Document 2r5BaxgOnORYJvgDaevg8qDr

FILE NAME: Sprayed Asbestos (SPRA) DATE: 1971 DOC#: SPRA046 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Medical Journal Article -Application of Sprayed Inorganic Fiber Containing Asbestos-Occupational Health Hazards //? I /A A \ p j)Is e ^ t:io ii p 1' S p r a y e d ^organic F ib e r C o n ta in in g Asbestos A O ccu p a tio n a l H ealth H azards W1U IAM IT lil-i r/.li.* WILLIAM J. NICHOLSON'. DUNCAN A. IIOLADAY. and IRVINO'J. SIiLIKO I:l; Mount S u u t H h o o l o f Mulirhw o f thy City C u n -m i ty o f \ York. H u h ,1, A c u ! York, tXesv Y o r k /f^OJo .on! UHf i , Sln-ct, ( f r y Over Ib.aOOioii.soi .m>rj.;.aic fibrous insulation containing a .Jic s K were used j ,, (u ;,, ; >v (no niu siru etnu i industry ax a fireproofing material in Hr -p redion ,.f muhixi. k ,l 1 ' A I he application ol (i.is ...atonal l,y a spraying tcchnnpie produces scrums coo,.,-, *> hw working cm ironm ent. Asbestos fiber concentrations mac range from i.) ; c, In more iban hit) I cc. ......c early observations o f the exposures ami l.ealll. of. the workmen m tins comparative,'/ mm Occupation are given with photographs o f (be work...- u -is Aearby v o r .e r s may be ...directly exposed. .Such concentrations were found to h e Y 'i l Vc en tee, fro.,, (be spraying and -16 f/cc seventy-five, feet away. Control measures are cs- Itltten:;K iidli i n,:! it v, ell r ,ijhKht sis. ! ;oncfu ( idem ii and neon!. ms.1 loc'i' oes mar m mi!,,`s a;ui tii lit .u\c id v. ok, : . .lit' t't Situ ii?tsi h lion ',i aiK.'ih .vltieh ; *k\\ (lie :(ii. lor. flic; f'v.iiin >U.1 lilt 'lueed m LL'] J. W. 1Cdiet is I ba/aids :i:..sc-c:tj.-.-cI w ol usne.siws lib i'i, have been vd i : iti;|u>. laid i tsk o f .isLesli,. 5 , 1, ttiui 'ulioo ii.i/tiicl 'iiied possible 'iittKM ;;l liber in'.'tl.it ion material :md heat insulation. p ile - ' l ib e r iiiM il.it :m w a s j..tio - vit I* I he I .impel process, by ||K- *id ' add viH. ,\ !t fSt y ` '! i. . \t.ik -.v: St*i vi<* ificiMl I ( <ni'u :i, N i C iJr U pm ted in p u t i.. lY M ie Ile a l.Ii iCtcS .-ind liy Jlc'.ii'lt llc'Sc'alcti Do h o y . D iiecio; o f If p.ltiv, is usitulic .: icicVCiuju/I . iililM ! k.n.Vv.r. , i ;' ncdo'i-, i. : ; 1In* spin. okl p !1>dli e{ . t j i .!; nice . ,ce; in i ' e.oaches to eonirol Condei ,-ad .a !: d 111):'.. 0 also acied as :t 111c-11n..i in snl.il:: e m.lict! d 1 i --.'5 ike spray po ce.s v 1 yd n 'he United Sin ies. Most o f ii;e mal etc: a ipplied :11r in;.; the laiie was itw:d lot :l .<ii at ive 1;,i- isiics in mg 111 cltihs. leskmr atits. lu dais, ele When this mute: to! was lottlKl also to Ik ini us ti fireprooliiig agent . Mlek : Ui at 11iaI!'. increased. and in h o d ii ie Nab "led (iv i f 'ompatie i ibtaii.ed the Liu let wot,. 'i abol.io : ies' tipprov ai o f ils in and u 1sprtl;. ci 'dal ua- !'u fircproolin a. In eaily 195 1 the A sliest,.' i Company also had ;m morganic: l ihei 1. 1c1a 1 tested .rj(| apjilovei.i by the Ih u f : a/rilers ,m oratories. 'The first use i d xpiay :d `-mineial lib e i" as a fireprooling ay Clll it: a la,;.re inu 1! i- sloty building oceuned in 195k Vv h !; the ere,tion o f thesiMV-sloiv Cllt tse \h, t I el Ian ifanl-: building in New Yo ik ( 'ity . In 1" well ..'.VI hail' of all the lame mull itstory i; m,,lines i on. *****.&, Ik.i**{., ,' ._S.iC, '*V ^^H-**MU..`w*',>^)ii>4- Amet nan Industrial Hygiene Association ,h,urn,d ST 179 si fueled m ;his -country made use of sprayed inorganic liber as a lircproofing agent. Slates for shipboard installations during World W;u II. I k 's nl' S|ir;ivctJ Inorganic Mineral Fiber Insulation Mineral liber maleiials containing asbestos n.ive lour major insiilniion uses in the construcnon and shtpyird industries: ( I ) Incpioofino, ( ) lliornial insulation, (5) acoustical and decor- ;|,|VL< :illd (4) eondensalion um lm l ''re,Hooting accounts lor the largest amount of """ 0lal llb`'' ''Pniyed in the United Stales. 1oimerly, simelm.il sieei m multistory buildngs had lo he encased m concrete to.prevent buckling in ihe event o f hie. The use of sprayed mineral liber piovides adequate hie protection rounce's installation cosis. and reduces the v' r " : '! lo:ld l,P`>" 5,1meturai steel components, he urn ol s la v e d nouiation in iliermal ''Indications permits powei house turbines to he u ," l''u l l!l ' 1,n;ll'ni1. continuo.is coaling which itieatly reduces convection beat losses Other ,:; :usl,:'11 'l!' bole c a m , : of veswi, in c;"'. i11-csiI plan;.. u:;d icl incries, and inv.ilaline electrostatic p icip iiatois. boiler brecchm.^ and slacks. . s ' P e c a use the newly applied suile.-e o f mi ived mineiai I iber can he m yed. the mate, i- olliv p n :d cs good acoustical control lull M - c :, n be-nsed tor decorative ceiling and wall l,>' " lnbs ;irc;ls in P'lidte buildings res- i;l,ll:m ls-and similar.establish! lent;;. " Sprayed products coniai, asbestos t.bor are p :u "cu l.u ly m e f ilm com; ihiug eondensa- ''""i""ig-po.,l r/o.is. laundries 10 n l h - mdm.tiiai buildings H I. . o. ] may ( ,ll:..,c eviensive eorro- Ml'n ol s!!!h'K" ki steel. The unique wickmg ;K' IU,,! individual asheo , ! ibers .serves- to ' ll,C " ' " c: '"''i 'C (he i!,M)ialion hee of moistme. . f ] ' ; ' ' 'i " ' " 1 """-i-al !:b. , in (he ship- ' jhm ldm g m dii.sl,vWas a, one , ,, ,, e ,a,hc, extern Is've ....... .. li,tip-in. Hov/ever. because o f pro!,. c,k'0" nl<',ed m icmoval dmmv ,epn,, ,,s iisehas now been damn,unmed in (heat iirilain small qmmtmes we,e use,I in (he United Inorganic Fiber Mixtures Used