Document 3200MXBR78GJ8bBBdeD4qEyE

British Journal of Industrial Medicine 1986;43:18-28 Asbestos content of lung tissue in asbestos associated diseases: a study of 110 cases VL ROGGLI,1 PC PRATT,1 AND AR BRODY2 From the Department of Pathology,1 Duke University and Durham Veterans Administration Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina 27710, and Laboratory of Pulmonary Pathobiology,1 National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA abstract Diseases associated with asbestos exposure include asbestosis, malignant mesothelioma, carcinoma of the lung, and parietal pleural plaques. In this study the asbestos content of lung tissue was examined in groups of cases representing each of these diseases and in several cases with non-occupational idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Asbestos bodies (AB), which are the hallmark of asbestos exposure, were present in the lungs of virtually everyone in the general population and present at increased levels in individuals with asbestos associated diseases. The highest numbers of AB occurred in individuals w'ith asbestosis, all of whom had levels >2000 ABs/g wet lung tissue. Every case with a content of 100000 ABs/g or higher had asbestosis. Intermediate levels occurred in individuals with malignant mesothelioma and the lowest levels in patients with parietal pleural plaques. There was no overlap between the asbestos content of lung tissue from patients with asbestosis and those with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Lung cancer was present in half the patients with asbestosis, and the distribution of histological patterns did not differ from that in patients with lung cancer without asbestosis. The asbestos body content in patients with lung cancer was highly variable. Control cases had values within our previously established normal range (0-20 ABs/g). There was a significant correlation (p < 0-001) between AB counted by light microscopy and AB and uncoated fibres counted by scanning electron microscopy. The previous observation that the vast majority of asbestos bodies isolated from human tissues have an amphibole core was confirmed. Asbestos exposure has been associated with several diseases, including asbestosis, mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum, lung carcinoma, and parietal pleural plaques.1 ~3 Asbestos bodies, the hallmark of exposure to asbestos, are formed by the coating of partially phagocytosed asbestos fibres with an iron protein mucopolysaccharide complex.* When sufficiently sensitive digestion techniques are used, these structures may be extracted from the lung tissue of virtually every adult in industrialised nations, indi cating low level contamination of the environ ment.5 "10 Only a portion of the asbestos fibres within the lung are coated, however, so that studies of the correlation between the asbestos content oflung tissue and various asbestos associated diseases require deter mination of both the coated and uncoated fibre con tent of the lung using quantitative techniques. In the present study the asbestos concentration of lung tissue from 110 cases of asbestos associated dis eases was examined to attempt to correlate lung asbes- Accepled 2 April 1985 tos burdens with specific pathological changes. Furthermore, the asbestos concentrations within the lung were compared with the occupational exposure history so that, in cases where exposure was unknown or unavailable, an assessment could be made regard ing an approximate level of exposure--for example, environmental v low level occupational v long term occupational. In addition, the relation between the asbestos body concentration estimated by light microscopy (LM) and the type and numbers of coated and uncoated fibres observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was studied. Such a comparison should provide information on the comparability of asbestos body counts using different analytical tech niques, and the relation between asbestos bodies and total fibre or uncoated fibre counts as well as the types of fibres present. Materials and methods PATIENTS The study group included all cases of asbestosis, mesothelioma, parietal pleural plaques, and lung can- 18 ted at Centers, r theliom^ jng tissue ases with llmark of ition and imbers of ng tissue, occurred il pleural ;nts with : patients ents with as highly i ABs.'g). an ' ' B tha ,.ie : exposure unknown Je regardexample, ong term ween the by light of coated electron mparison ability of :cal tech>dies and the types ; i i 1 i i I i bestosis, ang can- Asbcstos content of lung tissue in asbestos associated diseases: a study of 110 cases 19 1 ccr with a suspected asbestos aetiology seen at Duke and minced with a clean scalpel blade. After digestion University Medical Center or Durham Veterans was complete and the contents allowed to settle for at Administration Medical Center (57 cases) or referred least 72 hours, the supernatant was carefully pipetted in consultation to one of the authors (VLR, 53 cases) and the sediment suspended in 40 ml of a 1:1 (v/v) from July 1980 to April 1984. To be included in the mixture of chloroform and 50% ethanol. The sus study, tissue had to be available for determination of pension was centrifuged at 10 000 rpm for 30 minutes, asbestos content. Thirty cases of asbestosis were the supernatant discarded, and the sediment sus included in the study, defined histologically as the pended in 95% ethanol. The sediment was then col presence in tissue sections ofboth asbestos bodies and lected on a Nuclepore filter (pore size 0-4 