Document 2kbVqo1B45VVGB2nDJg42LDL

D E P A R T M E N T O F T H E IMAVY WAVAl RESEARCH LABORATORI 45S5OVERLODKAVE SW WASHINGTON OC 20375-5350 3900 3er 6180/0149 % % m 2oi I7i 'm: <7mn111 ;aiT a a 0 1ii .vr. NO:vai R ;->carcfi i i !>.n\d.n \ io. C/ Oi ht vr . N;i\ ai Eu-iin ;os i ni:1hvo ai: Sci-< vv 7 vaivi. Ani ! lucnvn'v. C A (Code E S C 4 2 1 R. Lee) S .ir-1 \O i [.{ 4 'S i l i . \1 K iR \ fIN( i ! O A VI ; A iH >A1.11 K A A TI V ! 9 I nel l i ) ! ws eispirs <>t -.1 l >|Vv ! re pori ' I he Nave! wseaivh I ale s ;il>rv pi -irii <si vailne! A . lai'Oei .0 \\ illiams. ( 'nfe 6 i SO. (..'Odi 767-2476 and email fwilliam@ccs.nrl.navv.mil. i V,p.\ io: . '>MNA V S r AS Y SC '( A I O 'ode O C A !X VR ( 'a .?>. i >. ai vie k!) t )1A A \' <( hL A 767 M7 17 ! Lima sa) US00006826 A Q U E O I.IS F I I .A l F O R M I N C F O A M ( A F F F ) A L T E R N A T IV E S R. A. Brown i' mvM Otters lue Lanham , M D P. A. Talern G lo b a l Paperless Solutions A le xan d ra , VA T WhiuTffM J. Farley F. W. Williams iVcjvv Technolog)/" C.e n te r J e ( h r o r ,ir r / *>- is u.-a Encl (1) to NRL Itr \';\ !i :!II' Ser 6180/0149 US00006827 R eferen ces (a) Qualified Products List for Military Specification Aqueous Film-Forming Foam {!') Military Specification MI i .-1'-Of i24 3S5i:. 7 fan rare Ft'-hy lore Ixssmuushmg A veal, A queens Hlin-l ormmi; la Kim (AH I) l quid i onecmraic. lor fresh and Sea Water in frittittetimi M i diary Spucif cai on Aqueous H int fot nsmg, I (Him ( LFF F) is used woral wide io rombai liquid tod fires i! -s the best m ailable ages' for nijvd d ie extinguishing ami burn trae,k icrnfaiicc ofdvviafioii. sfnpboaut. chemical pi oc ess and petrochemical ivxin>c;lxm luci Sires, ih e \ cry chemical structures of Itic avionI that makes if effective toi file lighting also results as potentially undesirable environmental characteristics includine., persistence m he environment, potential hioaccumulatiun m human tissues and toxicity a! cerumi concentrations. Additionally, d scita rgc of foam solution may interfere with waste-water treatment plants The trend s cter ah toward incisa regulation of Ihe chemicals in A F F F ami of the discharge- of A F F F into ihe env ['Olimene i fitire use hcveiai potential options to ab.dress issues rei ateo rn A F F F impact on tile enei nmsi c!A . in the s!on tei nq here is c tare is! tec1moIogy fiat appcars to he able i o red sica ;ht: quantitles o i l ;esc ci n sroi 11nein a i iy arsaceepfatne elicmi eais. Addi 11an; !iy. i ii ere arc at lie r exj sit ng agvni s with potcn1i al !v !ess e?i \ i ron111cntaI iii pads lhan .\ F F F t!ta! may meet so me o i'l he ei:n et lire protection requirements An investigation of Ilie cum m liv available agents is, needed lo dcteriimie tlinl die sc agents ca11 n)eel cirrcnt requi remenfs. I he Navfi Research Laboratory, in conij11e1:oi w i!ii Naval Fuciliti es Iigiricering Ser%iec L enter, has conducted a lesi program to c\ aitiate environmental!>' friendly lire lighting foam candidates as A F F F alk-rnair. es. The objective of this program was to determine be extent !o which commercially available oi newly developed agents wills poLcntictlly less environmental impaci can meet ihe current lire pi election requirements of Ihe A F F F in 1nary speri deal ah i, The Arc Ifeh 111ig pe1 1on n ance , scalability and loamahiIs!y w ere evatiatcd t e a ssess fh c suit ah iiitv o I" submitted products as alternatives. Product in format;! cm provided lav manuf acuirete disclosed ex|>l it-uly arul qnan lit aii \ c Sv tlie pre sen ce of 11uoro s irfact ants. No c ffort has been made fo date io !1i is proj ccl to s!ibslant iate tlie st,rled 'Amviro nriici 11ai !need ii ness" oi the subimlt cd age its, A screening lesi procedure sor lire lighting perl orma nee only was conducted at the NRL Chesapeake Bay Dc lad imeni w hii no o a- site cendo r part tcipa 11ui ;, A represen sa sve .