Document 2qZQLKyaOV123KgjOn7Y07v5N

S . tT - t 1 ,1 * ': ; 1; 1 *I 1 CO AD 1 * i *> * m ,-* a * a to MISCELLANEOUS PUBUCAT10N 33 GO 0 . INFORMATION MANUAL FOR VEGETATION CONTROL IN SOUTHEAST ASIA . ** /A/ Kent R. Irish Robert A. Darrow C harles E. Minarik ^ S >,r"* M*** * DECEMBER 1969 STATEMENT 2 UNCLASSIFIED This document i s su b ject to special export c o n tro ls and each tr a n s m itta l to fo reig n governments o r fo reig n n a tio n a ls may be made on ly w ith p rio r approval of S ep t, o f Army, F o rt O etric k , ATTN: T echnical R elease B ranch/ TID, F red eric k , Mary! aid 21701' DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY Fort Detrick cFrederick, Maryland D D _ rp fT ^ n n npnT| CO CO Ob ta v o & c a d b y tK C LIA R IH C H O U Sl for FmforaJ S a m tifie A Tndm ical Infomat* SflfioyiiaW V a. 22151 4 13T ie l x t e L c ft / 1 /i I i i 'I i-- M ' t| HI LwraiM J OSH *C '* M um aa3 JWVKftfl -1 nutK cnoa [ tnv u b isi m ' I isnttvnw /A uusia n bob Reproduction of th is p u b licatio n in whole o r in part is prohibited except w ith permission of the. I U L U I L U itm VSEUL Comanding O ffic e r, F o rt D e tric k , ATTN: T ech n ical Releases Branch, Technical Inform ation D ivision, F o rt DeCrick, F red erick , Maryland, 21701* However, > DDC i s au th o rized to reproduce th e p u b lic a tio n f o r United S ta te s Government purposes* DDC AVAILABILITY NOTICES Q u alified re q u e ste rs may o b ta in copies o f t h i s p u b lic a tio n from DDC* Foreign announcement and dissem ination of th is p u b lic a tio n by DDC is not authorized* Release o r announcement to the public is not authorized. DISPOSITION INSTRUCTIONS Destroy th i s p u b lic a tio n when i t i s no longer needed. Do not r e tu r n i t to th e o r ig in a to r . The fin d in g s In th i s p u b lic a tio n are n o t ' to be construed as an o f f i c i a l Department of th e Army p o sitio n , unless so designated by o th e r au th o rized documents. ir* ** * 0319621- r_ r /s iii i h . . tM f.v rtiw DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY Fore Decrick F red eric k , Maryland 21701 MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATION 33 INFORMATION MANUAL FOR VEGETATION CONTROL IN SOUTHEAST ASIA Eene R* I r i s h Robert. A* D arrw Charles E. Minarik I l - lh P ro je c t 1B562602A061 Plane Physiology D ivision PLANT SCIENCES LABORATORIES 1 December 1969 Cj J CO 03 po (X FOREWORD This document Is designed fo r the use of a l l echelons concerned v ith the research , development, employment, lo g is tic s , and/or planning o f opera tio n s involving ehe use of the av ailab le chemical vegetation-control systems. While th e data a re re la te d d ire c tly to Vietnam, most, i f not a l l , are broadly ap p licab le to ocher p ossible th e a te rs o f war and w ill serve to advise poten tial users of current cap a b ilitie s. The b asic m a te ria l in th e document has been obtained from p u b licatio n s prepared by and fo r organizations in the Department of Defense. Published m a te ria l was. complemented by unpublished reco rd s of t e s t s , observations of re s e a rc h and o p eratio n s p erso n n el, and inform al correspondence, memoranda fo r reco rd , and n o te s. I t i s n o t a n tic ip a te d th a t th is document w i l l be re v ise d on a co n tin u in g b a s is ; however, i t Is expected th a t as new d a ta and m a te rie l o f s p e c ia l s ig n if ic a n c e a re developed and recommended fo r s e rv ic e u se, addenda and/or supplem ents w i l l be prepared and d is tr ib u te d . C o n stru ctiv e consnents and recommend.it ions fo r improving th is document a re in v ite d and encouraged. ABSTRACT Inform ation La provided on chem ical v e g e ta tio n -c o n tro l systems employed in Vietnam fo r d e fo lia tio n , d e stru c tio n of screening veg etatio n , and d en ial o f a g r ic u ltu r a l products (m ainly food) to th e enemy. P e rtin e n t te c h n ic a l d ata on research, development, and te s ts of agents and dissem ination systems c u rr e n tly in use a re em phasized.' The larg e volume o f documentary m a te ria l has been screened and summary inform ation s e le c te d o r prepared w ith a view Coward th e p o s sib le u t i l i z a t i o n o f the daca by personnel involved in support and employment o f th e weapon system s. 4 \3 CONTENTS Foreword ................................................... . . . . . . . ...................................... Z A b s t r a c t ....................................................... .......................................................... 2 . I . INTRODUCTION........................................................................ "7 A. H i s t o r y .............................. ......................... ......................... ..................... 7 1 Agent R esearch 7 2. Dissemination Studies 8 3 D e fo lia tio n - Camp Drum, 1959 8 4 . C-123/MC-1 ( H o u r g la s s ) ...................................... 9 B* Vietnam . * . .................................................. 9 1. F e a s ib ility S tudies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2* Improved Employment C a p a b ilitie s 10 C. O p eratio n al T estin g - 1962 10 1. C-123/MC-1/FURPL Spray S y s te m .................... 10 2. OSD/ARFA E v a l u a t i o n ........................... . . . . . . . . . . 11 I I . VEGETATION-CONTROL CONCEPTS.................................................. 13 A. D e fo lia tio n ................................................................................................. 13 B. C o n tro l o f Ct'op P l a n t s ................................................................................. 15 1. Agent ORANGE .................................................................................... . 15 2. Agent BLUE......................... 15 3. Agent WHITE ..............................* . 15 4. Predictability 16 C. T arg et Harking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................. . . . 16 D. S p e c ia l A p p lic atio n s .............................................................................. 17 I I I . VEGETATION-CONTROL AGENTS......................... 18 A. ORANGE and ORANGE I I ............................................... . . . . . . . . 18 1. P h y sical, Chemical, and B io lo g ic a l P ro p e rtie s . . * 13 2. T o x ic o lo g y ..................... 19 3. Handling 20 4 . Methods o f D isposal 21 5* E ffe c tiv e n e ss a s a D e fo lia n t ............................................................ 21 6. E ffe c tiv e n e ss as an A n tiero p A g e n t.................................. . 22 B. BLUE.................................. .... .................. ... 22 1. P h y sical, Chemical, and B io lo g ie s l P ro p e rtie s . . . . . 23 2. Toxicology . . ........................................................... 24 3. Handling ............................................................... . 24 4 . Methods o f D i s p o s a l ............................................................................. 25 5. Effectiveness as a D efoliant 25 6. E ffectiveness as an A ntierop Agent . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 C. WHITE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a . . . . 26 1. P h y sical, Chemical, and B io lo g ic a l P ro p e rtie s . . . . . . 26 2. Toxlco logy ........................................................... 27 3 . H a n d l i n g .............................................. . . . . . . . . 2 8 4 . Methods o f D isp o sal ..................................... 28 5 . E ffe c tiv e n e ss as a D e f o l i a n t ..........................................................29 6 . E ffe c tiv e n e ss a s an A n tie ro p Agent ............................. * 2 9 ! J) CO 4 . D. C andidate Agena ........................................... 29 1. M odified CHANGE ................. .......................... 29 2. S o il-A p p lied H erbicides .................................. . .......................... 30 3. Da lapon (Kenapon) . . . . . . . . ........................... . . . . . 32 1 7 .. SELECTION AND TEST EVALUATION OF CANDIDATE AGENTS.............................. 34 A. C r i t e r i a ....................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 3. Screening and F ield T esting Candidate Agents 35 1 F ie ld T ests o f Chemicals on Cropa . . . . . . . . . . . 37 2 F ie ld T ests o f D e fo lia n ts . . * . . . 38 X Param eters f o r E ffe c tlv u D e fo lia tio n . .................................. 39 7 . AERIAL DELIVER? SYSTEMS................................... . . ..................................... 45 A. C-123/MC-1 Spray S y s te m ............................................... 45 1. M odification and C a lib ra tio n 45 2. A/A45Y-1 I n c a rn a i Dafo Liant D ls p a n ia r .......................... 47 3 HlUAL . . a a . * * . * # 47 C# S e la c tlv e A e ria l Spray S y ste m .............................. 49 Da UH-13/D H e lic o p te r Spray System (AGRDIAUTICS) . . . . . . . . 51 71. GROUND DELIVERT SYSTEMS..................' ................................................* . . 52 A. B u ffalo Turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2 3. M ity -M ite ............................................................................................................ 32 C. Power-Driven D econtam inating A p p a r a t u s ............................................. 32 7X1. TARGET VEGETATION IN VIETNAM ........................................................................54 A. D e sc rip tio n o f F o re s ts .................................................... 5 4 1. Primary Upland F o re s t ...34 2. Secondary F o re st . * .................................. . . . . . . . . . 5 4 3# Lowland or Mangrove F o re st . . . . . - 5 3 4 . Growth P a t t e r n s ...................................... ..56 3 . S in g le , Dominant P lan t Type ...................................... . . 57 V III. EMPLOYMENT OE VEGETATION-CONTROL SYSTEMS...............................................SS A. B lanket Coverage * Crop C o n tro l . ....................... . . . . . . . 53 3. Controlled A pplicaticn - D efoliation 58 IX. REVIEW................ . . . .............. V A. E v alu atio n s .......................................................... B. Scope o f O perations in Vietnam .............................. .... 