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\y \ SC-ETM-3130 1 J NATIONAL SAFETY : COUNCIL , Owmwd by (b# Vol. 87, No. 6 JUNE 1963 FEATURES 16 Poor Robert's Almanack--Roberi D. Gidel . .' 20 Tool Trend Is Toward Built-in Safety ` 22 ts Safety in Yoor Annual Report*? 26 How To Fly in Space . . . 28 Why They Hire the Handicapped-^-flobm G. Belknap ' 32 Proof the Hard Way ' . 38 Epidemic (Diary of a Safety Engineer)--0/1/ Andrews 89 rfusts. Fumes, and Mists in Industry---Dora Sheet 531 DEPARTMENTS 4 Voice of the Reader 6 Accident Barometer 8' News Brief* 10 Safety Valve M Coming Events 30 Ideas That Worked 40 Wire from Washington 44 Off the Job 46 Fire Tips 47 Consultation Comer *- Oku a on aiaoia cais 49 Personal* 64 Library ' . 71 Keeping Posted . 82 For Distinguished Service 85 President's Medal . 106 New Safety Equipment 108 Buyers' Guide ' 109 Reader Service Card ' 117 Product Literature (18 Advertisers'Index HOME OFFICE N* Te* Offlcmi : 370 Mod** Aw* N*r T*rf 1* . . ' PvUk Sarvica f*4, 61*40 Ctoyitor IWp* . ' Hrm tri t7 . ton fmrfno Offkai '' ' 701 MorfcM k* FtMrfM * '' editorial staff 1 - Junes D. Seat AseocuTt Eonev. Stout K. HopUos Asstmwr Eomja: Beroird Schoboft Tbckmou. Omecroa; Roy Beesoa , CoKttntmm EomaitR. G. Belknap . Carman Fish * . A. S. Kelly -. M. E. Petersen .' H> N. Roxafleld L. C Smith i ' Jennie Spsdafoea < - 1 lab Zeahct Eomaut Dmscroa: Robert L. Meyer PVBUCATtONI - ' Dan. Manaosb: Jack Horner Doacroa: Ralph Mom Covn: WRLiam Wendlasd PRoTocaAPHEa: Junes & Lehmaa ,.-fl5yyit "d cpfatos Unacri to tlMd v w PW8BMJ qprtofana UM 0< Uw NtttoMl S*tar Cood).' Hukntl iuaj CoradL MnSrfTiUIAsMiiA*i 6. iUbcr` udil szs.nr: (W to, (fj9t.Pt.tr.c__tm_^_e__ti_CTW_tt _to Nid_oS_s^iftty KHpUm ud Soda Bntttu oitfou*}evhUstoMctaoa. a rtouett. Mnabcr 38J00 copies of this issue were printed Notional Sefsty Newt. June 1963 A VERY SPECIAL ALARM JUST FOR BIG WHEELS! How would you call attention to the menace .of big wheeled vehicles, such es loaders end scrapers, where noise and activitylevels are high?--Use the new twihNoth Bullard Back-Up Alarm, designed to comply wfth U.S. Army Corps of Engineers sound'speclficetions at the lowest cost possible for a mechan ical bell alarm. Self-contained,, easily Installed, with almost no maintenance, the Bullard Back-Up Alarm Is completely - automatic. It can be adjusted to give warning for- forward movement too -- essential for vehicles in which driver visi bility is limited, s The sWneb Bullard Back-Up Alarm Is more than adequate for most trucks and buses. A new. Quick Attachment Mounting simplifies removal of the entire unit when changing wheels. And for forklifts and other 'small-wheeled equipment there are Bullard Industrial Truck Alarms, with-. . models for continuous sound, or forward, or reverse; action. Bullard also makes Bull/Horn Alarms for crawler machines, first aid kits and HARO BOILED* head protection. Ask your . Bullard distributor for product' literature or write the. Bullard Vehicle Safety Division, 2680 Bridgeway, Sausalito, California. E. D. BULLARD COMPANY SAUSALITO CALIFORNIA OKU I ON UAOO CAftO eua*(.fi. MW Co. 1 i > ' * I Men's clothes were going to pieces That man is cleaning out a diesel fuel oil tank. To --outlast ordinary work suits bjr as much as 2 to 1. In spite finish the job. he has to-squirm into the tank where of being far stronger, the BFG suit weighs much less trim there's a mixture of oil anJ water. Trouble was the oil regular waterproof clothing, and it's softer and more com softened his work suit anJ boots, caused the rubber coating fortable, too. to peel off at the slightest snag. The B.F.Goodrich Xtratuf;boot, shown here, is ideal for This was the situation until B.F.Goodrich came up with use wherever oil and grease are encountered. It has a non protective clothing chat solved this costlv problem. The skid molded outsple that gives terrific traction on the BFG w ork suit is made of a special nylon fabric rhat is four slipperiest surfaces. Long-lasting BFG gloves have, many tinges stronger than the fabric used in features, too, that make them easy to * ordinary protective clothing. This is then wear as well as protective. coated with a special oil-resisting rubber To find our more about B.F.Goodrich compound. protective clothing, boots and gloves, On many industrial jobs. B.F.Goodrich see your supplier or write for free catalogs.' oil-resisting suits have shown the)* cm B.F.CooJricb Industrial Products Co., Dtpt. sunJ the most punishing wear and tear M-307, Aknnl8.0.lnCanJa:Kh(btatr,0nt. 68 CltCli M ON tuott OUB A NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL TECHNICAL SERVICE DATA SHEET 531 DUSTS, FUMES, AND MISTS IN INDUSTRY Copies of this data sheet will be avdlable for purchase within 30 days. Subscribers to the Councffs data sheet maintenance service will receive a copy in the next quarterly mailing. Introduction . 1. Industrial dusts, mists, and fumes, their hazards and their con trol, are discussed in this data sheet.' The general principles presented can be applied to evaluate most .in dustrial situations involving these air contaminants and to determine the need for controls. This data sheet is intended to guide employers, plant safety engineers, personnel man- ogers. and supervisors. 2. A plant manager who believes that he has a toxic or irritating dust problem should consult u competent industrial hygienist. Such help may be obtained from his own company, insurance .carrier, private consul tants, or ' state . health or labor agency. . ` 3. To protect the health of em ployees who work where a dust, fume, or mist created by a manufac turing process is released into the at mosphere. a control program may be . required. In such a case, three steps must be taken: . a. The properties of-the specific dust. ' (urnc, or ` mist and its possible , physiological effects on employees must be ascertained. This data sheet coven tonic and iiri* taring air contaminants encountered in industry..It docs hoi include a discussion of the explosive properties of such air borne particulate matter. This data sheet Is on* of o sarks published by th* Nctlonot Softly Council, reflecting experience from many sources. Not every accept able safety procedure k this . field It necessarily Included. TMi data sheet should net be con fused wfrh American Safety Standordt, federol laws, insurance re quirements, state to*i, rules; reg ulations or municipal ordinances. ' b. The particular exposure must he evaluated hy dust counts or by . chemical analyses of air samples. . and a step-by-step analysis of the operations must be made to find the areas where employees are ex posed to hazardous amounts of the material. The operational anal ysis also should determine how the dust. fume, or mist is dispersed. - Appropriate methods of control must be provided where indicated. The type and extent of controls wilt depend upon the physical, chemical, and toxic properties of the dust, fume, or mist, thq evalua tion made of the exposure, and the operation that disperses the con taminant. The extensive controls needed for lead oxide dust, for example, would not be needed for limestone dust, since much greater quantities of limestone dust can be tolerated. 4. Except for the skin diseases, most occupational diseases are ac quired by inhalation of material. Lung,tissue is by'far the most efficient medium the body possesses for ab sorbing materials. In addition, the surface area of this lung tissue aver ages 53 square meters or about 590 square feel. ' 5. Certain dusts that reach the lungs can pass directly into the blood stream and be absorbed over a long period of time. Others may stay in the lungs and set up local irritant or dam aging action. .. ^ 6, Toxic and irritant dusts can also be ingested in amounts that may cause trouble. If toxic dust swal lowed with food or saliva is not sol uble in body fluids, it is eliminated directly through the intestinal tract. Toxic materials that are readily sol uble in body fluids can be absorbed in the digestive sy stem and picked up by the blood. ' 7. A third way in' which toxic and irritant substances may enter the system is skin absorption. Many or ganic compounds, such as TNT. cy anides. and most aromatic amines, amides, and phenols, can produce systemic poisoning by direct contact with the skin. Contact of toxic and irritant dusts with the skin also may result in skin irritation. - 8. As compared to' inhalation. National Safety Nows, Juno 1963 . If however, both ingestion and skin with talc. Dust may be formed and contact arc of rclatively-minor impor dispersed when solid materials are tance in industrial poisoning inso . reduced to small sizes in processes far ns dusts, fumes, and mists arc con cerned. such as grinding, crushing, blasting, shaking, and drilling. In these proc- Origin and Properties of Particulate Matter * esses, the mechanical action of the grinding or shaking device supplies a source of energy to* disperse the 9. The dust normally present in dust formed (Figure 1). . (he atmosphere has a beneficial 12. When a solid such as a metal clfect in screening out some of the is heated to a temperature high harmful rays of the sun. Inhalation of enough to volatilize it. the volatil - this dust may not be harmful because ised matter later condenses in cooler . cither the dust may be nontoxic or air to form a fume (Figure 2). The body mechanisms capture, remove solid panicles that make up a fume and eliminate or isolate the small arc extremely fine, usually less than amounts of dust trapped in the lungs. 0.5 micron in size. In some eases, the Air pollution, radioactive fallout, hot material reacts with the air to pollens, and similar conditions may form an oxide. Examples arc lead have an adverse effect on some indi oxide fume from smelting and iron viduals. Also, when the air breathed oxide fume from arc welding. Also, a contains excessive amounts of dust, fume can be formed when a material the body has difficulty in handling such as magnesium metal is burned ' the load and dust may remain in the or when welding or gas cutting is . lungs. * done on galvanized metal. Sources 10. The term dust.as used in in dustry is generally applied to air ' home solid particles that range in si/e from 0.1 micron to 25 microns (one micron ss I / 10.000 centimeter = I 25.000 inch I. Process dusts below- 0.5 micron in size arc rare. Ousts above 5 microns in size usually will not stay air-borne long enough to present an inhalation problem. 11. Dust may enter the air from various sources. It may be dispersed when a dusty material is handled, such as when lead oxide is dumped into a mixer or a product is dusted 13. A mist is formed when a finely divided liquid is suspended in air. - An example is the oil mist pro duced during cutting and. grinding operations. 14. Smoke may be formed by the incomplete combustion of organic materials. Smoke generally contains droplets as well as dry particles. Tobacco, for instance, produces a wet smoke composed of minute tarry droplets. The-size of the particles contained in tobacco smoke is about 0.25 micron. . 15. Radioactive dust may be dis persed in the same ways as other in dustrial dusts. Radium, thorium, and other radioactive elements arc pres ent in extremely minute amounts in the atmosphere. Fig*f 1. Owt* f'Offl Mftrf it g**'Ol*tf dw'ixg tfc* tSotf Ovi of ceoingt. JK otocfconical ec'iox of h ikeW'Ou* meettino tfiip*nt it>* dull. PclFi laktn by dut* portiUot at fby Of* drawn into the hood thowt lb* ftticiancv of ll< local atiewil ty,liri. (Court*ly AmofMOA Foundry***'* So<i*ty1 Magnitude of particles 16. When a solid is broken ,into finely divided particles, its surface area is increased many times. For ex ample. I cubic centimeter (0.061 cubic inch) of quartz in the form of a cube when crushed into I-micron cubes will give 10*" (1.000.000. 