for Spray Application Although the composition of ||IC \ niouspn'y products will vary with the intended use a'id the individual mam,lacuiier. certain general lormulaiions are similar. Most arc lermed " min eral liber" materials, although naturally oceur- rmp mineral fillers are usmmy jn minonlv, and man-made inorganic lihe^ dominate. ' ' J he imiten.il used fur lirrpmofing in build ing construe!ion usually is a blend- of 5 to .hr: asbestos fiber (chiysotile). mineral uuol. day holders (as bentonite), adhesives, synthetic resms. and other proprietary agents such as o ik Many ot the materials used |n, rhemm! msola- Pon on turbhies contain neany 100': asbestos lihar (often amosuc m amosile and croc,d,mm) i'ins .he usual bmdets and adhesives. Tiic mate- nil1 uscd -''iistical and decorative p.;,.V m;s m-pc contain a' greater netect tage of mb.-.::;,I u , '"l and lit lie m as.bestos Idler. .Sonic m oernls are appiied^s a sprayed slurry (common!' known as cemenlitmus sprav, and will ,, ! U,, v'outam vcrmicuiiie, gypsum, .md shortemob -- " 's llhers ( ';ce `fable I). Bern,use the cementiln'Uo" ' 11 kas a much greater dend.s and mereased weight per uni: area. Ihe suppu, simeture must sometimes he designed a, Co-d- mgly. - The quantity of mineral fher used to, smsv applications m ihe United States m jjv j, ilv increasing. In lms an estimated 40.0Q0 tons ol maienal were used for firepmuf,,,., a'one. This does not include the amounts used lor industrial thermal insulation, acoustical can- ,rol< 'Uld cu'ide,isalion cbntiol. A (hiily-sloiy b'lddmg may me dt)0 tons, xvl.ilc (he World Hade Center complex being huill for Ihe New York Port Authm iiy will use 5000 tons on the `"'in 1lO-atoiy towers (above the fortieth floor, mdv non-asbeslos-amtainiiig spray mate,ml:, were used). J he sixty-story Chase Manhaiian bank Building is fireproofed with l,5()t).000 square (eel of sprayed mineral fiber. The J ISO M.urii. l<m i A lin : i t '( tin p o siliiin ..f S p r i i y f J M ineral I ihcr l'i.xl-uct^ 1?`T-C.ll,lln|: ' in mamil':n u u t . Hie product may c u m ....... i, i p ,, . , ,, r Ot'Clir a live Illu l ln iHISl k i l l'1 M a n iila i'litrc il silicate lih c r (such as Ihifli Wi.nl) Ashest <>s 11her Mmci.il hinders ( l.iv s h e n lm d le IIvtlr.m he selling hinders Pcrll,inii cem en l ( K vrsp i ,iys K m u k in n I \ pe I ;de \ A c ry lic K. I 1.nut se;der\ I herm.i!^ A in ..si;e .ishostos liber ( i *eir(!: l 'hesl ns lih ei l in >v n . u ... . . i dvi M .im il.K hiied silu Knch W oo l) id,(.`r (such ;is . H ydf.m lK seJim j; hinders Pcril.ind cement A lu m in u m dlieode extruded lihers { V er.im ic,`) |)iis!;irii'.sln i! .uidiliv es WeI fmy ;p:cuts Oils I ii epn>`diui: .(ccm enh cinu s)'1 ( tu y s id ile .'isheslns fiber <ypsn m I 'n ril.im l cem ent W rm icnliu- j*` 11 *ns 5 i .>0 ;.she<i.is fiber, (` inliuns ne;u Iv l m ) : fshesins lii c \-. Ne\v York Cits, liieie \,eie <j\ n. eim ' .uiddiiigs lalier Ilian iliitiy spiffs being smaved mi any given day. An estimated ' 50(1 imw were used in (Aeai Ordain dim me lops. U.,e ilNi. |j. L. proofing agent consumed mosl of Britain's spray insulation material. l ie.iue I. M iv in p hoppers ;ind pum ps m ed i<> uinvey m jle iia l In point o|' tipp lic.ilio m l.tiHl-Atncii<:;iii o co n liner Kmini'ilani c o iiU iin s 'lOO.UOO square Icel ol spiayed mineral liber used lor lire prot.eeimu, ihcimal iusulalimi, and sound and condensa!iuu emiiml. Musi spnvod material is used in large ernes. Dming 1970, in American Imlnsirial ll\ im'nc Association Journal 181 Methods of Application , ^ There , ,, e tw o piineipal ,i :c i I,h |s o ! ;,,,p|v illP sprayai mineral Mho,. |,, the dry m cU wd; ; ; ; ; or,; ,s ,,liim'ia i ^ m > ^ m g bau `V Lif udl0l ihe matcrialis agh u ,UK| s" i,sequemly blow n'into :l i. or ' -"ieh hose ( Fit-ure !). The ho.se convevs the Tiy matenal to a nozzle at the actual site of | PP ICi".lnn V - As the dry material leaves the nozzle, it passes through the Incus of a itin: ot (me water jets. Mixing takes place at l`l,IS " Val w,li^ is usually 4 to 8 inches hoiu ihe cud ol the nozzle. The operator js able to com ml the air, material, arid water mix. with valves at the uo//|c. F ie wet- method differs in that the material ; : . ; ; : ; mlNe;l in the hopper. and the a `Inny slurry is pumped to the nozzle and spiayed upon the surface to he coaled. The |`` v/le used is similar to that m,ch to apply pl.is- . I A It I I It S|'r.n ing ,,| Hu t,,,.,! ______ j_m u,|` Mouse Turbinca M.im .1f (I) os S> M :a Mill! ;U Nm/,'C| (2) <i? 4 5 [00 4 2 M<m C t: f [upper 22 5 10 `sr>;t>iiu: >( I nrpm-ii nip (.)) JO 4.1 20 40 44 MulUsiui-y liuij.i.i,,. al Noz/cl (4 > o *).0 04.5 lon.`-`/ATHfi,cuuncls in |j|Hrs 1i>.