and slight whitening wos evident due to a water spot test for 24 hours. Further work has been under way in the evaluation of three styrene slkyds, RC 3473N6, B3424N6 and RC 3372. See the February Report for additional data. Panels were prepared from enamels based on these liquids, and the various films were checked for resistance to oleic acid, lard oil, 95% alcohol, 5% acetic acid, 1% HaOH, 5% citric acid, 1% soap solution and water. In general the styrene-alkyd enamels were fairly resistant to all agents except oleic acid and lard oil. It would appear that these varnishes should be satisfactory for second grade enamels where lard oil and greases are not an issue. The various enamels will be exposed for exterior durability versus regular Enaaeloids based on (2843)E and (3109) and (4100). Chart follows. I J. : j - !' 0007-SWP-000114618 t;i i 8fr2SfrO-.IMS-000 ft:; -62- if?.: ly- W *> - fi;.' V.fc' n - . V Is jVvv I" m U .s': y> -.v ;C "' . C iV, '/ a*p bo ->.c P CPC HV3 P 43 tt) P E *4 P On Hcl d? ao o 2P op c ta *p bpp H c x; CO P s <H T3 p. d EC y 'O Cm P G X2 d bo p hp p d H JS Ww ^ t cT 00 IT3 H<> ^ to V IP p 03 :=> CM to G ^ %** W S3 o (3 <o P3 *35 ca 'vj'd H W ci ^p fi to 03 d m *p 12x3 * H . cfl w d 0 to ra 03 -P pto too G a 2 h t PO a, to 5 W U3 ot a co hs CO G O P. P WHO0 PP CO H o to 3o buO*. O H U P P o TJ p o < V. LO o p p Q o < 5 O OO *A uo a> r C3 -P fc' <0 H xph0j0 *InHP-o*AH H S to CO P C >* <ooHi Tca* Pco B* 0r H 2> PP <H P 5 b ^ * a ip H Ti S 5 IP bh p P fC H 4) W PP <H P >* oto : ip 1 IP d p 0) Ch -p O03,i SI N HP Ab P a* a H to p > P O .G n 7^* HS s! Oto I *tCH >V S P ^ H 'H i<D P ,C t bo IP5 *3 P PP 03 H <33 CO T3 * b0 toG CP d Q> P PP H Xi Qca j5 C4 H CO T3 SP 3a HP PP TJ k EGq Hca -> i P <M P rOo P a ii Hco Oc g1 H o 5-* * * IP eT *s5 H .P P <M P a; o IP c p tap *h ea ^ zn& T3 3 O- H Z>t1 i O CD a 0 G P I co tf b I A fcO * AA bO 0 2l 0 01 O -P 0 U O 43 d 0 01 u A jpq CM HH Il H ca Cl ccoo CCOO A o s p ^3 <2 o 5 a o s uC00H1l JPcIrCo0Oha1t XpuocD), **w4 x? , SP PCs MHl A{041 to , H 03 43 HCM 1 H o p CO XCOO a O PP c3 $ and p CO 03 EH 25 CO to 2; 21 XJ CM tO w to 0] e- n Tji t** d to <J* to to 00 8 CM t*?o3* c CO HH to 5 ss CM _to^ ra S H H H H CO i CO U3 CO CO CO CD ` CO c0o> CO -"4 0007-SWP-000114619 -30- #162 - Coni. Drier Absorption A study was initiated of drier absorption of carbon blacks using the technique developed by Ferro Chemical Company.. Their method involves the use of sufficient drier, in excess of that required for normal drying, to satisfy-the adsorptive capacity of the carbon black as determined by the diphenyl-guanidine adsorption test, The pigment thus adsorbs this excess drier (lead naphthenate) but leaves the regu lar amount of drier available to bring about normal drying of the. film.. Ey this method, the most effective drier- combination for our alkyd type Rex 729 Enameloid Black should be as follows (compared with Card #22) .* Driers Gal./lOO Gal.. Card #22 (2236) 5/6 gal.. 1 gal.. (4230) 4-3/4 " 2" (4231) (4252) Dry to. touch 9A6 " 1-5/8 1-1/2 hours 1-1/8 " 1-1/8 " 1-1/2 hours Dry to handle 3-1/3 hours 4 hours Tests on ball, mill dispersions of freshly prepared Enameloid Black Rex 729 systems carrying the above drier combinations dried to touch in equal time intervals,, but the special blend dried to handle 40 minutes ahead of the standard formulation,.. These materials will be studied, further after aging in the package... 0007-SWP-045249 $1B7 - Physical Properties of Pigments During the course of the investigations on the CPVC of paint systems, the request has been made on a number of occasions for data on standard pigments from which the packing volume of combinations of these at various percentages could be calculated without making a CPVC deter mination. There are a number, of reasons why it is extremely difficult, if not practically impossible, to predict the packing behavior of systems of mixed pigments, even if the packing characteristics of the individual com ponents ore known. Aside from the possibility of a larger or smaller de gree of agglomeration possible with the use of various vehicles in con junction with the CPVC determinations on the pigments, the following factors should be considered: Assume an idealized condition of a pigment of absolute spherical shape where all the particles possess the same diameter. Under these con ditions, and if no agglomeration takes place, a number of packing systems are possible. The cubic, or ''most open" packing is that in which the spheres are piled in such a way that each layer lies immediately above the other on a square base arrangement. The rhorabohedral or "closest packing" represents a complicated type of stacking of the spheres where the greatest density of the packed system is achieved. The volume of voids of such sys tems can be calculated'readily and is, for the cubical packing, 4855 (CPVC = 52$) and fox the rhombohedral system 18$ (CPVC 8255), Any value between these two can be achieved by haphazard packing. It is to be noted that these packing characteristics are independent of the absolute particle size, and require only that the particles all be of the seise size and spherical -shape. Three different systems consisting of spherical particles of, say lyU , 10/X and 100^ diameter consequently would all have the same CPVC if monodisperse and stacked in the same packing system. If these were all packed in the cubic system, they would all contain 48$ voids despite the differences in diameters of the particles in the individual systems. Consider a system of uniform sized spheres as above packed in the cubic system, where the CPVC is 52$. Between each four of the particles there will be a space for another sphere of diameter d, equal to d (To - l), where d is the diameter of the original spheres. The voids will consequently be: 333 33 66 or 27$ making the CPVC 72$. By introduction of a spherical particle .732 times the diameter of the basic component, the CPVC has been raised 21$, from 52$ to 73$. Similarly, eight still smaller spheres can be introduced into the spaces left between the two component system as above, the diam eters required in this case, d2, being about .24 d. The CPVC now would be 79$. There will now be 24 spaces which can be filled with spheres of ,08 d. Thereafter there will be 72 spaces, and so on. 0007-SWP-045250 Wk- McC;fv ^ -. 6- - #187 - Coat. Had a rhombohedral packing been used in the first place, .the increase of CPVC with the addition of the first smaller sphere would not have been as great as in the case of the cubic system. Further filling of the remaining spaces with still smaller spheres would have resulted in about the same effect as before. It is to be noted that the increase in CPVC with the addition of finer particles is not very marked unless they are small enough to fill the finest interstices. Also, had the origi nal voids been filled with fine particles of one size, the increase in CPVC would not have been as great. It must be mentioned that no practical method of achieving any one of those individual packings has been devised. From thesB considerations it is apparent that mixing systems of pigments of larger or smaller individual sizes or size distribution will markedly change the CPVC of the mixed system from the values obtained for the individual constituents. The CPVC will be higher than that of the component having the lowest CPVC. On'the other hand, mixing two or more systems of the same particle shape and size distribution Tall result in a final CPVC the same as that of the original components. When the possi bility of a greater or lesser degree of agglomeration of one or all of- the components is considered, and that particles of different shape character istics will have differing packing tendencies, the over-ell difficulty of predicting CPVC of a mixture of pigments from a. knowledge of the CPVC of the original constituents becomes quite apparent. It is much easier to determine the CPVC of a mixture of pigments in the particular vehicle in which the particles are to be dispersed under the desired conditions of grind by the relatively simple and rapid method of the CPVC cell. When the CPVC1s of a number of extender pigments are listed below, it is only with a full consideration of the above factors that these values can be used for a very approximate calculation of the CPVC for these pigments in combinations with each other or appropriate hiding pigments. The CPVC's were determined in c fairly highly dispersing vehicle, namely 4 parts (48) and 6 parts (2), with (63) used es thinner. Material - CPVC. in g 20 L 306 566 1817 1989 . 2188 2201 2247 20 F 45 2209 Magnesium Silicate Barytes Cclcite Surfex Microne Talc Micro Velva A Metronite Atomite Magnesium Silicate Calcium Sulfate Hydrate Multifex M 41 63 59 72 30 36 61 52 49 49 39 The CPVC of a number of commercial paints were determined as -n aid to formulation. 0007-SWP-045251 1 0007-SWP-000114622 //86 - Leaded Zinc Pigments The Auxiliaries Department submitted for examination three blends of 414 dry with 511 dry which approximate the chemical composition of 412 dry, 35/65 leaded zinc oxide. These blends were prepared using 511 dry of standard color in conjunction with 414 dry samples which had been rated 70, 60, and 50, respectively. These were substituted in Hex 471 SViP Gloss f/hite for the 450 pounds 412 dry' currently being used, In suior.-Kiry i: was reported that all batches './ere normal as regards viscosity, gloss, grind, and color. The color dxi'fsreuces, although per ceptible, sere very small so that it was generally agreed that it would not cause concern. Sf'n the standpoint of color, blends of 414-511 dry equal to or better than Lh n sample submitted under the code No. ADRL 931 are sat isfactory for use in hex 471. This sample was prepared with 414 of 50 color. Approval of sample sUHl, 331 does not constitute approval for all blends made with a 414 of 50 color. Composited color must also equal this standard, A review of outstanding house paint exposure tests of 414 dry again showed that this pigment performs in a manner typical of c cofumed leaded zinc oxide. In these tests the 414 dry has been substituted on an equal zinc oxide basis, making up the difference in composition by adding either basic carbonate or sulfate white lead. The review included the following series: 1. Exposures 5539-46 C were examined after 5 years' vertical south at Chicago, Ponderosa pine beveled siding primed v/ith Rex 450 Under~ coater. Baghouse and Economizer oxides (early 414 types) were tested in Rex 471 SWP Gloss White of 7-11-41 and Rex 462 Cream of 8-7-41, the regulars being used as guides. The specials are made both with regular (5091) and with (3015) non-break linseed oil. The durability of all the whites was satisfactory: (3015) seems slightly inferior due to erosion, but with (5091) both test pig ments are fully as good as the regular 412 dry. In Cream, both specials show noticeably more dirt but less fading than the regular'-. 2. Series 6126-35 C, Cof. (4-1/2 years at Chicago and also at Coffeyville) tested the use of Economizer (l5 leaded) as (a) a replace ment for 40/ of the 412 dry, and (b) as 100/5 replacement in SWP White and Cream, on cedar beveled siding with Rex 450 Undercoater. One Rex 471 formula is high in Ti02, low in basic carbonate white lead, another vice-versa, as we were interested in using e minima-: of white lead at the time. With fairly uniform exposure results at both locations, slight inferiority due to the special pigments is shown, but since the higher quantities of Economizer (end lowered BCWL) are not particularly poorer than the others there is little to say against the use of the special pigment. However, this slight inferiority carries over into the tints, especially at Chicago. ': (. - I i.r>; *iT-t?i 0007-SWP-000114623 -22- il86 - Cont. 3. Series 6192-9 C, Cof, (4-1/2 years Chicago, 6 years Coffeyville) tests, in SWP Gloss White, only 25$ 414 in the relatively high TiOg formula of 10-27-41, plus o reduction of oil content in the vehicle. Neither location shows eny appreciable difference due to the 414 or vehicle change. In the Cream shade, 50$ and 100$ 414 ore tested, with both regular and lower oil (increased p.v.c.) With quite advanced failure at both locations, the 100$ 414 sample seems slightly best, but the 50/50 sample is not quite as good as the regular (1526 dry), 4. 414 dry is tested in series 6186-91 C, Cof., the purpose being to use the new pigment in a lead-zinc paint. Before general formu lation details were finally worked out, "standard" 414 IV was de veloped end this series represents its earliest test on our exposure fences. These tests were exposed on beveled cedar siding, with Rex 450 Undercoater, 4-1/2 years at Chicago and 6 years at Coffeyville, vertical south. Because of the current lack of interest in leadzinc paint and the fact that the set-up is not suitable for test ing 414 W as such, only a brief statement of results is presented. A 45/40/15$ BCWL/4l4/magnesium silicate special end another with slightly higher ZnO (due to 414 W) and 7% mica gave mediocre results as compared to regulars. With still higher 414 K, 4-1/2$ of mica and about 4$ of TiOa, there was a considerable improvement. Poor clean-up was a more important shortcoming than general failure. r * ii 0007-25WP-045253 0007-SWP-000114624 -23- ,'/162 - Studies in Flat Wall Paint . Formulation Flat-Tone Considerable time has been devoted to the reformulation of FlatTone White and tints. The proposed formulations will be made with a vehicle combination of (3880)E and LV 3600 (Mellotone limed oil liquid). Six new colors are to be added that will be similar in shade to the present Kem-Tone colors such as Cameo Rose, Cascade Green, Willowick Hlue, Avalon Blue, Midland Green and Pale Jonquil. The new formulations have been sent to Cleveland for distribu tion. 300 gallon batches on each color are being made at the Chicago plant and standard sarnies will be distributed to all plants within the near future. The proposed formulas compare as follows for raw material cost: Piement Vehicle Total Cost OJ 876 L OJ 882 L OJ 885 L OJ 881 L OJ 887 L OJ 889 L OJ 888 L OJ 890 L OJ 691 L Flat-Tone White n Cottage Ivory i Hollywood Cream ii Sunglow Yellow ii Petal Rose n Shadow Blue M Seafoaa Green fl Spring Green u Dawn Blue $46.44 46.92 44.37 53.10 44.04 40.45 43.74 40.35. 45.14 $55.49 56.45 56.65 56.29 56.43 56,65 56.59 56.65 56.57 $101.93 105.37 101.02 109,39 100.49 97.10 100.33 97.00 101.71 The average coot on the above formulas is .>101.59 per 100 gallons. Work is being continued by the Varnish Department to increase the acid value of (3880)E by the introduction of 2 to &% rosin and the addition i" linseed fatty acids. Sanples of the special (3880)E varnishes are to be checked for general performance against Cleveland and Newark production and a batch of standard (3880)E made with Dehyflrol. It appears that 2229 and 2273 titanium oxides compare quite favorably with 2228 dry and could be used as an alternate Ti02 for 2228 dry in Flat-Tone Shite and tints. 0007-SWP-04.5254 -24- #162 - Cont. Enameioid A factory batch of CV 4553, Lot 'fl (Fentolyn A 50/50 CV'O/Dehydrol 25 gallon varnish) was compared with (2848) E in Enomeloid Ivory, CV 4553 is similar to CVR 981, except that it was made in the open kettle without solvent. The two enamels are about equal in brushing, flow end gloss, but the enamel made from CV.