\ F FF agent from the Qualified Products List (QPL) (reference (a)) was tested for comparison with the alternative !Si."'Ui. !is. Selective information for the agents that were tested is fisted in Table 1. Information includes the uvoini tended working so fur, on concerni anon, advertised use, and 'whether ihe arcui ll'jormatcd or no! 1lie listing, is cod..-;; so as rev, ,, spec heel !v identify prodi v ts I'm to provide a means for comparing their relative fire fighting performance to the QPL agent in the US00006828 1A J J L c I , A genIs tested .gent if f As teetitra! ion Fhiorinatc 3% /6% Yes A 1 ", Nrs \ " l <t Yes i;i: \ , Yes S 3 `A Yes Yes."j i. ........ el f ; i.' No x U `A No i, ;,i 0.3 % / 1 % .a Ji i1 IH,/ 'Ml, :! LA 11 3 % '"hi0 Noi: 1 's 1! b .b \iO I . "1 ', Yes 15 (GPL > >'..... Yes Test Procedure The rests ts't\I !oi serci'i :11il>!o evah;a\e tl re exi i11gui sin in: pcrib i ma nee were has ed or >he V! i !11,1ry Spec i 11eat ton \ i 11 - K- 3433 5FnSH } dated 7 .1anuu rv 1A 'g ,'' Fi re h\tuigtii shi ng Agent. Aqueous Film Forming Foam ( A iT T ) I.iquid Concentrate, lor T'resli and Sea Water" t;reference fh|>. Hie 27- i r liie extinguishment test described rn the M li.-S P F C was used u.s evaluate ex! inguia 1tmetit capahi 111>. A 11agents weie tnixed Fti1i stn.:1igiIs a Fresh water asiisg the venha Miggested mix tug ratio. Ten gallons of unleaded gaso hoe fuel were used that conformed to A S IA ! f>43*h The the! \v;ts go 11rat within a 30- >ec pcftod. >g.rs11ed '.vithin 3!! see of Ineting and allowed to burn freely for 10 sec. Alter the prehum period, the lire was attacked ami extinguished as expeditioti-dx as possible, continuing foam application lor a total of A) sec even tf the ftre had hcert exfi ngu i shed. A i I tl re i esfs vvure exn 1i :111eiIt infi ! ex11ii 11shinen? oiv ;inet 1; i ' exfa111>11is!im e:it couI<J be accoin p!ished sa Ie1y. Thc ac 111a1 li re ex tingui s11ing l iinc was rcc orded. if the agent extinguished the fire, the M iL -S P F C burnhaek test ptoccdu-c was performed to evaluate foam blanket resistance to degradation, followed by the expansion and drainage test t ioutnahiiil vs in evaluate the quality of the foam, read the Him and scad test to coaly ate the c ffeetivc sea i ing. of the sur1ac e o f t!ve i e! to prevent re- igj 111:<*m The I<>i io wi nv>.b11mback piocedtiic was done according to the M il. S P F C ; A hurting nan 11 idol m diameter with 2 in. si ties) containing I gad of unleaded gasoline is as pimed in the center of die 33 sq it pan ami a tunc Started- When si appeared that The tire had spread outside die pan so dut burning would continue aber die pan was lem .ncd. she pan was removed The burnbai k time is that Sinsc at which it is estimated that 7 sq ft {25 percent) of the total area is involved in flames. Ttie 1111rnI>ack lime c m je n uvorded. Tin. pmpo>c ofc.ich of tl;esc i e s s w as io pro\ ide da.ui for comparison o f the agents being tested, and not to determine if they would pass or fail the MIL .