-rr Vi-unlhiI.. I'..,'nlt,rn- k-r - 7 - - a ;:;:;.',: Fxposure of Workmen Spinying of. mmeud Che, June hv men in ^ v r a , d-:11event fad e ......... the Um.ed i pe" l,ing ' in r e p , , , :md l(K;il jmjv `l-vltonal agreements. All mater,al that is used " : i " Kl1 " ,sllhlllon is apphed by members of i'v Internaiional Association u| | lent and Frost 1|' ' " I' " 0IS :,ml sliest os Workers (A FL-C IO j IS VlMy p;' " '''lire ,, work, overall '"e n a l ttsed lor lireprooi,,,: j., often aophrd h.v " .einoers of the i'lasteieis' I >'uio,,. Aainsti- v" lund decorative material |)e |Ktndled by c.i,penters. or other eraf,M,, |,, Ncw York invor Ulan 1000 men all would have nrula, or mlenuitten! exposure to sptayed. tisiHsios nisulalion. ihe application ol sprayed mineral f'lb-r 'ompoumls containing asbestos is -potentially associated with health hazards be two groups P'ople and possibly f,,,- ;i ii,,,.d p||C pj)s( hnH`P. w oikm c, actually engaged in applying 1 Ml'ilcnal. u; iclalively small in numbers This ." `" " P. however, is the most heavily exposed ' * samples take,, on site and counted by using . ' " " Hlll" ';llu,<1 <f the method described by ......... ;............... - ; v . ..................................................................................... - ............. .. an- ,1, led,.; ,,al.' I,, i t ' i i ; ; ! : : ' m ' ' 1-11 , 1,1v,s imlu.teij in e.a.nis^a, li as ,11, - ''I'V an.I Ol-ols ' er j " " 1 L y 'd T ,' eouutine o-,!y Ubers longer ? microns visible by om i.,aI ,m,.; , , . w / ,, AOOx indicated that (be w, ,:.,, .bandli,,-':''the 0 'v`IS l^ P ' ^ d to liber levels, ammn f , , ,, , a U,W! '' 30 h '-v to over I To l/ec. The worker V'" P `y ,,,e the bags i,,,o ,be hopper was io ,, ,,d -h,: exp,oed to liber levels lainung 5 : ']C' Il,c l:"T e Vread in counts can be ill "but ed to dll Iere ilees m a.sireslos conten! of work profietency. and the ever-eb.uie':;,,]dil, ' ls " vonstniction sites (see Tabic , 1 , I 'CSC1 (i" Sl lcvc,s mud, big,be, ,|,a,, bos,, at asbestos wo,k sites in other hades ` here are no satisfactory data al present conccrniiii; disease among these men with direct o-pov'oe to sprayed insulation dusts. Their work experience in general has been lo o short to have led. as yet. to clinically evident disease Among other asheslos-exposed workmen, siv" hlcaiil disease u s u a lly does ,, ,, become evi'<out for twenty or more yea,, f,,||,,wmg onscl of exposure. No group of woikn.cn engaged 2 & t $ l H2 >|te <? M arch, l <)72 . i . <&' liicure .'. Pmmonj ;-v .t.shesu-vis I>*li ye:! s of minor;:! fiber l\u , iny Kh.h . sLiirlini: f HliMuiO. ed after such ;in interval. In New York City, we have examined a dozen men who have spraycM asbe>ios. Most had worked only two or three years at the trade: they were asymptomatic, and. the;r chest roentgenograms exhibited lew or no abnormali ties. Two men had had. longer experience. One, a man of 41 with fifteen years ot exposure din ing a span of twenty-one yea is. was also willioul shortness ol breath, and Ins Hint was noimal apart from minimal lower lobe reticular fibrosis. The second man. the only one who had gone more than twenlv years liom onset ol exposure, was sevciely slioil ol bieaih. had c.xtensive asheslosis on x-ray, ami died ol cor pul monale. He had had lour years oi woik experi ence starling in I `>.i5. Iweiilv-nme.ve.ns helme Ins death in Ibudat the age ot.ro (lup'iie 5). II experience in oilier asbestos trades is a guide, and il there is a consistent exposuredisease response relaiion.sliip, we may predict a most unhappy tale for the men who have been working in the sprayed insulation industiy. Among other insulation woikeis. with mneh ^ less asbestos exposure, observed loi more than ,/< twenty' years Irom onset ol exposuie, appmxi-S matcly one in live deaths lias been of lung can-1 ccr, one in ten ol gastrointestinal cancer, and j almost one in ten of pletnal or pentoneal meso-| thelioma. In addition, almost one in ten bass' been of asheslosis.and on pulmonale.11 And? these disease experiences have been associated, il may he noted, with dusi exposuie levels much lower than at spiaving site.' peril.ips onetenth or one-lw entieth as high! The late of the sprayed insulation workmen w i ll likely lesemble these experiences, although the pattern.of distribution of deaths by cause may he dilicrcni. Jacob and Anspach have demonstrated that, where asbestos work ex posure is unusually excessive, there are more deaths of asbestosis and cor pulmonu !e ..nd lew or of lung cancer: tin* w.ukmen rheol puliiio nary insulficieticy he lore ibey cai t live loiti. enough lo develop and die o ` i in;.: cumer oa mesoi helioma.1 Tire second group, vfh-icli mav ut .as- mat: men working in the h11i!111 1 1 o instruct it*i trades in the country, especially those engaged in high-rise construction work, is much largei Pipe fitters, wcideis. electncians. plumbers, car penters. and others may he on lire co'--.tiucti"u site during or shortly alter mineral libers have been spravvd. On-site samples taken at various distances irom the no//le snow liber counts ranging from 70 l/cc 10 leel liom die nozzle to 5 f/cc 25 leet away. C'oimis taken 50 minutes after completion ol spray stdi tanged Mom I to 4 f/cc, and (it) minutes alter. Irom 0.25 lot)./0 |/cc. Again, these counts vary because of chang es in on-site vein Mat ion. We have lew data lo piediel the magnitude of the disease lia/aid among woiknen with iiidiicci exposure. 1hot there is a poienlial seri ous risk mav lie inlerred liom the increasing, repoi Is of' mesoi helioma among, men working in shipyards in which asbestos spiaying was associ ated with such risk ol indued occupational exposure.1* Asheslosis is also toilu ! among Anwnnin Industrial Kyy ictw AsstMiation Journal I,S3 aw.I A HI V III Aum or Si.ifi-mai y Samples T.i I.imi ilmmi: Spra> t Jperation ^ ^ 1 .1 5 h 7 | n.-slaiwe from N-.//lc Man (t l > ) 5 35 75 . ID 1 0 ?A) 20 .U) m im iti's after spiay "P^ '^ lio n J 'f" Inl 1 i 10 1u 7 | 70 0 7. (i|y l,,.|V M " I ;ikcn (0 i)11uu 1cs a l ter spray operuUon lu u l- cca^ tl for tlm .1 2 0.55 l.l 0.5 1 0.2S N ()."' i 5 I h 0 loot note, i al'ic 11. '`Samples le.keii on Name Moor as operation. > * *'V*r>?+r k tlipsp men,1'1 ami osIksion !'*-uics arc detected in their luiiiis more commonlv tlum among other comparable blue o>l!:sr '-soakers.1' The problem of iinlirect occupational expo- f- T Y T fe 'N r t/ T .yd f p 7' 4 . 