000.000 or one trillion) particles with a total surface area of 6 square meters (9.300 square inches), as compared with 6 square centimeters (0.930 square inch) for the original cube. 17. When a solid is broken into finely divided particles, the volume occupied by the mass is also in creased because of the voids between the particles. A dust concentration of 50 million particles per cubic foot of air (mppcf), resulting from 1 cubic centimeter of material reduced to particles 1 cubic micron in size, will occupy an air space of 20.000 'cubic feet. . 18. Even smaller amounts of toxic dusts, fumes, and mists, will make a workroom atmosphere hazardous. For example, the threshold limit value for lead, as adopted by the Amcfican Conference of Govern mental Industrial Hygienists, is 0.2 milligram per cubic meter of air (mg/cu m), which is 0.0000002 ounce per cubic foot. Therefore, the dispersion of only 0.002 ounce of lead will be enough to give the threshold limit value of 0.2 mg/cu m of dust or fume in an air space of 10,000 cubic feet (280 cubic me . ters). The concentrations that may be present in the workroom without harm to health are different for differ ent substances. .' 19. A person with normal eye sight can delect dust particles as small as SO microns in diameter. Smaller air-borne particles can be detected individually by the naked eye only when strong light is reflected from them. Dust of respirable size (below tO microns) cannot be seen without the aid of a microscope. 20. Most industrial`dusts consist of particles that vary widely in size, with the small panicles greatly out numbering the large ones. Conse quently. with few exceptions, when dust is nqticeable in the air around an operation, probably more invi sible dust particles than visible ones are present. ' Separation In air-borne dust 21. Oust in the air may or may not have the same composition as its parent material. The determining factors arc the particle size and density of each component in the original mixture, and the hardness of the materials (hard.materials will resist the pulverizing action of. a mechanical device.) 22. For example, foundry mold ing sand contains a large percentage of free'silica (quartz) with a lower percentage ofclgys. Most of the clays consist of fine particles that can be air-borne, but most of the quartz particles arc too large to be air borne. The air-borne dust, there fore. as compared with the original mixture, may contain a much higher percentage of days and a much . ` 90 National Safety Newt, June 1949 lower percentage of free silica. digestive tract before they are elimi 23. Dust particles are, of course, nated. Hence the-final toxic effects , attracted by gravity. Their settling of larger dust particles may be de rate through stilt air will vary with their size, density, and shape. Mi croscopically smalt particles settle out more slowly than larger particles be cause of their relatively minor densi ty and because of their being in fluenced by Brownian movement. Mineral particles larger than 10 mi crons will settle out relatively fast. The estimated settling rates for silica dusts in still air'are given in Table I. layed. The larger particles of irri tant dusts can cause immediate effects in the upper respiratory system. 27. Ragweed pollen, which var ies from 18 to 25 microns in diameter can cause hay fever from its action in the upper respiratory system. This type of dust and other allergenic types, as well as bacterial and irritant dusts, can cause difficulty even In the larger air-borne sizes. 28. When dust-laden air b in haled, some of the larger particles are trapped by. the hairs in the nose. TABLE I. SETTLING RATES Other dust particles are removed FOR SILICA OUSTS from the air as' it passes over the Size in Microns . Time to Fall 1 Foot (minutes) moist mucous membranes of the nose, throat, and ether portions of the upper respiratory system. . 29. The bronchi aitd other re 0.25 590.0 spiratory passages are covered with 0.50 167.0 a large number of tiny, hairlike 1.00" 2.00 5.00 . 54.0 , 14.5 2.5 cilia or microscopic whiplashes, which aid in the removal of dust trapped on these moist surfaces. The cilia, all beading in one direction, make a fast stroke toward the mouth 24. Most of the particles io air borne industrial dusts are small. Bc- and a slower return stroke. This actioo tends to push mucous and deposited dust upward to the mouth causc'of air currents, the fine pani cles in dust clouds at an operation will remain suspended in the work room air for relatively long periods ' of time. The smaller dust particles, moreover, will travel farther away from their point of origin than will the larger particles so that the far- thcr dust is from its source, the ' ; greater the percentage of small par ticles it contains. . Inhalation of Dusts* Fumes, so that the particles can be ex pectorated or swallowed. Retention of dust 30. Many studies have been made in an effort to determine the amount of.dust that is retained in the lungs, but there is no simple answer to this question. It has been shown that the size of the dust particles, the rate of respiration, the density of the dust in the air, the efficiency of the dust-catching mechanism, and , and Mists probably many other factors are in 25. With the exception , of such volved. fibrous materials as asbestos, dust .particles must usually be smaller than Sizes of particles inhaled ' 5 microns in order to enter the alveoli 31. Although an occasional dust or inner recesses of the lungs. Al particle of larger size will enter the though a few particles up to 10 lungs, particles jess than 3 microns in microns in size may enter the lungs diameter are the most likely to do so occasionally, nearly all the larger and thus have the greatest oppor particles are trapped in the nasal tunity to cause a physiological re passages, throat, larynx, trachea, and . action. In silicotic lungs, for example, bronchi, from which they arc expec- dust particles under 3 microns greatly , torated or swallowed into the diges outnumber larger ones, and many tive tract.. particles are less than 1 micron. ' 26. When larger particles of cer- 32. In the case of very fine . tain toxic dusts arc trapped in the fibrous asbestos dust, an exception - upper respiratory passages, they occurs in the size of particles in can be absorbed by the body fluids haled. Many fibers up to 100 microns- in the nasal passages and in the long have been found in the lungs figvr* a. M**d volofAsod by lb* boot of vWing tgfer <andiMt to form o f*a. On Alt bawdvotld'tng Inifoitotion, ftnti oro romoood ef tbaif point oI origin by o property locst*4 loco! *kett InitcflatloA. (Court**? Aatoricon Faundryman't Sadat?) of asbestos workers at autopsy. 'A typical fibrosis caused by asbestos is produced by fibers ranging from 20 to 50 microns in length, but only a few microns wide. Physiological offocts 33. The physiological reactions caused by the inhalation of air borne particulate matter will vary with different types of dusts, fumes, and mists. The reactions include: a. The cardiopulmonary reaction which consists of the pncumoco- nioses. such as silicosis and asbtstosis. In certain cases, specific types of lung pathology result, and the heart may be affected (cor .pul monale) when the fibrosis is ad vanced. In other cases,' there is mainly just an accumulation.of a relatively inert dust in the lungs. b. The systemic reactions which are caused by toxic dusts of such ele ments as lead, manganese, cad- ' mium. and mercury, by their com pounds. and by certain organic compounds. . ' c. Metal fume . fever which results . from the inhalation of finely divid- ed and freshly generated fume of zinc or possibly of magnesium or of their oxides. This is a transient condition. . ' d: Allergic and sensitization reactions which may be caused by Inhala tion of. or skin contact with, such materials as organic dusts from flour, grains, arid some woods and dusts of a few organic and inor ganic chemicals. ' c. Bacterial and fungus infections which occur from inhalation of dusts containing active organisms, such as wool or fur dust contaln- * Notional Saftfy New*, Juoa 1969 ' 91 -j 'i Substonce Cholcedony Chert ' Cristobolite Flint Joiper Quortx Tridymlte Tripoli (Rettcnstone) TABLE II. SELECTED INDUSTRIAL MINERAL OUSTS -. Description ond Uses Threshold Limit . in Million Particles* . por Cubk.Foot ol Air* CRYSTALLINE FREE SILICA ISiOj. including micrecrytlelline farms) A h*ol-r*mant, cbemicolfy inert form ol mkrecryslotline quertz. A decorative moterial. Rare in industry. .' A microctyttolline (arm of tilico. An impure form of flint used In abrasives. 3 ' A' crystalline form of free silko, extremely hord ond Inert chemically/ vary resistant to heat. Quartz in refractory fariciu ond omorphout silica in dtafomoceout earth are ottered to crlstobolite when exposed to high temp*natures (col* ctnedl. Critlobo'lte it extensively used In precision ceiling by the hoi wax process, dentol laboratory work, ond certoin specialty ceramics. - ' A microcrystolllne form of native quartz, more opoque end gronwtor than cholcedony. Used os on abrasive ond In ceramics. . A microcryitalline impure form of tilico similor to chert. Used (or 'decorative purposes. Rare in industry. v .. Vitreous, herd chemicalfy resistant free silica, the moil cominoQ form In nature.. The moln constituent In sondtfone, igneous rocks, ond common sands. ' Vitreous, colorless form of free i3co. Formed when quortx it heoted to 870 C (1,398 F). A porous, siliceous rock, resulting from the decomposition of chert or siliceous limestone. Used ot o base in soap ond scouring powders, in metal polishing, os o filtering ogent, ond in wood ond point filial-*. A cryptocrystelline form of free silica. . . Calculate from formula:*' ' 230 % SiO, + 3 Diaiomeceous eorth Silica gel AMORPHOUS FREE SILICA (Noacryslolline), A soft, gritty amorphous silica composed ol minufe siliceous skeletons of small aquotic ptonts. Used in filtrolion ond decolorizotlon of liquids, Imulotion, filler In dynamite, wox, textiles, plastics, point, ond rubber. Calcined and flux*col* cined diatomocrous earth contoins appreciable amounts of cristobolite, arid dust levels should be the same os for crislobolite. ' A regenerative absorbent consisting of the amorphous tilico manufactured by the oction of HCI on sodium silkoti. Kord, glossy, quartz-like In appeoronce. Used in .dehydrating ond in drying and ot a catalyst carrier. Amarphorus = 20 mppcf Calcined ss use formula: 250 . % Si03 + 3 * 20 mppcf ` SILICATES .