Document 2jyNRgGbRYa4zNgGd8kEBVG5R

HOW TO GET BEST RESULTS FROM PLASTER PRODUCTS This book haf bacji planned for um. iu lWO'Ways. Its prime object acquaint tef rdader withfthe laws governing the ction of s4ijfyr*s of gyplum plasters, so taat^gfia avoid d!*wter) tiftjbfe. [The old saw, "AnjotMQff preventives worUPI pound of cure," is (pMickulatfly.applicablejto^gf^steHng. The secoup aUm if JS bgej is tcompart in formation Which will eCcltye^e blajjger fwho is experiencing trpulileSjjg sgpce hUg^wnl job. When using t^Qghbok for* thBapufpc^fjrsjt de termine the! causeofithfeyotee fkorntne bandy tables on pagl^y t L.then turn back tb the pages refetfred*T|t Where wfi>be! itjurnh further information, iAlmirjg ryjj|dy| if there bfe one. All informanVil' in t^jjbofeyis IprnuQalJ It is based on jno&mai teftygfearj of experience of the Upitd^Wka/teinJpy^^ftn j Cggmanjj with plaster udagfegtgd J ttgubl^grrectjjjr in j every section of th*jjmutttty?* C j j Because iLd.Jl'oip*? iNasjre^ arefaSgentffically made and tkgrbueail.,^esB| Defats* shipment, troubles tviinjgj|e^e piaat^J^arje ajag^st invari ably due to "job cOndfHtons. The plasterer who uses "Refi Tcflf ahdHwhoipyefulyfblloiws the directions ghae* in this WWk wilb aWdoin have use for theCgfgble-correttadn ItaoMii | Thereforepaosufe yourself again#b^astier trou ble by rsa^^'the book >nWiImplying the knowledge-gaured-.ltJs ^estaih that raiking the standard'~of-t>lastering not only -will benefit each plasterer individually7but~wlU"also issuft in farreaching benefit to the plastering trade. **CG. YRAOC-MAftK United States Gypsum Company 300 WEST ADAMS STREET, CHICAGO corvt7 uii.ykiTeo states st*vw co sm >.s? c ter i o. s a. 88007 0715 * -,.V: , ' ' : \ ' 1. - ^'.Vy-C;- ; v- .v yyyyv^y v- -l ' ; ' .y. - , V.y.:' mimm yy -.*;>; -.y-yy - -i " t' - s-.---\- yM:. ' . -.V: ' ; 'Wv . y.-> nv . y.-y.- .... " v--.-'-: . mm mu,. .y ' : . U* ;: .:% ... 7V.V i ,;v*v iv,.. j RED TOP CEMENT PLASTER IN RED TOP BAGS This plaster -- supplied either fibered or unfibered--is to be mixed with sand on the job. Manufactured under U. S. Patent Nos. 1,683,539 and 1,989,641, it has advantages that eliminate most of the job troubles you have encountered with ordinary plasters. ADVANTAGES 1. It sets properly whether sanded 2 to 1 or 3 to 1. 2. It sets properly with clean or dirty sand. 3. It sets properly with fine or coarse sand within the limits of A. S. T. M. specifi cations for size of sand. 4. It sets properly with clean or dirty water. 5. It sets from the lath out, instead of from the surface in, giving more time to darby, trowel, or float. 6. It sets evenly, and once started, sets quickly. It does not set up spotted and uneven. 7. It insures minimum possibility of dry outs. 8. It eliminates differences in setting time caused by hot or cold weather. 9. It has an unusual richness and slip that give easy mixing, far spreading qual ities, resulting in a maximum of cover age with minimum labor. 10. It remains plastic and workable for at least a year. t2] INDEX In case of plaster trouble, first ascer tain what is wrong from the tables on pages 5 to 15, inclusive; then turn to the pages referred to for further details. PLASTERING BASES Importance of Plastering Bases..................... 17 Wood Lath Troubles........................................ 17 How to Detect .................................................. 18 How to Prevent ................................................ 18 Causes of Cracks with Gypsum Lath............. 19 How to Detect Too Thin Coats on Gypsum Lath ................................................................. 20 How to Prevent Too Thin Coats on Gypsum Lath ................................................................. 21 Insulating Lath................................................. 21 Causes of Defects............................................. 21 How to Prevent InsulatingLath Trouble... 