fim) that was peribronchiolar fibrosis, with or without fibrosis of mounted on a glass slide for asbestos body the alveolar septa and with or without honey quantification by LM. combing.11 The severity of asbestosis was judged his This method works well for asbestos bodies and tologically using a previously reported grading larger uncoated amphibole fibres but studies in our scheme11 that takes into account both the proportion laboratory, using a rat model of chrysotile inhalation of bronchioles affected and the severity of the disease. exposure, indicated that a variable and sometimes Nineteen cases of diffuse (malignant) mesothelioma substantial proportion of small chrysotile fibres are were studied, the diagnosis being based on the gross lost during the centrifugation step at the chloroform- distribution of tumour, typical histological pattern, ethanol interface (unpublished observations). Fur and the absence of any other primary site.1112 Eigh thermore, the use of large sample sizes in patients with teen of these cases were confirmed at necropsy. Forty heavy asbestos exposure results in filters that are eight cases of parietal pleural plaques without asbes unusable because of large accumulations of fibres. tosis were examined, plaques being defined as ivory Therefore, we devised a hypochlorite digestion tech coloured, circumscribed foci of pleural thickening,- nique (modified after Williams etal11) that does not with or without calcification, most often affecting the require centrifugation, permits quantitative recovery posterolateral chest wall and domes ofthe diaphragm, ofchrysotile asbestos fibres, and is suitable for smaller and exhibiting microscopic features of layers of sample sizes (0-l-0-4g wet weight).18 Organic resi almost acellular hyalinised collagen.1113,4 Finally, dues are minimised with this technique by successive there were 17 cases of primary lung carcinomas with rinsing of the filter with oxidising agents (8-0% oxalic neither plaques nor asbestosis. These were classified acid, 5-25% sodium hypochlorite). In most cases, histologically according to the criteria proposed by before the samples were digested, tissue sections were the World Health Organisation.15 screened for asbestos body content. In cases where A "control'' group included 10 cases with idio asbestos bodies were absent or infrequent, the tech pathic pulmonary fibrosis (cryptogenic fibrosing alve nique using centrifugation and a large tissue sample olitis) and 10 cases with normal lungs. Idiopathic (4*5-5-5 g) was used to determine the asbestos body pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) was defined as diffuse bilat content. In cases where asbestos bodies were numer eral interstitial fibrosis with varying degrees of ous or the tissue sample was limited (< I g), the tech inflammation for which there was no apparent nique not requiring centrifugation18 was used: it was aetiology. These cases were diagnosed by open lung always used for SEM studies. Both techniques give biopsy (5 cases) or necropsy (5 cases). Asbestos bodies comparable results for quantification ofasbestos bod were not seen in tissue sections, and there was no ies by LM. In 10 cases for which both techniques were evidence of pleural plaques. In the 10 cases with nor used the mean ratio of asbestos body counts by the mal lungs no fibrosis, emphysema, or consolidation, centrifugation technique to that by the non and minimal pigmentation, was evident on gross centrifugation technique was M0 (range, 0-31-3-53). inspection at necropsy. In 21 cases wet fixed tissue was not available and it Occupational information and smoking history was necessary to digest tissue recovered from a were obtained by a review of the medical records paraffin block. The blocks were deparaffinised in without prior knowledge of the asbestos content of xylene and then rehydrated to 95% ethanol, from the lung tissue. The age and sex of each patient were which a wet weight was obtained. Since a portion of also recorded. tissue that has been dehydrated through a series of lipid solvents will weigh less than its formalin fixed wet TISSUE DIGESTION TECHNIQUE weight, it was necessary to determine a conversion Asbestos was recovered from the lung by digesting the factor so that the asbestos counts on tissue obtained tissue in 5-25% sodium hypochlorite solution as pre from paraffin blocks would be comparable to those viously described.16 A sample weighing 4-5-5-5 g was obtained from wet fixed tissue. We determined that, selected (one to four samples a case, depending on on average, a deparaffinised lung section rehydrated tissue availability), blotted briefly on a paper towel. to 95% ethanol weighs 70% as much as the same 20 formalin fixed section before paraffin embedding. Therefore, all asbestos body and fibre counts from tissues recovered from paraffin blocks were multiplied by a factor of 0-70. A'o.i'!'