-r w, ci net m US00006829 Te':st R esults The M I!. -SF I ci ilcria g i\ en n rc !crc?i c (b ) an; r sied U?on c perspo c!!i c whe n c:m;p: r ng the too resit us Pire extinguishment time: 30 seconds maximum B uni die k tiinc . 3Ct >second s i (>in in ules isiiisinhi in i;\pansion: 53) minimum Dramagc tinic; ! 5O sccomis (2 niinutc <2t>seeonav) nsininuiis; Hi rn A seal! Pass hi ii foe xiMai tled i;in:t:on > i he fAliiigiiishtnent tests were done m at leas! duplies;:;; flic best nines or performance ligures ojx*listed in i'ub ic 2. If ha agent tait ed to cx;tr\gitisIi t 11c 11re, the;s !11e tnirn!>,iek. cxp arsio:i aml dunnage, and lilm and sc ai tests were not performed. A '`o ' sign tojknvim; Ihe "fare Out" time indicates the i'oam being tested did not extinguish die fire and alternative methods (portable (FPL A F F F ex tin guis tiers and'or fixed water spray nozzles on the perimeter oidhc 25 mi it fuel pan) Aero necessary tor extinguishment. In those tests, the it) gallons of agent mixed (breach test nrov is!cd idam application o f 4 : 3i) io 4:4 5 t( ni in :scc >!iefo re I>cing exba!is!ed Age n! 5 15 ?x fr.am tric Q \iaI! il ed Pr<>duct$ I.ist aml li ad prev iotis y passcd all the M il. Si*it(' crit eria . Table 2. lost Results. !>! S C I S S I O N Comments/observations are given below' for each of the agents: US00006830  This agent was designed for application at 3% and 6%, suggesting 3% usage with asme:iire r r u : a fouly application of ihe foam to a directed arc;* id'-he burning fuel surface pros bed a duck direr of in.mi licit appeared m diminish lhe I rc m ! bat limned area Redirection of the foam in an a{tempi to control he fire allowed ii o increase io i;s h i'll in u-roily again Hi'iii ilia Vp, and O f snhmonx weic tested {It iic>bsconhide ehiibccnce m performance. The 6% test was conducted for only a short period o f time (90+ see) because of tin. intensity o f the file and hazardous: conditions created for die life mu tier The foam quality prior to application to the fire appeared to be "good". "( iood " e ua!it v Iban i blanket w as prod need. 1lie loam qsinlily was "soupy". Vet y hiae lbain blanket build-up. fliere did no! appear to lie a seal lone mg on lire mu face and the splashing ol the new ioatti bemg applied broke the surface coaling ami caused substantia! (law up a! ilie ;t!e :l!W'!'V,:V Si' :;l Hie toani appeared `"w ef ` coinpared io oIhor fharns gencranaj Tile exp ugni sfimeni time was marginal with tire flaring again when the tire was nroiJU! c \ i m .mtsncu. 1 lie tire was more difficult to extinguish following the burn back Tins could he due i<> the ilie! being healed by Pie iiniiaek process. .+0.7!' :.,.. Wisent lie tlre was itear 1y out. small ilickcring Ilarnes were *!11li c11it io ex11ngsnsh an<: addati approximately 5 seconds io the " Idre Out" time, During the bumback, the surface rescaled without extinguishing the fire completely and the bumback time was extended significantly. iore; wr * I : t i . ! , ,, ,, k ,l.,, L ........... I . . i a , ,, ,, . ------- 7 " Small tlairoo ai the pan edge pcoeMcd, adding a few seconds to flic 'Tire Out" time. US00006831 * i >>ii'i w-as applied wish IM>not iccubic s u n p ? c s s i * t h e fire. * A( 90 seconds the heat was so intense the lire lighter backed away and the water nozzles on the edge of the pan were briefly turned on. The water was secured and foam application was continued alter a few seconds. This happened again briefly at appi ox imutch 00 seconds taler. The loam application was initialed again nnu! 3,50 (min:scc) had elapsed with no noticeable suppression of the fire. Portable e\fi?jgtiishcrs veili a?? AMT' (roan Ihe QPi were used to extinguish the fire, a i't'tlt W' * The Idan did not extinguish the fire, * 1he overall intensity ami lie;n release rate of the fire were diminished hut a seal on the sin {ace did not seem io form to extinguish live fire. * V>1icre s(te idani blanket was " pi!e11 Air* a! Sisc nilgcs,,some suppi essioi; >ce ,;n o if, rust when the loam was teds reded io other areas on ihe flaming fuel surface, the initially suppres sed flames quickly relumed to till iteioaty * At 4,4*.) ijiiffl sec) the Itwitii in the system reservoir ( f n gallons) was exhausted and the tire \vas 11ot. ex iingishetI. * .At *b(> / fmin:see i portable extinguishers were used Io extinguish Ihe fire, * 'I he e 11cv t o ft 11e QIL A [;1;F was dsim11ss11ed, pcrbaps bccatisc of misu ig with the agent, be111g tcsted or 111e \onsperatre <if fie fuc! ftcnt 11ie 1ong b:,is>iiiig tunc o i die ILV.W 7'/ AS ti() seconds thefire was out over CATc old he surface. At, `-*0 seconds thefire was out over /5% of the nirbuc, .At 2:16 (m imsec) the fire was extinguished. The foam blanket looked good liic loam seemed to !om i a seai on she surfacc, b>>: i $ resistanccto bnrnbar k \\ asst't ctleclivc. When the burnback pan was inserted the fire reached 5% to !0 % ofthe su Hace imrncnl },;ncty and the pan was removed at 26 seconds, lii 30 seconds 50*6, ofthe surface was burning. fri id) seeon ds i Of'' io f fi;e sur 111ce w h 1:n*in: Agent d*> was reapplied, * A { 2:15 (mi n :see I a11cr starting L11c bunih;.<ck , !lre co\cred 56" oft hc sirfac e at a low intensity. * .At ?: 19 <m i n i n a ) the team m the vcseivcm was, exhausted and fire shli covered over 30"i. o f 111e s11r face , * At ,: :40 u m n ,stv) 111e po ?abIa e\ tin g111shcrs wet c tiscci to extingi ash thc i1re. * V 4:31:) (mm sc: i ill c !ire was cxfii\g uis!icJ vvith 1h e r>oj1abics. In a separate test, in which Agent -59 was mixed at 3A imito m is was hapher dam the ntanntacfiii'cr's rota mi mend; ion i. g f.nfeel to exmiuiish tire 11re b\ 290 seconds, at which time the system reservoir was exhausted and portable extinguishers were used to extingusit the fire. US00006832  The foam looked "good" (similar to MIL-SPEC AFFF) and performed well. Ihe surface rescaled when the bumback fire pan was removed at (>;0O(min;sec) ok: is tv re c\i!i:gsi:au..o * After 60 seconds of foam application, about 50% of the surface was out. * -\ tier 00 ssrci'ii'jit.j o! Lain apparai inn. Knit (-11' nas oni I ne tlame i alenai tv and hvat release ree,/ \\ eav dtrasi o nee h\ ins Iman. hut o h e n lue i<olili applies*sen was redirected lo other areas ear lhe iue i am face, co n in e of IO;? the V'..a. into. The foam blanket seemed to eoitnb ih? Ore bui hd noi seal She xarlarr lo mtmpujsh Al dak? (in marne), lite loan: in the ixscrvwr v m ex hatss Lai ain! Mr fir.- ini elisio, crew e !!ICK !V .Al 5 Ad (n>in :sec ). the po rti.la!e c \ 11nsruishe rs o ,o; t:sea. The per term :mr c o jApe fpp | APPP seemed limanished, due perhaps (o ntixma. -vill : tins nond iuonisHicd ATTI or' the U:mrrenit ;ire <i llie fue 1. /ivem - t .. * A! Ioh seconds iheie ?,,.s ta> di sees;!, aia , l(;;cs~4i an el the Ire. laid Ihe porlahk s*vili spinsi tei s were used io extinguish tire lire at ieJ wrongs. The fire intensitv and heat release rate were very intense. T h ick foam and "good" foam blanket, I'1ickci'i ng 1lam cs perssst ed and evto x !e<1 Ihc e \ ! i nuu. i sin net U tin re a. few see mute, f o r the expansion and drainage test there was no 'h o m ag e from the foam observed by 12 minutes, at which time lie test was halted. * i 1ood ioam blanket ami per!hrrunce i oe.