21 Metal Lath........................................................... 22 Causes of Defects.............................................. 22 How to Prevent Metal LathTrouble............... 22 Wire Lath........................................................... 24 Brick or Tile Bases.......................................... 24 Causes of Trouble.............................................. 24 How to Prevent Trouble with Brick or Tile Surfaces ......................................................... 25 Concrete Surfaces.............................................. 26 Causes of Trouble.............................................. 26 How to Prevent Trouble with Concrete Sur faces ................................................................. 26 GYPSUM BASE COAT PLASTERS Important General Information About Plaster 27 PLASTER TROUBLES DUE TO WEATHER CONDITIONS Cause of "Dry-Outs"........................................ 28 _ How to Detect "Dry-Outs" .......................... 28 SS How to Prevent "Dry-Outs" ......................... 29 q Remedy for "Dry-Outs".................................. 29 o Cause of "Sweat-Outs".................................... 30 -j How to Detect "Sweat-Outs" ....................... 30 How to Prevent "Sweat-Outs" ..................... 30 Remedy for "Sweat-Outs"................................ 30 Cause of Frozen Plaster.................................. 31 How to Detect Frozen Plaster....................... 31 [3] ... : .. -A.'V. .... . : . - *:,.,s-r1, V r'L-: -vL.1-. ' v- ' ' v.- -v - .s. ' --* - , v...:,,>y" / v.t^. S -y / -; . :,y : . . " yy--' V -. .r;;---; . y y.' ' yy--^;yv: These charts will tell you the cause of any plaster trouble, with remedy and how similar trouble may be prevented in the future. To use the chart, find in the left-hand column the description which applies to the condition, then read to the right. Before applying the remedy, turn to the pages in the text referred to and read the more detailed instructions. TROUBLES WITH PLASTERING BASES ____ WOOD LATH IF PLASTERED WALL: THE TROUBLE IS: REMEDY: TO PREVENT TROUBLE: Has cracks or bulges running horizontally with the lath; sounds hollow and loose when tapped* Due to swelling and buckling of poor grade, or improperly spaced wood lath or failure to wet the lath. Use No. 1 or No. 2 lath, pre ferably white pine, spruce or other soft, non-staining wood, free from knots, sap or bark. Space lath to 44 inch apart at sides Has straight vertical cracks. Failure to stagger joints. Remove defective parts of and ends, each group of 5 to 8 wall and replaster. lath staggered, ends of each lath Shows stains on the surface. Sap, pitch, resin, oil. tar or gum in the lath. to be nailed with 2 nails, with 1 nail at each intermediate stud. Wet lath the day before plaster ing and again an hour before See "How to Detect Troubles plastering. See "How to Prevent Due to Wood Lath." page 17. Wood Lath Troubles." page 17. GYPSUM LATH Shows cracks around boards. Plaster does not bond. Too thin coat of plaster. See If plaster is not finished or "Causes of Cracks with Gyp troweled smooth, apply another sum Lath.'* page 19. coat. Extreme oversanding. Freezing before set. Use proper grounds. See "How to Prevent Too Thin Coats.* page 21. Sand properly. Protect from frost. Use of plaster other than gypsum. Use only gypsum plaster. SSSm*-- . - -- :--w-. . v-t-i -trafc- TROUBLES WITH PLASTERING BASES --Continued INSULATING LATH IF PLASTERED WALL: THE TROUBLE IS: REMEDY: TO PREVENT TROUBLE: Shows cracks around boards. Too thin coats. -- Or -- Lath not spaced *4 inch apart at ends. -- Or -- Improper drying conditions. If plaster is not finished or troweled smooth, apply another coat. Remove defective parts of wall and replace. Dry out job and repair cracks. See "Insulating Lath/' page 20. See Specifications for Insu lating Lath, pages Si to 55. Extreme over-sanding. No remedy. Sand properly. Plaster does not bond. Freezing before set. No remedy. Protect from frost. Use of plaster other than gvoaum. No remedy. Use only gypsum plaster. Shows cracks or sagging on ceilings. METAL Use of too light weight lath; failure properly to staple, stretch, lap or tie the lath. LATH Correct ail conditions men tioned. Mortar lath. does not adhere to Any of the above causes and. in addition, plaster not "extra fibered." or that ia over-sanded. See "Causes of Defects in Metal Lath Walls,** pags 22. See "Causes of Cracks with Metal Lath," paga 22. 