//. Pratt, ami Brmly pared with samples prepared from the UICC asbestos standards (kindly provided by Dr V Timbrel!. MRC Pneumoconiosis Unit. Penarth. Cardiff. United King dom). ASBESTOS QUANTIFICATION ' Asbestos bodies were counted on Nuclepore filters by LM at a magnification of x200, and the results expressed as asbestos bodies per gram of wet lung tissue. Only bodies with typical dumbbell, javelin, or segmented morphologies and thin transparent cores were included in the counts/ Non-asbestos fer ruginous bodies (pscudoasbestos bodies)19 with broad yellow cores or dark brown to black cores were frequently encountered but were not included in the calculations. In most cases they were far less numer ous than the true asbestos bodies. The analytical sen sitivity of the technique is one asbestos body per filter, with a detection limit of 0-2 asbestos bodies per gram of wet lung tissue. Analytical SEM with asbestos fibre identification and enumeration was performed in 59 cases. The Nuclepore filter was mounted on a carbon disc with colloidal graphite, sputter coated with gold, and examined in a SEM (JEOL type JSM35) equipped with a Kevex energy dispersive spectrometer at a magnification of x 1000. This magnification was selected because it is low enough to detect the entire range of asbestos body sizes, yet high enough to iden tify the vast majority of fibres 5 pm or greater in length. Coated and uncoated fibres were counted sep arately. All the fibres whose centres fell within sequential fields were counted until a total of 200 fibres or 100 fields (whichever came first) were encoun tered. The total number of coated and uncoated fibres on the filter could then be calculated, and the results expressed per gram of lung tissue. The analytical sen sitivity is 125 fibres a filter, with a theoretical detection limit of400 fibres a gram for a 0-3 gram tissue sample. Samples were examined at 0 tilt, with a constant working distance of 15 mm between the specimen and the objective lens. In each case examined by SEM 10-20 fibres were analysed by energy dispersive x ray analysis to deter mine the types of fibres present. Consecutive fibres and asbestos bodies with sufficiently exposed cores to permit analysis were identified at x 1500 magnification and analysed using the spot mode at 20 kV accelerating voltage and acquisition time of 10-100 sec (average 60 sec). Chrysotile was recognised by its often curly morphology, small diameter, and elemental content of Mg and Si only. The amphiboles were straight fibres, sometimes with longitudinal grooves, diameters somewhat greater than chrysotile, and distinctive chemical compositions (fig I). The chemical compositions of unknown fibres were com STATISTICAL METHODS ' The relation between histological grade of asbestosis and the asbestos concentration in lung tissue, smoking history, age, duration of asbestos exposure, and uncoatcd to coated fibre ratio was examined by linear regression analysis and determination of the cor relation coefficient r. This method was also used to examine the relation between dimensions of pleural plaques and asbestos body content, asbestos body counts by LM as compared with SEM. and coated r uncoatcd fibre counts by SEM. Non-parametric analysis (Wiicoxon signed rank test) was used to com pare the asbestos content of the lung in patients with asbestosis with and without lung cancer. Results were accepted as statistically significant when p < 0-05. Results NORMAL LUNGS Occupational information for the 10 patients with normal lungs at necropsy is given in table l and'the asbestos body concentrations for these cases sum marised in table 2. These values compare well with our previously established normal ranee of 0-20 ABs/gm.,2,s " ASBESTOSIS AH 30 patients with asbestosis were men, with a mean age of 60-6 + 9-1 years. Occupational information was available for 29 (table 1) and all had worked directly with asbestos or asbestos containing products for periods ranging from five to 44 years (mean 27-5 years). Smoking history was available for 26: all were smokers or ex-smokers (one smoked cigars only). Four had malignant mesothelioma (3 pleural, 1 peri toneal) and 15 had carcinoma of the lung (see below). Table 2 shows the asbestos content of the lung tis sue in these 30 cases. All patients had at least 2000 asbestos bodies per gram of wet lung (ABs/g). with a median concentration exceeding 100000 ABs/g. In every patient with 100000 or more ABs.g checked by LM, asbestosis was confirmed histologically. Simi larly, every patient with 500000 or more uncoated fibres greater than or equal to 5 pm in length had asbestosis. There was no overlap in the asbestos body or uncoated fibre concentrations between asbestosis and either idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis cases or nor mal lungs (table 2). The relation between the histological grade of asbestosis and the asbestos body count (LM and SEM), uncoated fibre count (SEM), and total fibre #I and Bnuh asbestos ^Ibrcll. MRC T. United Kina- Jc of asbestosis tissue, smoking exposure, and nined by linear m of the coris also used to ions of pleural asbestos body I. and coated v ,'on-paramctric ts used to comn patients with r. Results were .n p < 0 05. I j * ! . ! ` , j j j ! j I Asbestos content of lung tissue in asbestos associated diseases: a study of 110 cases 21 patients with able 1 and the se cases sumew" ithour lge 0-20 l^h a mean j il information 1 had worked .ning products rs (mean 27-5 or 26: all were cigars only), leural, 1 peri.g (see below), f the lung tisat least 2000 \Bs-g), with a 00 ABs;g. In g checked by gically. Simiore uncoated n length had asbestos body :en asbestosis . cases or nor- cal grade of rnt (LM and nd total fibre [ j I ' . j J i Fig 1 Energy dispersive x ray spectra offour different amphibole asbestosfibres, (a) Amosite has peaksfor Si, Fe, Mg, and sometimes Mn. (b) Crocidotiie has peaksfor Si, Fe, Na, and Mg. (c) Anthophyllite has peaksfor Si, Mg, and Fe. id) Trcmolite has peaks for Si, Mg, and Ca. Peak in each spectrum immediately to right ofSi is due to Au used to coat specimen. count (SEM) was examined. When only cases with three or more histological sections of lung were con sidered. there was a significant (p < 0-05) correlation