- 4553 is somewhat slower in drying. Batch Crying Viscosity Varnish Bashing Flow Set-to-touch O'Nite Fresh O'Nite OJ 821 L CV 4553 OK Good 1 hr. 20 min. Slightly 33,6" 36,8" soft OJ 820 L (2848)E OK Good 65 min. OK 35" 37.2" A test of the drying rates of the Rex 729 Enomeloid Black drier absorption study samples described in lest month's report showed no appre ciable change in the dry-to-touch time and a substantial increase in dry to handle time after 7 weeks' aging in package. The material prepared by the Ferro Chemical Corporation method shows the least loss of effective drier. Drier Combination ffoficW Bland Card..22 Dry to touch - fresh: 90 minutes 90 minutes 7 weeks: 80 80 " Dry to handle - fresh: 3-1/3 hours 4 hours 7 weeks: 5 hours 6-1/4 hours Loss, of drier potential 50/ 56/ 0007-SWP-045255 Paint Research May, 1948 -5- #187 - Physical Properties of Pigments Preliminaiy experiment^ were carried out to determine the roles played try the "passive" and "active" constituents of vehicle systems in paint dispersions. The "passive1;' portion of a vehicle is the chemically and physically inert portion in relation to pigment surface activity and is generally considered to consist of molecules of low polarity. The "active" portions of a vehicle are the chemically and physically strongly reactive constituents having strong frpo fields of force, a high degree of polarity and largo dipole moments. Molecules with such end groups as -COOH, -OH, -MOg, -NH2, etc. have been found to be endowed with exception ally strong fields of force. The experiments are designed to show that it is these portions of the vehicle which are strongly preferentially adsorbed to the surfaces of the pigments. They are responsible for such character istic behavior of paints as dispersion and agglomeration with all accompany ing phenomena, such as differences in CPVC, thixotropy, flooding, etc. One of the most active and strongly polar constituents of raw and bodied linseed oils is the free fatty acids portion. These acids can be easily determined quantitatively by titration with NaOH as in an acid number determination. If the above conclusions concerning polarity and preferential adsorption are correct, the acid constituents of tho linseed oils should be more strongly adsorbed than the other more non-polar por tions . To determine this, a 5% solution of (48) was made up in (63). The acid number of this solution was then determined. 200 cc of the original solution were "ground" in a glass jar and steel balls with 50 g. 1403 Ti02 for about two hours. The pigmont was removed from the liquid by centrifugation, and the acid number of the supernatant liquid deter mined. From the differences in acid number, the quantity of the free fatty acids adsorbed to the surface can then be calculated readily. The pigment chosen for this determination, 1403, can be considered chemically unreactive with the free organic acids. The results obtained indicate that about 8C# of the free fatty acids present in the original solution are preferentially adsorbed to the surface of the pigmont. Assuming an average molecular weight of 280, this would indicate that about 25$ of all the adsorbed molecules are linseod fatty acids, while in the original solution the concentration of the acid is only about 1% of total oil. Despite this low solution pressure, the major portion of all the acid constituents present have been adsorbed. The determination of more complete adsorption isotherms, on which work is now in progress, will probably indicate the minimum amount of vehicle re quired to completely cover various pigments with "active" constituents from various oils. 0007-SWP-045256 rf^- Paint Research May, 1948 //187 - Cont Vork of a preliminary nature has been done on the determina tion of electrophoretic mobility of various pigment suspensions. A poll is under construction in which the zeta potential of pigment/vehicle systems can be measured directly. It is expected that measurements pf this nature will throw considerable light on such subjects as the mechanics of paint system dispersions and agglomerations. Studies are under way to determine the effect of particle size on the degree of dispersion. The data has not been completed at this time and will be reported when available. 0007-SWP-000114628 Paint Research May, 1940 8- - ^162 - Studies in Flat Vail Paint Formulation Flat Vail Paints Work continued on the reformulation of Flat-Tone and Paintercraft One Coat Flat #10. (3880)E as manufactured at Cleveland, Newark and Chicago was checked for general performance. The laboratory batches of Flat-Tone made from Cleveland (3880)E were better in brushing quali ties than those made from Newark or Chicago (3880)E. The Newark varnish made paint low in waahability. As reported previously, Chicago produc tion made with some rosin and fatty acids caused sticky brushing. Plant production of (3880)E made on the standard formula was quite similar to Cleveland (3880)E in performance in paint. (2287), a limed linseed-sqya-chinawaod oil based on Lowe Brothers' LV-3600 was compared with two specials: CTV 5055, a lined linseed-chinawood oil and CTV 5056 limed linseed. The special oils pro duced paints very similar to that from regular (2287) in brushing, flow, drying, etc. The tests are not complete but so far it appears that the two special oil3 may be used to replace regular (2287). Three tall oil liquids were submitted by Resin Research for evaluation in Flat-Tone. They were as follows: EB 8463 - Sorbitol - P.E. Tall Oil Varnish Body - Very, very heavy A. V. - 9.7 Color - 18 + RB 8464 - Tall Oil - P.E. Ester Body - Very heavy A. V. - 9.3 Color - 18 + RB 8465 - Glycerol - Tall Oil Body - 45 minutes A. V. - 9.5 Color - 18 + The tall oil varnishes were introduced for the solids of (388Q)E and (2287) in Flat-Tone White and the paints checked for brushing, flow, dxying, etc. As indicated by the data below, these liquids have a tendency to wash out' and produce very thin bodied flats. Considering the heavy body of tho tall oil varnishes, it does not appear practiced to try to body varnishes of this type any higher. i '*V~ i y l.j1] ' aj .* " <' . `! . 0007-SWP Paint Research May, 1948 -9- #162 - Cont. Flat Wall Paints - Cont. Batch Viscosity j=J* V ehicle Fresh 01'Rite 0J 955 L (3830)E (2287) 6.6" 8.4" 0J 951 L RB 8463 2.6" 3" Brushing Flow OK OK Poor - OK too thin. Drying 0'Nite OK Soft If ashabili tr over Glue Size Gqod 200 rubs. If 01 952 L RB 8464 3" 2.6" OK OK 01 953 L RB 0465 2.4" 3" OK Soft " In Paintercraft Flat jj-'lO an effort vas made to replace Linogel (2396) vith (2237) and/or (2502). Further work must be done on this phase. Three samples of Snow White Filler were submitted by the Auxili aries Research Laboratory for testing in Flat-Tone. They were: (1) Snow White Filler AUHL 816, (2) Snow White Filler AUKL 816 vet milled, and (3) Snow White Filler, Raymond mill grind. They were introduced for the calcium sulfate content of 2132 dry (rutile titanium calcium) and the Ti02 replaced by 2269 dry - Titanox RA.-10 MO. The paint3 were all considerably lower in sheen than the regular made with 2152 dry. The flat made vith Sample (1) was rather scratchy under the brush. In other respects the Snow White Fillers were quite satisfactory for brushing, flew, drying and uni formity of tint. The mechanical mixtures of TiOB and extenders gave paints with somewhat lower hiding than the regular made with an equivalent pound age of 2132 dry. Further work is being done on a calcicoater type flat, using a pigmentation similar to that in Flat-Tone White and a vehicle based on RB 8497, limed Calsom oil. Enamels Work was started on the formulation of a painter enamel. Resin Research prepared the following varnishes for this evaluation; (Cont.) 0007-SWP-045259 ^162 - Cont. (Enamels) Paint Research Kay, 1948 -10- RB 8562 Bodv Z Acid Value 8.1 Color Resin 8-9 2172 Pentalyn G RB 8563 Z 8.0 8-9 2280 Pentalyn A Oil (2325) II N. V 70?5 70# RB 9098 RB 9099 Zi Y 12.4 8.7 9-10 Petrex Alkyd 12 Inter ester 1/2 (1273) 1/2 (3017) 7o;i 70# RB 9103 Z 15 - Petrex Alkyd 1/2 (1273) 1/2 (3017) 70# RB 9271 z 6.7 - (1273) 70% RB 9105 Y + 6.9 7-8 Soy-Styrene Alkyd 7P# Kem Snow White Was selected as a starting point for evaluating `the varnishes. As indicated ty the data below, all of the varnishes wore found to be reactive with zinc oxide. An effort is being made to lower the acid value and improve the color of RB 9102. Work will be continued. Batch Varnish Being Tested Viscosity Set-to- Over Hite tf5 Orifice Touch Dry Brushing Flow Color Gloss 939 L Reg. (3109) 25" 990 L MV 1299 48" M-S Painter En. Rex 2640 2 hrs. 37 min. Good 3 hrs. Very good 40 min. OK OK Char- Good acteristio OK SI. SI. Good short yel. 991 L 992 L 994 L 995 L 996 L RB 8562 RB 8563 RB 9103 RB 9099 with 1415 RB 9271 2' 10" 2' 23" 1' 35" 44" 47" 1000 L RB 9098 1' 24" 1 M RB 9105 2 M R3 9099 without 1415 14.8" 29" 16 min. Very good Too heavy to brush. Good 17 min. Veiy good Too heavy to brush. Good 20 min. Very good Too heavy to brush. Good 57 min. Soft Very High Poor SI. sticky low. 4 hrs. Very good 13 min. 1 hr. Very good 46 min. Sticky Sticky OK SI. SI. yel. low OK V. sl. Good 3rellow 39 min. V.V. good Good High OK Good 6 hr. Very good 42 min. OK High Yellow; Good poor. 0007-SWP-045260 0007-SWP-000114631 i. L JL Paint Research May, 1948 #162 - Coni. -11- Enamels - Gont. In work on the discoloration of alkyd enamels it was found in comparing alkyd varnish (3109) with Resinous Products D 65 a, that in the absence of lead and manganese driers, (3109) requires 5-6 .hours to dry to touch, whereas D 65' a dries in 1 - 1-1/2 hours. Pure Ti02 alkyd enamels are less susceptible to discoloration ty sulfides after five days' drying than they vere after one day. When equally dry (3109) was equiva lent to D 65 a in these tests, and in light stability tests the inclusion of 35 pounds 1415 diy Kadox Zinc Oxide improves the yellowing resistance. Drier Absorption The diying rates of Rex 729 Enameloid Black samples carrying the regular blend of driers compared to one prepared according to the Ferro Chemical Company technique were studied after the enamels had aged in the package for a period of six weeks. The diying rates at the dryto-touch stage were equal at 80 minutes. They both dried to touch in 90 minutes when freshly made. Both samples showed substantial losses of drying potential for the diy-to-handle stage after the six week ageing period, but the Ferro Chemical Company blend of driers held its original advantage over standard Rex 729 as can be seen from the test data below: Sample Rex 729 - Enameloid Black Regular Ferro Chemical Co. Blend Fresh 90 min. Drying Time 6 Weeks Fresh 80 min. 4 hrs. 6 Weeks 6 hrs. 90 min. 80 min. 3.35 hrs. 5 hrs. The loss of drier in the respective samples amounted to 50$ in each case. Drier loss is calculated from the gain in time required for drying-to-handle and the rate established by respective samples when freshly made. 0007-SWP 0007-SWP-0001 Paint Research May, 1940 Leaded Zinc Pigments At the request of the P. C. and C. Department we prepared an itinerary and conducted a tour of our exposure farm for representatives of Montgomery Ward and ^Company. This was the ttiird annual visit by this group. Considerable care was exercised to limit the panels inspected to exposures of conventional formulations. Mr. H. F. Saunders and Mr. C. H. Adams, of the Auxiliaries Research Department, reviewed current exposures on basic silicate white lead. To date no failures have occurred which would advise against its use. From a paint application and appoaraneo standpoint, basic silicate white lead seems to cause a puffy type consistency which leads to defi nite brush-marking. 0007-SWP-000114633 Paint Research June, 1948 -11- #137 - Physical Properties of Fitments A method has been developed to determine the relative degree of dispersion or agglomeration of pigments in paint systems by means of the microscope. It is a very simple and effoctive technique for obtaining flat fields of well separated particles or agglomerates on a microscope slide and 3eems to have the quality of not destroying agglomerates as they exist in the original dispersion. The method consists of diluting about 0.1 cc of the paint to be examined with about 100 cc of a non-polar compatible solvent, dispersing the paint well by stirring or shaking, and spraying a veiy thin layer of this dilute suspension on a microscope slide by means of a small- atomizer. Permanent mounts, or those with which oil immersion objectives can bo used, are prepared by cementing a microscope cover glass over the slide by means of a suitable resin such as Clarite. Good microphotographs have been obtained for a number of sus pensions of the same pigments in vehicles having various dispersive ' effects. A veiy good coordination between the degree of dispersion or agglomeration as determined by such means as the relative CPVC and the microphotographs was observed. The technique should prove very usable in studies of pigment/binder relationships, as well as in any work in volving microscopic studies of pigments. Electrokinctic Theory of Pigment Dispersion A stu<iy is being made of the applications of the electrokinetic theory as applied to pigment/binder systems. This seems to provide answers to many of the questions which arise in the consideration of the physical relationships which are encountered in paints. It is planned later to prepare a more complete analysis of the factors involved and to present the data on which the conclusions are based. In "the meantime, the following theoretical discussion will give the background for the work. If a paint with a well dispersed pigment system is placed between the polos of a strong electrical field, the particles will move toward ono of the poles. This phenomenon substantiates the theory that pigment particles of a highly dispersed paint system carry an electrical charge, which may originate as the result of the following phenomena: 1. The charge may be inherent with the internal phase as'a result of the tendency of that phase to be transformed from the molecular to the ionic state; or, what is more probable in paint systems - 2. The charge may result as a consequence of the capacity of the particles to preferentially adsorb certain polar constituents of the vehicle. 0007-SWP-045263 0007-SWP-000114634 Paint Research June, 1948 -12- #187 - Cont. The nature and magnitude of the charge is determined by the unbound charges of the dipoles constituting the first adsorbed layer. Those exert an electrical force in an outward direction which very closely resembles the effect of electrical induction. The forces of mutual repulsion established in this way can be considered responsible for the dispersive capacity of a pigment/binder system. Since orienta tion depends on the nature of both the solid and liquid phases, a change in the nature of the vehicle will alter the charge' on the particle. Where the electrical charge on the particles is low, as will be the case where pigments are suspended in media containing low concentra tions of dipolar-molecules or where these are entirely absent, agglomera tion of the particles will result. The mechanism of dispersion may be represented in the following manner; Assume two isolated pigment particles in a highly dispersed paint system, for instance, zinc oxide, which generally displays a posi tive charge. These can be pictured in the following manner: The negative charges in this case, where the particles axe charged positively, constitute tho so-called contra-ions or contracharges of the system whose concentration Is only slightly greater around the particle itself than in the body of the vehicle. The two relatively distinct layers surrounding the particles resemble a con centric condenser and this phenomenon is termed the electrical double layer. The distinction between the double layer and the concentric condenser, which must he kept in mind is, that in the case of the fanner, tho contra-ionic charges are not fixed, tut are relatively free to move. The existence of the electrical double layer clearly explains why, despite the fact that' the individual particles carry a charge, the over-all systom is neutral and no charge can be detected on the body of the dispersion by means of an electroscope. 