* (Compounds mode up of silicon, oxygen, ond one or more metoli with Or without hydrogen. These dust* couse nonspecific dust reactions, but generally do not interfere with pulmonory function or result In disability.) Asbestos Cloy* Fetdxpor A hydrated magnesium silicate In fibrous form. The fibers ore believed to be the more hazardous component of asbestos dust. A greet variety of aluminum*--silicate brating racks, plostic when wet, hord when dry. Used in pottery, slonewore, tde. bricks, cements, filler*, ond abro* slvei. Koolin Is one type of cloy. Some cloy deposits may include appreciable . qvoni. Commercial grades of clays may contain up la 20 per cent quartz. Most abundant group of materials, composed of silicates of olumlnum wish sodium, potassium, calcium, and rarely borium. Most economically important mineral. Used for ceramics, gloss, abrasive wheels, cements, insulation, and fertilizer. - * 5 mppeff * 30 mppcft 30 mppeft These threshold limit values were adopted by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists in 1962. . Threshold limit values obtained from formula apply to all the'suhsianecs in "Crystalline Free Sitka" group. Threshold limits given for substances in "Silicates** group are for compounds containing tru than I per cent crystalline silica. For compounds containing more than I per cent silica, calculate threshold limit from formula; 250 ' * .. . % SID. + 5 92 Notional Safety Newt, June 1963 TASLE II. SELECTED INDUSTRIAL MINERAL OUSTS (Continued) - SILICATES iCempovndt mode up of silicon, oxygen, ond one or more metoli with or without hydrogen. These dusts cause nonspecific dust reactions, but generally da not interfere with pulmonary function or result in disability.) Fuller's eorth Koolin Mica * -. Portland cement Silicon ' carbide. (Carborundum) Tale . VermScutit* ' A hydrated silica--alumina compound, associated with ferric oxide. Used os o inter medium end .es e cotolys} end cotdysl .confer end in cosmetics ond insecticides. . A type of day composed of mixed silicates ond mod for refractories, ceramics, - tHe. ond ttenewore. - . - A large group of sRkates el varying composition, but similar In physical proper* . ties. All have excellent deovoge and can be split into very thin sheen. Used In electrical Insulation, Fine powder containing compounds of lime, alumina, silica, end iron oxide. Used as construction mdterlol, - Bluhh*bleck, very hord crystals* Used as abrasive ond refractory material. ' A hydrous magnesium silicate \ used In ceramic*, cosmetics, point, ond phor* maceuticaIs, ond os a filler in soap, putty, and piaster. m An expanded mice (hydrated mognetivnvolwminvnsWran silicate). Used -in tight, weight aggregates, insulation, fertilizer, and soil conditioners, a* o filler in rubber end paints, end os a catalyst carrier. ' 30 mppeft SO mppeft 2D mppeft SO mppcf) SO mppeft 20 mppcff SO mppeft .. ' ^ Threshold limits given for substances in "Silicates" group are for compounds containing teu than I per cent crystalline silica. For compounds containing more than I per cent silica, calculate threshold limit from formula; 250 . . ' . ' f- SiOa + 3 * . ing anthrax spores or wood bark or grain dust containing parasitic . fungi. * ' f. Irritation of the nose and throat, which is caused by acid, alkali, or other irritating dusts or mists. Some dusts such as soluble chromate dusts may cause ulceration of the nasal passages or even lung cancer, g. Damage to internal tissues, which may result from inhaled radioac- ` live materials such as radium and * its daughter products and from other radioisotopes that emit highly ionizing radiation. Pneumoconioses - 34. Pneumoconiosis comes from three Greek words that mean "lung," "dust," and "abnormal condition." The present generally accepted meaning of the word is merely "dusty lung." The kin\l of dust inhaled determines the type of condition or injury. A number of organic dusts are.capablc of producting lung dis eases, but not all these diseases are classified as pneumoconioses be cause they ore not all a "dusty con dition" of the lung. * *35. In-very rare cases, enough dust had been inhaled to cause mechanical blockage of the air spaces. Flour dust has been known to cause this condition. Some dusts may be essentially inert and remain in the lungs indefinitely with no recognizable irritation, and a few like limestone dust may be gradually dissolved and eliminated without harm. * Silicosis 36. The most important tung dis ease caused by the inhalation of mineral dust is silicosis--'well-known* in industries where crystalline free silica dust is present, such as foun dries, glass manufacturing.' granite cutting, mining, and tunneling in quartz rock. It is found throughout the world, and in the past it has had many names, such miners asth ma, grinder's consumption, miner's phthisis, potter's rot. and stone mason's disease. The same occupa tional, disease. however, is meant by all these names, and it is caused by dust from crystalline free silica, us* ually quartz (sec Table II). 37. Although considerable prog ress has been made in dust control in industry, men still develop sili cosis in plants and on jobs where dust control is not adequate. Engi neering control is still the basic means of preventing this disease, and dust control equipment and. procc- * durcs must be carefully maintained. 38. Definition. Silicosis has been defined as. "a disease due to breath ing air containing silica (SiO-) characterized anatomically by gener alized fibrotic changes and the de velopment of miliary oodulation in both lungs, and clinically by short ness of breath, decreased chest ex pansion, lessened capacity for work, absence-of fever, increased suscep tibility to tuberculosis (some or all of which symptoms may be present), and by characteristic X-ray find ings."* ' .. 39. Factors of influence. Sili- ' cosis has been known to manifest itself after widely differing periods of exposure to silica dust. Appar ently, development of the disease depends upon: ; The amount and kind of dust in-* . haled. ' - b. The percentage of free silica.con- tained in the dust. * c. The form of the silica. d. The size of the particles inhaled. e. The duration of the exposure. -Continued on page 9S ?"Report (Joint) of the Committee on Pneumoconiosis and the Committee on Standard Practices in Compensation of Occupational Diseases." Year Boot. 1933. American Public Health Association. .1790 Broadway. New York 19. p too. National Safety Newt. Jane 1963 93  . i $ f How one of the world's most important insurance companies chose this symbol...and why '. '. Sure, Wausau has landmarks more scribed it in giving Wausau its nomo. impressive than this depot. And as This Wisconsin community is an for trademarks, Employers Mutuals' integral part of the operating phi handsomo office in Wausau would losophy of Employers. Mutuals of be a far better reflection of our ' Wausau, just as it has been through coast to coast operations and our out the 52 years since this mutual $32$ million assets. , insurance company was founded. But there's onothcr dimension.to Call this neighborly concern or Employers Mutuals of Wouaau. "Main Street" friendliness and co And when we act out to define it . operation. It's a way of doing busi and. describe it, we find the depot ness our policyholders seem to like docs it best. - * ` - and we don't want to loso. - Back in 1874, the first troin puffed Employers Mutuals of Wausau is its wny through the Wisconsin tlm- a large company now, but tho bcrlnnds, summoned north to Wausau Way is ovidont In our rela Wausau by. the thriving lumber in* tionship with policyholders every dustry. From then on, the dcjwt where. We do business in alt tho stood as proof that th'is community principal cities of the nation through was no longer the "faraway place." 145 offices. We arc one of the largest as the early Chippcwas had dc- and most experienced underwriters ` CIICll 40 ON 11*0(1 CUD in tho field of workmen's compensa tion. We write group health and accident, fidelity bonds, end all forms offire and casualty insurance,' fncluding automobile. We write only nonassessable.policies. We're, proud of our unbroken record of dividend- savings. And, as a mutual company, we're dedicated to the prevention of loss. ' ' "food people to 'do business with'1 Employers Mutuals of lVausau f. The powers of resistance of the individual concerned. . ' respiratory diseases. Chest X-rays may show an enlarged heart as a re g. The presence or absence of a com plicating process such as infection. sult of the body's attempts to over come the resistance of restricted 40. Many theories have been ad vanced over the yean to explain blood vessels in the lungs. Pulmonary tuberculosis is a frequent complica why crystalline free silica acts as it tion and_occasionally results !n death. docs in the lungs. Theories have been based on the hardness of the material and (he effect of sharp edges, solubility phenomena, elec trochemical action of the crystals, and immunological reactions. 41. It is believed now that the 46. Detection and development. Silicosis may be detected by chest X-rays in- each of the three stages. However. X-rays alone are not sufficient for a positive diagnosis, for the shadows may be due to a variety of other conditions, includ fibrosis produced .is'caused not.by the hardness or sharpness of thi ing - infection or another type of pneumoconiosis. The individual must' particles, but by. a combination of have had a definite exposure to free slight solubility with a phystochcmi- silica.'bccausc only it can cause sil* cal'effect and an immunological icosis. The complete occupational cfTcct--but no one is certain of the exact mechanism of the disease. Ex perimental work on the reasons for : and medical history of the employee must therefore be evaluated before a conclusion can be reached. The cor the development of silicosis is still . ' relation of chest X-ray findings and going on in various parts of the physical disability may be poor in world. If the precise mechanism of many cases. . silicosis could be determined, better 47. From most industrial expe medical preventive measures might be developed and possibly a cure. rience, silicosis' seldom develops in less than five years and in many could be found. cases may take 20 years or longer to 42. Three stages. Silicosis is gen become disabling. . erally classified tn three separate stages by medical authorities. More sophisticated classifications are some 48. The development of sil icosis in its earliest stage is not perceived by the individual. The disease cannot limes used for the various X-ray be cured by any means yet known. stages and complications of the dis Tuberculosis is more prevalent in. ease. but for a basic understanding the three stages give a good break persons with silicosis, but the inci dence Is decreasing, as it is in the down. , - general population. 43. The first stage of the dis 49. Men with early signs of sili ease produces no disability. The cosis are able to perform their duties affected mao can carry on his work and are not a menace to other em as well as ever. Frequently, the-in ployees, for it is not a contagious dividual is not aware that anything disease. A perceptible X-ray change is wrong, and the disease is revealed is not grounds for assuming disability only by opaque nodular shadows on because most people show chest a chest X-ray coupled with a known changes with advance in age even exposure to crystalline free silica. without exposure to dust. Where 44. In the second stage, respira there is a known exposure to silica tion-may be affected in some persons dust, however,- men with early signs but not in all by any means. Labored of silicosis should be seen periodi breathing on heavy exertion usually cally by a physician. is noted first, and a dry cough also" . 50. Action of silica on the lungs. may be present. . At the points in the lung. where *` 45. The third stage can develop, silica dust is deposited and accumu after the second stage even though rite lated, a fibrous tissue develops and individual has been rcmovcd.from ex grows around the panicles. This posure to silica dust. However, the fibrous tissue is tough like scar progress of the disease will be slow tissue. It is not as clastic as normal er without continued dust exposure. lung tissue, docs not permit the ready Breathing may / become severely passage of oxygen and carbon diox labored. The worker is far below nor ide, and as it proliferates, cuts down mal physically and is susceptible to the amount of normal lung tissue. As a result, the available functional volume of the lung is [educed. 51. In some advanced cases,-the fibrous tissue will slow down or even prevent the diffusion of oxy gen from the lung to the blood in the capillaries, and the blood in the . area will not be completely oxy genated. The fibrous tissue can also affect the blood vessels by oblitera ting them or cutting down the flow of. ' blood.. . All these effects tend to limit the rate at which oxygen is supplied to the body tissues. Emphy sema is the most obvious symptom. 