612.0 2.00S6 BRICK AND TILE BASES IF PLASTERED WALL: THE TROUBLE IS: REMEDY: TO PREVENT TROUBLE: Ha network of small cracks. Failure to wet brick clay or terra cotta tile before plaster* ing; or use of too little sand. -- Or -- Overheating and sudden chill* ing of plaster. Wet brick or clay tile before Float cracks and apply more plastering. plaster. Use 3 parts sand to 1 part pias ter by weight for these surfaces. Guard against this condition. Has cracks at wall and ceil ing angle. Wall not wedged at ceiling. -- Or -- Too much sand in masonry mortar, which permits shrink age in horizontal joints. Has cracks around the door openings, especially over doors. Usually faulty laying of tile, omission of proper keying in iack-arch construction over the doors, or incorrect construction swelling of door bucks. Is loosened from masonry. Masonry surface is glazed or has insufficient suction, or is seriously efflorescing. Wedge walls at ceilings or strip angles with mesh or Comerite. Do not use over 3 na-t* sand to 1 part plaster by weight. See manufacturer's specifica tions for details. Look to the condition of the plastering base. Has stains, blisters, soft spots and peeling of finish. Efflorescence. See "Causes of Trouble with Brick or Tile Bases." page 24. Use gypsum stainless tile; or fur masonry walls. See "How to Prevent Trouble - with Brick or Tile Surfaces," cage 25. TROUBLES WITH PLASTERING BASES --Continued IF PLASTERED WALL: CONCRETE SURFACES THE TROUBLE IS: REMEDY: Use of plaster not specially made for concrete surfaces. TO PREVENT TROUBLE: Use Bondcrete Plaster. Loosens or falls. Neglecting to crete surface. prepare con Remove loose plaster, put wall in condition, replaster. Surface must be rough and must be free from dust, oils and efflorescence. All ceilings must be well hacked or roughened. Shows discoloration. Efflorescence or moisture from the concrete. See "Causes of Plaster Trouble." page 26. Concrete must be dry and free of efflorescence. See "How to Avert Plaster Trouble." page 26. TROUBLES DUE TO WEATHER CONDITIONS Remains soft, white, chalky, usually in spots, particularly on ceilings over openings, a hot weather condition. A "Dry-Out." The plaster has dried out before it has had time to set. See "How to De- tect 'Dry-Outs'." page 28. Spray walls with clean water; repeat operation if necessary. See "How to Rem edy `Dry-Outs'." page 29. Screen openings. Wet lath. Beware of too thin coats. See "How to Prevent "Dry-Outs'," page 29. Remains damp and soft, not "Sweat-Out." See "How to After plaster has set open After plaster has set. open the chalky, usually a winter condi tion. Detect 'Sweat-Outs'," page 30. doors and windows. Supoly ar tificial heat in cold weather. doors and windows. Suoply arti ficial beat in cold weather. 6U0 Z0068 [ 10] IP PLASTERED WALL: THE TROUBLE IS: REMEDY: TO PREVENT TROUBLE: See "Remedy for 'Sweat* See "How to Prevent 'Sweat* Outs'/* page 30. Outs'/' page 30. Remains soft, something tike a ``Sweat-Out," and the rooms have been at freezing tempera* turn. The wall is frozen. See "How to Detect Frozen Plas ter," page 32. Keep building dosed, provide artificial heat and thaw out walls. Then provide ventilation and heat to remove moisture. Don't let walla freeze for 24 hours after application of plaster. See "Remedy for Frosen Plaster/' page 31. TROUBLE DUE TO SAND CONDITION Is soft (plaster often