0 & /- , '/; i ^ y M p p y y y y y p 0 ./ ./ i / - Mire in the consirueiion hades is oi unpoilance, 1 if milv because of ihe rumbci of workmen iiivolvei.l: In the United Steles, more then ppypA-'' M p p ;r-n. J, i 7- P ?, Pr p m TOuO.OOO men arc regularly employed in the ( huiidiuc i index. While the im ideitce <>l asbestos- axsoeiiitetl disease amone those indiieei.ly l b # ' , f f f . v , v J ` - '4:- `' f J i exposer! may be lower than nun-mu the ono-i11-.thundred with afreet exposure, the total disease experience etui he considernbp giealer. Out ait studies indicate (Tabic III) that very high asbes ' - A m - fi f ' t f e i & S S T v ? , d A ' if T e d lu i'u rc 4. W aste Im n i spray a n 'l a atio il ad lierine l<> b iiiltliu e m ateri its nsci! by <uticr b ade .. tos liber levels aie found in the work environ ments of building trades workmen not as'soei- I ated with spineiug opeialions. but simply woik- IDSfJ's, and Icon's, and Ihe iwenty-lirsl een- i jiu> in the same buildings. We may not knov/ tor ineidenee ol mesolhebouia anrl lime csmrri amone men so exposed for twenty or thirty years. In New York C ity . v.bete spraying was lury. Similarly, we will iiol he able to assess possi ble disease among the eeneial public b.i an \ under wav in the I `>(><) :s, asbestos disease lexull- other twenty oi tinny veins. W'c have dclei- \ iug from tIris pi net iee. alining steam IH tei s. elee- mined that conlammiilion of the community s ) |,ieians. eaipenteis, painters, masons, ami oilier air iiuans as a v-esult o! uneonluilled ui iu.uk- / 11rules, will not become evident until the (|uately controlled spraying opeialions. As ex- t ; i >Vf. TT - > >1,.0fej. Uw*--Axlfct Js>-.a.1'.ill-itW'*l*>J***i-dkilj lM-lluiaJf;'1.irntii<fcii*L.xUfcU.>--tX* ltd Tw; o sec M .m h. / y r j pcrli.'d. siK'i] contamination is greatest in lho In this investigation, woik sites wen; siitdied ficinilv of ilie eonsluii'Uon site. . in eleven cities in eight states. 1'iacliccs weie Since ninsl of Ihe spraying is done bcliirc lound to be very much the same thioughoul ilit.; building cm lain walls.ate creeled. some ol the country, as descilin'd above. tlie spray material may Mow outside the site. It is our goiroial eotiehisiou that sptayed The quantity that escapes depends on wind, insulation piaetiees can he 11nlrolled to a point height ol building, skill of operator, mateiial. at which llie occupational hazards, both diteel and conliol measures used, Constmction sites and indirect, can ho minimized oi eliminated, have been studied where tnossly visible waste but that such conliois will he expensive, tedi front a.spray application . oveiei ous, and eumbeiMune. a deyrth o f I inch lot a distance cxicndin:: J Ot) Our findings may be siitiimaiiz.ed by consid Icei lapm the site ( I igut e II. eration of the Spiavcd Insulation Regulations Control of Occupationa! Asbestos lla/ards Associated \sitii Nprased Insulation piotnulgalcd by the I 'llv ol New \ oi k m Apiil, 1l*70. These leeulalions weie laigcly basal upt'ti the lesuli.x of our studies, supplemented The two most niipoii.ini sources loi wo;k- by valuable additions derived from the expeii- inan exposuie during spiny operations arc ( I ) enccs of the department oi Air lies-uiiaes ( Dr. mateiial that becomes aithome during the spiay Robert Rickies, Commissioned and its staff, opitaiioti (oveispray). both that wi vn re including those of ll.uohi Romei. I'd .. who mains at the nib site and that which Mow, i:iu headed a special group assigned to this p; idem. Ilie surrounding ail. and ( kj uiaicii.ti ilia! te- These reeulutipiis were die liisl hv a emerit mains .on the site because keeping. Ihuii teceullv. tew c ssois' used dm mg application ol la'USCllli'ol i!11'astues j' i;i\ 11i n m eal mental aget icy to seek to ain l with splayed ili'U i"cc;itiv Inin lot Iowed iiin ! I,::za I' MId- i ' and iiw. c woi i |i >iIS 111 ot 1'.C1 i s ICS I!", i' I'Ini M aps- San .'nsr. o !;..'.V in- j i.mcisco. 1lostOj . and C 11. o'm iVio lain: m ihis tindc and to ilcvclop collective iiicarutes In In' Ihe M a11ei ` . 11e Sptaying1o f A'-hi's'ios- 1 o1111;iiv>| Containing Maicn.il i dine. the., we had considerable c.ioperatiun ir<-ir. l!i". I)epatIntent o f Ait l l o ' i w n ol tin; ( ;!y o! New Y o ik , and sonic w y::.-i:i o l the spiuvcd i i m t l it i o n i n d i i s t i v . ! m :n P U R S U A N T to the .;in Ijoi ii \ lOstrd ;;i rn !>v the New Y " i f Cid (Trailer and til-' sen York Citv Ait Pollution Cni.iud f'u.,!e. i t f n c l u r i n : t a n d oi iill r:: t .IiH O ! M!| 'd a te d w i t l i t h e S p i a V ,-( l i no* b ti '0 1 ``.l a n i l t :|. i i i i i o i s A : - s o c i a l ) n ;tn< l : ! u C o u t : S' *; i;i i i o : i o l N c V V i ink. 1 h- t ;-n 1' l a C c c i-k . ' a . l m i ' l l i . t i- >n i \ ' M ! .il f)r'b-V!i 1 . c:: lu ;i .h0sU>s- / i t a l i ' c i o l i l e a l a n d I ; : In .III , ! h Its . r . a l A be. t o s V . ' m k 0 1 s. ' Vf! t1. '.C l d ;,!( jSOM ; !l U s n i l '0!0| s cut air. !t0 i/nlM- d i d i i t i l c s u c h U t i l s I | . ' n l e i . 1' i ; i ..1 0 1 . i 11 ; I o i i I, IIc11'if.' the ' tar ot s|.r:ivii'!! up'-Miion*- all m c i i i t i c i s \V` | 0 { Mi!!-'! '1). a l a , i't 11\` i !- i h i w . i l e i a b l e h e l p , M i l 0 1: Ih . h d h 'll :n u c h l o t . . 1 V'\ Hoot aic.'a. .-.h.ill he :hoveled dean, la Hue the appliealM ' ol .r.i'i -.tos coiilaiinii!' mate- JK* 1J=11IL f. w i t h 1he , 111 bi-rn 11! 