61 61 61 X. APPRAISAL................................................................................................. .... . . . 62 A. Vietnam ' . . . . . 3 . System L ini catio n e . ........................... . . . . 6 2 1 D eliv ery A ir c r a f t ......................... .... . 62 2. V eg etatio n -C o n tro l A g e n ts ...................... 63 C. RDT&E . . : ................... . . . . . ......................................... . . . . 63 . lite ra tu re Cited D istribution L ist DD Form 1473 . . 65 69 71 fi * ' i 1 1 1j t 1 t 62"* _ CZl an (nJ FIGURES H 1 D e fo lia tio n In Mangrove V egetation Along Waterway in RVN . 14 2 UC-123B A ir c r a f t w ith MC-1 Spray System a s M odified in th e 1963 E g lin AFB C a lib ra tio n T r ia ls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 2.- UC-I23K A ir c r a f t w ith A/A45V-1 I n te r n a l D e fo lia n t D ispenser Used fo r D e fo lia tio n in KVN In 1968 to 1969 48 4 . HElAL U nit Used w ith H-19 (Upper) and H-34 (Lower) US' Amy H elico p ters .......................................... . . . 50 5. M ultiple Canopy Jungle o r T ro p ic a l Evergreen F o re st o f Southeast A sia .................. . . . . . . .................. 55 6. Hips P alo , a Common A sso ciate o f Mangrove in th e Mekong D elta Region o f RVH....................................................... .... .......................... . . 56 7. D e fo lia tio n w ith th e UC-L23K and A/A45Y-1 System In RVU, 1969 60 TABLES - 1. D e fo lia tio n Responses from ORANGE in T ro p ic a l F o rest S ite s . . . . 2. D efo lia n t E ffe c tiv e n e ss o f ORANGE in T ro p ic a l F o rest V egetation as R elated to Rate, Season of A pplication, and D ensity of F orest C a n o p y ............................... ...... 3. D e fo lia tio n E ffe c tiv e n e ss of ORANGE in T ro p ic a l Rain F o rest o f Puerto Rico as Relaeed to Rate of A pplication 4. R epresentative Data on D efo liatio n and V egetation C ontrol w ith ORANGE and WHITE One Tear A fte r Treatm ent ................. . 5. Duration o f D efoliation of T ropical V egetation w ith A erially AppUed B L U E ...................................................... 40 41 41 42 43 /*V*->\*\ * :j-y~< i .1i1i ' i1 ! t f I j i ! I | CO CO cn F'O C3D I . INTRODUCTION* A. HISTORY The v e g e ta tio n -c o n tro l systems chat have been employed an in te n s iv e ly and s u c c e s s fu lly In Vietnam sin c e e a rly 1962 came in to being a s a r e s u l t o f e a r ly and continued RDT&E accomplished in th e P lan t S ciences L a b o ra to rie s, F o rt D e tric k , F red erick , Maryland (form erly Crops D iv isio n , Camp D e tric k ). U Agent Research E arly In 1943, th a Chemical W arfare S erv ice (CHS) a c tiv a te d Camp D etrick . Crops D ivision was e s ta b lis h e d w ith ehe m ission to conduct re se a rc h and development .on chem ical and b io lo g ic a l a n t ip la n t a g e n ts. The e a r ly work was s e n s itiv e and h ig h ly c l a s s i f i e d , and p u b lic a tio n of research d ata was w ith h eld u n t i l th e end of-W orld War H . In June 1946, an e n e ire issu e o f th e B o tan ical G azette was devoted to IS s e le c t papers covering work accomplished during 1944 to 1945 on chem ical grouch r e g u la to r s .1 The work by personnel o f Crops D iv isio n was i n i t i a t e d on th e b a s is o f e a r l i e r experiments by v ario u s s c i e n t i s t s who had in v e s tig a te d th e b io lo g ic a l a c t i v i t i e s o f c e rta in gro'rth-rngu Lacing substances and of th e su g g estio n by Dr. E .J . Kraus, U n iv ersity o f Chicago, th a t they might be u s e fu l as h e rb ic id e s . The pioneering t e s t s chat followed firm ly e s ta b lis h e d th e fa c t th a t a number of s y n th e tic g ro w th -reg u latin g substances a re p o te n t herb icid es having g reat m ilita ry and a g ric u ltu r a l sig n ific a n c e . O ther la b o ra to rie s and groups p a rtic ip a te d In th e Army e f f o r t on a c o n tra c t b a sis; the United S tates Department o f A griculture and the U niversity of Chicago conducted te s t3 and e v alu atio n s of can d id ate compounds; th e U n iv ersity o f Ohio sy n th esized a la rg e number of th e chem icals used in th e t e s t s . Dy m id-1945 alm ost 1, LOO t e s t substances had been sy n th esized and su b jected to screening s tu d ie s . From th i s a rra y , 2 ,4 -d ich lo ro p h en o x y acetlc acid (2,4-D ) and 2 ,4 ,5 -trlch lo ro p h en o x y ac etic a c id ( 2 ,4 ,5-T) were shown to possess outstanding herbicidal properties.1 In subsequent years a large body of fundamental and a p p lied research daca was developed on grow th .reg u lato rs in g e n e ra l as v e i l as on 2,4-D and 2 ,4 ,5-T s p e c i f i c a l l y .9 R elease o f inform ation on th is now c la s s of h e rb ic id e s to the public a f t e r World War I I p re c ip ita te d a g re a t f l u r r y o f re search in a l l p a rts o f th e world and caused complete re v o lu tio n lz a tlo n o f weed c o n tro l p ra c tic e s . During i960 ( p r io r t s m ilita r y demands in S outheast A sia ), i t was estim ated th a t th e United Spates produced upward o f 50 m illio n pounds o f th e se chemicals (2 ,4 -0 and 2 ,4 ,5-T) fo r a g r ic u ltu r a l u s e s . Since 1961, m ilitary requirements have caused fu rth e r expansion of United S tates pro duction capability. - * This rep o rt should not be used as a lite r a tu r e c ita tio n in m a te ria l to be published in the open lite r a tu r e . , \ FREGEDIKS PASE BiM 1I J. j i J. i ) ; CO CD ay rsb 8 2. Dissemination Studies The e a r lie s t m ilita ry , a e r ia l spray t r i a l s were accomplished in 1944 and 1945 u sin g th e Chemical Corps M-10 smoke tank, hung e x te rn a lly ' on a B-25 a i r c r a f t and two d if f e r e n t boob bay sp ray devices* Three d i f f e r e n t 2,.4-0 m ixtures were used in th e t e s t s . 3 4 By 1951 i t had been* determ ined chat th e v e g e ta tio n -c o n tro l agents of ehoice would be: n ^butyl 2 ,4 -0 , n -buttyl 2 ,4 ,5-T, and m ixtures o f th e two. While major emphasis was on th e d eliv ery of these chemicals to crop ta rg e ts, th e ir use fo r d e fo lia tio n and ta r g e t marking a lso was considered. Because o f the c o n flic t in Korea and th e p o s sib le need fo r v e g e ta tio n -c o n tro l systems th e re , RDT&Z on d e liv e ry tech n o lo g ies was In te n s ifie d w ith a c tiv e p a rtic ip a tio n by th e A ir Force and Navy. T estin g programs th a t followed were addressed to th e development o f c a p a b ilitie s for attacking extensive ta rg e ts e ffe c tiv e ly and e ffic ie n tly . The o b jectiv es were fo r dissem ination of undiluted chemical agents as e le v a te d lin e so u rces, normal to wind d ir e c tio n , w ith th e mass median d iam eter o f th e spray below 175 ^ and d e p o sits on ta rg e t o f 0 .1 lb ./a c r e o r g r e a te r . The low r a te s a re e f f e c tiv e on s e n s itiv e , annual p lanes and the fin e d ro p le ts provide fo r e f f ic ie n t u tiliz a tio n of the payload (broad swath w idth and la rg e numbers o f d ro p le ts per u n it a r e a ). E arly in 1951. dissem ination stu d ie s were in itia te d w ith e x p eri m en tal sp ray d ev ices; both USAF and USN equipment was used. Subsequently, th re e a d d itio n a l se rie s of stu d ie s were accomplished, w ith tr i- s e r v ic e p a r ti c ip a tio n .9" 7 The la s t phase o f te s tin g in 1952 included s tu d ie s on th e p ro to ty p e sp ray device t h a t , when en g in eerin g va3 com pleted, became th e tim e-honored Hourglass o r i B - l . The l a t t e r study was a j o i n t l y sponsored - USAF'USA t e s t and was th e culm ination o f e f f o r t on p rop-driven a i r c r a f t . 7 During 1953. th e USAF accom plished prove-out and acceptance te s t in g o f th e larg e -cap acity spray system? and developed an o p eratio n al c a p a b ility fo r i t s employment, although i t was never used. 3. D e fo lia tio n - Camp Drum, 1959 At th e clo se o f th e Korean c o n flic t (1955) th e sto c k p ile of v egetation ' c o n tro l ag en ts was disposed o f . Crops D iv isio n o b tain ed 200 drums of the m a te ria l and placed I t in open storage a t Fort D eerlck. A fte r 4 years in sto ra g e th e e n t ir e sto c k was given to th e U.S.D.A., B e l ts v ill e , Maryland* A pproxim ately 2 months la e e r th e Commanding G eneral, 1st U.S. Army, requested th a t F o rt D e trlc k a s s i s t them in t h e i r e ffo re s eo c le a r v e g e ta tio n from an a r t i l l e r y Impact a re a a t F o rt Drum, New York. T h irte e n drums of the chem icals were re trie v e d from the U.S.D.A., a h e lic o p te r spray device developed by Cropa D iv isio n was broughe out o f sto ra g e and mounted In an H-21 h e lic o p te r , and the v e g e ta tio n on 4 square m iles o f Impact a re a was sprayed w ith the system .