Quick Set), and trouble is not due to Slow Set, or to retempering of the plaster or to a weather condition. Too much sand. See "How to Detect Over*Sanded Plas ter/' page 35. -- Or -- Too fine or dirty sand. See "Detecting Trouble Due to Too Fine. Too Coarse or Dirty Sand." page 37. No remedy. No remedy. Measure sand accurately. See "How to Prevent Over- Sand ing," page 36. Use other sand. See "How to Prevent Troubles Due to Poor Sand," page 37. TROUBLE DUE TO TOO THIN COATS Is weak and trouble is not Too thin coat. See "How to If plaster is not finished or Fill plaster out to grounds. due to causes already men* Detect Too Thin Coats/' page troweled smooth, apply another See "How to Prevent Too Thin tinned. 38. coat. Coats/' page 38. IRREGULARITY OF SET TOO SLOW SET NATURE OF TROUBLE: If mortar fails to set after being on the wall over 6 hours, provided all precautions given under "Trouble Due to Weather Conditions/' page 28, have been taken, the trouble is prob ably Slow Set. See "How to Detect Slow Set/* page 32. HOW TO PREVENT THIS TROUBLE: Be sure that the sand is clean (see "Troubles Due to Sand Conditions/' page 35). and that water is pure. If this does not remedy the trouble, try mixing more thoroughly or any of the other ways to quicken set listed under "Remedies for Slow Set" page 32. TOO QUICK SET ^ ^ If the mortar sets in the box before it can be used, or sets on the wall before it can be darbied, and if it feels hard and firm, not crumbly, the trouble is proeably too Quick Set. See "How to Detect Quick Set/' page 33. First correct local conditions. See that tools and mixing box ire free from set plaster; that sand is clean (see "Trou bles Due to Sand Conditions," page 35), and that water is pure. Send for If S G Retarder, or. if there isn't time, use pulver ized glue, as directed under "Remedies for Quick Set/' page 33. SHORT WORKING PLASTER If the mortar works hard and does not carry the sand, the Provide proper storage; do not pile plaster against green trouble is Short Working Plaster. See "How to Detect Short wall or damp ground. See "How to Prevent Plaster from Working Plaster/' page 34. Becoming Short Working/' page 34. REMEDIES FOR SHORT WORKING PLASTER Add a sack of fresh plaster to each sack of short working plaster. __ Qr___ Add about two shovels of well slaked lime to each sack. -- Or -- Decrease amount of sand and water. Make sure that sand is not too coarse or too fine. See "Remedies for Short Working Plaster," page 35. C'tiU 4.UUHU TROUBLES WITH PLASTER FINISHES IF FINISH: LIME PUTTY FINISHES THE TROUBLE IS: TO PREVENT TROUBLE: Is dry, brittle and cracked and can be easily removed from base coat. Defective base coat; or too wet base coat; or finish laid on in one thick coat; or insufficiently troweled; or too little gauging plaster. Base coat must be hard; must not be too wet; finish must be properly mixed and applied. Follow directions on "How to Prevent Trouble with Lime Putty Fin ish," page 39. Soft and weak. Insufficient gauging plaster; or finish ap plied with gauging plaster in retempered state; or improper drying conditions. Use 1 part of gauging (by volume) to not over 3 parts lime putty. See "How to Prevent Trouble With Lime Putty Fin ish." page 39. Chip cracked. ' Base coat too wet or too dry; or insuffi Apply finish, properly mixed, to properly cient troweling; or too little gauging plaster. prepared base coat. See "How to Prevent Trouble with Lime Putty Finish," page 39. Pops. Streaks and discolorations. Quick lime insufficiently slaked before ap plication. Quick lime should be slaked for several weeks. The use of hydrated lime insures against pops. Lime and gauging plaster not thoroughly mixed; or too much water used in trowel ing; or efflorescence from masonry walls. Blistered. Application over a "green" base. See "How to Detect Causes of Lime Putty Finish Trouble." oage 40. Base coat must not be too wet. "TROUBLES