0007-SWP-045264 0007-SWP-000114635 Paint Research June, 1948 -13- #187 - Cent. Around each particle as pictured above with an adsorbed ( + ) charge and a ( - ) contra-charge, the sum of which is zero, a surface can be drawn enclosing both layers of charges. As the charges exactly neutralize each other, the solid thus enclosed will be electrically neutral, and any tiro particles separated by a distance greater than the diameter of this surface will have no mutual electrical effect upon each other. If now, two particles approach each other so closely that their electrical fields begin to intersect, they will repel each other because of their mutual charges. Unless the kinetic energy of approach is greater than this force of repulsion, they will not agglomerate. Reverting to the analogy between the electrical double layer and concentric condenser, the formula showing the relationship between the physical behavior of particles end the forces involved can be derived to be: F -/'D_VJ (r,2.r22) \ a) a 2 Where: F = force acting between the two particles; U = dielectric constant of the double layer; $ - potential difference across the layer, commonly referred to as the electrolcinetic, or ^-potential; d = thickness of the double layer; r, and r2 the radii of the two particles respectively; find A - the distance of separation between them. This formula, although requiring some corrective factor due to the inherent difference between electrokinetic double layer and concentric condenser, undoubtedly closely represents the conditions existing in paint systems. It may also give an indication of why small particles agglomerate more readily than larger ones under similar external conditions. * Agglomeration of pigment particles can be considered the result of either or both of the factors: 1. Partial or complete removal of the electrical charges on the surfaces of the particles. Z. Removal of the protective shell responsible for the inability of the particles to adhere to each other after collision. 0007-SWP-045265 0007-SWP-000114636 Paint Research June, 1948 -14- #187 - Cont. The first probably assumes the greater prominence in paint systems. Investigations carried out on pigment/binder systems clearly show a direct relationship between dispersion and ^-potential. From an analogy to lyophobic colloidal systems it must be assumed that the greatest stability in the paint exists above or below a certain "critical" potential.' Agglomeration begins within this critical range rather than at the iso-electric point or zero ^-potential. This critical poten tial is typical for each combination of pigments and vehicles, and is strongly influenced ty the conditions existent in the paint. It can be assumed that agglomeration involves two rather distinct types of phenomena. The first is the result of complete or nearly complete absence or removal of the electrical charge on the particle surface, The second is the result of a small charge or only.partial neutralization. The essential difference between the two is that the first is rapid and the second, because of the residual forces of repulsion, is slow. Rapid agglomeration occurs in the neighborhood of zero ^-potential, while slow agglomeration occurs within the zones of the critical potential. As the adsorption phenomena of some of the constituents of paint systems take place over a considerable period of time, the over-all condi tion due to a change in charge may cause a substantial change in the de gree of dispersion with time. Under some conditions the t-potential may even completely reverse in sign due to these phenomena, causing a,shift to a higher or lower level of dispersion or even a shift back and forth. 0007-SWP-045266 0007-SWP-000114637 Paint Research June, 1948 -16- #162 - Studies in Flat Rail Paint Formulation Flat Hall Paint Considerable time was devoted to the preparation of panels and exhibits for the meeting on flat wall paints that was held in Chi cago on June 17 and 18. The same exhibits were also shewn to the Sales Department at Cleveland on June 28 and 29. the various exhibits inclu ded the institutional flats and a number of competitive materials that are being sold in various sections of the country. The flats were all checked for brushing, flew, drying, uniformity of tint and sheen, and vashability over glue size. In general the institutional flats compared quite favorably on all tests with competition. As indicated by the data in the follow ing chart, Flat-Tone and Paintercraft One Coat Flat #10 were found to be better in general than outside competition. Comparison of Properties of Flat Wall Paints Sanple Viscosity #5 S-V Wt./Gal. Orifice Grind _______Drying;______ BrushSet-to-touch 0'Nite ing Flow Sherwin-Williams Flat-Tone White Hex 810 - OJ 955 L 11.76 8.4" 3 H 14 min. Very good Good Good Sherwin-Williams Paintercraft #10 White, red. 12-1/# 12.67 19.6" 3-1/2 H 17 min. Very good Good Good Dutch Boy Wonsover Wiite - 410 11.87 15.0" 2-1/2 H 18 min. Fair Good Short Dutch Boy One Coat White - Interior Pran Chicago 12.70 18.0" 3-1/2 H 25 min. Brittle! Good Good- Dutch Boy One Coat write -.Interior From Newark 12.39 23.2" 2 H 22 min. Very good SI. Short Sticky to Font Flat Interior 14.00 From Chicago to Pont Fiat Interior 13.65 From Newark Decorators Color 11.77y-ix White - 2 F 10 13.2" 20.2" 10.6" SH 2-1/2 H 3H 12 min. 14 min. 11 min. Poor SI. SI. to fair sticky short Good SI. Si. sticky short Good Good Good 0007-SWP-045267 0007-SWP-000114638 Paint Research June3 1948 VT&m #162 - Cont. -17- sample Comparison of Properties of Flat Wall Paints (Cont.) Viscosity Wt./Gal. Orifice Grind Set-to-touch O'Hite Brushing Flow jyanize - Cling-Cote </ m flat \fhite ' il" s'-'-. Pratt and Lambert <4 lyt-All Flowing Plat White 12.08 11.78 9.2" 2-1/2 H 6 min. 29.8" 4 H 19 min. Good Hard Short to handle; veiy loose. V.V. good Sticky Good Lowe Brothers Mcllotone White 622 12.39 25.6" 2-1/2 H 5 min. Fair Good SI. short BPS Flatlux Vhite - 2977 12.57 20.0" 2-1/2 H 5 min. Poor SI. too Washy to fair free Martin-Senour Neutone c-s Bex. 675 - White Kartin-Senour Painters White Bex 2652 12.62 13.09 32" + 2 H 1/8 cup Too hvy 3 H to reg ister. 12 min. 29 min. Very good Very hard Good Good Good Good Pittsburgh Wa.ll.hide Plat - White 12.30 38" + 1 H 3/8 cup 42 min. Verygood Good SI. short Merkin's Mercotone Plat White 15.81 Too hvy to reg ister. 0 13 min. Good Sticky Short Benjamin Moore S' ani-Flat White leystona Flat finish White 13.22 8.0" 2-1/2 H 30 min. 16.39 15.5" 2 H 13 min. Very good Good Good Fair + Sticky Short typsy Flat Finish Vhite 13.05 64" 3H 30 min. Soft SI. Good sticky Paintercraft Main tenance #3 - ,0J 21 M Vhite - Rex 27377 reduced 12-1/2? 12.45 11.6" 2-1/2 H 17 min. Very good Good Good Paintercraft Metro politan Flat #73 Bex 619 - OJ 22 M reduced 12-1/2% 13.30 7.8" 2-1/2 R 10 min. Very good Good Good 0007-SWP-045268 0007-SWP-000114639 Paint Research June, 1948 #162 - Cont. -18- Sample Sherwin-Williams flat-Tone White Bex 810 - OJ 955 L Sherwin-Williams Paintorcraft #10 Vhite, red. 12-1/2?! Ccmparison of Properties of Flat Wall Paints (Cont.) Color as Uniformity Uniformity Degree of .Compared of Tint* of Sheen* Sheen Wash- With S-W at 20 at 20 at 20 ability Flat-Tone Angle______ AngLe_______ Angle Remarks Over 200 turns Good 5 Good 9 - Fair 13 - ft 5 _ Fair 9 - IT 13 - IT Medium Over 200 turns Slightly yellow 5 -- Good 9 - Fair 13 - tt 5 - Good 9 - It 13 - It High Dutch Boy Wonsover Vhite - 410 ' 50 turns Slightly yellow 5 - Good 9 - Fair 13 - 11 5 tm Poor 9 - tt 13 - TT Medium Dutch Bey One Coat Vhite - Interior from Chicago 35 turns Very Slightly yellow 5 -- Good 9 - Fair 13 - n 5 Fair- Medium 9 - II loW 13 IT Dutch Boy One Coat Vhite - Interior from Newark Over Good; 5 __ Good 200 . same as 9 - Fair turns Flat-Tone. 13 - It 5 Poor 9 - tt 13 - tt Medium low du Pont Flat Interior Over from Chicago 200 rubs Slightly blue 5 _ Good 5 Poor 9 - Fair- 9 - n 13 - Fair- 13 - IT Medium odor du Pont Flat Interior. Over From Newark 200 rubs Slightly yellow 5 _ Good 9 - II 13 - Fair 5 _ Poor 9 - tl 13 II Low Hix White - 2 F 10 180 turns Slightly yellow 5 - Good 5 Good 9 - Fair . 9 - II 13 - 1! 13 - IV High fyanize - Cling--Cote flat White 40 turns Very slightly yellow 5 - Good 9 - Poor 13 - IV 5 - Good- High 9 _ 11 13 It Pratt and Lambert tyt-All Flowing Flat White 195 turns Good; 5 _ Good same as 9 - Fair Flat-Tone 13 - IV 5 -- Good 9 - tr 15 - tr Medium high kwe Brothers tallotona White 622 175 Slightly 5 Fair turns blue 9 Fair- 13 Poor 5- Fair Medium 9- " 13- " Flatlux 70 hate - 2977 turns Package condition poor) Slightly yellow Poor ii 5 - Poor 9- " Medium Short on high . 5 min. wet edge. 0007-SWP-045269 0007-SWP-000114640 Paint Research June, 1946 -19- ffiv- #162 - Cont. $ Comparison of Properties of Flat Wall Paints w ';f' Sample________________ if- : Kartin-Senour Neutone Bex 675 - White Washability 110 turns Color as Uniformity Uniformity Degree of Compared of Tint* of Sheen* Sheen With S-W at 20 at 20 at 20 Flat-Tone Angle______ Angle_______ Angle Remarks Very slightly dirty 5 - Good- 5 - Poor 9 - Fair 9 - n 13 - Fair- 13 - it Medium low iK` Martin-Senour 'Painters White |s. ' Bex 2652 -X 0 Pittsburgh Wall hide V Flat - White Over 200 turns Very slightly dirty 40 Slightly turns yellow 5 _ Good- 5 Fair- Medium 9 - Fair 9 - it 13 Fair- 13 ii 5 - Poor 5 Good 9 it 13 " ti 9- 13 n High Very strong odor Meritin'a Mercotone flat White 75 Slightly turns yellow 5 -- Poor 5 Fair- Medium 9 - ii 9 - ii 13 - n 13 - ii Benjamin Moore Sani-Flat White Keyatona Flat V;; Finish White Wr. Over 200 turns Slightly yellow Over 200 turns Good 5 -- Fair 5 Poor 9 - to 9 - ii 13 * Good 13 " n 5 Fair 5 Poor 9- h 9-- n 13 - it 13 * Medium Very poc package conditic Medium QFP^jr Flat ST Finish White 90 Good turns 5 Good- 5 Fair 9 - ii 9 n 13 - ii 13 - n Medium %. Paintercraft Main' tenanca #3 - OJ 21 M White - Bex 27877 reduced 12-1/2? Over 200 turns Good Paintercraft MetroPolitan Flat #73 Rex 619 - OJ 22 M reduced 12-1/2? Good *Lap tests - strips at 5, 9, 13 minutes. 0007-SWP-045270 0007-SWP-0001 ' Paint Research June, 1948 -20- #162 - Cont. Work has been under way to increase the wet edge on Flat-Tone by the introduction of various amounts of (141) and/or Coaene (Commerce Petroleum Company). Martin-Sonour prefers Cosene to (141) in their flat vail paints, since they believe it is somewhat better than (141) for increasing wet edge time. However, our tests do not indicate that Cosene is any better in this respect. Experimental batches of Flat-Tone were made based on a kerosene content of 14-1/2, 22 and 29 gallons of (141) and/or Cosene per 100 gal lons. The paints were checked for double coating on 5, 9 and 15 minute laps, as well as for diying over night. These tests indicate that 16 to 18 gallons of kerosene introduced as (141) or Cosene is the optimum amount required for vet edge, still permitting satisfactory diying under adverse diying conditions. In the Hay report reference was made to the evaluation of CTV 5055, a limed linseed-chinawood oil and CTV 5056,limed linseed. These liquids were compared with (2287), a limed linseed-soya-chinavood oil based on Lowe Brothers' L7-3600, in the Flat-Tone White formulation. As previously reported, flat wall paints made with CTV 5055 and CTV 5056 were similar to (2287) in brushing, flow, diying, etc. After 22 days of storage the flat made with CTV 5055 had approximately the same viscosity as the regular, whereas CTV 5056 produced a`slightly higher consistency. Because a slightly higher initial viscosity would be pre ferred in Flat-Tone, CTV 5056 would be more desirable from a body stand point than CTV 5055. However, the Varnish Laboratory has reported that the cooking time on CTV 5056 is 3 to 4 hours longer than on CTV 5055. Flat-Tone White Batches OJ 6 M OJ 7 X OJ 8 H Fresh Using (2287) 7" Using CTV 5055 6.2" Using CTV 5056 9" Viscosities at 75 F. - #5 Cu d 1 Dav 12 D&vs 15 Davs 18 Davs 22 Davs 9.6" 14.8" 12.6" 16.4" 13.2" 8" 12" 9.6" 12" 12.2" 11.6" 20.5" 15" 21" 16.8" 00Q7-SWP-045271 0007-SWP-000114642 Paint Research June, 194B -21- #162 - Cont. Bulk Painter Market Survey A survey was made on June 3 and 4 by Mr. Fred Statton and Mr. 0. R. Jagd of the hulk painter market in Chicago to determine what products and working characteristics, prices, etc. are desired in painter products for'local sales. Five large concerns were contacted: 1. Plamondon Decorating Company 2. Dobbe Decorating Company 3. Richard H. West Company 4. Associated Decorators, Inc: 5. Cassity-Richards, Inc. In general the various contractors desired consistently unifora quality in the materials they use. Wall primers and sealers should have good build and sealing properties and dry to recoat over night. They should also dry glossy. In a painter flat they demand high opacity, easy brushing, medium high angular sheen and good washability. The flat must not show any flashers or color floating when shaded. In no case were they interested in a caldicoater flat. The most popular type of flats used by the.various concerns contacted were Pratt and Lambert's.Flowing Flat, Pittsburgh's, Detroit Graphite, Carbitcoat One Coat Flat. On enamels the requirements appear to be easy brushing, good opa city and build, with fair leveling qualities. The.enamel should dry to .touch in about one to two hours. Popular materials in this line are Barreled Sunlight, Plam Enamel (Great Lakes) and du Font's Dulux. : A number of the decorating concerns referred to the fact that a large amount of their work was covered by specifications where the archi tect stipulates which paint manufacturer's materials are to be used. It appears that Pratt and Lambert are doing a good job of contacting the various architects as .their materials are specified in many cases and the contractor has no alternative but to use them. Semi-Lustre A sories of pigmentations were prepared to compare pure Ti02 end Titancoc RC HT 2152 dry. to increase the opacity of Semi-Lustre White - Rex 210 while holding the raw material cost per gallon within lOjrf of the cur rent-formulation. 2132 dry affords the most opacity per dollar because the extender portion is priced in at about iji per poutd. Pure Ti02 raises the tinctorial strength more 'api&ly as opacity increases than does 2132 dry. Titanox RC HT is therefore preferred because of (l) higher opacity per dollar, (2) lower tinting strength, requiring less shading color. 