Document 37BGKvjmmzkkO2YJNOKYxVVE3

336 NOTES TO PAGES 202-7 103. Wilhelm Preiss, Verordnung iiber nikotinarmen und nikotinfreien Tabak (Berlin: Von Decker, 1939). 104. Klamer, Vom Rauchen, pp. 43-44. 105. Ibid., pp. 39-41. 106. Else Pappenheim and Erwin Stengel, "Zur Psychopathologie der Rauchgewohnheiten," Wiener \dinische Wochenschrift 37 (1937): 354-56. 107. "Professor Dr. Schlick ermordet," Tabakfreie Kultur 25 (1936): 8. 108. "Berlin," pp. 2163-64; Reichs-Gesundheitsblatt 14 (1939): 323,511-12,550. 109. Wilhelm Spengler, Genuss?--Ja! Genussgifte?--Nein! (Dresden: Miillersche Verlagshandlung, 1939), p. 53. 110. Kurt Friebe, Eisenbahn-Verkehrsordnung (Leipzig: Verkehrswissenschaftliche Lehrmittelgesellschaft, 1938), p. 29. 111. "Anordnung," Reichs-Gesundheitsblatt 14 (1939): 550; "Rauchverbot fur die Polizei auf Strassen und in Dienstraumen," Die Genussgifte 36 (1940): 59. 112. "Berlin: Alcohol, Tobacco and Coffee," JAMA 113 (1939): 1144-45. 113. "Kleine Mitteilungen," Vertrauensarzt 9 (1941): 196; "Mitteilungen," Offentlicher Gesundheitsdienst 7 (1941): 488. 114. Charman, German Home Front, p. 56; Christoph M. Merki, "Die nationalsozialistische Tabakpolitik," Vierteljahrshefte fur Zeitgeschichte 46 (1998): 36. 115. Walther Fromme, "Offentlicher Gesundheitsdienst," in Rodenwaldt et al.. Hygiene, p. 36. 116. Informationsdienst des Hauptamtesfiir Volksgesurtdheit der NSDAP, April/ June 1944, pp. 60-61; Martin Bormann to Hans-Heinrich Lammers, March 4, 1944, R43 H/1226b, BAP. 117. Reichsgesetzblatt 1 (1940): 742 and 814. 118. "Rauchverbot," Arbeitsschutz, May 15, 1943, p. 136. Prior even to the war, some tobacco bans had little to do with health. Smoking was not allowed in hospital wards and on German U-boats, for example, though in the latter case ten-minute smoking breaks were sometimes allowed when a submarine had surfaced. Smoking was also often banned in factory bathrooms, because urinals kept clogging up from the discarded butts; see Klamer, Vom Rauchen, pp. 29-31. 119. "Todesstrafe fiir verantwortungsloses Rauchen," Die Tabakfrage 24 (1942): 89. 120. "Bestimmung des Werberates," Wirtschaftswerbung, December 1941, pp. 396-97; "Berlin: The Nicotine Content of Tobacco Products," JAMA 113 (1939): 1145-50. 121. "Werberat," Chronica Nicotiana 3 (Heft 1,1942): 91-92. 122. Rath to Astel, February 25, 1942, Bestand L 512, Universitatsarchiv Jena. 123. Klamer, Vom Rauchen, p. 7. 124. Walther Funk to Partei-Kanzlei, May 20,1941, R43 II/1226b, BAP. 125. Bormann to Lammers, April 16,1941, R43 n/1226b, BAP. Hitler's order was issued April 23,1941. 126. Walther Funk to Partei-Kanzlei, May 20,1941, R43 II/1226b, BAP. 127. "Erkennung und Bekampfung," pp. 183-85. Hitler contributed RM NOTES TO PAGES 208-13 337 100,000 from his Reichzkanzlei; Frau Alfred Ploetz, wife of the deceased racial hygienist, also contributed RM 500; see Bestand L 510, Universitatsarchiv Jena. By 1944 this institute was sometimes called the Institut zur Bekampfung der Tabakgefahren; this is the name printed, for example, on the title page of Erich Schoniger's medical dissertation; see his Lungenkrebs und Tabakverbrauch (Jena: Med. diss., 1944). 128. Lickint to Astel, April 21,1941, Bestand L 512, Universitatsarchiv Jena. 129. "Erkennung und Bekampfung," pp. 183-85. 130. Ibid. Compare Klamer's characterization of the tobacco industry as "stark mit jiidischen Elementen durchsetzt" (Vom Rauchen, p. 46). 131. "Why has the struggle against tobacco arisen in Thuringia? Because in Thuringia we have eliminated one enemy of the people [Volksfeind] after an other (most recently, tuberculosis)"; see "Auszugsweise Abschrift," May 5, 1941, R43 H/1226b, BAP. Saxony's Gauleiter Martin Mutschmann was another antitobacco activist; by 1939 he had barred smoking in all government office buildings (Sauerbruch, Lickint, and Gabriel, Arzt, Alkohol und Tabak, p. 13). 132. Klee, "Euthanasie", pp. 341-42 and 425. 133. "Erkennung und Bekampfung," p. 183. Astel had joined the anticom munist Freikorps shortly after the First World War; he was named president of Thuringia's Landesamt fiir Rassewesen on September 1,1933, and director of Jena's Anstalt fiir Menschliche Ziichtungslehre und Vererbungsforschung in June of 1934 (in 1935 renamed the Institut fiir Erbforschung und Rassenpolitik). He was awarded the NSDAP's Goldenes Ehrenzeichen in January of 1939. 134. Weindling, Health, p. 529. 135. "Die einzelnen wissenschaftlichen Bearbeiter durfen, damit sie in Blick, Urteil und Haltung unbefangen und unabhangig sind, nicht tabaksiichtig sein. Nichtrauchen is daher fiir die Mitarbeit an der Erforschung und Bekampfung der Tabakgefahren genau so Voraussetzung wie arische Abstammung fiir die Eignung zu volkischem Kampfe, der zum Siege fiihren soil"; see Fritz Sauckel, "Abschrift," March 20,1941, R43 II/745b, BAP. Sauckel's proposal was appar ently conveyed to Hitler by Reichsleiter Martin Bormann, who approved the funds. Reichsstatthalter and Gauleiter Fritz Sauckel (sometimes derisively re membered as "Sauleiter Gauckel") launched an antitobacco campaign for Thu ringia about this time, involving measures such as the barring of women under the age of twenty-five from smoking in public; see NS 18/22 and 18/1826, BAK. 136. Goebbels, Tagebucher, p. 714. In February of 1939 Reine Luft announced the decision of a "major film company" to make an antitobacco film in collab oration with the German Antitobacco League (21 [1939]: 2); it is not clear whether this was the same as the film mentioned by Goebbels. 137. Bestand L510, Universitatsarchiv Jena; compare also Roth, "Filmpropaganda," in Reform und Gewissen: "Euthanasie" im Dienst des Fortschritts, ed. Gdtz Aly et al. (Berlin: Rotbuch, 1985), pp. 125-93; and Michael Burleigh's 1993 film. Selling Murder: The Killing Films of the Third Reich. After the war, on Decem ber 1,1945, Skramlik filed a petition to be considered "a victim of fascism"; see Susanne Zimmermann, Die medizinische F.akultdt der Universitat Jena wahrend der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus (Jena: Med. diss., 1994), p. 96. Skramlik was named