<a ... * Mila!' I!ie ken it g e xlei 0 ;a I d u: P i e-o a l m: ? a. :ev wax >nJa * i. mod loam id animi and n c r iw i'oesce. I US00006833 { O NCI.I'SION S Agents 2, 5, 6, 10, and 14 are recommended for further evaluation. They performed well in the fl :c c Xm i a u tshn a i 11 tc s s a sd 1ii ci oi \ cc cd d the rcuim emend-' ?tr bomba k . c x paa o on a a ; i drainage, and film and seal criteria. All contain fluoro-surfactants. Agent 4 is recommended for further evaluation, it performed marginally in the fire cvtmgimhmcHi test, and nisigiiiaiiv tire inti back tost, bit! met oi c weeded die i,. utuieuiciils fof .-xpaiismiL drainage, film ami seal It amtairo ilntemsarlaclnm nisca Agent 1e is rcam!i:u:.k:J lor k;Tibet evaluate!?. Although a pel formed poorly m Pm foamnbdnv and scalability test, and gave only marginal extinguish ment time, it yaw men ben ii>;;ck pros ec ;ion. ex pa it:,;on rat i and drain age 11rue. 11 shive, pt\ mi sc fu. cat n>e k .is a a;c i :11<j>ii:vvii i,11!\*itn ieill;!j ;mpail isu>tlta11 >mui isciaii! :ot:ian11 Agent-; e I iluerusc containing J is not itcomrnemlcu for further evaluation, because (lie the cxtmpuidsmcnt lime v,as marginal ami 1 laded the MlL-.Si'kk eruena lor expansion mim sad seali ay used !br e\ aluation A gem 9 is nut recommended tea itirlfte: evaluation as tl gave a c ity lung extinguishment I; me and very poor burnKick protcciion Agents 1, 7, 8, 11 and 12 are not recommended for further evaluation. They did not extinguish i!ie est i1re. i l :c oiIscr cnIeria werc 11o! tcce d . Sun:.isa n / mg, : he 1isi of 14 c a; kIid ates init ia! 1y si ;jec;ci to it nr per foen <ir u t e x t i n g has bee? i down >eic>.. led to seven candid ilex for lb Ilow on program k k <m i m o n a t i o n s i be timed; ale follow-on should be a more dlai led evaluation of the environ ment a! ternes and bcoelils ot the alternative irelighting founts compared lo M li -SlTTf Aid- i fix- sec; down selcetcd products have demons!ratal sufficient performance to warrant more demilcd mvAcCiixmoi! o f their claimed cm iromticntas benefits. They are being amtiv/ed for Chemical I fovgai Demand (('(){)) and Bm fogies! Oxygen Demand (BC)Dl !o assess their hir.n!eg.radttbilib A number f additional the Sore in us! also be considered in ascertaining a product's i"iiviionniciMal jmpact. These include adquaiu: InxicUv io various spec ies, co tl;paIbrtiiv \\ ith v\nsfovvaier ireaiment plants, presence and concentration of solvents {e.g. gfocots and givcoi ethers) as well as the proportion anil composition of the fluorine-containing components. This format urn will enable meaning!! fiaibef down seiectmn for achieving cnvimiimciiiai:c acceptable alternative ilrefiglitmi; foams. A more general appreciation of the technical issues involved in AFFF reformulation. and cor; cl anon he iween the physical properties (such as Uvurnmc surface tension. \ m. <<-.h\ . mepe>tey m psndccc foam} and ihc perfo; mance e.-tsisneh as tire cvkiteuteimem lime. burnback resistance and drainage rate), should he established. This technology base will greatly facilitate candidate evaluation and future improvements. Discussion on the proposed details o f these more detailed studies will he given in a separate report. US00006834