52. As. the inhalation of silica continues over the yean, the amount of fibrous tissue will, of course,'in crease, with the ultimate result that, the lungs will not readily oxygenate sufficient blood for the body's needs. Then when the oxygen demand of the body is increased by exertion, the individual will feel distress with shortness of breath. . _ 53. Amorphous free silica differs from crystalline free silica in physical, structure and in physiological effects. . In the amorphous state, molecules of silica exist in random orientation, which may be caused by natural forc es to form opal and .diatomaceous earth (kicsctguhr). Amorphous silica may be converted by artificial proc esses into such forms as silica gel. silica fume, and fused silica or quartt. 54. (f amorphous silica is heated to a high temperature, as in calcining, forms of crystalline free silica called cristobalite and tridymite result. These intermediate forms of amor phous silica are known as crypto crystalline (ultra-mtcrocrysiaJUne.) Inhalation of these crystalline forms can readily cause diatomite pneu- * moconiosis. ` * 55. When diatomaceous earth is calcined, particularly in the pres ence of a trace of alkaline flux, appreciable quantities are converted to cristobalite. As a result of studies made by (he U. S. Public Health Service, it has been recommended . that the threshold limit value for crude or amorphous diatomite be placed at o mppcf (see Table 11), . but that the*atmospheric concentra tion for dust containing cristobalite '. ' be kept under 5 mppcf. ' 56. Various commercial products containing particles of silica underI micron in size arc available. The Netknal Safety Newt, June 1963 95 physiological effects of these prod* ucts have not been well defined. Until more experience with human beings is available, it is believed these products should be handled with care. f ' .57. Free silica utui silicates. Free silica is uncombined silicon dioxide (SiO-j). Silicates contain silicon and oxygen combined with other ele ments in a more complex molecule. Analyses of minerals, particularly in geological reports, are sometimes re ported as percentages of oxides, . which may include SiO-y. AU0;l. K20. FcjO*,. The StO: reported in such chemical analyses is the total of the silicon dioxide4 present, both the free silica' (if present), and the silica combined in the mineral Such analyses are not reliable, indications of the silicosis potential of the material. 5$. It is uncombined or free silica that i' most important in industrial dust evpo>ure. So that an exposure can tv properly evaluated, the per centage of uncomhincd silica must be determined by petrographic analysis using a polarizing microscope or, preferably, by X-ray diffraction analyses. and special analytical chemical procedures. 59. There has been some experi mental evidence that, some dusts may lend to inhibit the action of silica on the body, but this inhibiting action is so slight and' uncertain that it must be discounted in practice. In fact, (here also is evidence that (he nonsiliceous components of a dust mixture containing free silica may provoke a disabling condition more severe than that caused by the silica acting alone. . , 60. With the exception of asbes tos and some talcs, the silicate dusts do not ordinarily cause a serious disabling lung condition such as is produced by free silica. Much higher levels of silicate dusts than of free silica dusi can be tolerated. , 61. In many industries, men have worked with silicate dusts that con tained no free silica without devel opment of disability' or of nodulalion in the lungs. The X-ray may show' shadows indicating .dust deposits in the lungs, but (ho pneumoconiosis is essentially harmless. However, par tially disabling pneumoconioses have been reported where men have worked for long periods of time in very high concentrations'of certain asbestos textile industry,* it was silicate dusts. recommended that the dust concen 62. Disabling pneumoconioses tration be kept at less than 5 mppcf from exposure to abnormally high to prevent asbestosis. Evaluation of concentrations of mica, tremolite ; an exposure to abestos dust is based talc, and kaolin dusts have been de ' on the total amount of dust because scribed in the literature. The clinical it has proved out in practice that . signs arc not the same for these sili if the fine dust is kept below the cate dusts as for free silica, but the suggested threshold limit, the concen symptoms can be marked. tration of injurious fibers will also 63. The body does not have ade be kept within safe limits. quate defense ' against indiscrimi- rate amounts of dust of any kind. Talc&ls Therefore, although specific symp 6#. As used in industry, "talc" toms have not been described for ' is a very general term. To the geolo many mineral dusts, the general ex gist, talc is a hydrous magnesium sili perience would indicate that dust cate, which may be a relatively pure levels should be kept within thresh mineral or may be mixed with tremo old limit values or below (Tabic II). lite or with dolomite depending upon where it is mined. The term "talc" is Asbestosis , . - applied commercially to carbonate 64. Asbestos is a general tenri ap mixturesthat have the same genera) plied to several minerals having a feel'and physical properties; it also fibrous character. These asbestos minerals are hydrated silicates of is applied to pyrophyllite. a hydrous aluminum silicate, which frequently magnesium with variable amounts of is mixed with a high percentage of iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, quartz. The free silica generally and aluminum present us impurities. found with pyrophyllite can cause 65. Asbestos when inhaled pro duces fibrous tissue in the lungs of silicosis. It is therefore essential to know which talc is being used in both men and animals. It ,has been shown that libers of asbestos must order to evaluate a specific dust ex posure. be present for the production of . 70. Talcosis is usually associ asbestosis. Other silicate minerals of ated with tremolite talc. This disease the same chemical composition' but produces changes in the lungs and nonfibrous in form produce no re symptoms similar to those of as- action or a relatively mild reaction, bestosis. but not the severe reaction of fibrous asbestos dust. . Anthrocosilicosis 66. These facts lead to the con 71. Anthrocosilicosis. a.complex clusion that asbestosis is mainly the form of pneumoconiosis, is a chronic result of physical irritation of the lung tisssue and not of-a chemical disease caused by breathing air con taining dust that has free' silica as action, which is thought to be one of the causes of silicosis: It is suspected that lung cancer may be induced by asbestos. However, there is no im pressive amount of evidence to sup port this assumption. - 67. The fine air-borne fibers of asbestos can pass through the upper respiratory tract to the lower parts of the* lungs to cause irritation and one of its components and that is generated in the various processes involved in mining and preparing anthracite (hard coal)** and, to a lesser degree, bituminous coal. 72. The disease is characterized anatomically by generalized fibrotic changes throughout both lungs and by the presence of excessive amounts to form "asbestos bodies*' where the fibers are encapsulated. This diffuse fibrosis probably begins as a "collar" about the terminal bronchioles. There is evidence that other min erals having a fibrous character can produce a reaction similar to that Drccsen. W. C,, Oalla Valle. J. M.. Edwards, T. 1- Miller. J. W,, and Sayers, R. R.. A Study a{ Ashestosis in the As bestos Textile Industry, U. S. Public Health Bulletin No. 241. U. S. Public Health Service, Washington 23. D. C. 1938. ' of asbestos. 'Fiber glass, however, does not produce such a reaction. 68. Following a study by the U. S. Public Health Service of the **Anthraeosilicosij among Hard-Coal Miners. U. S. Public Health Bulletin No. 221. U. S. Public Health Service. Wash ington 23, D. C..' 1935. 94 Notional Safety Newt. June 1983 of carbonaceous and siliceous ma curred in the grinding of aluminum pneumoconioses are generally classed terial. Such lungs on autopsy are pans and castings. It can therefore as benign. coal black. . . ' 'tafconcluded that reasonably good 73. Symptoms found in early control will prevent harm from alu toxic Dusts and Fumes stages.of the disease are shortness minum dust. 84. Systemic reactions are caused of breath, cough with .a coal-black 79. Bauxite pneumoconiosis (Sha by toxic dusts and fumes of various sputum, pain in the chest, and in ver's disease) has been found only elements and their compounds and some cases physical weakness. In the in workers exposed to fumes contain by certain organic compounds. AU advanced stages, there are toss of: ing aluminum oxide and minute or metallic fumes are irritating, especi weight and decreased capacity for ultramicroscopic silica panicles aris ally when freshly generated. Indus- work, partly caused by pulmonary ing from smelting bauxite in the i trially important metals and their infection (frequcntly.bronchitU),and manufacture of corundum, an im compounds that can have a toxic in some cases there .may be heart pure form of aluminum oxide. It is effect when the dust or fume is in?- failure. essentially a' diffuse interstitial fi haled include arsenic, antimony, cad- 7<C Experiments with animals brosis and marked associated em- ' mium, chromium, lead, manganese, showed (hat mixtures of coal and physema, with a complete absence mercury, selenium, tellurium, thall quartz produced more fibrosis than of any nodular fibrosis. It definitely ium, uranium, and a few others.* did quartz alone. The harmful effects does not occur from the use of cor 85. The effect of some mctaJs. of coal-dust do not come only from undum grinding wheels or from other such as magnesium and zinc, appears the silica in the dust, CoaJ dust forms of aluminum oxide. to be transient. Only -limited data alone in very heavy concentrations 60. Some pneumoconioses may are available on the exotic and rare over a period of many years can show marked shadows on an X-ray earth metals. . cause breathlessness and vemila- - film; these shadows, without the nec 86. Although the dusts and fumes tory impairment. . essary information on the exposure from mctais with low toxicity do not of the individual, may be alarming need as much attention as the dusts Miscellaneous pneumoconioses 75. Even though a dust is classi fied as harmless, excessive amounts . of it.can lead to trouble by causing a pneumoconiosis' or simply by me chanically irritating the walls of therespiratory system. Moreover, even though there is no chemical or physi cal irritation; mechanical plugging of iri a general X-ray screening pro gram. On clinical examination of in dividuals showing the X-ray mark ings. however, often no disability or symptom can be found. 