WITH PLASTER FINISHES--Continued KEENE'S CEMENT IF FINISH: THE TROUBLE IS: TO PREVENT TROUBLE: Lacks strength. Too high a percentage of lime used. -- Or -- Insufficient suction m the base coat. -- Or -- Insufficient troweling. See specifications, page 59, for correct proportions. Base coat should be dry. Trowel welL Pops, blisters, chip cracks. Due to the lime ingredients. See "How to Detect and How to Prevent Troubles With Lime Puttv Finish." page 39. See "Keene's Cement," page 42. GYPSUM PREPARED FINISHES The base coat was too smooth. Roughen base coat. Base coat was too dry. -- Or -- Base coat was too weak to hold finish. -- Or -- Finish was not properly applied. Apply to a dry base. Base coat must be in proper condition. See specifications, page 56. Appears to work hard and curl under the trowel. It is mixed too stiff. Base coat too dry. Mix thin. Dampen base lightly. Do not soak. Shows streaks and slobbers. Improper troweling. Be sparing of water; trowel so as to in corporate slobbers in wall; work wall "topand-bottom". IZZ.0 2.0C86 > be > U H e-c^ 2 5 J2 9 t! . O <r. ^ ft " a ~ecu he " X gS ,,2 1**6-- -Oo a *** * *"* a0 c ^ **-is*-* *3 E*3. JE J>>u" s" Ss I* s# E " EftCi B >,* ^v y k* V *- v> 'Ocs SJ .O afi 3 *> *9 3Ou cSo _^5 iJ; . o c o I E v- iu* > vg'ohe o it gK "^ t"-0 W -o X I 2 O *3 M 1 V > Hu So _Soc --cw S i*s- t/) C VHb -- ** j* *l=S~-7! a s "ji E .S'S Si W O0 ." JS ^ S.ts 'S - a> O z t> x "" x E S-S C -- u 3k w*2 0 X XO g u JH.t-S 3 - tl cI O *J - E n 2 *So 5ft f-t 2c 0 x 2 po E* *tll E " 8 o .2 x* 2 O - S'-ao1;; o 0 i> ~ . 0 *2 0. ,, >* J; S*I2 C V H M s* =9 8s P 3g -e2 w feO .c* EJ9 2S.S' --Js-icci o. t2cao*>*> . B >n>.5 te >W " xi 2 S 99007 0723 E S o .E , X M BCM ~.uE x+* o mv , v SX ^ S 1 rgt -Sio 0xjs4*> S wbO ^ ^ Vwi 0>* t.3 o.E it;i mh 53 iv>** Fg* C uC- "o ,o3 ft u M-0. --0c- 23 -co p 2E "* , lIagoOc'*1 ao oft "ft * * ftS 3 a o :2 ESiE l*L &SJZ$Hrsbi^4^- fp--- jood apmi amo ira *^joa Mp jo tau aq o^ -*ofoa q jMq^n *4W mfL- aBed ,,9iqnoix JuaAaad o% moh,, 9S *9t a2iea Miqnojx jo sn*o ioaiQ 03 moh.. S auajcajn; otbj oi{m Xjdde )ou oq mopesqdde 3 9ja ]B sjnoq ApMJ uxqii/A utbj Suiauq *uap *\oo5 pue saxoq j| 95 *S|003 jo soxoq Ajjiq p^liejsuf *3M 2sje dup puE utqsep aadoad )ei{i aa$ *ips qo dup ]o 3fD*x ! SaTqsey jodojdtui 2 upaaj} uio-ij oddtus oaa^ *tnit uazojj ApJc^ ucap MtiM AijqSi] oaduiep 'iUp oo) si 'UOIJIpOOD SuiAjp )?o3 seq jx *asq xp* ao Afddy MOp puB JV09. oseq ]0 oopdjosqB naAdUQ JOJOD U9A9Un voqs qsiujj tsosvas pjoo axp 2ttump 033M* Afddt %on oq *030Tus nazojj *)E03 Ip^EJdS Ul fM&OJX k2uuei2 J9JBM )tAajd o) pd3pj Ajq2noaoq^ q 'jsmn jsoa qaeg 2uU]dd jo] suopdojip moho ui popMOJ) }on jtoo qaiBJDg Bjtodjapvn a^u 0) ajnxpej; *EJ9ttioo ptmojv papjeo jon qiB^ *pooq uaqoJfl f^OBJO J9UJ03 'joqinA Smxooj] U] i^dds job oq mol} tnoq s&*q Xem osems 9M0U3JX9 ao q)] POOM sn jsaok *^{<xdojd tpt[ dvj pat ifr^ *p dd| }oq jo patpu A|jdojdnn tpt P^n '(panopnoa) aafouo t*H =ETBnOHX XNSASSd OX :si BTanOHX SHX :OOOHXS dl CAUSES OF CRACKS WITH GYPSUM LATH. From the foregoing it will be seen that with gyp sum lath the factors which can cause trouble are reduced from eight to three: 1. Faulty design or construction of the building, which results in the expansion and contraction of large timbers, settling in the foundations, de flection of joists and consequent stretching of the ceiling surface due to the employment of too light members or to the improper distribution of loads, etc. Note. Cracking of plaster even from this cause has now been largely overcome by the employ ment of a simple, inexpensive resilient clip for attaching the gypsum lath. (See U S G Resilient Plastering System and Standard X reinforce ment, page SO.) 2. Failure to observe the very simple directions for the application of gypsum lath. 3. Improper mixing or application of plaster, such as too thin coats or improper drying conditions. Note. Failure to provide proper heat and