between the grade of asbestosis and each of the four asbestos content parameters. The best correlations were obtained for histological grade of asbestosis v total fibre count by SEM (r = 0-57) and v uncoated fibre count by SEM (r = 0-56. fig 2). There was no significant correlation between histological grade of asbestosis and uncoated to coated fibre ratio (r = 0-08). age (r = 0T 5). or duration ofexposure to asbes tos (r =* 0-23). Interestingly, there was a correlation between histological grade of asbestosis and smoking history by pack-years (n = 15. r = 0-53, p < 0-05). MESOTHELIOMA Nineteen patients (18 men, 1 woman) had meso thelioma, four of whom also had asbestosis as described above. The mean age was 57-8 11-5 years. Occupational information was available for all 19 (table 1). Fifteen (including the four with asbestosis) had been exposed to asbestos or asbestos containing products for periods ranging from one to 40 years (mean 21-0 years). The remaining four were manual labourers (maintenance, heavy machinery operator, construction) and could conceivably have been exposed to asbestos containing materials. Smoking history was available for 14; 10 were smokers or ex smokers. There were 16 pleural and three peritoneal tumours. Among the 16 cases for whom histological sections were available for review, there were three epithelial, six sarcomatous, and seven biphasic (mixed epithelial and sarcomatous) tumours. Table 2 shows the asbestos content of the lung tis sue of the 15 with mesothelioma without asbestosis. The asbestos body counts exceeded our previously established normal range of 0-20 ABs.'g1116 in 10 of these cases, nine of whom had a definite occupational exposure to asbestos. In five patients the asbestos body count was within our normal range, although -- Roggli. Pratt, and Brody Table 1 Occupational categoryfor 1 IQ patients with asbestos associated diseases and 20 controls* Asbestosis Mesothelioma Parietal pleural plaques Lung cancer Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Normal lungs Asbestos insulator* Shipyard worker" Other asbestos* 23 4 53 46 07 00 00 2 3 1 2 2 0 Manual labourer* 0 4 15 3 1 1 Occupational information was not available in eight cases and one control (IPF). `Asbestos insulator: insulator, asbestos sprayer, pipefitter, pipecoverer, boiler maker, asbestos sawer, plasterer. "Shipyard worker: joiner, fitter, shipwright, electrician, welder, draftsman, handyman (excluding asbestos insulator). `Other asbestos: asbestos cement worker, asbestos textile, brakcline worker, industrial exposure to asbestos not further specified. "Manual and skilled labourers: construction, electrician, maintenance, painter, logger, foundry worker, heavy machinery operator, plumber, mason. ' `Other textile worker, farmer, military, chemical worker, factory worker, dietician, guard, musician, salesman, barber, engineer, teacher, tailor. Table 2 Asbestos content oflung tissue in HO cases ofasbestos associated diseases and 20 controls* No Age Smokers* Asbestos bodieslg (LAf) Asbestos bodieslg (SEM) Asbestosis 30 Mesothelioma* IS Pleural plaques* 48 Lung cancer* 17 Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis 10 Normal lungs 10 62 (37-79) 60 (26-78) 62 (36-89) 57 (40-74) 62 (39-85) 64 (28-85) 26(26 7/11 32-38 16/16 5/7 4/10 106000 (2400-684000) 550 (0-2-13300) 110 (0-6-27500) 102 (0-8-46000) 9 (0-8-148) 3 (0-2-22) 307000 (24500-1.400000) 15800 (0-84200) 1700 (900-65000) 13 900 (450-51000) t (0-580) ND `Patients with mesothelioma without asbestosis. "Patients with pleural plaque without asbestosis or mesothelioma. `Patients with lung cancer without asbestosis or pleural plaques. `Number of cases that are smokers.-number of cases for which smoking history available. `Magnification 1000 x--includes mainly fibres > 5 pm in length. Values reported as median, with range indicated in parentheses underneath. tMedian value below range of detection. ND -- Data unavailable. Vncoatedfibres tx 690 (141-12500) 67 (1-2-413) 2-2 (0-8-243) 29 (0-7-141) 29 (1&-43) ND one of these was probably exposed to asbestos (brake repairman, >40 years). The highest counts were seen in the four patients who also had asbestosis (median count 380000 ABs/g, range 28000-684000 ABs/g). SEM was performed in 10 of the 15 patients without asbestosis (table 2). These patients had on average about 10% as many uncoated fibres per gram as the patients with asbestosis. PARIETAL PLEURAL PLAQUES The 48 patients with parietal pleural plaques had nei ther asbestosis on histological examination nor meso thelioma. Forty six were men with a mean age of 62-4 + 9-4 years. Occupational information was obtained for 44 (table 1). Eleven were exposed to asbestos occupationally, 15 were manual labourers with possi ble exposure, and 18 had no known exposure to asbes tos. Smoking history was available for 38 and 32 were smokers or ex-smokers (including one pipe smoker and one cigar smoker). Plaques were bilateral in 33 patients, unilateral in 12, and ofunknown distribution in three. Six had carcinoma of the lung (see below). Twenty five of the 48 cases of plaques included in the present study have been reported previously.13 The asbestos body content of the lung tissue of all 48 patients with pleural plaques is summarised in table 2. The asbestos body content exceeded our normal range of 0-20 ABs/g in a greater proportion of the 33 patients with bilateral plaques (26/33, or 79%) than unilateral plaques (6/12, or 50%), although this difference is not significant. The median count for patients with bilateral plaques was 170 ABs/g (range 1-2-27500) as compared with 46 ABs/g (range 0-6-1420) in patients with unilateral plaques. There was no significant correlation between the asbestos body content of lung parenchyma and the maximum dimension (n = 19, r = 0-14) or the total area (n = 14, r = 0-03) of plaque cases for whom this data was ul . operator, ,er. tailor. , sg` t al in 33 ribution below). d in the ta je of all in table normal if the 33 i) than gh this >unt for z (range (range >. There .sbestos .ximum :a (n = t I [ ! i : : isbestos content of lung tissue in asbestos associated diseases: a study of 110 eases 23 Asbestosis only (n=7) Table 2 shows the asbestos content of the lung tis sue for the 17 patients with neither plaques nor asbes tosis. The LM asbestos body concentrations were similar for patients with lung cancer and those with parietal pleural plaques. Asbestos body counts were increased in 12 of the 17 (71%). Nevertheless, SEM studies (performed in 10 cases) yielded median coated and uncoated fibre counts about 10 times higher than in plaque cases, although the range of values is similar (table 2). Table 3 shows the distribution of histologi cal patterns of lung cancer of cases with asbestosis, without asbestosis (but with increased lung asbestos body content), and with normal asbestos body con tent. There is no apparent trend in the distribution of histological types among these three catagories. Among patients with asbestosis, there was no significant difference in the asbestos body content of lung tissue for those with lung cancer as compared with those without lung cancer (p = 0-74 by Wilcoxon signed rank test, median values of 118000 and 90000 ABs/g, respectively). Fig 2 Correlation between uncoatedfibre count by scanning electron microscopy and histological assessment of severity of asbestosis using grading scheme of CAP and SIOSH" for 15 cases with asbestosis (r = 0-56. p < 0 05). available. SEM was performed in five instances (table 2) and these patients had on average about 3% as many uncoated fibres per gram as the patients with mesothelioma. LUNG CANCER There were 38 patients with carcinoma of the lung, including 15 with asbestosis, six with pleural plaques, and 17 with neither plaques nor asbestosis. Most of the latter cases were examined for asbestos content of lung tissue because of clinical suspicion of asbestos exposure. There were 37 men, and the mean age was 60-8 9-6 years. All 15 patients with asbestosis worked directly with asbestos. Of the six patients with plaques (but no asbestosis) and lung cancer, one was an asbestos insulator, two were manual labourers, and three had no known exposure to asbestos. Among the remaining 17, nine were exposed occupationally to asbestos or asbestos containing products, three were manual labourers, two had no history of exposure to asbestos, and occupational information was unavailable in the remaining three. Smoking history was available in 34 cases; all were smokers or ex smokers (including one pipe smoker and one cigar smoker). OTHER NEOPLASIA , Several tumours other than lung carcinoma were encountered in this study. There were 15 cases of malignancy in this group with other neoplasia, all but one of which had parietal pleural plaques (see above). None had asbestosis histologically. There were four cases with laryngeal carcinoma, five with gastro intestinal carcinoma, and four with haematopoietic malignancies. The gastrointestinal carcinomas included two squamous cell carcinomas of the oesophagus, two adenocarcinomas of the colon, and one rectal adenocarcinoma. One patient with colonic adenocarcinoma had neither plaques nor asbestosis and does not appear in tables 1 or 2. This 55 year old man had been a shipfitter for 30 years and had 22000 ABs/g of lung tissue. The haematopoietic malig nancies included one patient with primary pulmonary lymphoma,20 one with chronic granulocytic leu kaemia. one with nodular poorly differentiated lym phocytic lymphoma, and one with acute myelomonocytic leukaemia. The remaining two patients included one case of hepatoma and one with three malignancies: carcinoma of the lung, prostate, and kidney. The median asbestos body concentration for this group was 380 ABs/g (range 10-20000 ABs/g), which is greater than the median value for parietal pleural plaque cases as a group (table 2). Among the 14 cases of other neoplasia with plaques, 12 were bilateral and two unilateral. asbestos body content of lung V occupational category The highest levels of asbestos body concentration were found in patients whose occupation entailed 24 Poggli. Pratt, ami firmly Tabic 3 Distribution of histological types of lung cancer in indhiduals with anti without ashestosis A.\bc$to.sis Squamous cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma Smull cell carcinoma Large cell carcinoma Adenosquamous carcinoma Unknown (tissue unavailable for review) Tolal s 4 4 0 I 1 16 Xo tLybt\\lo.