81. These shadow's are frequently encountered when the dusts contain atoms of relatively higji molecular weight because the heavier atoms are and fumes from highly toxic metals, they should not be neglected or disregarded.. The metals with tow .toxicity arc controlled more readily because greater amounts can be tol erated. but their dusts and fumes should be kept at reasonable levels sinqe excessive amounts of any of them can be harmful (Table ill). the lungs and interference with their ordinary processes can result .Mica dust and kaolin dust are two good examples of dusts that ordinarily are considered benign but in excessive amounts can cause a troublesome pneumoconiosis; fairly opaque to X-rays. Insoluble barium dusts and tin oxide dusts, for, example, can show very marked shadows on X-ray films without pro ducing signs of significant pathology ' (barium dust.that is.solubie in the body fluids can give a toxic reaction). Lead poisoning 87. Although extremely severe cases of lead poisoning are rare in industry today, lead exposures must be controlled to prevent even the moderate symptoms, which can be troublesome. Inhalation of the dust 76. Mica pneumoconiosis has been observed in grinding operations 82. Iron oxide, particularly ex of lead compounds is the most com cessive fume . from welding opera mon mode of entry of lead into the where mica dust, but no free silica was present. There were, marked changes in the X-ray pictures of the lungs and some disability. The cases tions, may produce siderosis with a pigmentation of the lungs .(black in welders and red in iron ore miners) without disability. *The X-ray shad system. Ingestion of lead compounds can add to the problem if personal hygiene- is poor. Workers should therefore be encouraged to wash occurred where the dust exposures ows produced by the' iron oxide in thoroughly before eating, and lunch were massive over many yean. the lungs arc somewhat similar to the rooms should be segregated from , 77. Kaolinosis has been described shadows from silicosis. Because of as a condition induced by inhalation this similarity, differentia} diagnosis df dust.released in the grinding and is often difficult, and heavy exposures handling of. kaolin (china clay). to iron oxide dust and fume may lead Where the cases Occurred, dust levels ` to medicolegal problems. It is there of several hundred million panicles fore important to control iron oxide per cubic foot of air were common. exposures even though siderosis is 78. Aluminum dust is not consid- not disabling. ' ' -work areas. . 88. It should be recognized that lead is a normal constituent of plants and animals. People ingest and ex crete lead daily even though they * are not exposed to lead in their daily work. The body can handle crcd to be harmful except where 83. Limestone, marble, lime, gyp: See the following Notional Safety exposures are massive.'Without ad verse effects,' aluminum dust inhala tion has been used as pan of an endeavor to prevent silicosis. Also without adverse effects, extensive sum, and portland cement dusts ap parently have no serious effect even after long exposures. Also, many sili cates and other minerals have not caused impairment in individuals in Council Data Sheets; Antimony and Its Compounds, 408; Arsenic and Its inor ganic Compounds. 499; Cadmium. 312; Lead. 443: Magnesium, 426; Manganese. 306; Mercury. 203; Titanium.Ati; Zinc and Zinc Oxide, 267; Zirconium Powder, exposures to aluminum dust have oc haling the dusts, and the resulting 382. -. ' National Sofoty Nows, Juno 1963 97 I and eliminate small amounts without harm. When intake rales exceed the normal excretion level, build-up oc curs in the body. There is a safe level of absorption, and if the con centration* of load dust in the air of work areas is kept below the threshold limit, there should be no ' difficulty. 89. The importance of maintain ing the concentration of air-borne lead at a very low value stems from lead's high toxicity and its tendency, in small amounts, to accumulate in tlie human system. When lead ab sorption in the body reaches a suf ficient degree, symptoms of poison ing or intoxication appear. Beryllium intoxication .90. Beryllium intoxication is a severe systemic disease that can re sult from the inhalation of massive doses of dust of metallic beryllium, beryllium oxide, and some soluble beryllium compounds. There are two forms of the disease'. One is an acute form of chemical pneumonitis with cough, pain, difficulty in breathing, cyanosis, and loss of weight. In the chronic type, known as berylliosis. there may be loss of appetite and weight, weakness, cough, extreme difficulty in breathing, cyanosis, and cardiac failure. Mortality is high in chronic beryllium intoxication, and many who survive suffer from pul monary distress. --* 91. Individual susceptibility ap parently is an important factor in the development of the disease.' In many instances, one employee has devel oped the severe symptoms while oth er employees doing the same work have show n no signs of disability. 92; Beryllium intoxication' has never been demonstrated in individ uals mining or handling ore only. There is no evidence of intoxication from the ingestion of bcrylliurii oxide, beryllium metal. or any of the beryl lium alloys. Only the inhalation of beryllium dust produces systemic, di-ease. j '93. Because of the severe nature of the disease and because there is no way of predicting who will de velop it. extreme care must be taken to control the dust and fume that arise in the handling of beryllium, itvdloys. and its compounds. Beryl lium is toxic in such small quantity as to be considered tlie most toxic of all elements yet investigated. Substance TABLE III. SELECTED TOXIC DUSTS AND FUMES ' Description ond Effect* Threshold Limit In MHIigroms per Cubic Meter of Air' Antimony Gray metal often ossocioted with lead and arsenic. Ha-ordout from Inhala tion ond ingestion. Soluble toll* may cause dermatitis. ..0.5 Arsenic Silvery brittle crytlolline metal. Haz ardous from inhotalron ond Ingestion, t/suatlr encountered . at aaenfc ,frf> oxide. J1 0.5 . Borium (soluble compound*) Soluble barium chloride ond tulfida ore to*I< when token by mouth. 0J Beryllium Chromic odd . ond Chromates Cyanide (01 CN) Light weight, gray metal. The metal, low-fired oxides, soluble solts, ond some alloys ora toxic by Inhalation. Red, brawn, or black crystals. Caustic oction on mucous membranes or skin. Nonvolatile cyanides ore ingestion ho ards. Cyanides inhibit tissue' oxidollon upon inhotaiien and cause deeth. 0.003 0.1 ' 5.0 (skin**) Oinitrobtnzono. ( Yellowish crystal. Hazardous from skin absorption, inhalation, and Ingestion. 1.0 (skin**) Fluoride* . Inorganic fluorides are highly Irritant ond toxle. 24 , Hydroquinone - Colorless heiogonol crystals. Contact with the skin may cause sensitization ond Irritation. Excessive exposure to dutl may cause corneal ln|ury. 3.0 Iron oxide fume t,od Major sources are cutting ond welding. leod fumes ond lead compounds cauto poisoning after prolonged exposure. Most important meant of entry into body h Inhalation. Skin absorption is of significance only from such organic compounds os lead tetraethyl. 15.0 0.2 . leod orscnaie Mogneslum oxide fume ` White crystals--highly toxic. White powder. Inholation of freshly generated fume may couse metol fume fever. 0.15 15.0 , * These threshold limit values were adopted by the American Conference of Govern mental Industrial Hygienists in 1962. 94. When the soluble salts of by a brief High exposure to, the beryllium, especially beryllium fluo freshly generated, fumes of mcfals ride. come 19 contact with cbts or such as zinfc or magnesium or their abrasions on the.skin, deep qlccrs . oxides. Symptoms appear from four ..may be formed that heal very slowly. Complete surgical excision of the ul to twelve hours after exposure and consist of fever and shakihg chills. cer is sometimes required in order to . There is complete, recovery usually effect healing. within one day. and ordinarily the employee can return to the same job Metal fume fever without recurrence. However, after 95. Metal fume fever is an acute ' a period in which there has been no condition of short duration caused contact with the fume, for example, 98 National Safety Newi, June 1963 TABLE III. SELECTED TOXIC DUSTS AND .FUMES (Ccninued) ribte individuals. Examples of such' Substance Manganese agents are certain animal products. . Threshold limit foods, drugs, and chemicals. The ` ' Description end Effects . In Milligrams per Cubic Meter of Air* bodily systems usually involved, in allergic reactions, which |nay be quite ' Silvery gray metal. Hazardous from. 5JO inhplofion of fumes or dust. ' . severe, are'the skin, respiratory sys ' tem. and gastrointestinal system. Oc casionally, two or more systems are * Pentochlorophenol Dork-colored flakes. Harmful dutt. Emits toxic fumes when heated. . 0J (skin**)'. A involved. Some of the. allergic reac dons are dermatitis, hay fever, asth- . Phosphorus (yellow) Poisonous motrAf by iflhcfotJon. Sever* bum hazard from skin contact. 0.1* ma, and hives. - ; 99. Usually, the victim rs subject ed to a series of exposures without Picric acid __ Yellow crystals or liquid. Explosive-- 0.1 (skin**) any reactions during which sensiti- - - particularly metallic solts. Emits toxic fumes-on decomposition. zation is built up. These exposures may occur continuously for yean. Selenium compounds m Sodium hydroxide Toxicity varies somewhat according to * 0.1 the solubility of the specific ` com pound. Often comes contact dtrmotltfs. .White, deliquescent pieces or lumps. . 2.0 .Has severe oction upon aB body thsue. * . Then, at the end'of the "incubation .period" which varies according to , the individual, a reaction is pro duced. 100. For a true allergic rcac- . . tion.two factors are.required: ` . Tellurium * - Similar to selenium chomlcolly and In physielogtcol effects. - . 0.1 . a! A history of prior exposure toi the material involved (sometimes not i Titanium dioxide Whire to black powder. Considered in 15.0 . the nursonco category. known by affected employees), b. A "challenge dose" of the mate rial. which provokes the allergic te- ' Trinitrotoluene Colorless to yellow monodlnlc crystals. Emits roxk fumes of oxides of nitrogen U (skin**) action. . 101. Continuous exposutes may - when heated to decomposition. Highly act as "desensitizing doses." and poisonous explosive. . under these conditions an! allergic Uranium Highly toxic ond-0'radiation hazard that requires special, consideration.' 0.05 (soluble com pounds) 1 0.25 (insoluble eom pounds) individual may work without incident for long periods of time only to find that re-exposure after removal'from the sensitizing material (such as after a vacation) causes an .allergic re Vanadium pentaxide * Yellow to red crystojs. Acts chiefly 01 ' on irritant to the conjunctiva and re spiratory tract. 0-S (dust) 0.1 (fume) , sponse to recur. 102. Medical and engineering itc- ommeodatiorp to prevent allergic '. J. Zinc oxide fume ' Zirconium compounds , Amorphous white or yellow powder. The powder is essentially nentoxlc. but freshly generated fume may cause metal fume fever. *5.0 Most `compounds era insoluble end have low toxicity. . sV , reactions are based on prevention of exposure by means of persona] pro tective equipment, ventilation meth ods, or removal of sensitized individ uals from the, exposure. Infections Infection ond pneumoconiosis * i; I These threshold limit values were adopted by the American Conference of Govern* mental Industrial Hygienists In 1962. ' 1 '. *?The word "skin'' in this table indicates that the substance can penetrate the slua to ' contribute to the exposure. ' *. after a layoff, resumption of exposure it results only from the inhalation of is jikety to bring on an attack. extremely fine particles freshly , 96. To cause, metaJ 'fume fever,-- formed as fume (nascemfume). - heavy concentrations of fumes an? . 