'M'i ' . u a l . 1 ''' .` ami- l a i l v . v a h laid .*.'t >]' |,; iti'' .\i d l 'd 1iv ; i> Jo h n ; .M.iuvilic ( Y>; p . ' . : 1! i' Mi . i :i fl'.'pill: v i i l i M,ii c o i i i i i k ' i i i ' i . ilic tiooi ol l i e ' area sh.,ll be cleared ol all "b rc ls . in in rial ami Vi|iiipnienl oil,ci than that cmphivcd in tbcappl.- t h e i r g e m ml p i ; i ' . p e Ol IV L 1,-V,l*it :i}.iii!' r ; I ". 1IV Y cation ol the a:,l'i".|riscoiitainiiig iir-ulati<*n o m l oils 1O i Mu,; ! i ;o. ; v; ii lit;'111 b o ;i.. o- or all objects, malcitals. etc . shall lie toy- i. i;itsil with liaz.md. ered with pla.lic oi oilier appmved laipau American Industrial Hygiene Assaeiiitu\^iiid^ml. ; .yq\ lins in :i manner liuil precludes tho subse quent dispersal id asbestos pat ticulates. 2. The entire lloor. m (ho part ol the lloor to bo insulated shall bo enclosed with plastic 01 other approved tarpaulins in a manner w'lucli shall preclude the escape ol asbestoscontaining material from the enclosure. All interior open areas, such as elevator slialts. stairwells, etc., shall be enclosed in a manner which shall picvenl the escape ot asbestoscontaining material Irom the working area. " Stack effect" of the shafts, stairwells, etc., shall be considcied satislaetoiy only it visi ble insulating material, cannot escape Irom the enclosure. ,1. Wet asbestos-containing material which has fallen to the lloor shall be .went up contmuouslv lo prevent dispersal ol dried ma terial. Under no condition shall this material he removed later than at the etui ol the ' working day. Swept-up material shall be pi iced in a heavy plastic hag strong enough to resist tearing or breaking under normal handling conditions and clc.iil\ maiked as containing, asbestos waste. I he contents ol ihe aforementioned plastic nags shall not be ' transferred to another container. The plastic bans shall be placed upon a vehicle tor disp.sal at an approver! site. 1 All floors v. ill be vacuumed shortly alter dr. me."The vacuum cleaner -.hali contain a TTr-mg. single-service disposable inner bag ot durable mateiial which shall be removed, limn be placed in a container of the type de scribed m paragraph 7. which shall (hercalier he placed on a vehicle lor removal and dis posal at an approved site. 5. The materials used lo form the enclosure shall he thoroughly vacuumed upon comple tion of the application of the insulation in the area. T he entire floor area, all ledges and surfaces including tarpaulins upon which waste insulation material may have fallen, shall then he vacuumed or revaeuumed be fore tcmoval of the enclosures. 185 b. bitclosurcs shall not be dismantled until the area has been thoroughly vacuumed after completion of spraying and cleanup. 7. All mens used for opening hags containing asb'fiSlos insulating material and/or charging of hopper/slrdl he enclosed in such a man ner that asbestos-containing'insulating mate rial shall not be permitted to escape Irom the immediate area .in which such activity takes place. S. Signs shall be posted outside enclosures v.lTmir.g persons of tne hazard' of entering the enclosure wiihoul appropriate mask and oilier apparel. . 0. All persons involved in the spraying ol asbCslos at the site must be furnished with Bureau of Mines approved lcspiralors lor pneumoconiosis-producing dust or equip ment as required by NA . .State Department of Labor and must be lurmsttej with tri able coveralls which will be ielt at the site, and KicTcby preclude the removal of a ,he>- Ios from the she No pci -on I.. ;i he permu ted in an area in^vhiclt asbestos spruyine or handling has taken piace until imal vacuum ing re let red to m paragraph nmnheied `5` herein, unless such person is lumished with anil weats a Bureau ol Mines approved res pirator for pcnumoeoniosh-pioduciiig diet and a vein IIs ol the type described herein, facilities shall he provided atm procedure- instituted and supervised that preclude tic removal and dispersal of asbc.vtns-conluinmg mateiial from the-construction-site on the clothing or other appurtenance-, ol persons leaving the area. . 10. Anv plenum or other stmetuies coated with asbestos-containing insulation which is intended for use in the circulation of aii in the building must Ire thoroughly cleaned id all debris and waste insulation. All applied asbest os-containing insulation within a plenum or duet must he coated with a seal ant which precludes exposure ol the ashes- tos-con lyin in ^ m aterial to the e ire u la tiiir air. -vy W - I J x: > W t iP 'W 1 vfbr.r - % arfd.V.Ol' '' \h **?*' 4`u V. : . M -f ' V^\ 1* \' m \hV %.r-r '- v .W 'M ' .' i `^ iT a V r f '*? '''-JoiVv, v ;M ? ;>y p | Mw '$ $ S $ r ; v'SV *: March, 19 72 I I. A poison shall lie assigned ilic full-time responsibility to supoiviso (he spraying and related operations to assure that no asbestos hearing material is released Irom the con struction site. Id. In case o f emission of asbestos from the construction site, immediate, steps shall be taken to eause the cessation of such emis sions by either effective control measures or. work stoppage at the scunee o ld lic emis sions. 'fhere shall then he imme.li.il: mi- complete cleanup ul all materia! that has es caped the constiuelion site by measures that wiil insure that no fuitlicr dispersal of any asbestos mateiial into the atmosphere can occur. ' Id. Notice ol intent to spiny asbestos-con taining material on any piemises shall be given to the director of Field Services, Deput Imem of An kesouices. id-1 Centre Sheet. New Yoik. N.Y. (2ld-5(i('<-?.7d5). Said notice shall be both oial.hy telephone, and in wri'ing and shall spc\ ity.at least iwo (.' ) days prior to said spraying, the lloois on which the spraying will take place. It will be seen that these eaiiy regulations (they have since noen strengthened) were Jiiccled largelv to il,c prevention ol the environ mental ha/a:d. !i: addition, v.