* The Camp Drum p ro je c t in 1959 re p re s e n ts th e f i r s t la rg e -s c a le , m ilita r y d e f o lia tion effo rt. * J.W. Brawn, V egetation ControL, Camp Drum, 1959 Oh 9 4 . C-123/MC-1 (H ourglass) During I960 Co 1961, Che 75 MC-1 (H ourglass) sp ray u n its In s to ra g e a t Ogden AFB, Ogden, Utah, were d eclared su rp lu s by the USAF. C oncurrent . w ith t h i s a c tio n . T a c tic a l A ir Command p ersonnel from th e S p e c ia l A e r ia l Spray F lig h t, Langley AFB, V irg in ia , v is it e d Crops D iv isio n to o b ta in In fo rm atio n on la rg e -c a p a c ity chem ical spray devices fo r p o s sib le u se w ith, in s e c tic id e s in a newly acq u ired C-123 a i r c r a f t . They were ad v ised o f th e c h a r a c te r is tic s , lo c atio n , and a v a ila b ility o f the Hourglass un its* Sub se q u e n tly , th e y o b tain ed two o f (he u n its and prepared a d e s ig n , and a C -123/H ourglass (MC-1) sp ray system fo r th e d issem in atio n o f in s e c tic id e s was fa b ric a te d in th e shops o f Olmsted AFB, Pennsylvania.' B. VIETNAM l. F e a sib ility Studies In May 1961, Crops D iv isio n , Vort D ecrick, receiv ed a re q u e s t f r e a th e Advanced Research P ro je c ts Agency (ARPA), O ffice of th e S e c re ta ry of Defense (OSD) f o r in fo rm atio n on the te c h n ic a l f e a s i b i l i t y of d e f o lia tin g ju n g le v e g e ta tio n in Vietnam. Research on d e f o lia tio n had n o t been funded fo r s e v e ra l y ears and no te s tin g had. ever been accomplished on v e g e ta tio n comparable to th a t in Vietnam. However, th e te c h n ic a l Judgment v as made th a t i f adequate resources vera provided, m ilita rily sig n ific a n t vegetation c o n tro l could be dem onstrated. On 6 June 1961, ARPA d ire c te d F o rt D etrick, to conduct d e f o lia tio n s tu d ie s in Vietnam a s a pare of P ro je c t AGILE. W ithin a 15-day period, experim ental h erb icid es and spray devices, ocher v i t a l equipment and s u p p lie s , and movement o rd ers to Vietnam v a re o b ta in e d . The tr-b u ty l 2,4-D and 2 , 4 , 5-T chem icals could n o t be ob tain ed on th e open ; market and less a c tiv e cosm erelal s u b stitu te s vere procured; a su rp lu s in s e c tic id e spray u n it fo r C-47 a i r c r a f t and an in s e c tic id e spray device f o r th e R-34 h e lic o p te r (HH3AL) v ere o b ta in ed ; TXT? o rd ers f o r evo Crops D iv isio n s c i e n t i s t s v e re approved. In l i t t l e more than 60 days a f t e r r e c e ip t o f th e OSD/ARPA o rd e rs , d e f o lia tio n t e s t s v ere i n i t i a t e d in Vietnam (10 August 1961) d e s p ite th e development of alm ost insurm ountable b a r r ie r s to t h e i r accom plishm ent.9 *10 The t e s t program was re sp o n siv e to th e o b je c tiv e s o f two Tasks (Task 2, A n ticro p ; T a sk .20, D e fo lia tio n ) e s ta b lis h e d a s a p a rt o f th e jo i n t US/VN program o f M ilita ry A ss is ta n c e A dvisory Group RAD D iv isio n and th e Vietnamese Combat Development T e s t C en ter. During th e period 10 August through IS September, e ig h t d if f e r e n t spray te s ts vere conducted v lth th e various spray systems and chemicals a v a ila b le . One Task 2 t r i a l served as an u n q u a lifie d ly -s u c c e s s fu l dem onstration and vas n o t re p e a te d ; r e s u lt s from th e Task 20 t e s t s v e re v a rie d . The t e s t data and v a ria tio n s In e f f e c ts v ere c a re fu lly ev alu ated by che cese personnel and two s a lie n t fa c ts v e re ap p aren t: (1) th e lim ita tio n s Imposed by the inadequate spray devices served to p ro h ib it a p p lic a tio n o f d e s ire d amounts o f th e d ilu te chem icals and (4.1) v e g e ta tio n resp o n ses in Che t e s t a re a s (re g a rd le s s of doses d e liv e re d ) dem onstrated t h a t , w ith s u ita b le spray systems and the more potent chem icals of choice (n -b u ty l 2,4-D and 2 ,4 ,5 -T ), m ilita r ily s ig n ific a n t-.d e fo lia tio n could be accomplished In Vietnam. CO CO 0*3 10 2. Improved Employment C a p a b ilitie s Even though ti g h t s e c u r ity r e s t r i c t i o n s were imposed on th e e a rly e f f o r t s , th e a c t i v i t i e s a t tr a c t e d co n sid era b le a tte n tio n among frie n d ly and enemy fo rc e s . W ithout f u l l inform ation on th e nature of th e te s t s and equipment lim ita tio n s , an undue amount o f co n troversy and c r itic is m developed w ith in o f f i c i a l US c i r c l e s . A ttitu d e s of u n c e rta in ty , doubt, and perhaps even h o s t i l i t y toward th e concepts per -se placed the program-------in je o p ard y . At th e h e ig h t o f th e co n tro v ersy , G eneral Maxwell Taylor and Mr. W alt W. Rostov, a d v iso rs to P resid en t Kennedy, v is it e d South Vietnam. The Crops D iv isio n T e st O ffic e r accompanied them on a 2-day a e r i a l t r i p throughout RVN, d u rin g which tim e th e d e f o lia tio n program was discussed and th e t e s t s ite s were observed* The P resid en tial Advisors . were im pressed w ith what th ey saw and urged th a t th e e f f o r t be continued* The v is ito r s were provided w ith a w ritten review and analysis of the te s t program to t h a t d a te (O ctober 1961) th a t a ls o included a recommendation th a t th e S p e c ia l A ir Spray F lig h t, Langley AFB, V irg in ia , be considered to a s s i s e i f th e d e c isio n were made to sc a le -u p th e sp ray o p eratio n s in V ietnam .11 S ubsequently, s ix C-123 a i r c r a f t were made a v a ila b le to th e T a c tie e l A ir Cosmand w ith a h ig h - p r io r ity d ir e c tiv e to i n s t a l l spray equipment cap a b le o f d issem in atin g v e g e ta tio n -c o n tro l agents* 'USAF and F ort D etrick personnel determined th a t the C-123/Hourglass configuration, developed by th e spray u n it a t Langley AFB, should serve as a model fo r th e new system s. F a b ric a tio n was accomplished e x p e d itio u sly and on 6 December 1961 th e s ix u n its and T a c tic a l A ir Command support personnel a rriv e d a t C lark AFB, P h ilip p in e s . On 7 January 1962, th re e of th e systems were moved to Tan Son Nhut, RVN, w ith th e ta s k of conducting f u r th e r s tu d ie s on ehe d e f o lia tio n concept. T h is USAF e f f o r t was named RANCH HAND. The s k i l l and d e d ic a tio n of th i s f i r s t RAUCH HAND crew c o n trib u ted immeasurably to the successes th a t followed and the development and ultim ate acceptance by th e Department o f Defense o f a new, non-conventional weapon system. C. OPERATIONAL TESTING - 1962. 1* C-123/MC-1/PURPLE Spray System T hree C-123 sp ray sh ip s a rriv e d in Vietnam on 7 January; th e f i r s t shipm ent o f PURPLE and BLUE was received on 9 January. The c o lo r codes were applied to the te s t chemicals prim arily, because secu rity did not perm it d e s c r ip tiv e la b e ls on th e shipm ents. The co lo red bands p ainted around th e drums a ls o served as an aid to id e n tif ic a tio n by support p e rso n n el. PUP.PLE code m a te ria l was. a m ixtura of -b u ty l 2,4-D, n -b u ty l 2 ,4 , S-T and Is o b u ty l 2 , 4 , 5-T. The ls o b u ty l p o rtio n (20Z) was included as a measure to depress the freezin g point of 2 ,4 ,5-T, which freezes a t room tem p eratu re. (T his m ixture e v e n tu a lly was replaced, by ORANGE.) BLUE c o n s is te d o f a w a te r-s o lu b le powder th a t contained, as th e a c tiv e in g r e d ie n t, 65Z cac o d y lie a c id ( l a t e r rep laced by a liq u id fo rm u latio n ). Cn 10 Jan u ary , th e new C-123 sp ray system was te s te d as a fu n c tio n a l check u sin g PURPLE. The equipment p rev io u sly had been te s te d w ith w ater but noc w ith more v isco u s m a te ria ls such as PURPLE. The o b je c tiv e of th is t e s t CO CD CO * 11 and. l a t e r m issions was Co d issem in ata a t a r a t e s u ita b le to o b ta in a ground d e p o s it o f 1 g a l/a c r e . I t was estim ated th a t th e f i r s t t e s t achieved a ground d e p o sit o f 0.8 g a l/a c r e ; in th e second t e s t on 13 Jan u ary , 1.05 g a l/a c r e d e p o sit was ach iev ed .10 C oncurrent w ith s tu d ie s on th e C-123 system , a d d itio n a l te s tin g .w ith th e Vietnamese A ir Force H.-34/KXDAZ, system \ and ground equipment u sin g BLUE vas accom plished._ E v alu atio n o f th e upland f o r e s t a re a s tr e a te d u l t h FURPIE shoved th a t th e v e g e ta tio n d id n o t respond a s a n tic ip a te d * By th e end o f January I t yaa determined th a t th e dry Reason had Induced a dormant co n d itio n vlch resp ect to p lant growth, and the b io lo g ic a l response to the growth i.- r e g u la to r chem ical was being delayed* The USAF spray te s tin g was con tin u ed through March 1962, a t which tim e th e e f f o r t was term in ated to aw ait a f u l l evalu atio n o f the r e s u lts from the te s t s . 2* OSD/ARPA E v alu atio n The evalu atio n was, in la rg e p a rt, stim u lated by the appearance . o f s e v e ra l c o n tro v e r s ia l news a r t i c l e s ab o u t th e d e f o lia tio n program. Because th e t e s t program was s e n s itiv e and c l a s t i f i e d , th e news c o rre spondents were only p a r t i a l l y "Inform ed" and th e news accounts were some th in g l e s s than w holly f a c t u a l. At th e d ir e c tio n of OSD/ARPA, a s e le c te d team was assig n ed to e v a lu a te thoroughly th e v e g e ta tio n - c o n tr o l program in Vietnam. The team o f fiv e w ith re p r e s e n ta tiv e s from U .S.D .A ., ARPA, and th e Chemical Corps was headed by d ie Commanding G eneral, USA Chemical / Corps RAD Command. The team recognized two phases: Research Phase', 15 J u ly 1961 to 12 January 1962; and O p e ra tio n a l Phase, 13 January 1962 Co 15 March 1962.13*13 A fte r an in te n s iv e e v a lu a tio n o f 21 tr e a te d ta rg e ts in 11 area s th e team-concluded ( in b r ie f ) t h a t : ( i ) th e o p e ra tio n a l pro gram o f v e g e ta tio n c o n tro l should be co n tin u ed , w ith m o d ificatio n s recommended b y .th e team; (11) chem ical a p p lic a tio n s , when evaluated from th e a i r , were 70Z e f f e c tiv e in ach iev in g s ta te d o b je c tiv e s , and from th e ground were 60Z e ffe c tiv e ; ( i l l ) lim ita tio n .in d is p e rs a l equipment had a major Influence on reduced m ission e f f e c t s , and m o d ific a tio n s were re q u ire d ; (lv ) PURPLE gave e x c e lle n t c o n tro l o f mangrove; (v) a d d itio n a l in fo rmatio n on d e f o lia tion should be developed In lo c a litie s where the te s t personnel, w ill have 'ready access to te s t a re a s; and (v l) the te ch n ica l f e a s ib ility fo r co n tro l of a l l crop plants w ith av ailab le chemicals is w ell estab lish ed . The team developed a s e rie s of recommendations ch at included: (1) m o d ificatio n of th e C-123 system to d e liv e r 1 . 