ven tilation for the plaster in cold weather may re sult in gradual expansion of the framing. (See "Sweat-Outs," page 30.) Of the controllable causes of plaster trouble when this fireproof lath is used, by far the most common is the use of a too thin coat of plaster. In order to understand why a full coat of plaster is important on gypsum lath, nailed rigidly to the studding, you have but to realize that the plaster must be depended upon to maintain the integrity of the wall at the joinings of the boards. When the plaster coat is too thin, vibra tions and strains naturally cause cracking at the joints. A too thin plaster coat is more likely to be on ceilings, where there are no ground-strips, than on walls. Proper thickness of plaster is necessary to joint reinforcement.* HOW TO DETECT TOO THIN COATS ON GYPSUM LATH. When cracks following the joints of the lath are noted, measure the thick ness of the plaster at those points. # Additional reinforcement may be given the joints by the ase of Standard X Fabric (see page 50). #? * J HOW TO PREVENT TOO THIN COATS ON GYPSUM LATH. For the standard 34-inch gypsum lath, use 34-inch grounds, which means 34 inch of plaster over the lath. With 34-inch gypsum lath, the grounds should be 34 inch. As it is difficult to apply this 34 inch of plaster in one coat, it is recommended that the base coat be made in two applications--first a scratch coat, and after this has set, a second or browning coat. Follow specifications for Rocklath as shown on pages 51, 52, 54 and 55. INSULATING LATH This lath, like gypsum lath, is a suction-bond material, the gypsum plaster bonding to its entire area without requiring any mechanical roughening or visible key to aid it. CAUSES OF DEFECTS WITH INSULAT ING LATH. The three reasons for cracks with gypsum lath shown under "Causes of Cracks with Gypsum Lath," including the paragraph on too thin coats, apply also to Insulating Lath. In addition, since Insulating Lath is com posed of wood or vegetable fiber, which is more affected by moisture conditions than is gypsum, it is necessary that several precautions be ob served in its use. HOW TO PREVENT INSULATING LATH TROUBLE. Break joints, spacing the sheets 34 inch apart at ends, and fasten securely to the framework. Apply a 4-fnch strip of metal lath or Standard X Fabric in all comers to reinforce the plaster and reduce corner cracks. The tongue-and-groove type of insulating lath is preferable, for it pre vents wavy walls due to the edges of the lath being forced inward by pressure of the trowel. Apply plaster to full grounds specified. As soon as the plaster has set, provide ventilation so that it will dry rapidly. In cold weather, ven tilation to carry off the moisture is absolutely necessary. Follow specifications, pages 51, 52, 53, 54 and 55. [21 ] BB007 0725 r* ) as ef *5 r 5 S? > *or-o:o:to tro^*;^to N NO NNO 4uc= Xcu Xuc Xcu 4co! . M inim um W eight per Square Yard 3.0 lbs. 3.4 lbs. 2.75 lbs. 3.0 lbs. 2.75 lbs. 3.0 lbs. 4.5 lbs. | M axim um | Stud Spacing XX 0c uc VN>.tso^ r> XXX X X 0c cu 0c 0c cc tc Ob O(Ht Nttf* <N <0 XX la. cs fj ^2.2 i 0 11 *fk s* - 5 i-tfe 8B007 0726 >4 o*4 oM 3 *T5 - O ft 0 <0 E<9 .2 *.2 0-5 . 03 --It O X .4> Xc *" w u u. .IeQ c ** --41 ' XS2"V 0ov X x|S*ZI) c x*8Io2f0l 11 _ * *. .2 * ; r|l s M kcS We bo*oC X*> *<Co0 X60 SSS 3X ~ 2H_ 5 X-- .g n jb:e uo cg C--T *rS(Q 2 - jj s Eci a.o*3se i cui * x ^ J2-S s'- fc= it*..*S~g UcS -bc*X2g 2gO JOS# u e C lift : ji: -- cc *g 3&S, tixO Cri*l fCfl . *PUk^oH T)' w_ _s_O ~*JJ '.B.'sZ :"0V BbEe .2 as * ci 2 Q o 00 *53 ~5 Jx2 xx x O .C0 S <5 u < .*C3rl +PI* K>oCl b8n X2 t> 0O.. J*~ 0u XX **0e c 2f*i 3 2 " c g s> id <d o ci Oj. fe: e o 42 .2 S K g * v' ',-i.: .>.-: '.*Z--,wt./:;--\ 'V \^>vx<Y. ?^^^vL.is'rv^. j.`.-i'i **-* .? .