\is. iiilTi'tisCtl ABs 6 X i T 0 0 17 V ttshcMmts. normal ABs 5 I 1 0 1 0 X Multiple tumours in one individual (one case from each column): adenosquamous + small cell carcinoma, squamous + adenocarcinoma, and squamous + small cell carcinoma. ' ABs Asbestos bodies per gram of wet lung. direct exposure to asbestos (columns 1-3, table l). The median asbestos body concentration for these 62 asbestos workers was 10400 ABs/g (range 2-6-684 000 ABs/g), whereas the median values for the 24 manual labourers and 35 individuals with "other" occupations were 10 ABs-:g (range 0-2-4530) and 15 ABs/g (range 0-4-3260 ABs/g), respectively. Among the asbestos workers, the highest levels were present in insulators (32 cases), with a median asbestos body count of 63 000 ABs/g (range 61-684000 ABs/g). comparison of light microscopic and SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDIES The relation of asbestos body counts by LM v SEM in 50 cases is shown in fig 3a. As a result of the higher magnification and superior resolution of the latter, the asbestos body concentrations determined by SEM exceeded the LM values in 44 of 50 cases. The actual ratio of asbestos body counts by LM to SEM varied somewhat from case to case. In some instances asbes tos bodies (and fibres) were obscured by organic debris on the filter, reducing the SEM counts relative to the LM counts. In a few cases asbestos bodies were obscured by haemosidcrin, reducing the LM counts relative to the SEM counts (the superior resolution of the latter still permitting recognition of asbestos bod ies among the haemosiderin particles). Also, cases with sparsely coated fibres tend to have SEM counts that arc several fold greater than the LM counts. None the less, the correlation between LM and SEM asbestos body counts is excellent over a wide range of values (r = 0-94, p < 0-001). The relation of coated (asbestos body) and uncoated fibre counts by SEM in 51 cases is shown in fig 3b. This shows that there is an excellent correlation between asbestos body counts and the lung content of uncoated fibres 5 pm or greater in length (r = 0-90, p < 0-001). The uncoated fibre count exceeded the asbestos body count (often by a factor of 10 or greater) in 44 of 51 cases. Variation from case to case seemed to be related most closely to the amount of coating: cases with heavily coated asbestos bodies, obscuring the core fibre, tended to have a lower ratio Fig 3 (a) Correlation between asbestos body counts by light and scanning electron microscopy in SO cases of asbestos associated diseases. Each dot represents one case (r = 0-94, p < 0-00IJ. lb) Correlation between asbestos body and uncoatedfibre counts by scanning electron microscopy (r = 0-90, p < 0 001). lo iemi ;r s body counts by n 50 cases of presents one case between asbestos ting electron Asbestos content of lung tissue in asbestos associated diseases: a study of J10 eases 25 of uncoatcd to coated fibres, whereas cases with sparsely coated bodies tended to have a higher ratio. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF K1HRES The results of energy dispersive .v ray analysis of 809 fibres from 57 cases are summarised in table 4. Analy sis of 407 asbestos body cores shows that 98-5% are in fact nucleated on asbestos, and non-asbestos cores were rare, being found in only one case. In this instance six fibres with a chemical composition of Si-Al-K-Ca-Fe-Mg were identified as constituting the cores of thin, high aspect ratio coated fibres from an asbestos cement worker. The vast majority (93-9%) of asbestos bodies were nucleated on commcrical amphibole (amositc or crocidolitc) cores, whereas 2-5% and 2-2% had cores of non-commercial amphiboics (anthophvllite, trcmolite, or actinolitc) and chrysotile, respectively. Analysis of 404 uncoated fibres 5 ftm or greater in length shows that most of these (88-1%) are also asbestos, with 78-1 % commer cial amphiboles, 4-5% non-commercial amphiboles, and 5-5% chrysotile. In cases with high content of amphibole fibres (100000 or more per gram of wet lung) chrysotile fibres are difficult to identify by SEM. In cases with low amphibole content--for example, the four cases with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis--a few fibres identified were more often chrysotile or non-asbestos fibres. The latter include fibreglass, talc, silica, rutile, kaolinite, mica, and assorted silicates not further classified (table 4). Discussion In the present study the asbestos content oflung tissue in patients with asbestosis. mesothelioma, and pleural plaques was found to correlate well with present con cepts of the epidemiology of these diseases. Patients with asbestosis have the highest levels of exposure to asbestos, whereas mesothelioma (in the absence of asbestosis) can occur in individuals with much less exposure.12 The relatively greater asbestos content of the lung in asbestosis as compared with cases of meso thelioma is consistent with this observation. Similarly, parietal pleural plaques arc the most common lesions observed in populations exposed to asbestos.1321 and in patients with plaques in the absence of asbestosis the asbestos content of lung is relatively low in this study and previous ones.22-2-1 Unilateral parietal pleural plaques may be related to asbestos exposure, but these lesions can also be related to infection or trauma.2* The asbestos body content of lung tissue tends to be much higher in patients who work directly with asbestos compared with manual labourers and "other" occupational groups, although there is con siderable overlap among occupational categories. Individuals in the other occupational category with asbestos body content exceeding 100 ABs.g probably have remote, undetected prior exposure to asbes tos.'1'13 Previous studies have noted a correlation between the degree of interstitial fibrosis and the asbestos fibre count by phase contrast microscopy.2*26 More recently Warnock etal examined this relation using transmission electron microscopy.27 Their data (table 2)27 show a fairly good correlation between the esti mated degree of fibrosis and asbestos body and com mercial amphibole content oflung tissue, but not for total fibre counts, non-commercial amphiboles, or chrysotile content. The results of our study, using scanning electron microsocopy and the asbestosis grading scheme of the Pneumoconiosis Committee of the College of American Pathologists and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health show a correlation between the severity of asbestosis and the total (coated and uncoated) fibre count (r = 0-57. p < 0-05) and the uncoatcd fibre count (r = 0-56. p < 0-05) for fibres 5 tim or greater in length.11 Several studies have indicated that longer Table 4 Energy dispersive x ray analysis data on 809 fibres from 57 cases .Vo Asbestosis Mesothelioma Parietal pleural plaques Lung cancer Idiopathic pulmonarv fibrosis Total 27 12 & 8 4 57 Commercial amphiboles Xon-eammcreiat Chrysotile amphiboles C 252 UC 195 C 64 UC 50 c 41 UC 26 c 23 UC 42 c * UC 7 c 382 UC 314 3 1 1 .6 5 1 I .5 0 5 10 . 