5 'g a l o f PURPLE per acre and provide fo r a to t a l a p p lic a tio n of 3 g a l/a c re ; ( i i ) ` the spray s p e e tru s should have a u s a median diam eter of 300 u ; and ( i l l ) an ex p ed ited RDT&E program on d e f o lia tio n should be i n i t i a t e d in USA. and T h ailan d and should include, in v e s tig a tio n s on a spray system capable of d e liv e rin g 3 g a l/a c r e o f PURPLE.13 i 12 Subsequent actio n s taken to implement th e recoaanendations of the e v a lu a tio n team ushered In a period c h a ra c te riz e d by in te n s iv e RDT&E in Crops D iv isio n , F o rt D ecrick, and in A ir Force Armament T est L aboratory (AFATL), E g lin AF3, to provide improvements o f s p ra y system components in su p p o rt of RANCH HAND. C o ncurrently, o p e ra tio n a l employment-of th e sp ray c a p a b ility by th e RAKCH HAND u n its was in te n s if ie d s te a d i ly w ith tim e and a v a i l a b i l i t y o f reso u rces._______ ti jO {; y * >. i \ / 13 I I . VEGETATION-CONTROL CONCEPTS A* DEFOLIATION * -------Ixr th e m ilita r y sen se, d e f o lia tio n is th e d e s tru c tlo n " a n d /o f rem oval o f ta r g e t f o lia g e by th e a p p lic a tio n o f chem ical a g e n ts. The o b je c tiv e of d e fo lia tio n is to improve v e r tic a l and h o riz o n ta l v i s i b i l i t y w ith in th e tr e a te d a r e a . The high in cid en ce o f su c c e s s fu l enemy ambushes in Vietnam vas th e s a lie n t fa c to r chat influenced the introduction of v e g e ta tio n - c o n tr o l systems in to Che S outheast A sia c o n f li c t. The i n i t i a l o b je c tiv e o f Task 20 was to d e f o li a te th e v e g e ta tio n along lin e s o f coBBunlcation (highways and waterways) to deny th e enemy th e s a f e t y `o f adequate cover and concealment (F ig. 1). Three general classes of d efo lian t agents are recognized according to t h e i r modes o f a c tio n : 1) Growth r e g u la to r s . Chemicals in th i s c la s s are horm one-like su b stan ces chat have some c h a r a c te r i s t ic s s im ila r to those of n a tu ra l p la n t ht-rmanes, a r e .r e a d i ly absorbed by ehe tr e a te d fo lia g e , and e n te r in to th e p lan t system to be tran slo cate d and a ffe e t ocher p arts of the p la n t. Because they a r e a l ie n , they d is r u p t nhe normal p h y sio lo g ic processes of the e n tire plant system (system ic e ffe c ts ). S en sitiv e perennial species shed th e ir leaves and, I f the dose of chemical is adequate, d ie .3 P lants tre a te d w ith sub le th a l doses frequently recover p a r t i a l l y o r com pletely; a ls o , some p la n t sp ecies are h ig h ly r e s i s t a n t to th i s c la s s o t chem icals and, outw ardly, may appear u n a ffe c te d .14 Growth re g u la to rs as a c la s s a re -sost e f f e c tiv e on broad-leaved p la n ts in an a c tiv e s ta te of growth. Because these agents function sy stem ically, sm all q u a n titie s may be h ig h ly e f f e c t iv e , b u t w hile ab so rp tio n in to th e p lan t system is rap id , development of e ffe c ts is re la tiv e ly slow. Agents ORANGE, and WHITE a re c l a s s i c examples of system ic growth r e g u la to r s . 2) D esiccants. Chemical agents in th is c la ss are a lso re fe rre d to as co n tact agents because they produce th e ir e ffe c ts lo cally a t the point o f ap p licatio n . These chemicals eause rapid desiccation (drying) o f th e tr e a te d f o lia g e . This a c tio n leads to le a f f a l l w ith some sp ecie s w h ile on o th e rs th e leaves s h r iv e l and d ie b ut remain on th e p la n t. The d esicc an e chem icals normally" do n ot k i l l p e re n n ia l woody and herbaceous planes and, in th e tr o p ic s , .r e f o lia tio n occurs in 30 to 90 days, depending on th e s p e c ie s . Agent BUIE is a d e s ic c a n t th a t i s e f f e c tiv e on g rassy planes r e s i s t a n t to th e growth re g u la to rs, and on broadrleaved p la n ts in a dormant stage of growth, such as those in upland fo re sts during the dry season in Vietnam. Because these chemicals are not normally tra n s located to produce th e ir toxic e ffe c ts , thorough coverage of the ta rg e t foliage is required. rt ii ` 1 * \ j i ? j '( \ CO CD CD CO CO V* ' 'f :y V *\ : 1 ` . V \ 'V o '- V r) *;'V?J - r 1 . \/ f \ . Mi \ HV| /v-| i . -/..Ir.J: (. . u og i e o FIGURI 1 D e fo lia tio n In ttangrovo V elatatlo n Along U ataruay In RVN. V* 3 ) 'D efoliane ( t r u e ) . One o f che o u tstan d in g goals o f re se a rc h on v eg etatio n -con Crol agents is development of a m ilita r ily u sefu l, tru e d e f o lia tin g a g e n t. An In te n s iv e re s e a rc h e f f o r t i s devoted to th e p h y sic a l and biochem ical processes Involved-in the normal le af senescence and a b s c is s io n phenomena. The o b je c tiv e is to d isco v er th e chem ical b a sis f o r th e p rocesses and to develop means of inducing le a f f a l l a t w i l l as i t norm ally occurs in tem perate zones w ith th e o n set of f a l l ar.d w in te r. A compound c a p a b le 'o f t h i s type o f a c tio n a ls o i s being sought in th e screening program Is progress a t the Plant Sciences L aboratories, P o rt D etrick* B. CONTROL OF CROP FIANTS The v eg etatio n -con tr o I agents c u rre n tly in use in Vietnam a re capable c o lle c tiv e ly o f damaging o r d estro y in g th e p ro d u c tiv ity of a l l known a g ric u ltu ra l crop plants of significance* 1. Agent ORANGE Each o f th e two components o f OR/JvGE (2 ,4 -0 an d -2 ,4 ,5 -T ) i s a ffe c tiv e ag ain st a wide array of broad-leaved plant species. C ertain of the plants are sen sitiv e to both chemicals, while others are affected by only one; thus th e 50:50 m ix tu re, GRANGE, provides the m i lit a r y w ith a cap a b ility to attack an extensive array of broad-leaved crop p la n ts.3 U n fo rtu n ately , ORANGE i s co n sid ered to be g e n e ra lly in e ff e c tiv e on g ra s s e s . Im portant c e re a l crop p la n ts such as r ic e , wheat, porn, sugarcane, sorghum, m ille t, and barley a re grasses and a second chemical Is required for th e ir control. In the search for a universal anticrop agent the h e rb ld d a l p ro p erties of cacodylie acid (d io e th y la rsin ic acid) were discovered. S tu d ie s on t h i s new compound s h o v e d -it to be h ig h ly e f f e c tiv e a g a in s t r ic e in p a r tic u la r a h d 'o th e r g rasses in g e n e ra l as w e ll as a number of broad-leaved c ro p s .181 , 2* Agent BLUE C acodylie a c id (ag en t SLUE) a s a dry , w a te r-so lu b le powder was introduced in to Vietnam a s the agent o f choice fo r d e stru c tio n of V iet ..Cong r i c e cro p s. Mixing w ith w ater was re q u ire d . L a te r, a consacrela 1, liq u id fo rm ulation o f sodium c a c o d y la te , P hytar 560G, was Introduced us a replacem ent fo r c a c o d y lie a c id and is th e agent BLUE c u rre n tly in u se. 3.* ~Agene WHITE Tordoa 101, a p ro p rie ta ry form ulation of plcloram. (4-am ino-3,5 ,6 crlc h lo T O p ic o lin lc a c id ) and 2,4-D , was Introduced in to Vietnam by Department o f th e Army, A s s is ta n t C hief o f S ta f f fo r Force Development, fo r u se a s a s u b s titu te fo r ORANGE on ta rg e ts In th e proxim ity o f s e n s itiv e crop p la n ts , p rin c ip a lly rubber. A llegedly, the vapors from 16 ORANGE had o c c a sio n a lly caused crop lo s s e s in t h e `v i c i n i t y o f d e f o lia tio n s t r i k e s , and a le ss v o l a t i l e chem ical vas req u este d by US M ilita r y A ssistan ce Command Vietnam, fo r use on a number o f ta rg e ts * Pic lo r am, 'th e p ro p rie ta ry , a c tiv e in g red len e in Tordon 101 and a v a r ie ty o f newer fo rm u latio n s, i s a h ighly potent, systemic herb icid e fo r a wide v a rie ty of broad-leaved crop p la n ts . On th e b a s is o f claim s by th e m anufacturer (Dow) and th e r e s u lt s o f te s tin g by F o rt Dotr ic k , i t Is in d icated th a t p ic lo ra a w i l l c o n tro l e s s e n t i a l l y th e same broad a r r ay o f crop sp ecie s a s ORANGE b u t on some w ill be e ffe c tiv e a t s ig n ific a n tly lower dosages. Pic lo raa i s even la ss e f f e c t iv e on grasses,, in g e n e ra l, Chan ORANGE, w ith b u t one n o ta b le exception -- i t is highly effectiv e in reducing wheat y ie ld s, tinlike ORANGE, th i s compound i s n o t r e a d ily I n a c tiv a te d by s o i l organism s and, because o f i t s p e rs is te n c e , some r e s t r a i n t s sh o u ld be imposed on i t s use for control of crop plants. 4. Predictability Crops ean be su ccessfu lly co n tro lled by chemicals w ith a high degree- of c e rta in ty because the required technology is w ell developed and eargee crop v u ln e r a b ili tie s a rc known. The number of im portant crop p la n ts Is lim ited and most have been subjected to te s ts by F o rt D ecrick, th e U .S.D.A.. various chemical companies, private research o rg an isatio n s, and/or u n i v e r s i t i e s . With but a few e x ce p tio n s, crop p la n ts are a n n u a ls, r e la tiv e ly sm all In sice,, norm ally In an a c tiv e stag e o f growth, and s e n s itiv e to s e le c t compounds. Dose requirem ents f o r c o n tr o l o f b road-leaved crops a re v ery low. As l i t t l e as. 0 .1 0 lb ./a c r e of ORANGE i s adequate to c o n tro l such crops .as soybeans, sweet p o tato es, and garden beans, w hile manioc is damaged by 1.0 lb . /a c r e . Rice i s d estro y ed by 0 .5 to 1.0 lb . / a c r e of BLUE. Manioc may a ls o be c o n tro lle d e f f e c tiv e ly by th e a p p lic a tio n o f 0 .2 lb . of picloram in Tordon 101.* Plcloram a t the r a te of 0.04 to 0.07 lb ./a c re has caused up to 100T y ie ld red u ctio n o f garden beans, p o ta to e s, soybeans, peanuts, and sweet potatoes. C. TARGET MARKING The u se o f v e g e ta tio n -c o n tro l agents f o r marking ta rg e ts has been con s id e r e d fo r many years b u t re s e a rc h on t h i s 'r o l e has been lim ite d . To s a t i s f y th is concept fo r employment in a t a c t i c a l s itu a tio n , a v ery f a s t a c tin g compound is req u ire d t o produce a h ig h ly v i s i b l e , c o n tra s tin g change in the tre a te d vegetation. A target-m arking c a p a b ility would probably find . i t s g reatest use in pinpointing targ e ts fo r a e r ia l s trik e s by high-performance, close-support a irc ra ft and/or.bombers. * Dr. R.C. Bunker, Plant Physiology D iv isio n , personal communication. - .- ?i col - "CT3: oo- 17 D. SPECIAL APPLICATIONS * The g u e r r illa - ty p e war in Vietnam has c re a te d a now a p p re c ia tio n f o r advantage* of s te a l th and s u rp ris e and th e e f f e c tiv e use by an ag g re ssiv e enemy to e x p lo it i t to harass num erically su p e rio r forces* The US-and R.VN u n its have prepared elaborate defenses around base in s ta lla tio n s to guard a g a in s t i n f i l t r a t i o n by th e enemy and to p rev en t s u r p r is e a t ta c k s . V egetation-control agents are used extensively to m aintain v eg etatio n -free f i r e teams, m in efield s, f ie ld s of observation on p erim eters, and d efen siv e b a r r i e r a r e a s . The c le a re d a re a s deny th e enemy th e cover and concealm ent v i t a l fo r su ccessfu lly launching s u rp rise a tta c k s and withdrawing w ith acceptable losses. A ll th ree agents have' been used for maintenance of the defense areas, sin ce co n tro l o f both broad-leaved and g rassy types I s re q u ire d . Reconmendaclons have been made f o r th e use of s o il- a p p lie d ehem ical compounds f o r n o n s e le c tiv e , lo n g -trrm c o n tro l, however u s e o f such chemicals has noe been approved. - r- **.'