0007-SWP-045272 0007-SWP-000114643 if i Paint Research .Tune* 1943 -22- jff162 - Cont. Enamel 3 The Resin Research Department submitted three additional nonphthalic varnishes for evaluation as enamel liquids. The high acid value and body of the vehicles submitted last month produced considerable re activity with zinc oxide. Therefore, an effort was made to reduce the acid value and body so that a percentage of zinc oxide could be used in the enamel pigmentation to maintain color stability. The liquids were: RB 9127 RB-9297 RB 9298 Body U S N Acid Value 8.5 7.2 5.9 Color Resin 11 Petrex-Alkyd 7 nn 7n Oil (1273) (3017) (1275) (3019) (1273) (3107) W.V. 70%; 70%; 70%, Three enamels were made based on the pigmentation used in Kem Snow White (300 pounds 2030 T, 34 pounds 1415 dry). The enamels were too thin in body for proper application characteristics. However, the var nishes appear to be less reactive than the samples tested last month and an effort will be made to increase the body of the enamels by a revision in pigmentation. Panels 12744-7 C and F were prepared for exposure 45 south at Chicago and Miami. These are 3" x 24" white pine panels having a coat of Flat Rite Ondercoater, a split coat, and a top coat of enamel. The enamels include regular Enameloid Whites based on (2848)E and the (4100.)-(3109) 'combination, and on two special vehicles carrying a combination of RC 3372 (45% styrene - 55% castor) and RC 3472N6 (also 45% styrene - 55% castor) and a combination of RC 3473N6 and B3424N6 (50% styrene - 10% tung - 40% soya). 0007-SWP-045273 0007-SWP-000114644 Paint Roscarch June, 1948 -23- J162 - Coat. Wall Primer and Sealer The Resin Research Department submitted a linseed-styrene' vehicle HB 9676 for evaluation in a wall primer and sealer. It has a body of F, acid value 4.1, HVM 50J{. Vail Primer and Sealer made with RB 9676 did not seal dr hold out as woll over porous surfaces as the regular Rex 25 made with (2848)E. An effort was also mads to formulate a sealer from (4950}G and (3880)E but this vehicle combination was not as good as the current formulation. Miscellaneous During the month V. K. Asbeck and R. R, Bruhn attended the symposium on Light and Electron Microscopy, organised by the Illinois Institute of TechnologyJ Many Interesting and instructive lectures were presented. Among the most informative techniques discussed wore the shadow casting and replica systems first developed for electron microscopy and now being used for light microscopy. Crystal formation from molten silica was demonstrated with motion picture photo-micrographs. Once again the value of motion pictures was demonstrated over and above slide presentations. Light and Electron Microscopy are no longer separate fields and one must be considered an extension of the other. Plans are under way to make this symposium a .regular event since those present felt it to be a worth while effort. 0007-SWP-045274 Paint Research June, 1948 V-29- #177 - Pigment Studies A final report was prepared on panels 4479-82 C after (5 ypars' exposure at Chicago vertical south. The tests were comparisons of spe cial lots of basic carbonate white lead of varying C02 contents in Rex 462 SWP Cream of 1940, which carries about 8% lead carbonate. The special lots were as follows: Lot No. Type C09 Value Tinting Strength Particle Siae 982 Quick Process 11.7 100 Medium 960 u n 11.6 110 11 1020 HTS 11.0 129 Finer The tests were two coats self-primed on cedar. After 3 years in Florida the panels showed no differences except some indications of an inferior trend in #960. After 6 years' exposure in Chicago the tests show little difference in fading or dirt collection. Although failure iB quite advanced there is little choice between panels. #982 has a slight edge in durability but this probably is not significant since there is only a single test. 00 07-SWP-045275 0007-SWP-000114646 Paint Research July, 1948 -8- #187 - Physical Properties of Pigments Sufficient data have been accumulated on the relationship botween particle size and CFVC so that wc are able to make a number of general observations. The determinations wore made by grinding scries of pigments of the same kind, and of increasing average particle sizes in three distinctly different liquids. The liquids used were: (5109), which has a rather high dispersive action, (2) raw linseed with 2$ water added on the basis of pigment volume, and an S.A.E. #20 motor oil. The latter two liquids have high agglomerating tendencies. Tho pigments investigated to date consist of the following groups: Pigment Annroximato Particle Diameters in m Carbon Black 0.027 0.036 0.08 0.16 0.37 Zinc Oxide 0.2 0.7 0.9 1.5 Silicon Dioxide 0.02 0.02 2.0 Celite Diatomaceous Silica 3.0 5.0 9.0 15.0 30 The first two silicon dioxide pigments were 1948 dry - Santocel C and an aerosol produced by the Linde Air Corporation. As no direct data on the particle sizes of the silicon dioxide pigments were available, the sizes are estimations. The average particle sizes of the remaining pig ments are rather accurate figures supplied by the respective manufacturers. The entire range thus represents a particle diameter range of more than 1000:1 between tho largest and smallest particles. I-t was originally anticipated that the various pigments dispersed in the alkyd resin (5109$ would show the highest CPVC in each case, with the dispersions in (2) and water and in motor oil showing the lower values. This is by no means true consistently as is shown in the following tabu lation of the data obtained to date. Data for the degree .of deviation from Newtonian rheological behavior for each of the dispersions is also shown under the heading "State." The numbers indicate tho relative degree of deviation as visually observed and must be considered with some degree of reserve as no actual measurements of yield value or thixotropy were made. 4 indicates a very high degree of deviation, 3 - medium, 2 - slight, 1 - very slight, if any, and 0 - none. 0007-SWP-045276 0007-SWP-000114647 Paint Research July, 1948 -9- *187 - Cent. Diameter (3109) (2) + Water S.A.E. ,*20 V" 1: Piement in / CFVC (?) State CPVC (?) State CPVC (?) State Carbon .027 Data Data 18 4 22 4 Black .036 not not 25 3 32 3 .08 complete com- 30 2 34 2 isv. .18 plete 40 1 46 2 ! .37 53 0 58 0 Zinc .2 37 0 23 3 12.5 4 Oxide S* . .7 .9 52 0 28 1 26 3 32 0 29 0 26 3 & 1.5 39 0 50 0 32 0 iis>-" Silicon .02 10 4 8 4 11 4 Ik? Dioxide .02 11 4 10 4 94 fe 2.0 36 0 46 0 46 0 % Celite 3 5 9 W' 15 30 27 0 32 0 29 0 30 0 29 0 27 0 36 0 38 0 32 0 36 0 35 0 38 0 50 0 40 0 50 0 If a plot of the logarithm of the particles size against CFVC is made from the above data, it will be found that a definite trend exists for each type of pigment to have higher CFVC for increasing particle size. This is true independently of the various dispersive capacities of the vehicles employed for the dispersion. An almost linear relationship exists for log D of the particle size vs. CPVC, for the carbon black investigated, while the other pigments show more or less deviation from a straight line function, although this is approached in almost all cases, ' If, furthermore, the rheological behavior of the various dispers ions is taken into account, it will be found that a straight lino approxi mately perpendicular to the slope of the pigment lines can be drawn, on the graph a3 described above, dividing it into two zones, one in which no or practically no anomalous viscosity is found, and the other, where deviation from Newtonian behavior increases.with increasing particle size. It is interesting to note that these observations fit in well with what might be the predicted behavior of pigments with decreasing particle size made on the basis of the electrostatic theory of dispersion as outlined in the June report. 0007-SWP-045277 0007-SWP-000114648 Paint Research July, 1948 -10- #167 - Cont. The formula for the force of repulsion I, between two particles with radii r, and r2; distance of separation ; carrying an electro kinetic potential f ; dielectric constant of double layer D; and thickness of this layer d, was shown to be very nearly: If r, = r2, tho force of repulsion becomes a function of the fourth power of the particle radii. Therefore, despite the fact that the values of the electrical characteristics within the first parenthesis of the equation might be comparatively large, the values for F become extremely small with the small radii of the particles encountered in some of the carbon blacks, silicas and zinc oxides. Work on the adsorption of "active" and "passive" constituents of vehicles on pigment particles was continued and it is hoped that suf ficient data will have been accumulated to give a comprehensive report on this subject next month. A number of CPVC determinations were made on pigments subjected to hot rosin treatment. The study of pigment behavior by means of the microscope has. been continued and a number of photomicrographs made. 0007-SWP-045278 0007-SWP-000114649 Paint Research July, 1948 -11- #182 - A Study of Improved Mixing and Grinding Practices A special sample of Lanodine #1 supplied ty the American Chemical Paint Company was tostod as a grind rate accelerator in a titanium dioxide 2147 dry - (3109) Enameloid roller mill paste, Lanodine #1 contains the calcium soaps of lanolin fatty acids. It is a dry granular solid that is insoluble in (548) and settles readily after being dispersed ty stirring in this solvent. The consistency change resulting from the addition of 15 of the agent, based on pigment content, to a high consistency roller mill paste, was negligible. This material would be ineffective as a roller mill grind rate accelerator. 0007-SWP-045279 0007-SWP-000114650 I Paint Research July, 1948 -15- J162 - Studies in Flat Wall Paint Formulation Work lias been under way to replace (2396) Linogel with (2237) Lowe Brothers LV-3600 in Paintereraft One Coat Flat No. 10. Experimental batches of Bex 630 made with (287) were high in initial body but were quite standard in viscosity after standing over night. The (2396) was replaced with (2287) at equal solids. The experimental flat made with (2287) was checked for general performance, such as hrushing, flow, vashability, etc. and appears to be similar to the regular in all respects. Batch Vehicle Viscosities - #5 Orifice Fresh Over Nieht 7 Days No reduction Reduced 12-1/2& Reduced 12-l/2iS 0J 928 L Repeat 0J 928 L (3880)E (2396) (140) 11 15.2" 8" 7" 5" 10" - 0J 929 L Repeat OJ 929 L (308O)E (2287) (140) n 46" 39" 7.4" 12.6" 11.4" Our work to date would indicate that (2287) is somewhat slower in wetting than (2396), but in other respects it is quite satisfactory. Arrangements will be made with the factory to make an experimental batch of Hex 650 based on (2287), (3880)E and (140). The plant batch will be checked for general performance and reported on at some later date. Laboratory batches of Flat-Tone White were made by introducing the vehicle solids as (1752), and the paint was compared with tile present formulation for brushing, flow, body etc. The blown oil produced a very thin bodied flat that was less uniform in tint and sheen and somewhat lower in washability. 0007-SWP-045280 0007-SWP-000114651 Paint Research July, 1948 -14- #162 - Cont. Shoxvin-Williams Company of Canada submitted two quart samples of Rex 810 based on Card Ha. 5 - Alternate A for our inspection. We noted somewhat more flashing and ghosting, on their production, due pri marily to the short wet edge time. Their formulation has a tendency to lap somewhat faster than our present Flat-Tone, which is formulated with (3880)E and (2287), whereas Card Ho. 5 - Alternate A uses all (3830)E. We have found that a TiOz-titanium calcium pigmentation is somewhat bet ter in uniformity of tint than a lithopone-titaniun calcium pigmentation. A report of our findings was sent to Montreal. In connection with the formulation and development of a flat wall paint for the Bulk Painter Market, the Chicago Technical Service Department proposed a variation of Faintercraft One Coat Flat #10, ba3ed on the use of a tall oil varnish (6107). An examination of this material indicated that this type of formulation has a tendency to thin out c h i storage. It also appears less uniform in tint, than regular Rex 6S0. A sample of Solvasol #35 deodorized mineral spirits was received from the Socony Vacuum Oil Company for evaluation in Flat-Tone White. Solvasol #35 was compared for odor with Shell's deodorized mineral spirits #8296 and stock (348) when introduced for the total thinner content of the formula. The results of our tests indicated that Shell's deodorized, min eral spirits #8296 was much superior to Solvasol #55 or (348). A report was sent to Cleveland with a suggestion that they conduct room tests to show the Sales Department the improvement that'can be made ty the use of Shell's deodorized mineral spirits #8296 in Flat-Tone White. The intro duction of deodorized solvents would increase the cost about five to six cents a gallon. Enamels The Resin Research Department submitted three non-phthalic var nishes for evaluation as enamel liquids. Resin Oil N. V. Body Acid Value RB 9305 RB 9143 RB 9297 Alkyd 11 H (1273)..+ (3019) (1273)-Isolene (1273) - (3019) 7(# Z2-Z3 "X "- S 8.1 7.2 7.2 0007-SWP-045281 fl&2 - Cont. Paint Research July, 1948 -15- Enamels were made from the three varnishes using the Kea Snow >9ite pigmentation (300 pounds 2030 T, 34 pounds 1415 dry). RB 9305 was too high in body and too reactive with zinc oxide for this usage. RB 9297 was checked for drying characteristics usjng various percentages of lead, cobalt and calcium octoate as driers. As indicated below, RB 9297 requires considerably more drier than (3109) to produce the same initial drying. However, after 24 hours the film is very hard and tough. Draw-downs on glass will be checked for elasticity upon aging. Enamel Drying Tests Using RB 9297 % Metal as Octoate Driers Pb Mn Ca Co Reg. Kem Snow White (Batch OJ 37 M) 0.15 0.005 " 0.038 Drying Set-to-touch Over night A hr. 5 min. Hard and tough Test No. 1-RB 9297 0.80 0.004 0.40 0.16 3 11 40 ir V. hard and tough Test No. 2 t! 0.67 0.0033 0.33 0.13 3 II 50 ti n ti ri Test No. 3 It 0.57 0.0029 0.28 0.11 4 11 5 ti IT 11 H II Test No. 4 II 0.50 0.0025 0.25 0.10 4 If 35 IT Hard and tough Based on the drying properties of EB 9297, it was decided that the following drier combination should be used with RB 9143: 0.67% lead, 0.33% calcium, 0.13% cobalt and 0.005% manganese, all introduced as naphthenates. Enamels made with this drier combination and with only one-half the amount of cobalt compared as follows with Enamcloid and Kem Snow White for drying of 0.003 inch draw-downs on glass: Formula OJ 37 H Material Reg. Kem Snow White % Metal. as Nanhthenate Driers Pb Mn Co Ca 0.15 0.005 0.038 - Plying Set-to-touch 0'Nite 2 hr. 55 min. Good Rex 710, Enaraeloid White C 1218 A 0.60 0.005 0.05 2 hr. 45 min. Good 0J 82 M Painter Enamel 0J 82 M-A II II 0.61 0.005 0.13 0.61 0.005 0.06 0.32 5 hr. 30 min. V. hard 0.32 4 hr. 25 min. IT I! The enamels made with RB 9297 and RB 9143 produce very hard films in 24 hours and become quite brittle after only three or four days' aging. Our tests indicate that slightly faster initial set-to-touch time is re quired, combined with somewhat more elasticity upon aging. 