18 0 0 7 9 0 0 ? 2 0 1! 9 Other* 6 3 0 12 0 10 0 2 0 21 6 48 Total 261 199 72 77 46 37 26 51 "J 38 407 402 "Includes fibreglass (15). laic (6). silica (6). rutile (5). kaolinite (4). mica (I), Si-Al-Fe (4), Al-Fe (1). Mg-Al-Si (6). Si-Al-K-Ca-Fe-Mg (6). C = Coated: UC * uncoated. . 26 Raggli, Pratt, and Brady fibres are more fibrogcnic than shorter ones,2" '30 and 15% of the control series.26 In a study of 99 meso- it is these longer fibres that arc measured under the thelial tumours in North America McDonald ctal current regulatory standards.31 Although the degree noted equal numbers of chrysotile fibres in cases of correlation in our study is less than impressive, it controls, whereas there were increased numbers of would probably improve with more extensive histo amphibole fibres by transmission electron microscopy logical and mincralogical sampling of the lungs and in a greater percentage of cases compared with con the expression of the data as total lung burden rather trols.37 More recently, Churg and Wiggs reported on than concentration. Accumulation of collagen and numbers and sizes of fibres from the lungs of 10 other cellular components as a result of the scarring patients who had an amphibole induced malignant process increases the weight of the lungs and hence pleural mesothelioma,38 and found an approximately dilutes the concentration of fibres in the parenchyma, 250-fold increase in commercial amphiboles by anal a point often overlooked in dust analysis studies.32 ytical transmission electron microscopy in the patients An additional finding in our study was a correlation with mesothelioma compared with the general popu between the grade of asbestosis and smoking history lation. Two studies have reported data concerning in pack-years (r = 0-53, p < 0-05). This observation asbestos fibre counts by SEM in patients with meso has been noted previously in radiological studies,33 thelioma.2239 Gylseth etal found two million or more and it has been suggested that this is due to inter fibres per gram of dried lung in all 15 patients with ference with dust clearance mechanisms by cigarette mesothelioma studied.22 Friedrichs and Otto studied smoke. Our data, however, did not show a correlation 34 cases of occupationally associated mesotheliomas, between pack-years of smoking and uncoatcd fibre and found more than three times as many fibres in content of lung tissue (n = 19, r = 0-28, p > 0 05). those with asbestosis than in those without.39 The mechanism of interaction between asbestos and The present study shows that our patients with cigarette smoke in increasing interstitial fibrosis mesothelioma fall into three broad categories. Those deserves further study. who also have asbestosis have among the highest val Lung cancer occurred in 15 of the patients with ues of asbestos body and uncoated fibre counts we asbestosis in our study. Among the patients with have observed. Those who do not have asbestosis-but asbestosis, those with lung cancer were older (median do have an occupational exposure history almost age of 63 v 57) and had a higher average cigarette always have raised asbestos body counts and about consumption (mean of 48-8 v 29 pack-years) than 10% as many uncoated fibres greater than Sfim in those without cancer. The latter observation was also length compared with cases of asbestosis. Those who noted in the study by Wamock e/a/.27 The histologi have normal asbestos body counts do not have asbes cal patterns of lung cancer did not differ among tosis and usually do not give a history of exposure to patients with asbestosis, with increased asbestos con asbestos. Others have reported such cases and have tent without asbestosis, or with normal asbestos con attributed them as being "spontaneous" meso tent (table 4). This finding is in keeping with the theliomas.263940 These cases with a lung asbestos observation of Ives etal that no specific histological content within the normal range and with no demon pattern of lung cancer is associated with asbestos strable occupational exposure to asbestos are proba exposure.34 Although our study does not permit a bly non-asbestos related mesotheliomas and account calculation of the incidence of lung cancer in patients for 20-30% of all cases.41 Alternatively, these cases with asbestosis due to biases in referral of cases, it may represent mesotheliomas in a susceptible host should be noted that other authors have reported that due to environmental rather than occupational asbes more than half the patients with asbestosis will tos exposure. develop lung cancer.35 In our experience this is much Several epidemiological studies have shown an greater than the incidence of lung cancer in patients association between exposure to asbestos and gastro