-v'.vi.ft-*^ CO CO - C3 CO i 18 i t i ITT- VEGETATION-CONTROL ACSNTS A* . orange and ORANGE U ORANGE is th e code d esig n atio n fo r a 50:50 m ix tu re o f n -b u ty l e s te r s o f 2,4 -d ich lo rap h en o x y acetic a c id (2,4-D ) aw* 2 ,4 ,5 -tric h lo ro p h e n o x y a e e tic a c id ( 2 ,4 ,5*T). The a g e n t c o n s is ts of a m ixture of* eq u al volumes o f th e undiluted te ch n ica l e s te rs o f 2,4-D and 2 ,4 , 5-T. Approximate c o s t i s $6. 73/g a l, '- ORANGE n is a m ixture o f eq u al p a rts by volume o f th e iv*butyl e s t e r o f 2,4-D and Is o o c ty l e s te r o f 2 ,4 ,5-T. - S pecifications f o r ORANGE and ORANGE H a re a v a ila b le in MTL-:0-51239A (MU). S p ecificatio n s fo r th e component n -b u ty l e s te r s o f 2,4-D and 2 ,4 ,5-T and o f IsooctyL e s te r of 2 ,4 ,5-T In ORANGE*IX a re as fo llo w s: Wl E-511A7, H erbicide; n -b u ty l 2 ,4 -d ich lo ro p h en o x y acetate Wl H-5114S, H erbicide; n -b u ty l 2 ,4 ,5 -tric h lo ro p iie n o x y a e e ta ta ^lH-60724, Herbicide; Isooctyl 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacecata ^bysltal, Chemical, and B iological P ro p erties a * Physical S tate ORANGE and ORANGE I I a re liquids, a t room tem perature and above, tng from clear reddish brown to straw c o lo r. Both agents become more nus lower temperatures and may s o lid if y a t 40 to 45 P* n -B u ty l ,r 2 ,4 ,5-T freezes below '70 to 75 F, b u t both - b u ty l e s t e r of D and Isooctyl eater of 2 ,4 ,5-T have c o n sid era b ly lower fre e z in g p o in ts . b . S o lu b ility ORANGE and ORANGE X I'a re r e a d ily so lu b le in d ie s e l f u e l and aer organic solvents, but are re la tiv e ly Insoluble in 'w ate r. c. V olatility ORANGE and I t s component n -b u ty l e s te r s o f 2,4-D and 2 ,4 ,5*T . are ch aracterized by p lan t p h y sio lo g ists as v o l a t i l e h e rb ic id e s because :he vapors are r e la tiv e ly phytoecxlc. However, th e p h y sic a l chem ist would regard the bueyi e s te rs o f 2,4-D and 2 ,4 ,5-T a s e s s e n tia lly n o n v o la tile , vitth a vapor pressure of le ss than I on o f mercury a t 35 C. In f a c t , th e - b u ty l t o r of 2,4-D i s approxim ately eq u iv a le n t to No. 2 d ie s e l f u e l i s v o l a t i l i t y , req u irin g a tem perature o f 147 C fo r vapor p re ssu re to eq u al 1 on o f mercury. ...... i i *t OTl 9T3 t l , consisting in part of tha low -volatile-isooccyl seer * 2 ,4 ,5-T,-ay be considered le ss v o la til e than ORANGE. 19 xrr :...-* Data a re not a v a ila b le on th e d ista n c e s th a t ORANGE o r I t s component e s te r s may tr a v e l In vapor s t a t e from d e fo lia te d o r sprayed a r e a s , b u t l a t e r a l movements of h e rb ic id e s , due to t h e i r v o l a t i l e n a tu re aloce> are believed to be negligible* Host instances of alleg ed crop damage ad jacen t to a re a s sprayed w ith ORANGE may be a ttr ib u te d to d r i f t o r m isapplication a t the time of spraying ra th e r than to v o la tility . d. Corrosive Action ORANGE and ORANGE XT a re n o ncorrosive on most m etals b u t a r e d e le te rio u s to soma p a in ts , ru b b er, and neoprene. T eflo n , p o ly eth y len e, VIton, and o th er sim ilar p la s tic m aterials are generally- r e s is ta n t to d e te r io r a tio n by ORANGE. e* O ther S p ecific P ro p e rtie s Freezing point, C V iscosity, cencipoises a t 75 ? a t 100 F Weight, lb ./g a l Total eaters Acid equivalent Specific gravity ORANGE ' 7 to 8. 43 24 10.7 8.6 1.275 to 1.295 ORANGE XI 9 67 27 10.2 7.S 1.220 to 1.242 f. B iological Properties * C o n sistin g of two system ic o r tra n s lo c a te d h e rb ic id es (2 ,4 -B , e ffe c tiv e on broad-leaved herbaceous planes, and 2 ,4 ,5-T, e ffe c tiv e on a broad a r r a y o f woody p la n e s), th e m ixture ORANGE I s e f f e c tiv e on a v id e range of plant species, p rin cip ally of the broad-leaved o r dicotyledonous groups. G rasses and o th er monocotyl-doncus plants a re lesa affected , by ORANGE. The chem ical i s absorbed p r in c ip a lly by. th e fo lia g e b u t may e n te r the p la n t through the sterna and/or ro o t system . Decomposition o f th e two components, 2,4-D and 2 ,4 ,5-T, by s o i l microorganisms occurs ra p id ly and tb e chem ical disappears from s o ils w ith in 1 to 2 months following application. . . . . . 2. Toxicology i- Agent ORANGE i s low in to x ic ity to man, f i s h , and w il d l i f e , as shown In tb e long and ex ten siv e record o f use o f 2,4-D and 2 , 4 , 5 ^ f o r a g ric u ltu ra l and In d u s tria l v egetation c o n tro l. ORANGE has a low o r a l mamasllan to x i c it y . The IDS f o r a cu te o r a l t o x i e lt y o f ORANGE fo r r a t s Is 550 mg/Ug.* LDWvalues f o r th e 2,4-D * B.P. McNamara, Toxicology Department, Sdgewood A rsenal, Kd. Summary o f to x i c it y d ata on phenoxyacetates. 031963 9 S. -f tI \. *1 / K.*/ ' lS.s v r, ' V 3* A* * '/ s / \t.71 / 20 component o f ORANGE range from 300 co 1,000 mg/kg fo r r a t s , guinea pigs and ra b b its . T o x icity to c a t tle appears to be sim ila r to chat of laboratory anim als. ORANGE and ORANGE I I may cause s l i g h t s k in i r r i t a t i o n and minimal inhalation effects. T o x icity o f 2,4-0 and 2 ,4 ,3-T to fis h v aries v id ely w ith the species, s a l t o r e s te r employed, and d u ratio n o f exposure.*r Pure 2,4-D acid a t 100 ppm c o n c e n tra tio n * caused o n ly a l i g h t m o r ta lity to f in g e r lin g bream end largemouth b a s a .1 Minnows and. c a t f is h to le r a te d sodium s a l t of 2,4-0 a t 2,000 ppm f o r l week but f in g e r lin g b lu e g ills had lo sses o f 40 to 100X from th e b u ty l e s t e r o f 2,4-D a t c o n c e n tra tio n s o f 1 to 5 ppm* E s ta r forra- o f 2,4-D and 2 ,4 ,5 ^T a r a more to x ic to f is h than pure a d d o r s a l t s v h ich a r e used f o r c o n tr o l o f a q u a tic v e g e ta tio n w ith o u t in ju r y to f i s h . 19 Only under c o n d itio n s o f d i r e c t a p p lic a tio n o f ORANGE to shallow bodies o f w ater a t ehe r a te o f 3 g a l/a c r would k i l l o f th e most s e n s itiv a sp ecies of fis h be lik e ly to occur. 3. Handling Agents ORANGE and ORANGE I I may be s a f e ly handled w ith o rd in ary . s a n ita r y p re c a u tio n s . S p illa g e on s k in o r c lo th in g should be removed promptly to avoid p o ssible ir r i t a t i o n through prolonged skin co n tact. These chem icals p re se n t no hazard co man o r anim als in area s su b jected to d e fo lia tio n a t the time of or fallow ing spray ap p licatio n . ORANGE has a p e n e tra tin g odor t h a t tends to p e r s l s c l n enclosed areas such as a ir c r a f t cabins and storage areas. S pillage or sprey deposit on a i r c r a f t snd p ain ted su rfaces should be removed as soon as p a ssib le by w ashing w ith d ie s e l f u e l o r o th e r li g h t petroleum o i l s , follow ed by a soap wash and thorough rin s in g W ith 'c le a r w ater. As in d ic a te d , exposure o f ru b b er o r neoprene hose to ORANGE causes d e t e r io r a tio n . T ra n s fe r h o ses, pump s e a ls , snd o th e r equipment p a rts subjected to continued eoncaet w ith th is chemical should be checked often fo r replacem ent u n less r e s is ta n t m a te ria ls such as Teflon and Vicon are used.. ' Following h e rb ic id e a p p lic a tio n , th e tank and spray system should, be flushed w ith d ie s e l fu el followed by a deeurgent or soap end w ater r in s e and c l e a r w ater r in s e whsn change i s made from ORANGE to a w aterb ase s g e n t such as' BLUE o r WHITE. -This flu s h in g and r in s in g procedure i s more im p o rtan t to fo llo w when BLUE i s used a f t e r ORANGE WHITE may be * One ppm i s th e e q u iv a le n t o f 2.72 lb . o f h e rb ic id e per a c re -fo o t of w aeer. I f 3 g a l o f ORANGE were sprayed on an acre o f w ater 1 fo o t deep, th e c o n c e n tra tio n of 2,4-D + 2 ,4 ,5-T a c id eq u iv alen t would be approxim ately 11 ppm. .lO- o io jL ijr. I i j *.' 'V \t }t. i*y tU-,' s.- 1 I .. .-L y 1* `v*. .* ;V : // N* \ --; ri .*>, './i. /// *A./ ~/v f* 21 used d ir e c tly a f t e r ORANGE w ith o u t flu s h in g , as th e s n a i l amount o f r e s id u a l ORANGE In th e spray tan k w i l l n ix w ith th e la rg e r q u a n tity o f WHITE w ith o u t . forming a p r e c ip ita te . In th e r e v e rs e s itu a tio n when ORANGE I s used a f t e r WHITE, th e r e s id u a l WHITE w i l l ten d to s e p a ra te and f l o a t cm to p -o f th e denser ORANGE u n less th e m ixture i s thoroughly a g ita te d . _I n th e A/AA5Y-1 sp ray system used in Che UC-123 a i r c r a f t , th e c ir c u la tin g system i s e f f e c t iv e In keeping th e r e s id u a l ag en t (SO g a l) mixed w ith th e new f i l l (90 g a l ) . 4 . Methods o f D isp o sa l Loading and s to ra g e a re a s s u b je c t to contam ination by ORANGE by repeated s p illa g e nay be Created by repeated flushing o f a ffected areas w ith d ie se l fu e l and drainage in to s e ttlin g basins or p its fo r incorpora cion in to s o il where m icro b ial and/or photodeeompositlozr w ill occur. I f p o ssib le, h eav ily contam inated s o ils should be deep-plowed- to work th e chemical info the soil* to a id la subsequent leaching and decomposition. Used c o n ta in e rs and s u rp lu s q u a n titie s o f ORANGE should be b u rled In deep p its a t lo catio h s where minimal hazard ex ists fo r leaching in to wafcir s u p p lie s o r c u ltiv a te d cro p a r e a s . Regular removal o f used co n ta in e rs from loading area s should be p ra c tic e d to avoid p o s s ib le damage o r hazard to nearby s e n s itiv e crops by co n cen trated vapors o f th e chem ical o r Improper use o f Cha empty con tain ers in a g ric u ltu ra l areas. 