0007-SWP-045282 Paint Research August, 1948 -12- jfl87 - Physical Properties of Pigments The work oh the first stage of the adsorption of the "active" and "passive" constituents of vehicles on various pigments has been substantially completed. The method used consists of exposing various pigments to a number of vehicles varying in concentrations from 2...5* to 20$, dissolved in a non-polar solvent. The quantity of material adsorbed and the change in the acid number of the supernatant exposed liquid is determined and compared with the unexposed vehicle. As anticipated, it could be proven that certain, constituents of vehicles usually present only in small quantities are preferentially adsorbed to form the bound portion of the vehicle solids. When these materials are present in insufficient quantity to satisfy .the surface requirements of the pigments, other, less active portions are adsorbed. These molecules, however, are replaced by the more active ones when more of the latter are present. This is clearly demonstrated by the typical data listed below for 1405 dxy Ti02 on which the constituents of the vehicles consisting of 2.55?, 5%, 10% and 20* of (2) raw linseed oil and (48) bodied linseed respectively in (65) naphtha, and 4$, 8%, 16* and 20% of (5109) alkyd in (65) have been adsorbed on the pigment. Mg. Vehicle Mg. Acid Constituents % Vehicle in Adsorbed Per Adsorbed per Thinner (65) 100 cc Vehicle 100 cc Vehicle 2.5% (2) in (63) 5.0* (2) in (63) 10 * (2) in (63) 20 * (2) in (63) 202 132 141 192 25 43 61 '37 2.5% (48) in (63) 5.0* (48) in (65) 10 * (46) ip (63) 20 * (48) in (63) 323 328 360 228 57 75 81 95 4 * (3109) in (63) 8 * (3109) in (63) 16 * (3109) in (63) 20 * (3109) in (63) 548 690 484 279 37 54 85 83 0007-SWP-045283 Paint Research August, 1948 -13- jfI87 - Cont. As more acidic constituents are available, the less polar, higher molecular weight materials are replaced ty the more polar acids of lower molecular weight. A definite equilibrium seems to exist at the surfaces of pigments between the "active" and "passive" constituents of vehicles at any given proportions of concentrations. A research bulletin will be issued on this work in the near future describing the results and procedure more completely. The CPVC of a number of hot milled Ken-Tint dxy bases have been determined. A different technique for coating the pigment particles with rosin was tried. This consists of adsorbing the resin to the pig ment surfaces from solution in a non-polar solvent and removing the interstitial solution ty subsequent filtration and washing. A friable, easily pulverized material results, which is now being evaluated against the standard hot milled product. Preliminary runs have been made to determine the average agglomerate size by a permeability method involving the CPVC cell. The method 'is very simple and the average agglomerate sizes of the paint dispersions can be run simultaneously, with the determination of the CPVC with only slight changes in technique. The method is based on the same principleras that for determining particle sizes of powders tut has been varied to make possible the determination of the sizes of agglomerated pigments ty determining the CPVC simultaneously. A more detailed description of the method and technique will be given when more data have been accumulated. 0007-SWP-045284 Paint Research August, 1948 -25- #177 - Pigment Studies Lufax 77 A Several months ago the Rohm and Hass Company announced a new product "Lufax 77 A" "Opacified Zirconium Oxide." This has been examined for pigment properties and found to be of no value. Texture is poor, opacity is low, and the oil absorption is high. Ti-Cal R 25. R 25 Special. R 27 Comparing these rutile calcium extended titanium pigments with Titanox RC HT and RC HT-X in Rex 210 Semi-Lustre White certain differences were shown as. against many similar characteristics. Opacity, tinting strength, color and brightness were similar. Gloss characteristics were different Titanox RC HT-X developed the highest gloss with Titanox RC HT and Ti-Cal R 27 slightly lower and Ti-Cal R 25'and "R 25 Special" still lower. All of the above paints were in the high range for gloss so these reported differences are only comparative and should not be construed to indicate that difficulty in obtaining gloss should be associated with the Ti-Cal pigments. (See also under Project 162.) 0007-SWP-045285 0007-SWP-000114656 Paint Research August, 1948 -26- ^162 - Studies in Flat Vail Paint Formulation Reports were received from the Chicago Paint Test Laboratory that various production batches of Flat-Tone have been found slow in drying after several weeks' storage. Because of this report we examined some of the first production made on the present formula as well as some of the more recent production. It appears that some batches have decreased in drying, while others are satisfactory. We have found that the drying was quite satisfactory on 0.003" films dried in the laboratory at a temperature of BS to 90 tut draw downs placed in the constant temperature and humidity room at 75 F. and 45 R.H. were rather poor in drying. A suggestion has been made to Cleve land that two additional gallons of (4230) be used in Flat-Tone White and 6 pounds of. 1128 dry per 100 gallons in the tints, where brightness is not a factor, to insure better drying under adverse weather conditions. Work is under way to determine the effect - of drying time on the washability of flat wall paints. A number of tests were conducted by hand scrubbing and with the machine used for checking the washability of KemTone. The results of the tests indicated a progressive drop in washability over a period of two weeks' drying. From then on the washability appears to be quite constant. We have found that it requires considerably more scrubbing with the machine as compared with hand scrubbing when the panels are fresh. However, after a period of one week the scrubbing time or rubs required to remove the film are greatly reduced with the machine and approach hand scrubbing. After the panels have aged for two WBeks, the number of rubs required with the machine (with dr without added weight) and ty.hand are very close, Washability of Flat-Tone Hade With Three Production Batches of (3880)E ;ime of film: hours Machine 4# Weight OJ 986 L Newark* (3880)E OJ 9 M Cleveland (3880)E OJ 11 M Chicago (3880)E 350 rubs 500 rubs 400 rubs 7# Weight 425 rubs 550 rubs 450 rubs Hand 50 rubs 200 rubs 110 rubs (Cont.) 0007-SWP-045286 0007-SWP-000114657 1162 - Cont. Paint Research .August, 1948 -27- Drying time of film: 1 week Machine 4# Weight OJ 986 L Newark* (5880 )E 01 9 M Cleveland (5860)E OJ 11 M Chicago (5880)E 65 rubs 500 rubs 65 7# Weight 30 rubs 100 rubs SO Hand . 25 rubs 85 rubs 60 sks Machine 4# Weight 40 rubs 100 rubs 45 7i Weight 20 rubs 50 rubs 40 Hand 20 rubs 35 rubs 35 iks Machine 4# Weight 30 rubs 35 rubs 40 7# Weight 20 rubs 35 rubs 40 Hand 20 rubs 35 rubs 35 *The sample of Newark (3B80)E tested above was made without a C02 blow, Their new production made by the standard cooking procedure is now under test. Laboratory batches of Rex 630 Paintercraft Flat No. 10 were made with rutile titanium oxides 2175 dry and 2273 dry to check the performance of these pigments. A comparison was also made between alum inum stearate 547 dry and calcium stearate 1826 dry. It appears that 2273 dry or 182s dry can be used in this flat without inparing the per formance in any way. 0007-SWP-045287 Paint Research August, 1948 #1.62 - Cont. -28- As mentioned under Project 177, a sample of Ti-Ccl R 25 Special vas submitted ty the du Pont Pigment Division as a match for Titanox RC HT-X. Batches cf Flat-Tone White were prepared using the following titanium calcium pigments: Ti-Cal R 25, R 25 Special, R 27, Titanox RC. HT and RC HT-X. The flats were compared for brushing, flow, vashability, uni formity of tint, sheen, etc. As indicated t$r the following data, the R 25 Special was lower in sheen and weaker in tinting strength than RC HT-X or 2132 dry. The weshability reported is much lower than usually obtained on tests of this type. These tests indicate that the Ti-Cal R 25 Special is somewhat inferior to the other pigments tested, as far as use in flats is concerned. Properties of Flat Wall Paints Flat-Tone Batch No. OJ 83 M Regular Formula Using 2132 Dry . 0,T 84 M Using R-25 Special OJ 93 M Using R-27 OJ 94 M Using R-25 OJ 112 M Using RC HT-X Viscosity at 75 F. #5 S-W 10.4" 9.0" 8.8" 7.0" 7.3" Weight per Gallon 11.80# 11.BO# 11.81# 11.79# 11.78# Brushing Good Good Good Good Good; Flow Good Good Good Good Good Vashability at 9 days 20 rubs 12 rubs 25 rubs 25 rubs 25 rubs Grind 2-1/2 H 2-1/2 H 3 H 3H 5H Uniformity of laps 5 minutes 9" 13 Good Good Good Fair Fair Fair Fair Fair Fair Fair Fair Fair Good Good Good Sheen Std. Lower Equal than 2132 to 2132 Equal SI. higher to 2132 than 2132 Tinting Strength Std. SI. weaker SI. weaker SI. weaker Equal than 2132 than 2132 than 2132 to 2132 0007-SWP-045288 Paint Research August, 1945 -29- The same evaluation will be made in a Semi-Lustre formulation. Enamels The Resin Research Department submitted the following varnishes for evaluation in enamel formulations. HC No. Resin Oil Solids Color Body A. V. 0154 0155 0157 0159 Fentalyn G Pentalyn G Fentalyn A Pentalyn A (2325) M fl !l 70 n tt ti 9 U 9.8 9 U - 10.6 9 S-T 13 9 W + 14 RB No. *8626 **8625 RC 0057 Pentalyn G Pentalyn G Rosin Styrene (2325) 7(# 11 S 5.48 n II 11 T 8.50 tt It 9 0 2.30 RB 9148 Petrex and Piccolyte S-125 (1273) (3019) n 8- V 5.7 Varnishes RC 015, 0155, 0157 and 0159 were found to be too reactive with zinc oxide for our usage., RB 8625 and RB 8626 are 50 and 80 gallon varnishes submitted for intermixes with RB 9148 to produce more elastic films. However, after only one week all intermixes became very brittle. RB 8625 and RB 8626 were intermixed with RB 9148 to the extent of equal parts by volume hit the films were still too brittle after only seven day3. The sample of HC 0037 (Ro3in Styrene) was compared with (3109) and RC 3372 and RC 3473N6 (Styrene Castor Varnishes from Cook Paint and Varnish Company) using the Xem-Namel Snow White Gloss pigmentation. The RC 0037 varnish was slow in drying, poor in color and too low in body for this usage. Viscosity #3 Drying Time Brush- 0J No. Varnish _ Fresh O'Hite Set-to-touch O'Nite ing Flow__Color 158 M (3109) 18.8"* 26" 4 hr. 55 min. Good Good Good Good 159 M RC 0037 14.2" 20" ' 6 " 15 " V.poor OK SI.high Poor 664 L (RC 3372 26.8" 31.6" 1 " 35 " Good V.good Good Good (RC 3473N6 ^Viscosity below standard -.- 0007--SWP-045289 0007-SWP-000114660 Paint Research September, 1948 --A-- ^187 - Physical Properties of Pigments A new cell for the continuation of the study of the electrojdnetic behavior of pigment particles was constructed. This apparatus provides a potential of 6000 volts D.C. at the electrodes, which are stainless steel. Preliminary runs indicate that the migration veloci ties of particles will be measurable by this means. A more complete report will be submitted when more data have been accumulated. Moisture permeabilities were run on a number of commercial paints in order to ascertain the degree of permeation of water vapor through a paint barrier. The permeabilities were determined for the combinations as indicated on the following table. The samples were prepared by making .003" draw-downs on permeability paper and applying the subsequent coatings in the same way after drying of the previous Paints Permeability in E./16 hrs. 1. Rex 25 - Wall Primer and Sealer Rex 810 - Flat-Tone 0.0888 2. Rex 50 - Flat-Rite Undercoater reduced with (2), 4:1 Rex 50 + Rex 710 - Enameloid 1:1 Rex 710 0.0663 3. Rex 50 Rex 50 + Rex 710, 1:1 Rex 710 0.0451 4. Rex 25 Rex 210 0.1120 5. Rex 29 - Aluminum Paint Rex 25 Rex 810 0.0408 6. Rex 29 Rex 25 Rex 210 - Semi-Lustre 0.0482 7. Rex 50 + (13), 8:1 Rex 50 + Rex 710, 1:1 Rex 710 0.0495 0007-SWP-045290 \ 0007-SWP-000114661 3 Paint Research September, 194fi ftS7 - Cent. These are the averages of three runs at 105 F, and 100? R.H. and the weight of water vapor transmitted is reduced to 16 hours of exposure (over night). No correction for thickness of the two or three cqat systems has been made. A re-run of the above systems is contemplated, employing rubber gaskets in the cells instead of the paper ones employed. This might account for some of the slight apparent discrepancies. An electrographic print of the various films is contemplated to test for possible pin holes. A display for the Trail Blazer Exhibition at the National Chemical Exposition in Chicago, October 12 - 16 was prepared. This describes the principles involved in the CPVC cell. 0007-SWP-045291 0007-SWP-000114662 Paint Research September, 1948 -7- ^177 - Pigment Studies The work on the evaluation of International Talc 5 X has been reported completely by Mr. Sahli, of the Cleveland Technical Service Department in his letter-bulletin dated September 21, 1948. Samples referred to are available in this laboratory should anyone care to see the effect of magnesium silicate texture on paint pro perties of syp. Ti Cal R 25, R 25 Special, R 27 In working with the Rex 210 - Semi-Lustre White formula it was found that the binder requirements of du Font's titanium calcium materials are greater than of Titanium Pigment Company's RC HT and RC HT-X, so that consistency is excessively high and the gloss is lost almost completely. This would explain the low gloss reported in August. TiO,, Chalking Rate Test Using the Damar - Heather-0meter system of measuring the chalking rates of various TiOz pigpents the following results have been obtained: Tip, 1405 Titanox A 2030 T Titanox AA 2269 Titanox RA-10 M0 2226 Ti-Pure R 510 2174 Ti-Pure R 610 1004 Titanox RA NC Hours To Trace 90 140 160 125 100 250 Hours Hours to to Slight . Considerable 120 180 160 250 270 300 250 290 345 445 400 470 Hours to Bad 250 275 420 420 550 650 0007-SWP-045292 0007-SWP-0001 Paint Research September, 1948 -15- #162 - Studies in Flat Vail Paint Formulation Flat 1-fall Paints T. F. Washburn Company's #3401 Vehicle has been evaluated for general performance as a flat wall paint vehicle, using their suggested 1-X white calcicoater formula. This flat carries 480 pounds of Ti-Cal R 23 and 260 pounds of Surfex. The brushing, flow, wet edge and washability were similar to Flat-Tone based on (3880)12 and (2287). The Washburn flat could be improved from the standpoint of uniformity of sheen but it shows promise as to uniformity of tint on lap marks. An investigation has been under way to determine the reactivity characteristics of representative bpdying agents that are being offered for sale. The products selected were as follows: OKO - M - 25 Archer-Daniels-Midland 25 M - Oil Brown Oil and Chemical Co. Alinco M-25 Archer-Daniels-Midland No. 3359 Trick Bodying Liquid T. F. Washburn Co. Puf-It U. S. Vehicle and Chemical Co. Falkovar VR 10 Falk and Co. (324) Heat Bodied Linseed Oil The bodying agents were used in three different types of paints f ' One Coat House Paint White - CH 4697, Flat-Tone White - Rex 810, and Keaclad Enamel White - F70 V 2. No. 3359 Trick Bodying Liquid, Puf-It and (324) were found to be the most reactive agents when added to the One Coat House Paint, However, when the various agents were added to Flat-Tone White or the Kemclad Enamel White there were only minor dif ferences in the degree of reactivity. Viscosity readings were taken at once, after over night storage, 3 days, 1 week, a half' month, and a month's storage where the tests have reached that paint. (324) appears to be equivalent to Puf-It or 3359 Bodying Liquid and more reactive than the others. Portions of the data follow. 