-e were able to identity a numb-r ul olhct appiouclics which weie more specilicaily eoiicerned with (lie oc cupational hazard. Reduction ol Aiihem e ' ' Asbestos during Spray Operations (Yirrenilv. consideration i, being given with in the' indusliy to sevual piopu-ils aimed at icdiieing the amuiml ol ashc'siu-, dost winch might become anborne dining -.piaging. /\11 impoilanl uppioach inclad climmali-m til asbirsii.s horn i.he .malei ia.1 m.cil and I he addi tion ul oil-- in v. a Hni g anei i i ' . luim ulaiion changes have met with some success. Several m a mi laci uiers am now piodueing material which contains no asbestos. II he disease polen- tial of these subsl it site maienals is largely un known. and New York City regulations require the same precautions dining their application, as with asbestos-containing mateiials. In (neat B ritain, the modification of snpiv enuijimcnl has received consideiahlc attention. A method of pieweiiing the fiber before con veying material- to the nozzle has been devel oped. Although this prewetling pioecss signifi cantly reduces liber counts dining applications, the method does not yet lend itself to volume spraying as done in the United Stales. Progress has been marie in developing eflec- tivc means of enclosing areas dm mg spray appli cation (figures 5 to 10). Several contractors have custom-designed canvas o: miulnrced plas tic tarpaulins with vanous flaps and interlock ing closuic devices. Wooden frames covered with reinloreed plastic airo in i: No! only must the peiimel er be ench but the stair- wells; and elevaloi cli.it ts iitl'St be veal ed t ' jue- vent lIlC shick Cllicet Iro dm 1 and 1i!jor to the ('in-. .tic V<J hem. Some i unique ways have been de Vel owed I->r on. 1II itsiide spandrei' ^iid eofi.imn.s pr :or ;pray- ing. Since the b ign of lui ildl.'l!:.s m;iy fli! icr wide Iv. meth.ods tin enclo-- /. inns * he indivubi- ally tailored for a particular struenirc. To chiui- nate the need for tempoiarv enclo-me ol 'build ings. some contractors me ics |iedii!,i!" the spray application to permit pirn creation ol cinlain walls and gki/.me ul'ih c window mvii inp.s. ' l.nelosure with canvas and plus!ic has maik- edlv improverl since enactment ol more si-in pent icgijlalions. Ambient air samples taken near spiav job siles that have been enclosed bv means ol nevvr-i methods have shown that e v celleut t'on'ainmei:l is po-able. Asbestos liber emissions hum pmperly enclosed spray opeia- lions weie not ilelceted with ihe light uticio scope. Meelroi: micro-cope examination ul samples is euiienlly under way to determine it the spiav pioc.Y, adds sigiul iesn l !y to the as bestos liber bacl.giound level in aiuhien.l an. In limited studies, it dirt not. l-.nclosmc laipinc, however, still has not solved the pioblem ol wind erosion duimg'the interval between com- }')72 y un :* (Hire Ulu ll. \p ia y iiiion, * ..on* c v e l- .lulls. vM'ec- . .tors . ;>las; luckt..rocl only .iik I . i ji.j,...-.ing oray- 11ffe i ! ' i d u iimi likl- . I l l , . :i c l pen- i i;tiken _d by i- oxfiber ; *er;i'C ICII ol oio if o ;is- : n . Ill ipilig, oi;l ol . com- Amt m an l;ia';isln,il UvyM'ih' A\'SOiit?tioi; Jounuit 1X7 Work Practices , 11 is oui conclusion that much can lie done lo iedr.ee dust by ilie individual workman on I he job, in Ids eveiyday handling of ihc spray maierial. Methods of opening, emptying, and stacking bags, proper methods of using and ad justing the nozzle, and methods of personal protection are important. Attention to seeming ly small details by the worker aie important, and these should be the obiecl ol" training and education piograms. I he sprayed mincial fiber nianiilactiiieis association" has prepared a book let outlining such impruteil work praetiees. Too I ii'iiio 5 . I 'lour of bulletin;- alia sprat :i|'pl ic;i lion. Nolo piles of waste asbcsins cnntainiii!: malerials ;uul Hupping. I np;iulins. inadequalch seemed. l'iaurc 7. Wind and weather damage In emloMiir lipuic 6. Muliislnry biiililmi! inadequately en- clnsivl wiih canvas. Note openings where tarpaulins have mil lioe'M secured. I'lolimt ul spine mill erection ol " .skin" or cuil.im w .ill Ari'11iIcc111r;iI awareness ol lliis probI: in iniiv pu-1i p il design ol inliiro multistory I>111111nps lo e'iif,uro election ol uiilain walls bclon: spine Ini'|iioolin;: is applied. Scheduling is no simple m a ile r, Imwevei, and Hits may be vei y till liculi. ligurc H. I-.Iuli ISOIo Ilf iimlllMuricd building willi lut ed canvas and plaslie tarpaulins. ^^.^..liX'i'. ii--i-^i,`-,,11,^j/WW.*.'n' IKS rp v ff p jr* tti>J ' cts*;i :h v s tKf'U Jit *V .4 M M &ti .f f e M 'l fflV m - # r ' * >' f /f i ' t ' ' ''/> } wr Pwy r>i { .-, v i) i ''`,!|iiw -a . ^ .;> < :'.'i"i `A V t v i A . ' .y .w * 1 ' ' '' C t f f r h i t t , ! `!; , u v l lHM(>IH-li,lH il -.,|L..l l.up.u.Nn., for h.I.Mi,,.. Z 7 T - i"1' :lmi ,il"'l,,tt"' prcu-iil lu U .s I rum dn.ppnm along I ho sidem i ihc hulhiinp 1 '! " " l i n e a I '" a .