with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and indeed only intestinal carcinoma,24243 laryngeal carcinoma,2144 one case in ten with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in and haematopoietic malignances,20 although these our study had lung cancer. Thus mechanisms other associations have not remained unchallenged.3145 than the scarring process per se are probably oper Analysis of the asbestos content of lung tissue in such ative in the pathogenesis of lung cancer in patients cases can document exposure but does not prove cau exposed to asbestos.36 sation. None the less, it is of interest to examine lung Relatively few reports have dealt with the lung con tissue from individuals with such diseases and histor tent of asbestos in patients with mesothelioma. Whit- ies of asbestos exposure to try to estimate degrees of well et al in a series of 100 patients with mesothelioma exposure. None of our cases with histologically reported that 95% of those with asbestos induced proved asbestosis had any of these neoplasms. Among mesotheliomas had over 50000 fibres/g of dried lung our cases of pleural plaques, however, were 12 with by phase contrast microscopy compared with only one of these three categories of malignancy. The 12 ruit, and Brady iy of 99 mcso- IcDonald vial i fibres in cases i< eased numbers of setron microscopy mpared with conWiggs reported on the lungs of 10 malignant an approximately ipbiboles by anaiopy in the patients the general popudata concerning uients with meso o million or more ! 15 patients with and Otto studied d mesotheliomas, as many fibres in without.39 yur patients with categories. Those tg the highest valJ fibre counts we ave asbestosis but e history almost :oir and about iter .n 5,um in 's. Those who k have asbes fexposure to ses and have ttaneous" mesoa lung asbestos i with no demonbestos are probamas and account .ively, these cases susceptible host cupational asbes- I t i have shown an lestos and gastroil carcinoma,3 144 0 although these unchallenged.314'5 ung tissue in such tes not prove caut to examine lung senses and histor.timate degrees of ;th histologically coplasms. Among ver, were 12 with .lignancy. The 12 Asbestos content of lung tissue in asbestos associated diseases: a study of 110 eases 27 had a higher median asbestos body count than the remaining 21 with bilateral pleural plaques. These data suggest the possibility that these diseases may occur in individuals with moderate exposures to asbestos, and further studies are needed to examine this matter more fully. The present study has dealt with the asbestos con tent of lung tissue in a scries of patients with diseases that have been associated with exposure to asbestos. It is important to emphasise the value and the limi tations of asbestos body quantification in these dis eases. As has been noted by Churg, determination of asbestos body content is a relatively quick and easy procedure,4 Bodies with the typical beaded configuration and a thin transparent central core are virtually always nucleated on asbestos fibres as shown by energy dispersive .v ray analysis and selected area electron diffraction.419 The vast majority are com mercial amphiboles (amosite or crocidolite), both among individuals with asbestos associated diseases (table 4) and members of the general population, with the exception that non-commercial amphibole cores (tremolite or anthophyllite) are fairly common in women from the general population.46 Furthermore, it is primarily fibres 20 /im or more in length that become coated.47 Although there are virtually always more uncoated than coated fibres by electron micros copy, the correlation between asbestos body counts and uncoated fibres 5 pm or greater in length is excel lent in the population we studied (fig 3). These findings arc essentially indentical to those reported by Morgan and Holmes, who used phase contrast microscopy to count coated and uncoated fibres.48 Thus asbestos body content is a reasonably reliable marker for levels of long amphibole fibres. On the other hand, the correlation between asbestos body counts and concentration of chrysotile or non commercial amphibole fibres is poor,49 the vast majority of these fibres being 5 pm or less in length. Although occasional asbestos bodies with chrysotile fibres may be encountered (table 4), asbestos bodies give little or no indication of the chrysotile content of the lung. In the present study we did not evaluate the short fibres (<5pm) and thus cannot comment on their possible association with these diseases. The pathogenicity of such short fibres has been ques tioned,50 and their role (ifany) in asbestos associated diseases has yet to be defined.31 We gratefully acknowledge the following physicians who referred case material for study: Doctors J Adams, Chattanooga, TN; F B Askin, Chapel Hill, NC: A Churg. Vancouver. BC: D Dail, Seattle, WA; J R Edgar. Savannah. GA; J C Franco. Fayetteville, NC: B Gylseth, Oslo. Norway: S Harris, Greensboro, NC; W B Hefwig, J C Maddox, J Legier, J C Davis, Jr, and F Q Wingfield, Newport News, VA; R A Hcyer, Charlotte, NC; R V Joel. Jacksonville. FL; E Kagan, Washington, DC; D Kaminsky. Rancho Mirage, CA; Maric-Claire Marroum. Charlotte. NC; C T O'Connell, Hampton, VA; J H Riddick, Jr. Chesapeake, VA; W Stopford, Durham, NC; P Warga. Salisbury, NC; B Woodard, Anderson, SC; and Elsa Yap. Concord, NC. Dr R T Vollmcr helped with the statistical analyses and Diane Evans provided expert help in preparing the manuscript for publica tion. 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