0007-SWP-045293 0007-SWP-000114664 Paint Research September, 1948 -14- am- Cont. Bodying Agent Tests (Viscosity) Viscosities at 75 F - #5 Cup Rex 810 - Flat-Tone White Time In Days None 1/8 Oz./Pt. 1/4 Os./Pt. 3/8 Oz./Pt. 1/2 Oz,. J-It fl, S. Vehicle iod Chem. Co. At once 9 1 day 11 15 9.4 tS H - Oil Oil imd Chem. Co. At once 9 1 day 11 15 9.4 5559 Trick At once 9 lying Liquid 1 day 11 `F. Washburn 15 " 9.4 l CO M-25 At once 9 her- Daniel s- 1 day n id Co. 15 9.4 H-25 At once 9 er-Daniels- 1 day 11 nd Co. 15 9.4 ,:ovar VR 10 At once 9 and Co. 1 day 11 15 ' 9.4 (324) At once 9 1 day 11 15 ' 9.4 9.2 11.2 10.2 9.4 12.4 11.4 9.2 12 11.2 10 12.2 11.8 10 12.2 12 9 11.6 10.6 9 11 10.4 9.4 12.8 11.4 10.4 14.2 13 9.6 12.8 11.2 11 13.6 12.8 10,4 13.4 . lo 9.4 11.8 10 9.2 11.6 11.2 10 13.4 12.4 11.2 15 14 10.2 13.4 12.6 11.6 14.4 13.8 12 14.2 14.2 9.4 10.4 10.2 9.4 11.S 12.2 _ - 12.4 16 15.4 11 14 13.2 15 16.2 16.4 13 IS .4 15.2 9.4 11 10.4 9.6 12.4 13.4 K\ 0007-SWP-045294 0007-SWP-000114665 Paint Research September, 1948 -15- 4162 - Cont. Bodying Agent Tests (Viscosity) Viscosities at 75 F. - Cup Kemclad Enamel White - Rex F70 V 2 Time In Days None 1/8 Oz./Pt. 1/4 Oz./Pt. 3/8 Oz./Pt. 1/2 Oz./Pt, -It Vehicle Chem. Co. At once 17.2 1 day 22.6 15 " 26 'M - Oil Oil Chem. Co. At once 17.2 I'-'day 22.6 15 '' 26 Trick ing Liquid F. Washburn At once 17.2 1 day 22.6 15 " 26 Co M-25 At once 17.2 er-Daniels- 1 day 22.6 nd Co. 15 26 M-25 At once 17.2 her-Daniels- 1 day 22.6 nd Co. 15 26 ovar VR 10 and Co. At once 17.2 1 day 22.6 15 " 26 (324) At once 17.2 1 day 22.6 15 26 19.2 24 27.6 20.4 23.4 SI.8 19.6 23 23 19.8 25.4 34 20.6 25 29.4 19 23.4 27 19.8 24 29 20 26 29 22.8 27 32 21 25 28.2 20.6 27 34.4 22.2 27.6 SI 21 25.4 27.8 21.8 25.6 30.4 21.4 28 33 25.4 29.4 36.6 22.4 26.4 28.4 23.4 28.6 34 23.6 29 33 21.6 27 29 22.8' 28.2 51.4 - - 27 31.4 38.2 23.4 28 32 2G 53 39 26. A 32 37.8 25.4 23.8 32.2 23.6 30 35 0007-SWP-045295 0007-SWP-000114666 Paint Research September, 1948 -16- ;:ML Cont. Bodying Agent Tests (Viscosity) Viscosities at 75 7. - #5 Cup One Goat House Paint Uhiie "J, I .. '-It** S. Vehicle Chcan Co. Time In Days None 1/8 Oz./fct, 1/4 Ot./Pt. 3/8 Oz./Pt. 1/2 Os./Pt. At once 1 day 15 " 31 " 19.4 21 21.6 21.8 21.6 21 22.4 23 30.8 26.2 29.8 28.8 36 + SO 33.4 33.2 36 + l/l6 cup 31.6 30 31 - Oil Oil Chen. Co. At once 1 day 15 0 31 " 19.4 21 21.6 21.8 25.4 27 29 29.2 33 35 39 38.8 40.6 40.8 44 45 45 + 44 + l/l6 cup 55 56.2 'Washburn At once 1 day 15 " 31 19.4 21. 21.6 21.8 25 22.2 24.6 24.8 32 30.2 SI 32 36 + 38.2 35 33.2 37 + l/8 cup 35.4 37.2 32.8 M-25* -Daniels- Co. At once 1 day 15 31 19.4 21 21.6 21.8 -25 jMJanielsCo. At once 1 day 15. " 31 11 19.4 21. 21.6 21.6 VR 10 'and Co. At once 1 day 15 " 31 19.4 19.6 19 - 23 23.8 25 23.8 20.8 25.8 25 25.2 19.4 19.6 19 - 27.2 27.4 25.8 25 23.4 24 28.2 28 20 20.2 20.2 - 30 30.4 27.8 26.6 25 25 28.4 28.4 20 20.6 20.2 - 51.2 31.6 27 2G.2 28.4 29.6 . 30.6 31.2 20.4 22 21 At once 1 day.,. 15 >' 31 19.4 1 21.6 21.8 26 25 26.4 25.8 32 28.6 32 30.8 35 + 31 35 35.2 51 + 1/4 cup 34 37.4 46.6 ^Reduced 400/ (348) deduced 1600/, (348) or 5.90/ solids 0007-SWP-045296 0007-SWP-000114667 Paint Research Septeabor, 1940 -17- 'l 162 - Cont. Semi-Lustre A study is being made of the settling characteristics of Rex 210 Semi-Lustre. Test paints have been prepared on the formulas of Cards if4 and #5 and have been set aside to age. Variations include additions of wetting and flocculating agents. Enamels In U. S. Patent 2,448,505 claims are made for improvements in performance characteristics of synthetic and semi-synthetic paints ly adding small percentages of halogenated amines. It is stated that work ing qualities are improved, the life of the film lengthened, hiding power increased and the smoothness and texture of the surface enhanced. To check such claims, 1% of para-chloroaniline was added to two enamel formulas. As indicated by the following data we could not substantiate the claims of the patent. The addition detracted from the drying and affected the color and brightness, and no improvements were observed in brushing qualities or control of flow. It may be that such agents ^would be effective with specific types of vehicles. Properties of Painter Enamels HrBatch No. Viscosity - 3 48 Hr. After After Initial Add'n Add'n Over Set-to- Night Touch Dry Brushing Flow Color RPJ 71 H 2' 27" - 4 hr. Good 45 min. gW 71 M + Para- pchlorop,*uiline 1' 50" 2' 20" 5 hr. Good 45 min. Very sticky Very sticky OK Very good OX Very pink |W 2 M 35" p-to 2 M + % ^2 Para_ if chloro- .niline 31.2" 48" Vet at 8 hr. Good; Slightly High Poor si. sticky (Yellow) tack Vet at Soft Slightly High Poor 8 hr. sticky' (SI. pink 0007-SWP-045297 0007-SWP-000114668 Paint Research September, 1946 -16- jy pfiP - Coni. Enamels - Cont. The Resin Research Department submitted a number of varnishes for consideration as enamel vehicles. They were checked for performonce in Ken Darnel Snow White Gloss. Their characteristics and experimental data follow: Enamel Vehicle Tests Kern Namel Snow White Gloss Pigmentation Snh No. Varnish Resin Varnish'Characteristics Oil N. V. Color Body A. V. Rl55 M p'9.M RC OOS7 Rosin Styrene RC 0037 Rosin Styrene Dehydrol Dehydrol 703 9 U 2.3 702 9 U 2.5 jjl69 M Jgi*; Ey'A .. . &70 M B&- . EWM 78 M |tiX> M &81 M |r M p2 M RB 9146 Piccolyte RB 8625 Pentalyn G (1273) (3019) 702 (2325) 702 RB 9146 Piccolyte S 125 (1273) (3019) 702 RB 8626 Pentalyh G (2325) 702 (3109) Glyceryl Alkyd (1273) 702 RB 9007 Ether Resir. RC 0579 Ether Resin RB 9334* Petrex Alkyd KB 9555-s^- Petrex Alkyd Linseed F. A. Scya F. A. (1273) (3019) (1275) (3019) 702 702 702 70% R3 9358 RB 9344 Petrex Alkyd (1273) (3019) Alkyd RC 0071 Soya Styrene 702 702 8 W 11 S 5.7 8.5 8 W 5.7 11 s 5,.48 6-8 Y-Z, 3.5 15 >Ze 7.4 12 X 3.0 7 VA 6.1 8 Y + 7.2 7-8 w-x 4.8 5 u 4.5 g? ^e^rex as phthalic anhydride (Piccolyte-modified) jf ^etrex as phthalic anhydride Cont. 0007-SWP-045298 0007-SWP-000114669 t Paint Research September, 1943 -19- gg ~ Cojvt* `C Camels - Cont. Enamel Vehicle Tests Ken Narael Snow White Gloss Pigmentation itch No. Hr r i5& m Viscosities ItZ Orifice Initial 0 'Kite 14.0" 15.8" Brushing Plow Color Gloss Set-to-touch 0'Nite OK SI. high Poor OK Veiy poor Very poor (3 days) ^59 M 14.2" 20.0" OK SI. high Poor OK 6 hr. 15 min. " " $169 M 24.0<> 63.0" - - - - 4 hr. Good pro m 25.2" 62.0" - - - - 3 hr. 50 min. Good gm M L70 M PI; Ec* 79 M 20.2" 27" Too Too heavy heavy 63" + Too 1/2 cup heavy Good - - Good Good Good 5 hr. 15 min. Good - Poor - 35 min. Good - Poor - 40 min. Good g8 M &81 M R87 M B/'&92 K 27" 25.2" 34.8" 12.8" 40" 38.2" 63" 15" Good Good - Good Good + Good 4 hr. 8 min. Good Good Good + Good - 42 min. Good - - - 2 hr. 3 min. Good Good 1 hr. 20 min. Poor Cont. 0007-SWP-045299 0007-SWP-000114670 Cont. Enamels - C ont. Paint Research September, 1948 -20- Enamel Vehicle Tests Embrittlement >Ne. 3 Days 1 Week 2 Weeks 1 Month Remarks - - SI. short SI. short Driers as Ken Namel Snov White Gloss - Rex 100 - - Short Short Same as 155 M but drier as Enameloid. - - Very brittle 802 RB 9148 20* RB 8625 (50 gal.) - - Very brittle 802 RB 9148 202 RB 8626 (80 gal.) O.K,* O.K. ' -- O.K. Regular Kern Snow White O.K. O.K. - SI. short O.K. SI. short - Short SI. SI. short short* Very brittle (202 P. A. modified) Short Brittle - Very brittle (Piccolyte Modified) (202 R. A. Modified) Brittle Very brittle Repeat of RB 9148 See chart of intermixes , lacks toughness 0007-SWP-045300 0007-SWP-000114671 Paint Research September, 1948 -21- Cont. Enamels - Cont. The two Petrex alkyds {modified with 20/ phthalic anhydride) ^became very brittle in 30 days, whereas (3109) remained elastic. The Itwo ether resin varnishes were too high in body for practical use. pue to the high body it was impossible to check the brushing' or flow. p),003" draw-downs were made on glass to check embrittlement, - after b50 days the films were quite hard. The rosin-styrene-Dehydrol varnish h C 0057 was found to be poor in color and drying properties. The two Pentalyn G - (2325) varnishes RB 8625, 50 gallon Slength and RB 8626, 80 gallon length were used in various proportions j>to increase the elasticity of RB 9148. Equal parts of PB 9148 and 6625 or 8626- became brittle in one week. Other tests were made'to liaprove elasticity Using intermixes of RB 9538 with (2325) and/or (310). lit was necessary to use equal parts of RB 9338 with the two oil blends Ito maintain elasticity after 30 days. These mixtures retained consider able tack after over night drying. With smaller amounts of oil the films become too brittle. Intermixes of Enamel 0J 187 M (Based on RB 9538) With (2325) and (510) rest Ho. Blend of Batch Ho. 70/ (2325) OJ 187 M 30/ (348) 4 oz. 4 oz. 4 oz. 3 oz. 4 oz. 2 oz. 4 oz. 1 oz. 4 oz. - 4 oz, - 4 oz. - 4 oz. - Blond ot 70/ (310) 30/ (348) - 4 oz. 3 oz. 2 oz. 1 os. Viscosity Viscosity Fresh O'Hite 27" 29" 31" 57" 42" 51.8" 54" 58" 27.4" 30" 50" 33" 41.8" 51" 52.2" 62" Cont. 0007-SWP-045301 0007-SWP-000114672 Paint Research September, 1943 -22- fLG2 - Cont. Enamels - Cont. Intermixes of Enamel OJ 187 M (Based on RB 9538) With (2525) and (510) Embrittlement Test Ho. New 1 Week_______ 1 Month Set-to-touch Over Might Dry 1 OK OK OK 2 OK OK Short 3 OK SI. short Brittle 4 OK Short Brittle 5 OK OK OK 6 OK SI. short Short 7 OX SI. short Short 8 OK Short Brittle Porch and Floor Enamels 5 hr. 30 min. C hr. 25 min. S hr. 25 min. 5 hr. 10 min. 5 hr. 30 min. 3 hr. 25 min. 3 hr. 30 min. 3 hr. 35 min. Cons, tack Cons, tack Def. tack SI. tack Cons, tack Cons, tack SI. tack SI. tack Panels 12009-17 C, F were examined after 9 months' exposure, 45 south, at Chicago and 8 months in Florida. The' series consists of Porch and Floor Enamels, based on the formula of Rox 69 of 7-2-47, using (6173) and (2841)6, which is on the control panel. Special in terest was centered on a batch using RB-7019, an ether resin from Resin Research. The outstanding scrub resistance of this enamel was reported in October, 1947 under Project 162, pages 25 and 26. At this point of exposure, the enamel looked very good in all respects, cleaner and less faded than the regular, with essentially no failure as against serious checking and cracking for the regular in Florida. An alkyd (4i00-(4103) formula in the series was also very good in. all-around Ife I performance, but this type has been criticized on occasions for slipperinoss when wot. Several formulas using Standard Oil's "A" resin with linseed and castor were also in the series, and all were rated as lit tle, if aiiy, better than the regular-in either durability or appearance. 0007-SW.P-0 45302 0007-SWP-000114673 Paint Research October, 1948 -e- fi\87 - Physical Properties of Pigments In conjunction with the studies of the packing behavior of various extender pigments reported several months ago, the CFVC's of various hiding pigments have been determined. The pigments were dispersed in a fairly highly dispersing vehicle, 60$ of (2) plus 40$ of (48), (63) being used as the thinner, Vehicle substitutions were first carried out to facilitate the determination. The results obtained are tabulated below: Pigment CPVC 18 412 414 1403 1707 2059 2132 2140 2174 2295 Basic Carbonate White Lead Leaded Zinc 35/65 Loaded Zinc 12/88 Titanium Oxide, Anatase Zinc Oxide XX-50, Med. P. S. Zinc Oxide XX-503, Large P. S. Titanium Calcium, Titanox RCHT Titanium Calcium, Titanox RC Titanium Oxide Ti-Pure R-610 Zinc Oxide, ZZZ-33, Acicular 59$ 54 54 41 39 53 54 57 50 39 From the data, the fact again becomes evident that the chemical composition is immaterial to the packing behavior of the pigments and that it is the particle sine distribution and shape which plays the major role. The work on the electrokinetic behavior of dispersed pigment particles was continued. Data on the behavior of mixed systems was obtained and an adaptation of the CPVC coll carried out with which it is hoped the potential can be measured directly. Electrokinetic determinations on flooding pigments show promise of giving information for some of the reasons for these ^K^0mena' A "ore comprehensive report on this subject will he submitted when more data have been obtained. A report on the electrokinetic theory and the experimental progress made in this direction, was given at the Research Meeting in Chicago on October 26. 0007-SWP-045303 0007-SWP-000114674 Paint Research October, 1948 -19iflfi _ Leaded Zinc Pigments Panels 11611-28 F, C were examined after 12 months' exposure `?at Florida and 17 months at Chicago, vertical south, cedar beveled sid ling, The purpose is to test the results obtained ty U3ing mechanical 'mixtures of lead and zinc pigments at three zinc oxide levels, the lower -'ones having been suggested as possibly more suitable in the case of finer -'particle size zinc oxides than the usual level of about 32$. All panels are primed with Rex 450 Dndercoater. In the top coats, the following -'line oxides, and also 412 diy leaded zinc, are used at (a) 325= zinc oxide Jcdntent, (b) 21$ and (c) 10% using 108 dry, XX 592; 1707 dry, XX-50; ;2059 dry, XX-503; 2295 dry, Azo ZZZ-33. On the basis of orthodox estimates of the PbO, Pb(0H)2 or .-"active1'constituent" contents, the mechanical mixtures should be higher 'in total reactivity than the corresponding co-fumed formulations. It would probably be considered normally that lead-free zinc oxides would ,be more reactive than the zinc oxide in co-fumed leaded zinc. B.C.V.I, reactivity" may be expressed roughly as 35$ Pb(0R)2 or 30$ PbO as against about 15 to 20$ for the lead portion c lead sulfate, plus about 5$ zinc-oid.de. 412 leaded zinc runs from 4 to 6$ PbO. It'was rather surprising, therefore, to find that in every part of the above test 412 samples werecleaner and better than the corresponding mechanical mixes, especially 'Jin the Florida series, which was most important because of mildew growth. There was an increase in mildew due to decreasing zinc oxide, as expected. Though perhaps too early to be significant, there were signs of failure on the ZZZ-33 samples end in the 10$ zinc oxide group. Mr. C. H. Adams has expressed great interest in these results, and plans run actual reactivity tests by the fatty acid method on these various pigments. We should be able to report at some future time as to whether : results tend to uphold the orthodox conceptions or the data of these exposures, which certainly do not agree. Two added zinc oxides, St. Joseph's #46 and #17, used at the 93% level only, showed up no better than the poorest of those listed above. 0007-SWP-045304 0007-SWP-0001 Paint Research October, 1948 -22#177 - Pigment Studies Mr, Bruhn is preparing a report of his trip east during which he inspected the Hunter Color Difference Meter, the Pittsburgh Plate Glass-IDL Color Eye, and the Razek-Mulder Spectrophotometer. He also reviewed the New Jersey Zinc Company's house paint exposures and discussed some problems on the application of films of uniform thickness and hiding power determinations with their laboratory. 