(.,, v d s is k - h w e n ml- ''" 'ns 1,10 hrp.111](>i^ n ,w t)l. I . , | .,, ,|1;, lu,f,oni 1(1 pi''-,vci,l Ji.jj'i'ijr: !u 'IF-.. ,-.,J * March, /972 Iho supeivisor or foreman. Ilis task, however should also he ligl.iened In tlio development of P'oeedures wind, do no( depend upon work- ' l,;m COl,r^'-.tion. skill, knowledge, I,amine or dodieuhon lo safely. Fliminahon of ha/'ards should be hinlt ini,, ihe woik procedure! Giberwise, il anything cun go w ro,,g. ii well may. ;md the price ol lailure is unacceptable. This is not to say Ural the on-sde opeiahons " I he woikman are not impoii.mi; id' couise. `llCy ;lu'- UllL> :,ro`l in which no planned pm. gram however eiTeclive in principle, can he sucee'sslul wiilioui workman cooperation and un derstanding is housekeeping, in our studies ue `l>un(1 'h.iUiuanim es of waste:sprayed mmeial ihei are Mill allowed (0 remain on (lie floors, edges, and nearby ec|iiipnieiil (Figures II p, lo). Asheslos-coiiiaiuiug wash: is ofien Hacked "ndeilooi on ;l eonstrueiion silo loi m.mv " " " "h s . In some cases, because ok non, ih, , , ... keeping, waste lihimis ma . *i.ii is ainiwen in" le' main in vei.iiiaij,a dm is al:.! liioppei] cediiias io eoiiiiihine n jj,ciu.ie ,'oniainmatjon <u die Mmet tire. Fvperimenla' o k is n o w iu,.|er w a s i n re design e\is line . permit iheir n 1,1,101-dal vaciima cleaners p, -oiisIriKtit'ii slean-.ip. Wet pickup Ol large volumes of maleiial and codec ll" n i,; disposable legs aie lw , jeamres v.icch must he included in a redesigned nnil (Fiemes nmeh reliance should mu in: placed, howevc, " " dihgence and iiaiiung o! individual work men. We have IommI M,.,l work crews .ue inconslanl. vvilh mespcis n, ed men olieu added a-' 1,10 wdume ol woik mo,eases. 'I here men. al '"h e, limes, do plashuiilg. and spiaving of sulalion may he o n l y m iem iilleul employmem oi them. Few coiiira, I. ,|s employ a eonsianl ' w* `-."d ap|nenlleesuip pii.giarns have lll'eu scam anil I'lagnieniaiy. where ihey exist, in this conn!i v. . " ' 1-11),cl - d |!l al I. HI will h a v e l o ire ....y..... o a iioiiig a||;m taml .,,Hen (|,e icspoiisihilily ol' V.y.' .......... ......' H v i. \s. ' ,, ?v >,/, I rV ^*1 ' > -V >.* I ig ilie I 1. AMIL'S,n ,s-coiU ;iil li I-.C< ^ le d 'b S u ir ' .i.'luweu 1.1 I I l.lv.rii,,, o, 'siSJlrt*^.ili!;!W.m,\.vitf&'i1.:'.:J'itJk-'S* ,,,*m.^ kfymJ(wmil i s 1; I t^md I.S). n, reduce iIIC number of men ex ,, E , -l!l` i' Imdimie easy cleanup, seseml n f J , .!' l 7 ; ; 1 7 " ^ ' ^ lu,vc beyun a proeram . 'IIC " p,;,l!lu`(i w`"k schedules. The men mil inmeiial of ibher hades arc hep, m, ^ m u ,.^ e s p m y ,d ele.,,,up me compleied Kespirulor I'l'ofeelinn I'ersniiul pidecMou nl ihe wmkeix app.Vi,,., . J ,!lf " ,:l,Cn:i1 " - needs" um^ ' k !" ,om,,<n- U'(- *ollnd lha, many men up ..................... . ,j ,U AU<" '" 'y ,,crS('n;li 'I'spirmory pmlec- 7 7 tk V7 -- w .u o clmposuhlo c p i r u - ' " ! -- ... ............. I - Pl!' -.'.pwmnrs i. v u i'lH 7 T l,n lh;` "'"^1 were .mails ,in / bus specific use. ww " n . a b,o r,, rj f, / i . ... . . ,f. ; . ' . ' 'h'lre 1.1. p'm-nveri'd eieer< . ............ "w n.mr Uurin:: ^,rav , p|i,c, , u',,l,," lc" 1II" b>e spray open,!,on ' ' I'T W r* !| 'epj'"'/ . in de\ciiu.ims'lieul of new I'espiialn, I'l'.ueeiive devices .s indeed cneour- ! ** aI.i1r.- malt', m .m r'', ... . ... , , IU , k 'iees v.!,| p,i,h:iMv !--,vo 1 >nu- IF p i? ,. , 1. 1: (h -P' wi Me unj , m . b l a b ic M ` 11eel is e j {S vd' r1' . '* y ! . 'e shi l in y | ();' : * im' < i's' !,l h ave f /*!'. '. !-'l .u.i. ,ee,;y ! b> a i l e t p u n c l v k . ' *7 P' ifiiV * ' ,;vad; ' !',, '|,'el many n;eu v.n ,| l, oi lb, sp.av opemii.iu alilm ie g e n e ra l area 'PI iVii bb-eir. m .1- v.miim ihe 1 n c i n e a r ih e u iv eiielosiire. ' if.-' '*i1f -y ;-0.-Y? y> . :* I , . . ' . - <*(e. -'.JjV 4. . .. ..- r'h` .i'j'ru.-''*3 Neverlhelecs. heeause ,d ,l.e . n .. K m /< -- ....... 11 1 ' 1' 1M| 11111 '.we. a i.oiivenlum al lihe,.|. .. . ~ ..oa.in'm.......... ~ f ~ 7 ~ \vorkvr h uidliue ihe <ii.,v . , , f 1 n it I U'lllv | ' |'(11 . . . . 'J'.-.y .. ......''b-esm, mas u ..u , \1|r' SeI[ sS . III.,I,III-, l.1i1l1o1i. '" S . . * V*,,...; ^ sslu-re o ilie r o ralis - - .... ... v(V ,v; i <,., :A4\\,:v * - riU S ifa t I 90 March. 19 72 be-lew men have readied twcnly years from onset of work- hut of young men who have been regularly employed in spraying a.sboslos.containing insidalion malenals u is possible l bnI a majority will die m ashesios disease, indridmg lung cancel, pleural and peritoneal mes othelioma, and asbesiosis. Our studies indieale -- JffT O iv I IJ'IIIO I s . U a s le n u ic ii.il lie i111; Irauspo i led In dcs- l.nutlill iileas in covered m ,e U w ill, packages Hv uiod In p r o e m ll.o spread o l . iiu lc o .d l h . , Un-l, Mivcls ;iii(l io.kIs, v Iv.'o Slops are essential hi speed ihe use olies- ,Mr:il ly |9111ec l it ol in ihe sprav hisiilalion ( I ) .. device more aeeepia.hle l',,,,,, hiulpoim ul woiker coniiorl and ( di a massive v d m .a l iu n .il p u p : : a n i a m n i a i hesp v, n i h e rs Discussion iiiv e s iiL 'a i i i i i i o f ih e s p in v e d m i u e i a l l ih e r in<ll,`' l l -v ii.id ie .u e s an i m p o r l a m a s b e s io r h a z a r d e x is t s 1,,, u n h i i R M i e m p l o y e d in ih i s h a d e . Ii is l " 1' e a i l y to ;e il h o w w e r e Ih e d e a t h l o l l w i l l ! y "} i f:i*i# ` . i ii.ure l(i. | m ln sc d areas should l.e .i|ip n ,p n ile ly m ail.cd to p ievenl n llie , Hades ,-m. lKill!.: S|>t;iVCil. am ` ` ibni they hav been exposed in nsbesto-, dust levels olherwise seldom seen nowadays in the asbestos industry. A n equally unaeeeplahle hazard may e.xisi lor ,,llK' r const,m.