97. Nickel, mercury^ and other required. Zioc oxide, fume is the metals may also produce a* fever fol most common ' source, but cases lowed by the toxic effects of the caused by the inhalation of fumes element. . froiri.magnesium oxide, copper oxide, and other metallic oxides have also Allergic Reactions ibeen reported. The condition- does 98. When in the form of dust, a . not occur from the handling of these large number of materials may cause 103. The presence of pulmonary disease. that significantly interferes with the natural defenses ' against . foreign panicles may increase sus ceptibility to pneumoconiosis. Con- . versely, a pneumoconiotic lung is ' rppre prone to infection. For exam ple,. tuberculosis occurs more fre-quendy among jilicotics than among normal persons. Severe disability or death of a silicotic, when caused by pulmonary conditions* usually results ' from complicating tuberculosis either alone or combined with other infec tions. .' ` Bacteria and fungi - . J. oxides in powder form. Apparently, various allergic reactions in suscep- - 104. The possibility of lung in- National Safety Newt, June 1963 99 t f- :\ .i ' i :1 . t returns from the inhalation of bac 110. Since'radioisotopes are se 116. The currently recommended teria and fungi exists in several in lectively taken up in individual or threshold limits of particular dusts dustries. Pulmonary anthrax from gans. they may cause only localized can be found in the most recently the inhalation of dust containing an- irradiation; The radiosensitivity of published ACGIH list,or the thrnx spores has occurred among em the organ dictates the extent of the ACGIH can be consulted, directly. ployees engaged in the handling of hazard of a particular radioactive Information on threshold'limits also a wool and the crushing of bones from substance. Solubility and particle can be obtained from the National infected animals. . size determine how much of the ac Safety Council, state occupational 105. Fungi (molds) growing on tive material will gain access to and health ageheies, the American Indus-' ' grain has been found in the sputum remain in the blood stream and var- ' (rial Hygiene Association, and com of workmen shoveling the grain and "ious organs. ' pensation insurance carriers. are believed to be the cause of out breaks of respiratory disorders. Fungi found in.sugar eane residues '(bagasse) are believed to be part of the cause of hasuysous. Fungal spores formed under the bark of / sonic trees have been blamed for respiratory' difficulties among em ployees who debark dry logs. KM, Although (he incidence of iKcuputionally related bacterial and ` fungal infections is found to be relatively low, the respiratory effects can he. troublesome and, in the case of pulmonary anthrax, even fatal.' The basic methods of control are the' same as those`for the pneumocunio' sis producing dusts, but sterilization and disinfection must be redded. Radioactive Dusts *. 107. A radioactive contaminant may offer a chemical toxicity hazard in addition to an ionizing radiation exposure, and it may be present as a g.is. dust. fume, or mist. 10S.. Radioactive contaminants taken into the body may be deposited in \arious organs where they consti tute sources of interna) radiation. Ihe chemical characteristics of the radioactive contaminant or isotope determine the organ in which it will he deposited. The excretion rate is also dependent upon the chemical nature of the isotope, because the radioactive isotopes of an element . follow the same metabolic process as do the stable isotope* of that ele- menl. 1 109. If a radioisotope has been deposited in the body, the internal . exposure is regarded as continuous until the isotope is lost by radiologi cal or biological decay. In some cases, exposures may last a lifetime. 111. If radioactive air-borne con II?. No one' knows the exact tamination is known to be present, control measures are mandatory. If concAtration at which men will start to develop silicosis, asbcsiosis. or the presence of contamination is un lead poisoning. With some toxic. known but suspected, sampling must dusts, however, experience hai been be done to determine whether or not wide enough to establish the present air-borne concentrations of the ra threshold limits as fairly reliable. dioisotope arc below the threshold 118. For example, if the level of limit value. 112. Good .personal hygiene and good operating techniques arc much more important in the handling of radioactive materials than in the han dling of most other materials used in industry. - ' lead in a workroom is kept below 0.2 mg/cu m. experience has shown that Cases of'lcid intoxication will not occur. Experience also has shown ihgt many men can tolerate lead levels well above 0.2 mg/ `cu m without signs of trouble. ' 113. Engineering controls for radioactive dusts are similar to those ' for other dusts and.depend primarily, upon capture at the point of genera tion. The difference lies in the fact that controls.for radioactive dusts must he extremely efficient. Thresh old limit values for radioactive par ticulate matter are very low, and in some cases 100 per cent efficiency in ' capture and * retention is required. M]nerot dusts .i 119. In the United States, the threshold limits for mineral dusts are expressed in millions of par ticles per cubic foot of air (mppcf). The concentration of a mineral dust is determined by counting dust par- tides that are less tytan 10 miefons ' in size in an aliquot sample after sampling a known volume of air in a known volume of liquid. In Permissible Dustiness some European countries, mineral dusts are weighed, and permissible 114. Threshold limit values of levels arc expressed as milligrams mineral dusts and toxic dusts--that of dust per cubic meter of air (mg/ is. time-weighted average concentra cu m). in England and some other tions considered permissible for ex areas, the number of particles per posures of eight hours per day, five cubic centimeter is (he current basis days per week--have been pub of measurement. lished by the American Conference 120. In comparing United States of Governmental Industrial Hygien and foreign dust counts, it is helpful ists. These values have been obtained to keep in mind`that 100 particles ' from the experience of many groups per cubic centimeter is equivalent to in industry and from laboratory approximately 3 million particles studies on animals. They arc re per cubic foot. ' viewed annually and changed as nec 121. It is difficult to compare essary on the basis of experience. dust counts with results obtained on 115. These values are set only the basis of weight. However, with as guides for the best practice and ' either type of measurement, a thresh are not to be considered absolute old limit can be set as an objcc- values. There is reasonable assur . tivc. Experience has shown that ance that occupational'disease will maintaining dust levels below the not occur if exposures are kept be recommended threshold limits has l or u JctailcJ discussion of radio- low these levels. On the other hand, ' resulted in a great decrease in the .v'lisits and ;m extensive bihltogruphy. set: the charter entitled "Ionizing Radia tion" in the .ti i <>Ji in f'r> Yi niii>it Mtiitiml * ir lnJn*rriiil fZ.'VMfi.nn, published by . the National .Safe!) Council. occupational disease is likely to de velop in some people if the recom mended levels are exceeded consis tently. ' incidence of occupational diseases. 122. Threshold, limits are based on the percentage of free silica where this .substance is the impor ts National Saftty N*wi, fan* 1964 . . -tant constituent of the dust. If sili cosis is to be prevented, these limits must not be exceeded. Concentra tions of dusts containing less than 5 per cent free silica should not exceed 50 million particles per cubic . foot (mppcf). Concentrations of dusts containing from 5 per cent to SO 'per cent free silica should not exceed 20 mppcf. Dusts containing . more than 50 per cent free silica should be kept at concentrations below 5 mppcf. 123. As" more experience accu, mutates, original threshold limits sometimes can be modified. In some cases, it has been necessary to lower the limits, for the objective is to ^ protect the more susceptible, indi viduals.. In a few cases, experience . has shown that the limits were too stringent* and it has been possible to raise the limits to allow for more reasonable controls. Figwf* 9. loch of rtioo grinding vhtoh it por*>ally ndatod by an oxhawtt hood. Efficlont local rfcawif It aUiirvtd by drawing tKo dvtf Into ih fcoodi, throvgb brandi dwcti, and into a cantrcJ duct mhidi loedi to tb cattccfteit poim. ZCavrfcty AaicKcan Foundrynan'i Sodatyi _ . 1j ' ], [ ; 'j j ; j i j > ! :. \ - j : ' j ! I 1 j j ! j : ' J ; ,. | j > j . Toxic dusts 124. In alt countries, threshold . be made dusttess through control at limits for toxic dusts arc expressed . the source. This method is always in milligrams per cubic meter of the most effective.' for it either com ' air. With toxic dusts, the average pletely prevents the contaminant levels must be kept below the sug- from entering the workroom atmos gested threshold limits. In'fact, it phere or limits to safe levels the is advisable to keep the levels of toxic dusts as .lew os practical in amounts that' do escape. In addi tion. this method, is generally the the specific circumstances. Little in the way of experience or data will be developed if the levels arc kept least expensive. - 128. When control at the source is not possible, other methods may unusually tow, but few if any cases have to be considered. Any one or of occupational disease will occur a combination of the fallowing types from these dusts. . of dust control may be needed to . Nuisance dusts .1 125. Even though a dust may be considered generally innocuous and not be recognized as (he direct cause limit the exposure. I a. The dusty operation may be en closed. with or without a local exhaust system. An Enclosed op eration generating large quantities of a serious pathological condition. its level should be kept as low as is practical. Dust levels well below the suggested' threshold limits arc . desirable. 126. A concentration of 50 ' mppcf is suggested as the threshold limit for a number of nuisance dusts. With good engineering practicc, there is .no need for this level to be exceeded. Any reduction be- of dust usually needs to be ex hausted, or the dust will leak into the surrounding atmosphere. Ex amples arc sandblast cahincis or sandblast rooms and the dry boxes - used to handle radioactive materials. b. The dusty work may be performed ' in a separate building or may he isolated by partitions to reduce the number of employee exposed to the dust. The employees who arc still being exposed should be pro low this level will increase the com- tected by respiratory. protective fort of employees and improve equipment. plant housekeeping. c. A less hazardous material may be substituted. For instance, steel shot Methods of'Control ' 127. Various methods of con- trolling dusts, mists, and fumes arc available.- Basic engineering dictates <mav be used instead of silica sand in abrasive cleaning. * d. Keeping the'materials moist may be a practical means of control. Examples are the careful and prop where possible an operation should er wetting down of aisles in a foundry and the use of water in . drilling. e. Local exhaust systems- may he in stalled with virtually full or partial enclosure. Examples arc an ex haust hood on a grinding wheel (Figure 3) and an exhaust hood at a bagging or filling operation. f. General room ventilation can be used to dilute the dust by adding large quantities of air and thus- preventing build-up of dust con- ccmrations. Examples of this meth-- ' od arc roof fans and roof moni tor- windows. But it generally is inefficient and expensive to attempt to control contaminants hy dilu tion. . g. The dusty work may be performed at. night or on week-ends to reduce the number of employed exposed. Cleaning dust accumulations from overhead beams, for instance, is . preferably done during a weekend: . The employees who arc exposed should wear appropriate type of ' respiratory protective equipment. h. The number of working hours at the particular exposure can be re duced. However, other methods-of control arc preferable. . i. Use of respiratory protective equip ment approved for the exposure by the U.S. Bureau of Mines can give excellent protection against all types of dust, but in most cases should be considered as a tem porary control measure. In a sandblast room, however, air-sup- plied helmets usually arc required continuously during operations. Respiratory protective equipment, i .. : | Notienol Safaty Niwt, Junt 1943 .' i -1 3 figul* 4. $ lhi| Iinfl (f0">* grinder i vied in a variety at the local exhouil lyk- tm mvii be cdjviWbW, The flexible duet (A) permit* noHxtl of Ike ethavil hood (6) at needed. iCourttiy Americon Fowndrymen'i So- octcrthclcxn. should not be" con sidered .is a universal substitute tor' adequate local exhaust re moval. elimination of the con taminant. or containment. 