0007-SWP-045305 Paint Research October, 1948 -24- ftl62 - Studies in Plat Wall Paint Formulation Flat Wall Paint Samples of Cleveland and Chicago Plat-Tone production were compared for drying characteristics in the constant temperature room (75 F. - 45% R.H.). Cleveland's production was found to be superior in drying to the Chicago production made without litharge, but pro duction containing litharge at 3 pounds per hundred gallons was equivalent in drying to Cleveland stock. It was thought that the slower drying may be due to the (3880)E. However, identical batches of Flat-Tone made with Chicago, Newark, Acme, Cleveland and a standard laboratory batch of (3880) were all rated fair in drying. This would indicate that the (3880)E varnishes produced at the various plants are similar in drying, and that the glower drying properties nay be due to the driers or type of mill used. These points are to be checked. Until we can determine the cause of the slower drying, we will continue to add 3 pounds of litharge 1128 dry per 100 gallons in all Flat-Tone colors. In the Flat-Tone Vhite formula, we are adding two extra gallons of (4230). Uork has been under way to determine the reason for the lower washability experienced with (3880)E made during recent months. In connection with this prohlem, it was thought that the oil may be over-limed, resulting in a ealcicoater type of liquid. However, from an analysis of the calcium contents we can see no connection with vashability. It appears that the washability figures below are directly proportional to the viscosity of the flat. The film thickness -is prob ably greater in the case of better washability. Chart follows. 0007 40es*0-dMS-,000 a# 0 MO XA s } Od G> *3. HA >dA iO OO in 5d= Aa rt P"o 1 > Uo o Ea3 P a in t Research O ctober, 1948 4-8 4a>> 56 ta e- wLOIj 8 ? I ms -5 > O -+0r>4 a H O ^x IO V) fin pOH -+H> c?5sr^asnssaassassiissstwn I \ \J 0007-SWP-000114678 Paint Research October, 1948 -26- Work also has been in progress to check the permeability of four ;flats, based on (3680)E, (2287)-and combinations of both liquids to determine if'there is any relationship with the decrease in vashability which occurs ;:over a four week period. As indicated ty the data, about the same degree of 'moisture transmission is obtained, regardless of the type of varnish or the tv/P ratio. ' This suggests that there are other' factors which control the ; degree of washability of flat wall paints. Work will be continued. Flat-Tone OJ 11S M Reg. Form. 4-27-48 Special Flat-Tone 0J 116 M Special . Flat-Tone 0J 117 M Flat-Tone OJ 118 M Reg. Form. 2-28-44 134 pound3 " 500 25 134 pounds - 500 25 134 pounds - - 500 25 72 pounds 72 495 - 36 gals. 17 .70 JW&shability 24 hour dry Washed by machine 4it weight 7// Washed by hand 425 rubs 325 70 7 days Washed by machine 4# weight n Washed by hand 75 20 25 2 weeks Washed by machine 4w weight. ninH Washed by hand 50 35 25 4 weeks Washed by machine 4# weight 7# Washed try hand 15 30 20 48-1/2 gals. - .70 66-1/2 gals. .70 375 rubs 200 70 170 rubs 65 65 70 50 35 30 40 25 55 35 25 30 35 25 35 10 20 (Cont.) 45 30 15 53 gals. - .79 600 rubs 430180 155 no 50 140 100 50 30 40 30 0007-SW P-045308 0007-SWP-000114679 A* Paint Research October, 1948 -27- - Cont. Flat-Tone 0J 115 M Reg. Form. 4-27-48 Special Flat-Tone 0J 116 M permeability Water transmitted through film Age of film (days) 1 day 0.239 g. 6" 0,275 " 14 " 0.277 " 28 " 0.275 " 0.258 g. 0.261 " 0.264 " 0.275 " Special Flat-Tone 0J 117 M 0.246 g. 0.280 " 0.238 " 0.263 " Flat-Tone 0J 118 M Reg. Form. 2-28-44 0.208 g. 0.240 " 0.204 " 0.246 " Semi-Lustre Settling characteristics of Semi-Lustre - Rex 10 are being studied through test series based on formula cards No. 4 and 5. In these, the suspension effects of Acto 460, CW (2343); Lecithin, 2270 dry; and increased calcium stearate, 182$ dry, are being observed. (310) was used where formulas called for (48). Both formulas produced high viscosity paints. All the lithopone Ti-Cal formulations of Card #4 and one item in the Ti02 formulations of Card #5 were reduced to standard viscosities by additions of from 7 to 0% (348) before being set aside to age. The additives and increased stearate caused marked increases in initial viscosities. In spite of this, they show no tendency to decrease the stability of the packaged goods. The extent of settling is so slight in all cases that conclusions as to effects of agents cannot be drawn at this inspection. The lithopone Ti-Cal formu lation, Card No.4 appears to have better package stability than the Ti02 formulation at this time. Chart follows. 0007-SWP-045309 0007-SWP-000114680 Paint Research October, 1948 -28- ^162 - Pont. Rex 210 Semi-Lustre Stability and Settling Formula Card Agent Viscosity Fresh batch Full', body Reduced 30 days Settling #5 None 37.5" 5 CW (2343) 69 5 2270 dry 51 - 55" Very soft bead, puffy. 70 No settling, very smooth 62 W H H 5 3# 1826 dry 56 30" 40 Very soft bead, puffy. S 4# 1826 dry 46 4 None 40 ~ 63 No settling, smooth, .`puffy. 22 22* Small soft bead. 4 CW (2343) 72 26 24 Soft bead. 4 2270 dry 57 27 25 Very small, very soft bead. . 4 3# 1826 dry 51 29 30 Very soft bead. 4 4# 1826 dry 72 31 27 Small, very soft bead. Enamels Arche r-Daniels-Midland1 s V 70 and Var were made up into enamels and compared with Kern Name! Snow White Gloss for general per formance. Var . 70 is similar to (3109) in resistance to whitening in the water or soap tests, but the Var 70 enamels were quite yellow and appeared somewhat reactive in the presence of zinc oxide. The Var Z3 enamel was very thin in body and poor in water and soap resistance. Var Z3 is recommended as a blending liquid. Chart follows. S' | 0007-SWP-045310 0007-SWP-000114681 0007-SWP-000114682 Paint Research October, 1948 -30During the month the llesin Research Department submitted a considerable number of organic driers for test in SWP, Enameloid and Kem Namel Snow White. In most cases the organic driers caused bad staining and odor in all formulations. However, the last set (RC 1020 - 1028) were considerably improved in these characteristics. 0007-SWP-045312 0007-SWP-000114683 Paint Research November, 1948 -11- J187 - Physical Properties of Pigments From time to time the CPVC's of single pigment paint systems ground in a mixture of 40$ (48) bodied linseed + 60$ (2) raw linseed oils have been reported. Both extender pigments as veil' as hiding pigments vere investigated. Belov is a comprehensive list tabulated according to dry numbers of the CPVC of the pigment systems so far determined. A con version of the CPVC values to equivalent units of oil absorption in grams pf oil per 100 grams of pigment is also included as veil as a comparison of some of the standard oil absorption values. Drv No. Piement Oil Absorption Calc, from Specification CPVC CPVC for Pieme-nts Method 3 Silica, Amorphous 59 25 23 - 27 419.1 18 Basic Carbonate Mhite Lead 59 10 10-11 20 F Magnesium Silicate, Fibrous, 3 X 47 37 32 419.3 20 MSK Magnesium Silicate, Loomis 40 50 108 N Zinc Oxide, Blend American 34 and French Process - N. J. Z. XX-592 33 419.2 306 Barytes, Natural. Barium 59 15 Sulphate 8 412 414 461 L Leaded Zinc 35/65 54 Leaded Zinc 12/88 54- Lithopcoe, Lov Consistency 59 14 15 419.2 14 , 15 - 19 419.2 15 611 Leaded Zinc, 50/50 566 Calcium Carbonate, Natural Mater 50 16 63 20 14 16 - 24 419.1 419.3 1194 1246 1271 Calcium Carbonate, Natural Chalk Soap Stone Titanium Calcium, Anatase Lov Oil 60 24 42 46 54 26 15 - 19 419.3 26 419.5 23 419.2 (Cont.) 0007-SWP-045313 Paint Research November, 1948 -12- M7,r, Cont. Dry No Pigment Oil Absorption Calc, from Specification ' CPVC CPVC for Pigments- Method 1403 K Titanium Dioxide, Anatase 41 35 24-25 419.2 1552 Diatomaceous Silica, Flux 36 75 100 419.3 1707 Zinc Oxide XX-50 Med. P.S. 39 27 14 - 17 419.1 1817 Calcium Carbonate (Surfex) 67 18 20 419.3 1897 Titanium Barium, 30^ Ti02 55 19 14 - 16 419.2 1901 T Titanium, Anatase Low Oil 36 42 20 - 22 419.2 1989 Mdcrone Talc 32 74 58 - 64 419.3 2030 T Titanium Dioxide, Anatase 42 Semi-chalk resistant 34 21 - 23 419.2 2031 T Titanium Dioxide, Rutile 49 23 18 Non-chalking 419.2 2059 Zinc Oxide XX-505, Large F. S, 59 15 077 Diatomaceous Silica, 38 67 90 Fine Plux Calcined 419.1 2132 Titanium Calcium, Titanox RC HT 54 25 23 . 419.2 2140 Titanium Calcium, Titanox RC 57 22 21 - 22 419.2 2174 Titanium Oxide, Ti-Pure R-610 50 22 2188 Micro Velva "A" 57 28 39 - 43 419.3 2201 .Metronite B-XXXX 58 24 16 419.3 2203 Carhola Talc 45 45 30 - 36 419.3 (Cont.) * ' i 0007-SWP-045314 0007-SWP-000114685 Paint Research November, 19-18 -15- jf!87 - Cont. Drv No. Pigment Oil Absorption Calc, from Specification CPVC CPVC for Pigments Method 2228 Titanium Dioxide, Rutile (R-110) 50 23 2229 Titanium Dioxide, Rutile (R-510) 48 24 2247 Calcium Carbonate (Atomite) 55 28 20 - 24 2269 Titanium Dioxide, Rutile (RA-10 MO) 38 37 2295 2307 Zinc Oxido, ZZZ-33, Acicular 39 Mica, AA 45 26 23 15 43 - 53 419.2 419.3 The nuabers tinder "Method" refer to the specifications for obtaining oil absorption values in the S-W Testing Methods Handbook. 419.1 is the spatula method; 419.2 is a modified Gardner-Coleman method for hiding pigments; 419.3 is a rapid method for inert pigments. Some of the above converted values from CPVC to "oil absorption" agree closely with those obtained by the spatula method, using (2) as the oil for the oil absorption liquid. Others diverge considerably. The CPVC in any event is the better measure of the packing behavior of pigments as it represents the actual packing of the pigments in relation to the vehicle employed for the dispersion, while the oil absorption method uses only lin--. seed oil. A determination was made of the amount of (4230) lead - (4231) magnesium - (4232) cobalt-naphthenate driers adsorbed on 20 dry magnesium silicate, 1403 dry titanium dioxide and 1707 dry zinc oxide pigments, respectively. The method consists of the procedure previously outlined: 5% solutions of the material to be preferentially adsorbed are made up in a suitable non-polar solvent such as (348) mineral spirits. A certain volume of this solution is then ground with a known weight of the pigment. After centrifuging the pigment out, the residue after evaporation of a known volume of the supernatant liquid is compared to the residue from an equal volume of the original solution- The difference in weight is the amount of drier adsorbed on the pigment, the quantity being calculable to convenient units of pigment weight or volume. 0007-SWP-045315 0007-SWP-000114686 0007-SWP-000114687 Paint Research November, 1948 -15- #177 - Pigment Studies Opacity Study The New Jersey Zinc Company has recently published its routine method for the evaluation of pigment opacity. The method which they have described embodies several features which are of interest to this labora tory. Following the New Jersey Zinc procedure, paints are made on the Hoover muller using "Lucite" spatulas and a "Luctie" retaining ring on the muller to avoid metal contamination and discoloration. These paints are transferred directly from the muller to the draw-down surface which is u cellulose acetate sheet hold in place an a vacuum bed plate. The draw-down is made and placed in a low temperature oven to accelerate the drying. After the drying cycle a 2-1/4" circle is cut from the draw-down using a sharp die. A corresponding blank is cut from the acetate sheet and the spreading rate is determined for the draw-down by weight difference. These acetate supported paint films are then measured for re flectance over black and white backgrounds. Dibutyl phthalate is used between the background and the acetate sheeting to eliminate the air interface in much the manner that an oil immersion lens is used on a microscope. The Hew Jersey method then sets up typical contrast ra^io versus spreading rate curves for paints of various brightnesses, so that reflectance readings on any one draw-down may be extrapolated to give data for spreading rate at a 95^ contrast ratio (this is the comparison point between pigments or paints). The above procedure differs from that used in this laboratory by its use of acetate sheeting over a single set of backgrounds and by its mode of determining contrast ratio. We have used Morest charts and multiple draw-downs of various thicknesses to plot contrast ratio against spreading rate and read spreading rate at 95^ C. R. from this curve. It is interesting to note that duplicate values are obtained using Morest charts or the acetate sheet system of measuring contrast ratio. The use of acetate sheet offers an advantage in the weighing operation for the determination of spreading rates. It also affords an advantage for constancy or uniformity of the test backgrounds. With a wide variety of paint types we are inclined to use the acetate sheet support in our normal method of testing. Further detail is available if there are those who are interested. 0007-SWP-045317 0007-SWP-000114688 Paint Research November, 1948 -24- #86 - Leaded Zinc Pigments Exposures 11319-47 F, C were examined after 18 months at Florida* vertical south, and Chicago north and south, regular cedar siding. The purpose was to test what was considered in early 1946 to be the formula tions most likely to bo used by National Lead in their forthcoming readymixed outside white. The basic assumption was that it would be 20$ each of ZnO, BSWL, BCWL, anatase (for the white) titanium and extenders, the lead and zinc being a mechanical mixture. On this basis several lead-zinc combinations were tested as follows, using (317) "Z" bodied linseed and formulating at both 30.4# and 34# p.v.c.: XX-503 ZnO, National HTS BCWL and National Acicular BSWL. ZZZ-S3 Zr.O, National HTS BCWL and National Acicular BSWL. ZZZ-33 ZnO, National ,#111 BCWL and National Acicular BSWL. ZZZ-33 ZnO, National HTS BCWL and 9 diy Sublimed BSWL. 412 diy (co-fumed), with National HTS BCWL. The Florida tests are two coats self-primed only, but the Chicago tests included, self-prining, and the use of Rex 450 and Titanium Pigment's MW-401 (zincless) as primers. Differences at present are slight, but the following tentative inferences are possible: 1. Co-fumed formulas have at least a slight margin in durability. 2. No particular choice as to p.v.c. level. 3. Slightly greater failure using National HTS-acicular BSWL with XX-503 and ZZZ-33 than when using #111 or 9 diy. 4. ZZZ-33 with #111 possibly poorest of all. (Chicago results contradict this, showing ZZZ-33 with National HTS poorest.) 5. Practically all special tests show more mildew and dirt than co-fumed regulars. Exposures 11611-28 F, C were examined after 12 months at Florida, vertical south, and 17 months at Chicago. The purpose is to determine whether certain zinc oxides of varying particle sizes could be used more successfully in Rex 471 SWP Gloss White by reducing the amounts used. Regular Rex 471, bodied oil type, ell anatase TiQj is the basic formula and guide. Mechanical mix formulas at 32#, 21# and 10# zinc oxide make! 0007-SWP-045318 0007-SWP-000114689 0007-SWP-000114690 Paint Research N ovember, 1548 -28-* #162 - 3-H84fts in Flat Wall Paint Formulation RCI Drying Recorder The Reichhold Drying Recorder has been received axtd is being put through a series of testa to determine whether it is suitable for rather general use throughout the Institution. After preliminaiy inspection and testing there is e definite possibility that several major changes will be required to develop maximum usefulness and Versa tility. It i3 suggested that other institutional laboratories might .do well to delay ordering Drying Recorders until this department has had an opportunity to do further work. The following variables are under consideration at this time: 1. Pin design to give a more positive endpoint. 