-iion vvoikmcn. exposed on eonslmelion Mies i.. (|usis deiived Iron, spraymg operations. While such indireel oecup.ui.inal exposure is intermit ten;, i; is still .u levels h 'u n d in olhei trades |o have high n .|,. ihf,,,-. lunalely. inleiniilienl high peal: exposures may eauy the polcnlja! ul serious disease twenty, 'lurly or moie ycais laler. 'Ihe inhaled libers 00 / ?> ; ilU m vo . usUc j :ic i) . 12 Js ajfa^ilfefA .& *&&\j >f!*;*V,._ American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal "' 191 become lodged in the lung. Once w \ t u. the fibeis continue to exert thcirTTicct <m contigu ous lissue; while jh e individual mav be spared 1--*lK`i ^M' osme, his lung,and oilier, iissues ere ju>L. ( onstiuction trades workmen employed in buildings-in which spraying oI asbestos fiber insulalion was done should he considered to have been subject lo asbestos exposure and risk. In formal ion is inadequate to predict the magni tude of this risk: it may be considerable. Such occupational hazards are intolerable, and it is evident that they will not be permitled. In addition to efforts by regulatory agen cies mentioned before,, construction unions, ioo. have taken steps to protect (heir members. Work stoppages have occurred in New York City. West Chester County, and elsewhere, with men in various trades refusing to work during spray operations. If administrative regulation is unavailable or ineffective, self-regulation bv la bor and employers in the construction trades may be substituted. Our studies suggest that the occupational, hazard associated with spraying of asbestos insulalion can be minimized or eliminated by suitable industry procedmes. Such controls, as noted, will be expensive for the sprayed fire proofing industry; the butden in the competative market place may make Hie product and process uneconomical, to give way to other means of Iheproofing and insulating. Should this occur, it will simply mean I hat the health in workmen must be eonsideicd in weighing the eosl of work done. On some scales, as this one, health will weigh Itcavilv. I itc allemative to coutrois will be banning the spraying of asbestos materials. While, as a general title, centred oi environmental hazards seems pielerable, il control measures are neilliei leasilde nor el ledivc. or il lltev are ignored or disregarded, hiii/niiiy will be considered. Nole. Since this manuscript was submitted, it was deteimined that the. existence of the N. f,C . Department ol Air resources had failed to ensure adequate compliance for the control of the spraying of asbestos mineral fiber insulabon. The New York City Council (hereupon haaniod all spraying of ashesios in N.Y.C. effec tive Lebriiary 25, 1072-Local Law 40, 1971, A ir Po llu tion Control Code, Section 1403.2-9.11(B); enacted August 25, 1971. References I SvIikxir I.J.. A sb esI. *s amt N eoplasia. A,nee. J. M t 'il. ./J. .IS 7 ( | ()n7). 2 . n " ll K .: M o rta lity Iron, tu n n Cancer in Asbestos \\ orkers. tin t. 3. h u t Med. | ( ly s s ) ` .1. I n tiekn up J.H .. and U . j . S m ilh e r: IS.-,iinnval l u m iuirs In A.s Ih-Mo sis. Ilril. J. i t , j , . . nfl (1964). ' ' "u 4. M erew ether, I-..K.A.: A M em orandum on Asbeslo- m s. tubercle 109, | s ; (1 9 .t.t. | ,, 4 4 ) 5. Mr N u l l ) . J . ( Asbestos Kxposure in A u s t r a lia ./- lertnuitm al C o n fe re n c e on Pneumoconiosis. Johc.nneshura. tari9.P ro cc cilin.r s (I I. A. S h ap iro m i l 20 1-203. Capetown. Os lord University Press(I 9 7 0 ) ' (1 . M c D o n a ld , J.D .; Kc.se aieb on Asbestos. M c C i l l iicp o r t e r f : | ;t-1 9 (1 9 7 0 ). " . Sell kxl'f, I.J.. J . C l,m u. and P .C . M am m on .I: Asbes- los I sposun- and Neoplasia. ./. Arucr. M ed A s n c ISS.2Z (|9(,4). " ' S ' vos ll. J . I t . . a m i I I , K. A y e r: M easurem enl o r Dust . sposnres in Ibe Asbestos J e M i l e In d u s lr j. A m l ".d. I r . x . As'.oc. ./. J r | , |9 (,()). '.N id io lso n . W .I.. A .N . Hold, and H r . le rra n d : \s- Iw slos xr^fJJlu :u io n In N ew Y o rk C ity . S e c o n d I n tern, (term Air Congr. Washington, D.C. Dr ear,her / (} TO, IM presv. * 1 0 .S c litx .lt. 1.1.. J. t'll tint. ami ICC. 11.,m m .,m l: I lie O ccurrence o f Asbestos,s. nnn.m: Insulation Work- 1,1* 111 ll" ' t'n ik 'c i Stales. A n n . A'. V A c a d ,V, i .'.0 :1 3 9 ( | `>65 |. ' I I . S e lik o l f, I. J. . ICC. I l.nn m um l. J . C I i m p : M,-.r t:ilitv lv\perience nl Asbestos 1 1 .11uii>ti Workt-ts. truernational C o n f e r e n t c or, I '; , - . , : , m i n u s . Jut,.mires- huip, 19.49. Pr-icenl ings { ! ' . \. S li:ip ir .., . a . ) , en. I SO - 1 K 6, C ap etow n . O xford U n iversity i'ie.x (1970). ' 12.Ja c o b . C... am i M. A nsp .,ch : I'n lm o nary Neoplasia aimmit. Dresden Asbestos W orkers. Arm. ,V. V. -!cad. Set. if. (| 9 0 S). ' ' 1.1. Harries, I '.Ct.: Asbestos. Hazards iri Naval Hook.'arils. A n n . O ec u p . li v e . //.;.tf, f | j r, ; i ). 1-1.1>111e i >, C ., am i A. It. T e n ip le lo n : hlTcelx o f Asbes los in D o c k y a rd W ork ers. Itrii M e d J ,' 574 ( 1Ol,K). ' "" I S ..V Iit :o fl. I J.. and IC C . I la mm n m l: Asbestos bodies in N .Y .C . I 'o p n la lio n in T w o Periods o f T im e. J ,, . lfrn-iti,rti,il Conference -v j,, . harmed,,,rg. t u n a . Proceedings t II.A . Mbapiro. ed.). |||>. 99 I OS, ( ap e to w u , O x fo rd U n ive rsity Cress (1970). I 6 .SelikolT, I.J.: f.irln ersliip loi Prevention. In,I. Med Xurg. I (1970). ' Iti.-i.ii veil A ll i;us I .), 1971 l 'tibli.shcd by lIn,. American Industrial flyiricme Association Copyright, mvo .