129. Many states and municipal* ilics have dust control codes or or* dinances with which employers must comply. In a few states, for . instance, written approval of plans must be obtained before a local exhaust system . is installed. Each employer should therefore know his . stale and municipal dust control re* quirements. , . 130. Each type of exposure must be considered separately. For ex ample. a hval exhaust system suit able for welding or cutting of steel might not be satisfactory for weldinc or cutting steel coated with red lead. local exhaust systems '131. A local exhaust system for the control of an industrial dust or funic traps the air contaminant near its source mi that an operator standing at the process is not ex posed to harmful concentrations. The system should be designed to enclose the process as completely as possible. This method usually is preferred to ' general ventilation, hut should be used only when the contaminant cannot he controlled by isolation, process revision, or substitution of less harmful mate rials. Even though a process hav been isolated, it may still require a local exhaust Aystem. 132. A local exhaust system con sists of four principal parts: i. Hoods or other inlets, into which I he air-home contaminant is draw n. h. Quets. to carry the contaminated 138. Enough air must be sup air to a central point. plied to the room from the outside to c. Dust and fume collectors, to dean replace the air that is removed by the air before it is discharged. the exhaust system. Otherwise, d..A fan and motor to keep the air moving through the system. - there will be interference with other exhaust systems in the area or with 133. While each of .these parts gas or oil (lames in nearby furnaces. should be.designed and installed to Great difficulty has occurred where perform its required function with an exhaust system caused a slightly respect to the system us a whole, negative - pressure in a room con design of the exhaust hood demands taining a gas furnace. As a result the greatest care. The degree of air cjmc down the furnace flue, control of dust at the point of gen and (he area became contaminated eration or dispersion is determined . witMearbon monoxide from the fur by the shape of the hood or. degree nace. . of enclosure, the location of' the hood and its distance from the dust source, and the rate of (low of air 139. With small exhaust systems, air that is removed usually can be replaced by infiltration flow, but into the hood. A poorly designed larger exhausts may'need'a positive hood can make an exhaust system ineffective. 134. There is no standard hood. In every .case, the hood must be air supply (Figure 7). An adequate supply of make-up air, tempered when necessary, is one of the most frequently overlooked fundamentals designed to fit the specific opera of ventilation. Air always should be tion and to make the exhaust effec supplied ;-in quantities equal to or tive without interfering with the slightly in excess of the- amounts operation (Figure 4). Among the , exhausted. factors to be considered are the nat- 140. The si2e of -the ducts, the ural air currents in the room and type and size of the dust collectors, other exhausts or windows in the aod the type and size of the fan area. . and motor (explosion-proof where 135. The hood should be shaped - necessary) arc among the other fac to conform to the shape of the area of dust production-so as to secure tors which must be considered in the design of an exhaust system. Pre reasonably uniform air velocity over venting ignition of a combustible this urea. A hood which does not en close the process should be placed with its opening as close as possible to the point of generation of the dust or fume (Figure 5) because the velocity of the air in the zone of the hood influence is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the fa'ce of the hood. 136. The hood opening, or part of it. should be located so as to re ceive directly dust that is thrown nlf along u well-designated path (Figure 6). The directional energy of the material can thus be used for its own capture. Air movement- must always be past the employee, then oyer the dust source, and di rectly into the face qf the hood. 137. The fan should be of suffi cient capacity to maintain the re quired air capture velocity at the point of generation of the dust. In ternal baffles should be installed to guide the air (low where it is most needed. Flanges should be provided wherever possible to reduce the air How from areas where no dust is produced: that is. air-ffow' contours should be controlled. flgvre i. To ochieve rho proper exhovil otr th hood* ft' Ikau bwrtl fu'kMli <on be petitioned ot dot* to the fvrnoce ipovtt ot procticol. Suck petitioning I, mod* pouible by mounting the koodt on a trolley tutpended from on overhead track. (Courtnty American Broke Shoe Co.] 102 Notional .SefityiNews, Junt 1963 contaminant is a prime safety con sideration. Since discussion of the subject of exhaust system design is beyond the scope of this data sheet, an experienced ventilation engineer should be consulted. - 141. - Also, information can be secured from severaj excellent pub* . lications, one of which is the current edition of Industrial Ventilation-> A Manual of Recommended Prac! lice, published by the American Conference of Governmental Indus trial Hygienists. Another is the chapter entitled "Local Exhaust Systems and Ventilation" in the Accident Prevention Manual for Industrial Operations, published by the National Safety Council. . General ventilation 142. Where it is impossible, im practical, or too expensive to con trol dust entirely by local exhaust - systems, general ventilation must be used as a supplement or a substitute. It should be noted, however, that where local exhaust systems can be used, they will always do a better job than general ventilation. 143. General ventilation requires ' the introduction of enough dean air from the outside to dilute the con taminated atmosphere to a safe level. This method requires larger volumes of air than local exhaust systems to accomplish the same con trol. and will not be effective uni formly over a large room. It should be considered only when local ex haust systems require such assis tance. This is usually where the sources of dust are widely dispersed and each is small. 144.. General room exhaust and supply fans must be carefully in stalled. Eddy currents, which will interfere with local exhaust systems, must be avoided. Employees must not be exposed to .excessive con ' centrations of dust as the dust-laden air moves away from the point of generation, and sufficient makeup air from the outside must be sup plied to the room to replace the air that is exhausted. The location and design of the source of supply are . important. It is becoming common practice to supply clean, tempered air to the work zone for controlled dilution. . Wet methods . . 145. Wet dust is not dispersed as readily as dry dust--advantage of this fact should be taken whenever possible.'Carloads of dry minerals in some cases may be wetted down before they are unloaded. Aisles in foundries should be wetted down to prevent dispersal of the dust by traffic. Water sprays can .be used at some operations. Wet drilling methods can be used for rock drill ing to wet the dust as it is formed. Personal protective equipment . 146. Respirators of various de-. signs are available which will give protection against toxic and pneu moconiosis-producing dusts by fil tering out the contaminant from the gir. The U. S. Bureau of Mines has set up performance standards for dust respirators and gives approval to respirators that meet these stand ards. It is important that a respirator be used only for the particular dust exposure for which it has been approved. ' 147. Although approved respira tors will give excellent protection when properly fitted, they should be used only as supplements to other methods of control or for short or occasional exposures and not as primary controls.- 148. Proper fitting of a mechani cal filter respirator to the face of the individual is most important because a small .space between the facepiece and the face will permit dustladcn air to bypass the filter. 149. Respirators must be in spected ' and cleaned daily. Filters should be replaced before they be . come so plugged with dust as to seriously increase resistance to breathing. Proper filters for replace ment should be available. ' Madkol program 150. An effective medical con trol program will help prevent cases of occupational disease. Such a program can also serve as.a check on the engineering controls because symptoms of exposure in a .group of workers will indicate a failure that must be corrected. The extent of the medical program will depend .upon the seriousness of the expo sures. . 151. An industrial hygiene pro gram should parallel the medical program. Both are essential to pro tect the health of employees. 152. The physical examination for hew employees,should include a thorough pre-employment history, with the occupational background given in detail. Chest X-rays should be made of all new employees who will be working in dust exposures that could produce disabling pneu- moccniosis. The examining physi cian should decide on placement of those who have pneumoconiosis, active or significant past tubercu losis. abnormally low timed vital capacity, or serious pulmonary dis-' eases. . 153. Periodic physical examina tions. including chest X-rays, should be made of employees exposed to toxic dusts, fumes, and mists. Such checks can help find incipient cases of poisoning in which symptoms are slight, and the X-rays can pick up early symptoms of lung condi tions. Suitable preventive measures can then be taken. -' . 154. Routine periodic clinical examinations, stipple cell counts, porphyrin determinations, and propperly evaluated blood and' urine lead level measurements, are prac tical methods for checking em ployees exposed to lead. If unsafe exposures are found, further en vironmental control is mandatory. Affected employees should, of course, be given proper medical treatment. 155. Medical controls for cm-' ployces who work with radioactive dusts must be more stringent than the medical controls for most dusts. An extensive bioassay sampling program is nearly always required. Other control measures * 156. Although the most effective method of control is to prevent con tamination of workroom air and thus prevent inhalation of harmful Figure 6. The ca-tnfvfel fort* created by rtiU grinding *hetl cavio* *he feneroted dull W travel in a wed-defined poth. To prevent diiperlion el ike dvit, ike exhawd hood U ptaeod dtrecity-in Ike dvtf rtroom, dote to ! muto. (Ceurtery American Foondrytoen't Society) Nettonol Setaty Haws, June 1963 103 Justs, the importance of personal hygiene should not be overlooked. The periodic medical examinations provide a good opportunity (or in struction of employees in various personal hygiene measures. 