5. Effectiveness as a D efoliant ORANGE and ORANGE XX a re e f f e c t iv e d e fo lia n ts o f f o r e s t v e g e ta tio n under tem perate and t r o p i c a l co n eit i e n s . As system ic h e rb ic id e s , th e com ponent e s te r s of 2 ,4 -0 and 2 ,4 , S-T cause death o f th e p la n t w ith accompany- . Ing d efo liatio n . The ty p ic a l resp o n se o f woody v e g e ta tio n to a f o l i a r a p p lic a tio n of ORANGE is f i r s t a browning and d is c o lo r a tio n o f th e fo lia g e w ithin, a period o f 1 o r Z weeks. F o lia g e o f th e more s u s c e p tib le sp ecies may tu rn brown ra p id ly and le a f drop w i l l occur over a period o f 1 to 2 months* Under tr o p i c a l c o n d itio n s , maximum d e f o lia tio n may occur at. 2 to 3 months a f t e r sp ray a p p lic a tio n (se e S ectio n 17, B, 3 ) . As h s r b lc id a l response co n tin u e s, th e stems and branches d ie back p ro g ressiv ely from the ti p , accompanied by d e f o lia tio n . When o n ly p a r t i a l k i l l o f th e in d iv id u a l p la n t o ccu rs, reg ro v th and new f o lia g e develop from th e main stems and la r g e r b ran ch es. ` Inform ation on th e degree and d u ratio n o f d e fo lla tlo tr response* from ORANGE I s given in S ectio n 1 7 ,3 ,3 . Under tr o p ic a l fo re s t co n d itio n s, s a tis fa c to ry le v e ls o f d e fo lia tio n mey p e r s is t fo r 4 to 6 months o r more a f t e r which regrowth, and replacem ent v e g e ta tio n may n e c e s s ita te tr e a tm e n t. \ j ] i , 03 I 9 6 U i tI i 1 ! *''v,* V-*, / k > iX' i1i *i1 . iiI i Ii r * ORANGE end ORANGE I I a c t p r in c ip a lly on broad-leaved woody and herbaceous p la n ts . G rasses', in c lu d in g bamboos, a re r e l a t i v e l y u n affected by normal ra te s of .ap p licatio n (3 g a l/a c re ) but chemical "burning" and topic! 11 may r e s u l t from h eav ier doses o f ORANGE and ORANGE I I . 6. E ffe c tiv e n e ss a s an Ant i e r op-Agent ORANGE and i t s component e s te r s o f 2,4-D and 2 ,4 ,5-T a r e e f f e c tiv e b e rb le id e s a g a in s t many b ro ad -leav ed c ro p s . The s e le c tiv e a c tio n o f 2,4-D on broad-leaved weeds, in c o n tr a s t to th e r e s is ta n c e o f c e r e a l and g ra ss crops, has lad to i t s widespread, use a s a se le c tiv e herb icid e in broad-leaved weed c o n tro l. The component 2 ,4 ,5-T e s t e r i s more e f f e c tiv e on woody p la n ts and I s p ro p o rtio n a te ly more e f f e c tiv e than 2,4-0 In h e rb ic ld a l a c tio n on crops such a s p o ta to e s , so y b ean s,*p ean u ts, to b acco , sweet potatoes, and rubber tre e s. I n g e n e ra l, ORANGE may be co n sid ered as an e f f e c tiv e a n tic ro p agent ag ain st most broad-leaved crops a t the race of 1 lb. acid equivalent per acre. S p ecific ra te s fo r crops a re given in Section 17,B ,1. Highly sensitive crops include: Cotton Soybeans Tomatoes Sweet potatoes Peanuts Liras beans Greer, beans Feas Sunflower S a la B ro cco li Sesame R utabaga P o p p le s Beets Cabbage Hemp Root o r tu b e r crops such as p o ta to e s , su g ar b e e ts , and maniac show g r e a te s t y ie ld red u ctio n s from chem icals ap p lied during e a rly growth s ta g e s. Because o f th e s e n s itiv ity of crop p la n ts, spray devices used to dissem i n a te ORANGE should n o t be used f o r th e employment o f in s e c tic id e s because tr a c e q u a n titie s o f th e h e rb ic id e can damage c ro p s. B. BLUE BLUE is che code d e sig n a tio n f o r a n e u tra liz e d , liq u id fe m u la tio n containing caeodylic acid (d im eth y larsin lc acid ) and i t s sodium s a l t . The term BUIE was f i r s t a p p lie d in 1961 to 1964 to caco d y lle acid in powder forts, c o n tain in g 65% a c tiv e in g re d ie n t th a t was mixed in th e f ie l d w ith v a tu r . The BLUE c u r r e n tly in use i s a liq u id form ulation produced by A nsul fCompany and la d esig n ated P hytar 560G. I t c o n ta in s a minimum of 21Z sodium cacodylate w ith a d d itio n a l fre e eacodylie acid fo r a to t a l dim ethyla r s l n l a acid e q u iv a le n t o f n o t le s s chan 261 o r 3 .1 l b . / g a l . P hytar 560G c o n ta in s 5Z by volume o f a s u r f a c ta n t p lus 0.5Z o f an antifoam ag en t; E f f o r ts a re being made to reduce th e s u r f a c ta n t to 1Z by volume. Approxi mate co st is 9 3 .3 5 /g sl. & G CO CT3 r"0 1 P h y sical, Chemical, and B io lo g ic a l P ro p e rtie s a. Physical Scats Cacodylic acid (te c h n ic a l) Ls a c o l o r le s s , c r y s t a l l i n e 's o lid w ith a "melting p o in t o f 200 C. BLUE (P hytar 560G) i s a liq u id fo rm ulation o f c a c o d y lic a c id and I t s sodium s a lt* I t ls 'a redd*, ih o r brow nish, fre e -flo w in g liq u id . b. Solubility Both eaco d y lie acid and th e liq u id fo rm u latio n BLUE a r e r e a d ily so lu b le In v o ter and alcohol but in so lu b le la d ie s e l fu e l and o il s .' c. V olatility BLUE Is n o n v o la tile . C acodylic a d d and i t s s a l t have extrem ely low vapor p re ssu re s. d. Corrosive Action C orrosion t e s t s w ith u n d ilu te d BLUE showed l i t t l e o r no e f f e c t on b ra s s , copper, aluminum, and t i n a f t e r an exposure o f 1 month. S te e l showed a rap id I n i t i a l re a c tio n and moderate c o rro sio n w ith BLUE. Zinc was the le a s t r e s is ta n t m etal, e x h ib itin g a g alv an ic re a c tio n In th e cacodylace solution. Other S pecific P roperties Freezing point, F V iscosity, centlpoises At 50 7 At 75 F At 95 F Veight, lb ./g a l Liquid form ulation Cacodylic a d d equivalent Specific gravity PH f . Biological Properties Below -2 2 19.9 11.0 9.0 10.9 3 .1 1*31 6.7 to 7.: BLUE is a d e sicc an t o r c o n ta c t h e rb ic id e end causes ra p id browning o f fo lia g e . I t shows r e l a t i v e l y l i t t l e , tr a n s lo c a tio n o r movement w ith in th e p la n t. F o liag e o f broad-leaved v eg etaci n a f f e c te d by BLUE may a b s c is e o r s h r iv e l and remain on th e p la n t. G rasses ney show ra p id browning end death of top growth but g ro w th of r e s is ta n t p eren n ial sp e c ie s, such a s elep h an t g ra s a , may occur w ith in 1 to 2 months. D e fo lia tio n o f woody /y J/ V' 1 i i / \ ,~ + Si. s *[. ' 24 1l v eg etaci n by BLUE shows sh o rt-cerm e f f e c t , w ith maxim a e f f e c t ae 2 Co 6 weeks a f t e r tre a tm e n t. Repeat a p p lic a tio n s o f BLUE may be re q u ire d fo r continued vegetation control of perennial, grasses. 2* T oxicology Cacodylie aeid o r d ia eeh y la rsin lc acid , th e activ e component of BLUE, c o n ta in s a rs e n ic in th e Innocuous p en tav alan t s t a t e r a th e r chan th e to x ic tr lv a lc n t form. The acute o ra l to x ic ity of cacodylic acid In r a t a i s 1,400 mg/kg f o r males and 1,280 mg/kg fo r females* F or th e form ula tio n P h y tar 56CG o r BLUE c o n ta in in g th a acid and i t s sodium s a l e , th e a c u te o r a l e o x ie lty (LD^) fo r r a t s is 2,600 mg/kg, a to x iO lty le v e l lower than th a t of a sp irin (1,750 mg/kg).* C a ttle fed 24*5 mg/kg o f cac o d y lic a c id d a lly in a 60-day feed in g te s e showed no a n e n l e in th e m ilk and no sto ra g e o f a rs e n ic in th e an im al body on a cumulative b a sis. --* In t e s t s w ith f is h , Gambusta. s h in e r, and la rgemouth b lack bass were a b le to w ith sta n d c o n c e n tra tio n s o f caco d y lic aeid o f a r le a s t 100 ppm f o r 7 2 'h o u rs, a r a t e e q u iv a le n t to 270 lb . o f a ch em ical'p er a c r e -f o o t o f w a te r. I t may, th u s , be co n sid ered nontoxic to f is h and anima I s . 1T When BLUE o r c a c o d y lic acid is ap p lied d ir e c tly to s o i l , th e chem ical la ra p id ly adsorbed and d eacciv ated by th e s o i l c o llo id s so c h at new crops can be p lan ted during th e same growing season. 3. Handling ' BLUE may be handled s a f e ly w ith o rd in ary s a n ita r y p reca u tio n s In avoiding prolonged co n tact w ith s k is or clo th in g . Cacodylie acid is r e a d ily absorbed through th e s k in ; prolonged ab so rp tio n may lead to a d i s t i n c t g a r li c `odor in th e breach. -S p illag e should b avoided a n d . removed by lib e r a l flu sh in g and rin sin g w ith c le a r w ater. Some d i f f i c u l t y has been encountered w ith p r e c ip ita te in th e commercial fo rm u latio n . Drums should be checked to ensure thee p r e c ip i t a t e , i f p re s e n t, i s n o t pumped in to a sp ray system* BLUE should n ot be used in a spray system e i th e r fo llow ing o r preced in g WHITE w ith o u t thoroughly flu sh in g th e tan k and system w ith water* A m ixture of th e s e two agents r e s u lts in a p re c ip ita te c o n sistin g of the sodium s e l t o f 2,4-D (a component o f WHITE). I f a change i n ag en ts i s to b e made, th e tanks or* sp ray system should be f i l l e d a t le a se h a l f f u l l w ith claar. w ater and th e system exhausted o f liq u id b e fo re th e new a g en t (BLUE o r WHITE) i s added. \ . i . .. * Unpublished data of th e Ansul Co*, M arinette, Wisconsin. i|.fy96 0 >. 4* Methods of- D isposal Equipment used fo r a p p lic a tio n o f BLUE should be tho ro u g h ly clean ed p rio r to storage or disuse. Several flushings of soapy o r detergent w ater to which ammonia has been added nay be used, followed by a c l e a r r in s e . For most spray systems a f in a l rin se w ith d ie se l fu el nay serve to prevent r u s t or sediment accumulation. Excess s p illa g e o f BLUE In loading o r sto ra g e a re a s should be removed by thorough washing w ith c le a r w ater a n d /o r d i l u t e ammonia. Runoff o r wash w ater co n tain in g d ilu te d BLUE should, i f p o s s ib le , be diverted in to pics or s e ttlin g basins fo r Incorporation in to s o il. The chem ical is ra p id ly adsorbed by s o il and d e a c tiv a te d .. Used c o n ta in e rs and r e s id u a l chem ical should be disposed o f by b u ria l whenever possible. 5. Effectiveness as-a Defoliant BLUE Is p rim a rily a d esicc an t w ith l i t t l e o r no sy stem ic h e rb ic id a 1 a e tlo n . When a p p lie d to b rad -leav ed , woody, o r g rass v e g e ta tio n , BLUE causes a rapid browning and d esicc atio n , w ith accompanying s h riv e lin g and a b s c is s io n o f leaves on some voody s p e c ie s . The agent c ay .b e con s id e re d a sh o rt-C e ra d e f o lia n t on woody v e g e ta tio n w ith maximum d e f o lia tio n 2 to 4 weeks a f t e r a p p lic a tio n (see Section IV,3 ,3 ). 