2, Size of top plate to accommodate standard draw-downs on glass plates. 5. Effects of light and ventilation on drying of films. Some interesting results have been obtained on the effect of light on drying. Comparing one sample of Rax 710 Enameloid White under constant temperature and humidity conditions but varying the light con ditions from darkness through radiation with diffuse daylight and dif fuse fluorescent light the following comparable points were read with the RCI recorder (actually the point where the standard pin lifts from the glass -- somewhat later than the conventional nset-to-touch time*): Type of Illumination Darkness Foot-Candles - Dry Point 215 minutes Diffuse daylight Diffuse fluorescent - Approximately 10-15 Approximately 40 - 50 190 " 205 " These figures are the averages of three runs under the specified conditions. Flat Wall Painta . : A recbeck oi* Flat-Tone made at Chicago during recent months shows viscosities between 8 and 10 seconds cm the #5 orifice when (3880)E of standard body is used. Pebble mill batches appear to have slightly lower viscosity than those made on roller Mils. After we receive Cleve land's report on the viscosities of Flat-Tone made at Cleveland, Newark and Detroit, we may find it necessary to set up an alternate formula for pebble mill production to increase the initial body slightly. 0007-SWP-045320 0007-SWP-000114691 Paint Research November, 1948 -29- f!6Z - Cent. Flat Wall Paints - Cont. Samples of Flat-Tone White made with Shell' s 8296 Mineral Spirits and deodorized kerosene. Regular Base $1 which were sent to Cleveland far test were reported to be much superior in odor to regular Flat-Tone. Shell has reported that the special B296 Mineral Spirits and regular mineral spirits are the same in cost but their deodorized kerosene is approximately 5-5/4^ higher than (141). The increase in cost would therefore amount to less than one cent per gallon. Cleveland is to check with the sales de partment to 3ee if they are interested, A sample of Dianol Paint Insecticide, manufactured by Inter continental Enterprises, Inc. was tested as on insect repellent in flat wall paint. According to their directions, one pound of Dianol was added to a gallon c flat wall paint. Paints made with and without Dianol were brushed on Dpson board panels and allowed to diy for 72 hours. Test3 were run using flies obtained from Sinclair Refining Company. Dianol did not seem to repel the flies or to have any effective killing power when . used to the extent of one pound per gallon of paint. Porch and Floor Enamels The Resin Research Department submitted two other rosin varnishes, RC 0620 and RC 0621, as liquids for use in Porch and Floor Enamels:* RC 0620 RC 0621 Resin * * Oil Linseed Soya Body Zs Z - Z, A. V. 5.1 1.2 Color 11 7 Solids 70$ 70$ *Butyl phenol formaldehyde modified bisphenol epichlorohydrin resin. The two varnishes were compared with an earlier ether resin vcrnish, RC 0579, which is also based on soya and regular floor enamel made from (6173) and (4950)G. RC 0620 was too high in body to be suitable for Porch and Floor. However, enamels made with RC 0621 and RC 0579 were only slightly high for body. From the standpoint of gloss RC 0621 was quite good, -whereas RC 0579 was rather low compared with standard Porch and Floor Enamel. The enamels will be exposed at 45 south in Chicago and Florida. They will also be checked for washability and package condition. 0007-SWP-045321 0007-SWP-000114692 Paint Research November, 1948 -30- 4162 - Cont. Porch and Floor Enamels Viscosity Ir3 Batch Vehicle Fresh 3 Days Brushing Flow Dwinc Set-to-touch O'Nite Gloss 358 M (6173) 20" (4950)G 27" Good Too high 1 hr. 50 nin. Good V. good 357 M RC 0621 39" 49" Sticky Good 1 " 20 " V. good V, good 356 M RC 0620 2' 1" 2' 5" 7 days 205 M RC 0579 33.4" 36.6" Too high in body - no tests. Sticky SI. short 2 hr. 20 min. Good Low Batch 358 M 357 M 205 M Water and Soap Resistance V chicle 16 Hour Water Test (6173) (4950)G RC 0621 RC 0579 No whitening 11 H ii n 3 Hours - l Soap Slight + whitening Trace whitening Definite whitening 0007-SWP-045322 0007-SWP-000114693 Paint Research December, 1940 -12- //187 - Physical Properties cf Pigments The September Report of Investigations gave data on the mois ture permeability of a number of conventional interior vail paint systems. Because of certain anomalies the run was repeated but with no greater success. The systems under test were as follows: First Coat Second Coat Third Coat Rex 25 Wall Primer and Sealer Rex 810 Flat-Tone White - Rex 29 Aluminum Paint Rex 25 Rex 810 Rex 25 Rex 210 Semi-Lustre White - Rex 29 Aluminum Paint Rex 25 Rex 210 Rex 50 Flat-Rite Undercoater 50/50 Flat-Rita/Rex 710 Rex 710 Enameloid Rex 50 Reduced 8/1 with boiled oil " White If Because of the relatively low degree of permeability, these de terminations are comparatively difficult to carry out, The results obtained on the second series do not agree too well with those of the first, although the order of magnitude is within reasonable limits. Reruns on individual samples of films check rather closely, but as soon as a new sample of draw downs is prepared the checks between different samples of the same materials becomes rather poor. A more refined technique than that employed up to now has been worked out and it is hoped that the major sources of error will be eliminated. The work on flooding, floating and silking has progressed very satisfactorily. The major sources of these phenomena have been isolated and a number of photomicrographs illustrating the various phases have been prepared. It was determined that flooding, floating and silking as well as orange peel are the result of the formation of eddy currents in the applied films while drying, the float and silk being brought about directly through vortex action. A portion of the pigmentation of the wet paint film is floated away from its original position and deposited at different positions of the film in higher concentrations. If the shade or hue of this pigment varies from that of the main portion of the film, a color differing from that of the original mixture will result which is manifested in the appearance of flooding, floating or silking. The various conditions under which these states can be induced or repressed have been studied and a comprehensive report covering these phenomena is being prepared and will be ready for distri bution at an early date. 0007-SWP-045323 0007-SWP-000114694 % Paint Research December, 1948 -22- #162 - Studies in Flat Vail Paint Formulation RCI Drying Recorder There was some discussion in the November report of the work in progross with tho Roichhold Drying Recorder. During the past month several decisions have been made and action is being taken to modify the recorder for increased utility. It is suggested once more that other institutional laboratories delay ordering Drying Recorders pend ing completion of the study which we have under way. During the past month the instrument has been in almost 24-hour operation testing house paints at night and enamel types dur ing the daytime hours. The pin or stylus design has been standardized as a square end flat "hoe" 1/4" vide x l/32" thick. These have been adjusted to a bearing weight of 4.03 grams on the paint film. The operation has been standardized so that under normal con ditions two endpoints are observed: (1) The"tear point'! is that point at which the first visible characteristics of a hardened top film become evident. This is a measure of surface dry end corresponds quite closely to "set-to-touch" time. On the time-drying track it i3 the point at which the paint starts to ripple and tear along the edges. (2) Tho "break point" is the point at which the stylus raises from the substrate to ride on the surface of the film. This point gives some measure of through dry. Using the stylus and the interpretation described above, these comparative measurements have been mads with the recorder: Product Tear Point (Minutes) Break Point (Minutes) Rex 100 - Kem-Namel Rex 210 - Semi-Lustre Rex 710 - Enaaeloid (oleoresinous) Rex 810 - Flat-Tone Rex 471 - Pre-war Rex 471 - Post-war (linseed) Rex 16174 -Kramik Rex 51400 - Kem-Glo 355 - 185 120 154 - 75 535 830 500 620 - 170 None _ i ! ")! . J. 0007-SWP-045324 0007-SWP-000114695 Paint Research December, 1948 -23- #162 - Cont. RCI Drying Recorder - Cont. A study of these tests reveals two interesting and separate phenomena. It was found that paints formulated at or near the CPVC do not exhibit surface dxying as distinguished from through drying. There is no evidence of a top film formation with these paints. Only the break point is noted without the -typical tear point as evidenced with such materials as Enameloid or SWP. The second unusual performance was that of Kem-Glo enamel. This material was found to dry from the bottom up as evidenced ty the fact that the stylus lifts very gradually from the bottom, leaving a wedge shape depression in the paint film much like the slot of the Hegman grind gauge. Work is under way to determine the cause of this performance. The recorder is being modified to test 12 samples simultan eously. Details of this modification vill be reported as soon as they have been worked out completely. Flat Wall Paints Work continues to improve the washability of Flat-Tone. In connection-with this problem, wc have investigated a product called Vistac #1 made ty Advance Solvents and Chemical Corporation, also an alkyd called Syntex 131 from Jones-Dabney Compary. Vistac #1 was introduced for the solids of (2287) which amounted to 4-1/2 gallons per 100 gallons paint or approximately 25$ of the vehicle solids. A second test was also made using 3 gallons per 100. It produced an improvement in washability but was poor in uniformity of tint and sheen. The flats containing Vistac were rather poor in drying over night. Properties of Flat Wall Paints Batch Viscosity #5 Brush Fresh 0'Nite ing 425 M 14.6" 16" Reg. formula Good Flow Good Washability Uniformity Dry No. Rubs ing 1 Week 2 Weeks Tint Sheen Good 100 75 Good Good 427 M 4-1/2 gals. Vistac 17" 18.8" Good Short Soft 200 75 Fair Fair- 498 M 3 gals. Vistac 13" 14.6" Good SI. SI. 200 175 Good Fairshort soft 0007-SWP-045325 0007-SWP-000114696 Paint Research December, 1948 -24- #162 - Cent. Flat Wall Paints - Cont. Laboratory batches of Flat-Tone made vith (3880)E and Syntex 131 were good in vashability, flow, drying, etc. but additional work will bet required to improve the uniformity of sheen end to increase the initial viscosity. Wall Primer and Sealer The new formula for Rex 25 (card #4) was compared with the previous formulas dated 3-11-48 and Alternate A dated 4-13-48. The new formula was better in drying but not equivalent in sealing to' the formula dated 3-11-48. The latest revision is based on the same pigmentation as the alternate formula dated 4-13-43. The sealing properties of these' two formulas are not equivalent to that c card #3. Batch Properties of Wall Primer Formulations Viscosity Brush Characteristics Fresh O'Nite ing., ... Flow- Gloss of Recoat Gloss (Semi-Lustre (On Upson on Board) Upson Board) 0J 487 M Card #3 25" 27" OK OK Veiy low Good With 110# 1403 sheen OJ. 4B8 M Card #3 Alt. A 22" With 90# 2173 and 3 gal. (4230) 24.6" OK OK Very low sheen Good 0J 489 M Card #4 25" As card 3-A but 8 gal. (4230) 26.8" OK OK Very low sheen Good Batch 0J 487 H 0J 4B8 M 0J 429 M Drying Set-to-touch O'Nite Sealing (On Transite Board) Sealing (On Upson Board) 50 minutes Good Good Good 1 hour Good SI. spotty Good 50 minutes Good SI. spotty Good Diving (On Steel) Good Good Good + 0007-SWP-045326 0007-SWP-000114697 Paint Research December, 1948 -25- #162 - Oont. Semi-Lustre In a study of settling in Semi-Lustre - Rex 210, a series of enamels was prepared on Formula Cards #4 and #5, with variations to show the effects of wetting agents Acto 450' CW (2543) and lecithin 2270 dry. The settled state of these materials was observed after three months in the package. There was no objectionable settling in any case, and samples containing wetting agents showed slightly softer and less thixotropic settled pigment cakes than did the reference materials with no additives. Lecithin fortified batches hold a very slight advantage over those con taining Acto 450 CW (2343) at this point in the test. Enameloid The Resin Research Department submitted a 25 gallon DehydrolKrumbhaar Resin K-454 varnish coded RC 1338 to be compared with (2848)E in Enameloid White. The Krumbhaar 454 resin is a rosin maleic acid type resin designed for pale varnishes. The enamel made with RC 1338 was similar to Enameloid White made from (2848)E. However, RC 1338 is about 11/ a gallon higher in cost than (2848)E. The two enamels will be checked for elasticity and after-yellowing. Batch 0J 500 M OJ 501 M Varnish Tested (2848) RC 1338 Drying Propertios Set-to-touch 0 'N ite 2 hr. 15 min. Good 2 hr. 30 min. Good Viscosity Fresh 3 Days 41.2" 44" 29.8" 32" Batch OJ' 500 M 0J 501 M Brushing Flow SI. sticky Good Color Good Good Very good Good Gloss Good Good Soot Test Vi Soap Water Definite whitening n Veiy slight whitening 11 1 0007-SWP-045327 0007-SWP-000114698 Paint Research December, 1948 -26- #162 - Cont. Bodying Agents In addition to the bodying agents referred to in the September report, ve have also investigated the two agents listed below in One Coat House Paint - CH 4697, Flat-Tone Dawn Bluo - Rex SOS, C 3158, and Kemclad Enamel White - F70 V 2. The Kemclad Enamel was not checked for viscosity at the 31 day period due to the fact that both bodying agents separated from the Kemclad vehicle. Bodying Agent Tests (Viscosity) Viscosities at 75 F. Agent Time Amount of Agent Added per Pint in Days None 1/8 Oz. l/4 Oz. 3/8 Oz. 1/2 Oz. One Coat House Paint - 411 M Enamel Thickner X-151 F, S. Lewis and Co, Note: Agent reduced 1600j with (348). At once 1 3 7 15 31 19.4" 20.4 20.0 20 20.2 21.8 22" 23.4 22.3 22.8 22.6 22.6 25.6" 26.6 25.6 24.6 24.2 24.2 Kemclad Enamel - Rex F70 W 2 28.2" 29.8 29.8 27 25 25.4 32.8" 33 31.6 50.4 29.4 27.2 Agent was not reduced. At once 1 3 7 15 31 14.4" 14.8" 15.4" 16.2" 14.8 15.6 15.6 17.2 15.6 16.8 17.6 18.4 16.6 17.2 18.2 19 17 18 19.4 19 Agent separated from Kemclad. 17" 17.4 19.2 20.2 21 Flat-Tone Dawn Blue - Rex 808 Agent was not reduced. v At once 1 3 7 15 31 15.4" 15.2 16 16 16 18.2 15.8" 16.4 17.2 17.4 18 18.4 16.6" 17.8 18.6 19 19.2 20.4 17.4" 18.8 20.4 20.2 20 21 17.8" 19.4 21.2 20.6 20.8 21 1 j i i : i1 1 ! 1 ! ( j ! : : 0007-SWP-045328 0007-SWP-000114699 HBIUWIU .(ttlttua* Paint Research December, 1948 -27- #162 - Cont. Bodying Agents - Cont. Bodying Agent Tests (Viscosity) Viscosities at 75 F. Agent Time ______ Amount of Agent Added per Pint in Days None 1/8 Oz. 1/4 Oz. 3/8 Oz. 1/2 Oz. One Coat House Paint V-510 Vehicle Carlson Industrial Finishes. Hote: Agent reduced 1600$ vith (348). At once 1 3 7 15 31 19.4" 20.4 20 20 20.2 21.8 20.6" 21 20.6 20.6 21 20.6 26.4" 25 25 24.8 23 24 32" 31 30.2 30 28 27.4 36" 35 35 32 31 28 Kemclad Enamel - Rex F70 W 2 Agent was not reduced. At once 1 3 7 15 51 14.4" 15.4" 16.2" 17" 14.8 15.6 16.8 18 15.6 16.8 18.4 19.4 16.6 17.6 19 20.4 17 17 1.9.2 21 Agent separated from Kemclad. 19; 8" 19 21 21.4 22.2 Flat-Tone Dawn Blue - Rex SOB Agent was not reduced. At once 1 3 7 15 31 15.4" 15.2 16 16 16 18.2 16.4" 17.2 18.8 18 18 18.4 17.4" 18.8 20.2 20 20.2 20.4 18.6" 20.4 22 22 22 22.6 19.6" 21 23.4 23.4 25 24.4 0007-SWP-045329 0007-SWP-000114700