157. Good washing facilities, clean lunchrooms, and clean work clothes C3n help prevent additional, even though minor, exposure to joxic materials. Also, contaminated work clothes should not: be taken home where a toxic dual could 'contaminate the home or expose other members of the family. TTtese recommendations become manda tory where- such materials as beryl lium and radioisotopes are handled. - ACKNOWLEDGMENT The text of this data sheet, which re/ places Health Practices Pamphlet No. 4, wa% prepared by the Health Comi.tittee of the Chemical Section. National Safety Council. The content has been extensively reviewed by members of the National Safety Council, representatives of chapters of the American Society of Safety Engi neers medical authorities, and industrial hygienists; The data sheet has been ap proved for publication by the Publications Committee of the Industrial Conference. National Safely Council. Flgur* 1, U iMj hjunrfry, ImoI Koodi or# Inifellarf op#' och itatlon hoUg # molding mo<fci'ria end glut prtn. Adagvot# mok#-ug lr l xupgUod^roni toiihToKfig dvcl ii|gei*l b#ta##n melding madiMii and pfetMi. (CegrHiy Am#rkan fow*drymaVi So<lty) mtOOtAAHY . Accident Prevention Manual for Industrial Operations, National Safety Council. -125 N. Michigan Avc.. Chi cago II.'- . Anthrocosilicosis Among Hard-Coal Miners, U. S. Public Health Bulletin No. 221. U. S. Public Health Service. Washington 25, D. C. 1935. ,' Brandt. A. D.. industrial Health Engineering. John Wiley and Sons. Inc.; 440 4th Avc.. New York 21. 1948. . Data Sheets. National Safcty'Council: No. 408. Antimony and Its Com pounds No. 499, Arsenic and Its inor ganic Compounds Beryllium (in preparation) No. 312. Cadmium . No. 443. Lead No. 426. Magnesium No. 306, Manganese. No. J03, Merepty No. 485. Titanium No. 267, Zinc and Zinc Oxide No. 382, Zirconium Powder . Drecscn. W. C., Dalle Valle, J. M.. Edwards, T. I.. Miller, J. W.. and Say ers. R. R.. A Study of Athestosis in the Asbestos Textile. Industry, U. S. Public Health Bulletin No. 241. U. S. KOOLPADS cut the price you pay for sweat Sweat is one of the most expensive luxuries in modern industry. Production slows as workers stop frequently to wipe glasses, mop brows.and gain relief from 6weat Cellulose sponge StaSafe KOOLPADS soak up that sweat (up,to six times their own weight, in fact). Some workers even dampen KOOLPADS in water for refreshing' coolness. -' KOOLPADS pay for themselves in keeping men on the job. KOOLPADS pay for themselves in solely. (Help solve the problem-of blurred glosses and sweat-stung eyes.) KOOLPADS pay for themselves in worker comfort, which contributes to increased production. * ' KOOLPADS pay for thomselves in re-use. (Rime in seconds and use again and ogoin.) - Write today for a free sample KOOIPAD STANDARD SAFETY EQUIPMENT COMPANY 491 NORVM QUINTIN ROAD PALATINI, ILLINOIS 19 KECXIl ST. UUXVtUI 7, N. i. mil W. WASHIMOTON StVD. I LOS ANOtltS M. CAllt. 104 UJ LAST I $]nd STILIT OSVtUNO to. OHIO citcit re on MAoie caso ' National Safety Ntws. June 1963 ClICH 41 ON tlAOtl CAXO public Health Service, Washington 25. D. C. 1938. i Drinker. Philip, and Hatch, T. F-, industrial Dust. 2nd Edition. Me- Graw-Hill Book Co., tnc., 330 W. 42nd St.. New York 36. 1954. i ! ! j Elkins, H. B.. Chemistry of Industrial Toxicology, 2nd Edition. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 440 4th AveNew York 21.1939. : j | ! Hunter. Donald. The Diseases of Occupations. 2nd Edition. Little Brown and Company.' 34 Beacon St., Boston, 1957. ; ! j | Hygicnie Guide Series. American- Industrial Hygiene Association, 14125 ; Prevost, Detroit 27. - j Industrial Ventilation--A Manual of j Recommended Practice, 7th Edition, j American Conference of Govemmen- < tal Industrial Hygienists, Committee ; on Industrial Ventilation,' Box 453. j Lansing, Michigan. 1962. j Johnston. R. T., and Miller. S. ; E. . Occupational Diseases and Indus- l trial Medicine. W. B. Saunders Com- ' pany. Philadelphia. 1960. ! Lanza, A. J.. Silicosis and Asbes \ tosis. Oxford University Press, New | York. 1938.. j Patty, F. A., editor. Industrial Hy- . giene and Toxicology, Volume I. I 2nd Edition, 1956. and Volume II.'! 2nd edition (in preparation). Inter- ! science Publishers. 250 Fifth Ave.. New York 3. ; "Report (Joint) of the Committee . oi\ Pneumoconiosis and the Commit- - tee on Standard Practices in Com* : pensation of Occupational Diseases.** : Year Book. American Public Health ; Association, 1790 Broadway, New York 19. 1933. 1 Guarantees Maximum Safety/Comfort/Economy Apex safety hats and caw meet or S#lct in AAOt safety hit or eo in th ityfe me cole' you **d tar my aeefitatien ... exceed government specifications for Impact and penetration. They're ac cepted as a standard by every Industry. Compare these advantages . . . and you'll choose Apex! Better fit -- greater comfort Lighter weight #' Better Impact distribution . Quick size adjustment-- 6V to 8 Easier to clean for hygienic protection AlUUlNUU CLCCTSICAL High resistance to abrasion ' Permanent, mo!ded-in colors Lower replacement and Inventory costs--one suspension fits any APu FIBIU-GLASS hat or cap LUtrttur* gV#a full Writ tor fnt Review of Literature on Dust, U. S. Department of the Interior, ' Bureau of Mines, Bulletin 478. U. S. ; Government Printing Office Office,'! Washington 25. D. C.. 1950. - SAFETY PROOUCTS ' Qirtslen at WHTTg Stmtng Msetiiht Carpantian WASHINGTON A ELM STREETS CLEVELAND 13. OHIO BERT Notional Sofity Nsws, Juno 1963 10S i Is Safety i In YOUR Annual Report? A number of companlM think their stockholders are interested in safety. Many more do not InTERESTED in whether safety is included in an nual reports to stockholders, and in what *fonri. National Safety News queried a selected lisf of Council members. . The excerpts published on these pages speak for themselves. ( ' Of special interest were some of the .letters telling us safety was not included in current annual reports. ' Many safety men wfio answered in the negative expressed regret. Apparently they believe safety ought to be included in their companies4 annual reports. ' Some told us that although the current year's report contained no mention of safety, former reports had. Among the reasons for omission this year: poor record and. lack'of space due to other important messages to stockholders. .* . One safety man complained' that he is regularly asked1 to prepare a brief statement summarizing the year's safety program, but thA his material rarely appears in the published annual .report. Many scembd surprised at the idea of including safety in the annual report, and expressed interest in seeing an article on the subject in the News. Ford Motor Co. The frequency of- lost* time industrial injuries in curred by employes during 1962 was at an all-time low. Fewer than two out of' every 1.000 employes lost time from work because of. accidents' on the job or from occupational disease. 21 SwOTlUotm rvvii .. Oonoral Motors Corp. -* The -outstanding. record "achieved1, by GMY plant * safety program in 1962 b the result of tbe.iexfeQent - cooperation, of supervisory . . and plant-personnel.. Dur ing 1962, out :'of .every . 1,000 GM employees to . the . United States and ^Canada, 998,went through I. the entity year without lost ." time resulting from. acd- ' denis.or occupational, dls- , eases. *_ .' Western Boctrlc Co. . Employees at aD joca- . tioos kept up their efforts to 'promote safe practices on th^ job/ and the results were again rewarding. The Company's safety record . continues to be among the best ini American industry: In April, the Greensboro .. . . (N.C.) Shops: completed Its tepth .consecutive year ., without a dimhHng injury. . ' This reoord of more (him , 30 . million manhours . b the best safety performance . eVer attained in the dec- tried industry. - . - - The- off-ihe-job safety -: program, inaugurated in 196 f, was extended and included group discussion meetings and a campaign , to promote thq ufe of au tomobile safety belts. ui. steel "Safety First" as a slogan ' was pioneered by U.S. Steel in the early 1900's. Safety - as the first consideration in ail operations has been , a ; continuous objective.as well as a continuous practice in U.S. Steel and outstanding result* have been achieved. During 1962 the dbabling injury, frequency rate in tbe steel producing operations -- the group of operations for which safety - statistics have been regular - ly recorded in this report-- established another all-time Notional Safety Noon, Jvm 1961 I v-*,' : low. The. number of dbabling injuries in 1962 was - 0.77 per millioo manhours worked. In recent years,' UjS. Steel's disabling in jury frequency rate for its steel, producing operations has.been less than one fourth of'the average in the . balance of the steel in dustry. U.S. Sted b the first company in the history of the National Safety Council's annual safety contest to win the first, second and third placesafety awards in both the Council's "largest sted plants" and "neat largest sted plants" categories. Recognition by the Nation al Safety Coundl and other agencies was earned by ad ditional plants* mines and other operations for their. safety performances: Ef forts continue toward reaching-the ultimate. goal of total elimination of in jury in every mine, plant . and other operation. - It b with deep sorrow that, in spite of these in tensive efforts, there must be here recorded a major coal mine disaster in which 37 men lost their lives as -a result of an explosion on December 6, 1962, at Rob* ena No.' 3 Mine located in . southwestern Pennsylvania. Prior to thb disaster, there had been no lost-time acci dents at thb mine since March 1961, during which time the employes bad worked over 1.6 .million accident-free man-hours. Carrier Corporation Workmen's compensation costs increased somewhat in . 1962 and,, accordingly, ac cident prevention programs were giveo renewed eraphasb. . . , Major attention was also devote!, to an improved salary adminbtration plan covering all of the'exempt employees' of the Corpora tion. Special supervisory de- Motieoo! Safety Nowi, Jene 1963 Uivd . vetopment programs - were undertaken at Bryant Man-. ufacturing Company and EUmtt Company and similar :: -action b contemplated With respect to other, divisions St. loub-Son Prenrisco - * Rodway Co. : ' ' ' '/ -v For the ninth consiecu-.. tive year, the.Netioul Safe-, ty Council's Public Safety : Activities Award was con-. fened upon the Frisco in recognition of its efforts to prevent accidents -at rafl-^. . highway crossings, and on-. railread property as weQ as at home and off. the job.' . , Phillips Petroleum Co. Six employee groups r. completed periods of one - or more million man-faoun worked without an injury - resulting In lost time. Com- -. pany-wide, employees re . duced lost-time .injury rates 9 per cent .: \ Pres. Stanley. Learned, three, times president of Oklahoma Safety Qrahcfl and a director 'end mem* .. - ber of executive committee .. . of National Safety Coundl, [was] commended for safety work by Oklahoma's Gov- eroor J. Howard Edmond^.' son. . ' ' ' ' . Momenta Chemical Co. : Monsanto's safety per- .. -foimance was again' out- - standing. Its accident froqueacy rate .was far below. , . the industry average. Thin, the company's record as . 1 one of the safest'in the-' - ' chemical industry was coo- . - timed. " Royonler Inc - Safety for the. worker on hb job b one of Rayoa-i . icr's important petsconell - ' policies. Tbe.company car- . ries on an aggresiye arid ' fully organizeda program . ' throughout, its operations : ' for the elimination of ac- ' etdents. Over tbe years, this.. effort has steadily reduced / the injuries to Rayonifcrem?. :. ployees .in both frequency- i..