6. E ffectiveness as an A nticrap Agent BLUE Is Che agent o f choice fo r d e s tru c tio n of c e r e a l o r g ra in crops ( in c o n tra s t to ORANGE which Is p rim a rily e f f e c tiv e on broad*leaved crops); E arly work a t F o rt D etrlc k w ith r i c e showed t h a t y ie ld re d u c tio n s o f 70 to 97% were o b tained by a -s in g le a p p lic a tio n a t 0.25 lb . e a e o d y lic acid per acre a t any time over a 2 .5-month growth p erio d .3 Recent te s t s on r i c e w ith sodium eaco d y late form ulation (P h y tar 560G) have shown com plete y ie ld reduction w ith ap p licatio n s of 1 lb ./a c r e cecodylic acid on p la n ts in the vegetative and flowering stages of g rw ch . Corn and g ra in sorghum are c o n tro lle d e f f e c tiv e ly w ith BLUE In e a r l y growth stag es (12 to 18 Inches high) w ith 1 lb . eaeo d y lic a c id per a c r e ; wheat and o a ts have shown complete y ie ld red u ctio n s w ith 1 lb . eae o d y lic a c id p er acre ap p lied as BLUE in th e la te boot s ta g e . F i r s t y ear, o r plane crop o f sugarcane in l a t e season req u ire d 5 to 10 lb . eae o d y lic a c id per' a c re f o r e f f e c tiv e y ie ld re d u ctio n ; In racoon crops more than 24' l b ./ a c r e a r e re q u ire d .* The chem ical Is noe reconxnended f o r th is crop because b e tte r agents are available. * Dr. R.C. Bunker and Dr. U.C. LeCroy, P lan t Physiology D iv isio n , p erso n al communication. -- t t yI iI iIII ( i1I I y V- s.. \ ---i 26 C. WHITE WHITE, i s th e code d e sig n a tio n f o r Tordon 101, a liq u id form ulacin con ta in in g pic lora m (4 -a m ln o -3 ,5 ,6 -trle h lo ro p lc o lin ie a d d ) and 2,4-D In the form q f triiso p ro p a n o lamine s a le s . Approximate cose is $6.4 0 /g al. The com position o f WHITE, based on w eight o f s a le , I s : pleloram , 10.2Z; 2 ,4 -0 , 39.6Z. Based on w eight o f activ e in g red ien t o r a d d , th e composicin i s : p lelo ram , 5.7Z o r 0.54 l b . / g a l ; 2 ,4 -0 , 2L.2Z o r 2*0 l b . / g a l . The remainder co n sists of w ater, w etting agent, and other In e rt ingredients. I P iclpram o r Tordon i s .a p ro p rie ta ry item produced by Dow Chemical Company and la a v a ila b le in o th e r fo rm u latio n s, in c lu d in g : (1) Tordon 40, a liq u id eontaing 4 -lb. Iso o cty l e a te r per gallon, soluble In o il, insoluble la w a te r; (11) Tordon 10E, an extruded p e l l e t concoin in g 10Z pleloram aa potassium s a l t ; and ( i l l ) m odified 03ANGE (Dow K-3393). An ex p erim en tal fo rm u latio n Chat has been proposed f o r te s tin g conc a l ns s m ixture o f pleloram e s te r , n -b u ty l e s te r of 2,4-0, and n-b u ty l e s te r of 2 ,4 ,5-T. . 1. P h y sical. Chemical, and B io lo g ical P ro p erties a. Physical State WHITE (Tordon 101) Is a dark brown, somewhat viscous liq u id . b. Solubility WHITE i s m isc ib le lit w ater but in s lu b le in d ie s e l f u e l and ocher o i l s . The c rilso p ro p a n o lamine forms of 2,4-D and pleloram in WHITE a r e both r e a d ily so lu b le in w a te r, whereas Che p aren t a c id s (2,4-D and pieloram ) i r e w hite c r y s ta llin e powders, 'soluble in acetone and alco h o l, and somewhat s o lu b le .in c e r t a in o th e r organic s o lv e n ts . e. V olatility . WHITE I s co n sid ered n o n v o la tile . Pleloram has a vapor p ressu re o f 6.16 x 10"7 am o f Hg a t 35 C. WHITE, because o f th e low v o l a t i l i t y o f i t s a c tiv e in g re d ie n ts , has baen suggested sa s s u b s titu te fo r ORANGE fo r d e f o lia tio n in areas a d ja c e n t to ru b b er p la n ta tio n s and s e n s itiv e broad-leaved cro p s. However, because o f th e high a c t iv it y o f the pieloram component, extrem aly sm aII amounts can damags s e n s itiv e species;. WHITE i s s ta b l e and m oderately r e s i s t a n t to u lt r a v io l e t r a d ia tio n . D esp ite i t s w ater base, th e form ulation WHITS Is* f ta m a b le w ith a f la s h p o in t o f 35 C. ! I i I *:o  iW'1' i . gvi - 27 ; -. d. Corrosive Action , rt . * e i WHITE i s non co rro siv e on cosason metals'- and m a te ria ls used in spray equipment. ` e. Other S pecific Properties* - V* V iscosity, centipoises w w * ` . h pcr w -7 ' * At 10 C Ac 25 & At 38 C Weight of a c tiv e Ingredients Cacid eq u iv a le n t), lb ./g a l P ie lo ra a 2,4-0 362 125 t o 135 95 0:54 2.0 , -- s f. B iological Properties f* WHITE- i s a m ix tu re o f two system ic h e rb ic id e s , p ie lo r a a and 2,4-0. I t is p a rtia lly se le c tiv e In i t s d efo lia n t and herblcidal- action on an array o f p la n t species and Is e f fe c tiv e , p rin c ip a lly , on voody and c e rta in broad leaved herbaceous p la n ts . Both th e p ie lo ra a and 2,4-0 components a re r e l a t i v e l y in e f f e c tiv e on g ra s s e s , bamboos, and ocher *'. aonocotyledonous p la n e s. F o re s t a re a s d e f o lia te d with.WHITS o fte n show an immediate in crease ip th ese r e s is ta n t p la n ts . Both p ie lo ra a and 2,4-0 are re a d ily absorbed by the fo lia g e . Picloram , ap p aren tly , is more e a s ily absorbed by th e ro o t system than are 2 ,4 -0 and. o th e r phenoxy* h e rb ic id e s . The picloram component o f WHITE i s more- p e r s is te n t in s o ils as compared w ith o th e r chem icals such as ORANGE and BLUE. M icro b ial decomposition of picloram is lim ited and losses from s o ils occur p r in c ip a lly by leaching and some, photodecom poslelon. At r a te s used fo r d e f o lia tio n I t may p e r s i s t in some s o i l s fo r. 1 y e a r o r more. t. I 2. Toxicology T o x ic ity d a ta have been- c o lle c te d fo r th e components 2 ,4 -0 and p ie lo ra a and f o r th e m ixture WHITE. Picloram i s extrem ely law in to x ic ity ; the LDWfo r a c u te o r a l t o x i c it y in r a t s i s 8,200 mg/k'g; f o r > sheep and c a t tle I t Is 488 to 650 mg/kg. \ > For Tordon 101. o r WHITE, th e a cu te o r a l fo r ra ts has been reported es 3,080 mg/kg; fa r sheep 2,000; and fo r c a ttle 3,163. 11' i 1 \ i \ : ! ; / 19 6 I 6 0 .v r 23 In a feeding t e s t on c a t t l e , 97.7Z o f th e ad m in istered ' plcloram was recovered unchanged in the u r in e ; no plcloram wan d etecte d In m ilk .30** . .. Median to le ra n c e lim its o f f is h to Tordon 101 ranged from 66 ppm f o r fathead minnow to 260 ppm' for- brook t r o u t . ' ^ T o x ico lo g ical s tu d ie s conducted by Edgewood A rsenal and Dow Choml c a l Company In d ic a te t h a t a s in g le d ir e c t exposure to a sp ray o f WHITE, a t p rescrib e d r a t e s , would c o t c o n s ti tu te a hazard to th e sk in o r a. sy stem ic hazard by in h a la tio n The chem ical la co n sid ered n o n to x ie and n o t hazardous to humane, anim als, and fish . 3. Hsndling Only o rd in ary p re c a u tio n s a re 'recommended fo r handling WHITE, as fo r any eomon a g r ic u ltu r a l chem ical. I t may be m ild ly I r r i t a t i n g to sk in and eyes on prolonged c o n ta c t. Contaminated e lo th in g should bn washed before reuse. S p illag e on the sk in should be rin sed w ith c le a r w ater. WHITE is sa fe fo r personnel and anim als on sprayed area s a t th e t l a a o f o r follow ing a p p lic a tio n . WHITE may be used in spray equipment follow ing or preceding 02AXCE, a s d iscu ssed in S ectio n I I I ,A ,3. WHITE should be thoroughly flushed and r in s e d from sp ray systems p r io r to u se o f agent BLUE to avoid p r e c ip ita tio n o f th e r e s id u a l 2 ,4 -D, s s sodium s a lt by th e sodium caco d y late o f BLUE. Tanks and sp ray systems should be thoroughly flushed w ith w ater before a change of. agents o r anticipated disuse. 4 . . Methods of D isp o sa l Loading and s to ra g e area s s u b je c t to .chemical s p illa g e may be p a r ti a ll y decontaminated by repeated washing w ith amnonla w ater and flushing witff c le a r w ater. Runoff w ater from such flushing o perations should be diverted to s e ttlin g basins o r re s tric te d areas not subject to overflow on cropland. Plcloram in WHITE i s p e r s is te n t In sp ray equipment and containers o r in s o il, thus f u l l decontam ination of equipment o r areas su b ject to s p illa g e is extrem ely d i f f i c u l t . A vigorous- regimen o f soap and w ater, asmonla w ater, and e le a r w ater rin s e s and flushings Is necessary. Equipment used fo r WHITE should n o t be used f o r o th e r purposes such s s f e rtiliz in g or applying in secticid es. *! j \ ( * Weimar, J . T . ; e t a l . September 1967. T o x ic o lo g ic a l s tu d ie s r e la tin g to use o f WHITE as a d a fo lia n c . U.S. Army Edgewood A rsenal, Maryland. Unpublished data. I C2> V V ! /t *29 ' 5 E ffe c tiv e n e ss a s `a D efo lia n t WHITE and I t s prim ary component pieloram a r e s e le c tiv e system ic h erb ic id es. They a re e ffe c tiv e p rin c ip a lly on broad-leaved herbaceous planes and p a r tic u la r ly on woody p la n ts a t r e l a t i v e l y low r a te s o f a p p lic a t i o n , Moat g rasses and nonocotyledeaous p la n ts a re r e s i s t a n t to p ielo ram , H srb lc id a l a c tio n on woody p la n ts is- r e l a t i v e l y slow , and f u l l d e f o lia tio n may n o t o ccu r f o r s e v e r a l months a f t e r spray a p p lic a tio n . Temperate zone conifers e re susceptlb 1 to piclorazs but e x h ib it a delayed defoliation response. 6. E ffectiveness as an A ntlcrop Agent WHITE has n o t been reeonaended f o r cro p d e s tru c tio n due to i t s p ersisten ce in s o ils fo r periods o f 1 y ear o r s o re . Both p lc lo rs a and 2,4-D., th e a c tiv e components. of WHITE, a r e extrem ely e f f e c tiv e h e rb ic id e s on broad-leaved crop sp ecie s. A p p licatio n s o f as l i t t l e as 0.05 to 0.10 lb ./a c re of pieloram have caused su b sta n tia l y ie ld reductions, of garden beans, soybeans, Irish - p o ta to e s , p ean u t-, sweet p o ta to e s, and o th e r s .31 V ariable re s u lts have been obtained on c e re a l crops, but in general the c e re a ls and g rasses a re r e s i s t a n t to pieloram and WHITE. A n o ta b le ex cep tio n la th a t wheat y ie ld s a re elim in ated by WHITE ap p lied a t 2.0 lb . a c tiv e ingredients per acre. Soybeans, co tto n , and tom atoes are extrem ely s e n s itiv e to pieloram . S eedlings o f th e s e crops show v is ib l e symptoms of h erb icid e e ffe c t w ith re s id u a l amounts of le a s than s ix p a rts per b il lio n o f pieloram In th e s o i l . Tomatoes may be k il le d w ith sprays co n ta in in g 1.0 ppm o f pieloram , whereas w heat, r i c e , and corn to l e r a te more than 2,400 ppm pieloram a p p lied as a fo lia g e s p ra y .39 D. CANDIDATE AGENTS Several chemicals are being developed as candidate agents or have been subjected to prelim inary te s tin g under fie ld conditions. This group in clu d es Modified ORANGE, a proposed d e f o li a n t; brom acil and Tandex as so il-ap p lied herbicides fo r co n tro l of grasses and broad-leaved vegetation; and Renapon, a liq u id form ulation of dalapon, suggested fo r g rass c o n tro l in RVN by rhe Dow Company. Monuron (T elv ar) and d iu ro n (K araex) a re ad d itio n al so il-a p p lied herbicides chat have been used fo r grass and t o t a l vegetation control. 1. M odified ORANGE The name Modified ORANGE i J been given to a m ixture o f ORANGE and ls o o e ty l e s t e r o f pieloram , propo rd as s broad-spectrum d e f o lia n t. One g allo n o f Modified ORANGE c o n ta in s l lb . o f pieloram as ls o o e ty l e s te r end 3 .1 lb . o f 2,4-D and 3 .2 lb . o f 2 ,4 ,5-T a s n -b u ty l e s te r s . An e q u iv alen t f ie l d m ixture o f M odified ORANGE may be p rep ared . 5 . ii t ii i 6 ij 9 6 1 6 0 ./ _^ \ 1 1 i. 1 1 30 by blending one p a rt of Tordon 40, co n tain in g 4 lb . o f plclaram per g a l, w ith th re e p arte of ORANGE. The blending may be accomplished by pumping th e m ixture through a t le a s t two recy c les In a tan k and pump system . Approximate cose Is $ 9 .b 0 /g al. Lim ited t e s t s o f Modified ORANGE under tr o p i c a l and tem perate c o n d itio n s have shewn I t to c o n tro l a b ro ad er spectrum o f sp e c ie s than e i t h e r s e p a ra te component, w ith a somewhat more e ffe c tiv e , and lo n g erla s t in g d e f o lia tio n response than ORANGE alone when a p p lied a t e q u iv alen t 3-g a l volumes. 2 S oil-A pplied H erbicides S o il-a p p lie d h e rb ic id e s have bqen used e x te n siv e ly l a th e US f o r v e g e ta tio n c o n tro l In I n d u s tr ia l a re a s, railw ay embankments, r ig h t s - o f way, and o th er a rea s where complete v eg etatio n c o n tro l Is d e sire d , th e se m aterials are p articu la rly effectiv e fo r the co n tro l of perennial grasses and should be co n sid ered f o r use on base camp p erlm aeers, mine f i e l d s , aam m ltlon storage areas, and other s ite s requiring co n tro l of grasses and woody v e g e ta tio n . S o il-a p p lie d h e rb ic id e s may be. used I n liq u id sp ray s o r as g ran u lar o r .p e lle te d form u latio n s. Most o f th e , chem icals i r e a v a i l- ' a b le as v e ctab ic powders re q u irin g r e la tiv e ly larg e volumes of w ater and a g ita tio n for liq u id spray ap p lie s clan. The chem icals are absorbed through th e ro o t system and are dependent upon e ffe c tiv e r a i n f a l l and a v a ila b le s o il moisture for aetion In vegetation control. a . Bromaeil Sromacil,. S-bromo-3-se c -b u tv l-6 -m eth v lu racil. Is an odo rless, 'w h ite c r y s ta l lin e s o lid , so lu b le In w ater (815 ppm a t 25 C), s ta b le nonc o rro s iv e , and n o n v o latile." Bromaeil Is r e l a t i v e l y nontoxic to man, w ild l if e , and f is h . A cute o r a l LDj, fo r r a t s I s 3>200 mg/kg. I t p resen ts no hazard In handling excep t minor akin i r r i t a t i o n on prolonged c o n ta c t. A v ailab le form ulations in c lu d e: Hyvar X, SOX w e tta h le powder; Hyvar 10P, p e lle ts c o n ta in in g 10X brom aeil; and H a lk il 4B, liq u id form ula tio n containing 4 lb ./g a l brom scil. Experim ental g ra n u la r fo n m ilatlo n s c o n tain in g 85X a c tiv e brom aeil have been prepared fo r study by F ort D etrlek . The b a sic chem ical, brom aeil (H yvar), I s produced by Z.X. du Font de Nemours & C o., In c . Bromaeil Is on* of th e most e ffe c tiv e s c il-a p p lie d herbicides s u ita b le f o r c o n tro l o f p e ren n ial g ra sse s ana woody p la n ts . Under tem perate .conditions brom aeil a t 12 to 22 I b ./a c r a given e f f e c tiv e c o n tro l o f most peren n ial graaaaa. Under tr o p ic a l c o n d itio n s 30 lb . /a c r e o r more may be re q u ire d fo r g ra ta and woody p la n t c o n tro l. QS96-I-E-Q i i 31 W ettable powder form ulations. such as Hyvnr X a re s u ita b le p rin c ip a lly fo r ground spray a p p lic a tio n aL high volumes (ICO g a t/c x re o r m ore). Tank sp ray ers used f o r v a tta b le powder suspensions should be equipped w ith mechanical a g ita tio n . A vailable liquid form ulations o f brom acil a re designed *-- T nduscrlal use in hlgh-voluma sp ray s. A e ria l sp ray a p p lic a tio n s o f tfc liq u id form ulations re q u ire a -iw volume o f 10 g a l/a c r e fo r use r a te s of 30 lb ./a c r e of brom acil. Approximete . cose is $5.70/lb. b . Tandex Tandex, m -(3,3-dlm echylureido)phenjrl-terr-bnty.lcarbam ace> (N iagara 11092), m anufactured by Niagara* Chemical D iv isio n o f FMC Corporation, Is a-w hite c ry sta llin e so lid , re la tiv e ly soluble in water (325 ppm a t 25 C), s ta b le , n o n co rro siv e, and n o n v o la tile . Tandex is r e la tiv e ly nontoxie to a l l forms of anim al l i f e . Acute o r a l ID** f o r r a t s is 3,000 og/kg. I t i s n o n ir r ita tin g to anim als and p resen ts no hazard in handling. a v a ila b le .form ulations in clude 301 w e ttab le powder sad 16Z g ra n u la r fo rm u latio n . Tandex i s a new s o i l herbicide* capable of e f f e c tiv e c o n tro l o f p e re n n ia l g rasses and b road-leaved herbaceous and woody p la n ts a t r a te s comparable to those for brom acil. Unlike brom acil, which is absorbed only through the root system, Tandex is equally e ffe c tiv e as fo liag e sprays or s o i l a p p lic a tio n s . Under tem perate co n d itio n s, a p p lic a tio n s of 15 to 25 lb ./a c re - of Tandex have given long-term co n tro l (1 year) of perennial g rass and o th e r v e g e ta tio n . Inform ation from tro p ic a l-a re a s is incom plete, but Tandex appears ' to be eq u iv alen t to brom acil in degree and d u ratio n o f v eg etatio n c o n tro l. In cescs to -d a te , Tandex appears to co n tro l a g re a te r number o f broad-leaved p la n ts th an brom acil. Approximate c o s t o f SOX w e tta b le pcxrder i s $ 5 .7 5 /lb . c . Monuron (T elvar) Monuron, 3 -( -c h lo ro p h e n y l)-l, l-d io e th y lu re a , produced by E .I . du Font da Nemours & C o ., I n c ., is an o d o rless, c r y s ta l lin e s o lid , h ig h ly so lu b le in aeetone and s l i g h t l y so lu b le in w ater (230 ppm a t 25 C), nonc o rro s iv e , s ta b le In s to ra g e , and su b ject to minimal lo ss by photodeco m p o sitio n . Monuron has low to x i c i t y .' Acute o r a l LD^ to r a ts I s 3,600 mg/kg. Kenuron has been used fo r s e le c tiv e weed c o n tro l a t low r a te s (1 to 5 lb ./a c r e ) and fo r g e n e ra l v eg etatio n c o n tro l a t 16 to 43 l b . / a c r e - o r more. R e s is ta n t .p eren n ial g ra sse s may re q u ire more than 50 lb . /a c r e and a d d itio n a l treatm ents fo r long-term c o n tro l. ' 32 In g e n e ra l, broraaeil la p re fe rre d to monuron fo r p eren n ial g ra ta c o n tro l because of le a lower use ra re and i t s g re a te r a v a ila b ility in heavy s o ils Monuron la r e a d ily adsorbed by c la y s o i l s and h ig h er use races are required than In sandy s o ils . Honuron la s u ita b le only fo r ground spray a p p lic a tio n because o f I t s high use requirem ent end a v a i l a b i l i t y only a a w ectab le powder* Approximate c o s t i s $ 2 .8 3 /lb* ,s d* D iuron (Kazmex) D luron o r Kanaraq 3 -(3 ,4 -a Ic h io c o p h e n y l)-l, 1 -d im eth y lu rea, produced by E .I* du fo n t de Nemours & C o., I n c . , i s an o d o rleaa w h ite c r y s t a l l i n e s o lid , or ly s l i g h t l y s o lu b le In w a te r (42 ppm a t 25 C ), b a t re a d ily soluble In acetone and organic solvents* Dluron I s s im ila r to monurtn in having low t o x i c i t y to a sa and an io als. Acute o r a l ID to ra ta is 3,400- sg/kg* Dluron la a v a ila b le a s 80X v - t t a b l e powder (Karmex) and a a ^ Ear lex DL, a liq u id fo rm u latio n c o n ta in in g 2 .8 lb . o f d iu r c n /g a l. Because o f l t a extrem ely low s o l u b i l i t y , d lu ro n has a long ' resid u al action in the s o il, especially with high ra in fa ll. I t is effectiv e f o r g ra ss and broad-leaved herbaceous p la n t c o n tro l a t 16 to 43 lb ./a c r e . Dluron baa been used a t lower race s fo r s e le c tiv e weed c o n tro l* I t Is suggested fo r m ixtures w ith b ro a a c il and a s a m aintenance trea tm e n t .. following bromacll. I ts high dosage requirement lim its the fe a s ib ility of using diuron In a e r i a l ap p licatio n * Approximate, c o s t is $ 2 .9 5 /lb* 3* Dalapon (Kenapon) Dalapoir, 2 ,2 -d ich lo ro p ro p io n ic a c id , m anufactured by Dow Chemical Company, la a c o lo rle s s liq u id , h ig h ly s o lu b le in w ater and a lc o h o l, and r e a d ily decomposed by s o i l bacteria* Dalapon i s low In t o x i c i t y to man and w ild life * A cute o r a l ID eo r a t s i s 7,570 to 9,330 mg/kg. Dalapon may cause moderate sk in i r r i t a t i o n on prolonged co n tact but p resents no handling problem. Dalapon i s a v a ila b le In two prim ary fo rm u la tio n s: 8SZ sodium s a l t , a w ater-so lu b le powder; and d ieth y len e g iy e o l e s te r (Kenapon), a liq u id formulation containing 5 lb. dalapon/gal* The liq u id fo rm u la tio n , Kenapon, has been suggested by th e Dow Company fo r m ilita r y use fo r c o n tro l o f p e re n n ia l g ra s s e s . Dalapernhas both contact and system ic e ffe c ts and causas a rap id d e sic c a tio n of V 33 topgrowch o f g ra s s e s . Suggested r a te s o f a p p l i c a t i on a r e 20 to 25 lb ./a c r e (4 to 5 gal/acre) w ith repeat treatm ents a t 6-veek in te rv a ls or a t appro p ria te periods to control regrowth. Kenapon Is a form ulation o f da la pan s u ita b le f o r a e r i a l a p p lic a tio n a t low volumes. Both Kenspan and th e sodium s a l t may be used in ground sp ray equipment. Approximate coses a re $ 0 .6 3 /lb . f o r da la pom and $ 6 .10 /g al f o r Ksnapon. r /* / ?. 'I .1fhw-; ' i'A * \ / i 0319653 V