*L\Kt' ^*-> * When fastening to steel studs or suspended ceilings, use non-corrosive wire. No. 18 galvan ized wire is standard for this purpose. Use a standard grade of gypsum plaster, mixed according to directions, and see that the lath is thoroughly imbedded in the plaster so that it will give the plaster maximum support. WIRE LATH Woven or welded wire lath provides a mechan ical key for plaster. Its function is the same as that of metal lath, and what is said under "Causes of Defects in Metal Lath Walls" ap plies in a general way to wire lath. BRICK OR TILE BASES These consist of gypsum partition tile and col umn- and beam-covering, common brick, clay tile, concrete block with gravel, cinder or other aggregate. These materials furnish a surface (suction) bond for the plaster. CAUSES OF TROUBLE WITH BRICK OR TILE BASES. The majority of cracks found in plaster in fireproof structures are due to deflec tion and deformation strains, to which fireproof as well as non-fireproof buildings are subjected. See "Other Causes of Plaster Cracks," page 49. Stains, blisters, soft spots and peeling of the finish coat on the surface of plaster applied to clay tile, brick, concrete block, cinder block, etc., result from efflorescent substances ("alkali" or "saltpeter") which are present in these mate rials. Moisture often comes through the mortar joints of outer walls by capillary action, discol oring the plaster. Cracks may result from the expansion and contraction of the plastering base. Such cracks will be more likely to occur where brick, clay tile or concrete block serve as the plastering base than where gypsum tile is used, for the rea son that gypsum tile has the same coefficient of thermal expansion as the gypsum plaster. If a properly prepared plaster coat loosens from masonry, it is probably due to the masonry surface being glazed or of non-absorbent ma terial which does not provide the necessary suction. 4 4 Cracks at wall- and ceiling-angles are due to failure to wedge the wall at the ceiling; or to the use of too much sand in the masonry mortar permitting shrinkage; or to settlement of the floors. Cracks around door openings--especially over doors--are usually traceable to faulty laying of the tile, to omission of proper keying in jackarch construction over doors, or to improper construction of the door bucks. Wood bucks swell and contract when damp, sometimes causing the entire partition to crack. A network of small cracks in the plaster might be due to any of the following causes: First. Failure properly to wet brick, clay tile or terra cotta tile before plastering. Second. The use of too little sand (use three parts to one by weight) with the plaster. Third. Overheating of the plaster, followed by sudden chilling; this will cause craze-cracking in lime putty finish coats. HOW TO PREVENT TROUBLE WITH BRICK OR TILE SURFACES. Before plas tering, examine the condition of the base and call the general contractor's attention to any faults. Are the walls properly wedged at the top? Is the mortar properly sanded? (Over sanding may result in shrinkage.) Are metal door bucks used and do they properly extend from floor to ceiling? Is the tile work solid, with jack arches properly keyed? Suggest that the outer walls be furred and lathed--if this has not been done--in order to prevent moisture or efflorescence from discolor ing the plaster. Furring is much preferable to damp-proofing. When damp-proofing is used, it should be applied heavily over the entire sur face to be plastered, so that all evaporation will be forced to take place from the opposite side of the wall. As walls that have been dampproofed have no suction, the surface must be sufficiently rough to afford a good mechanical bond, and the plaster must be mixed as required for wood or metal Jatn. B8007 0727 factory, the amount varying with the locality and the season. Due to the rapid setting and drying of gypsum, successive coats can be ap plied and the building finished without loss of time. This, together with the quickness with which the plaster can be mixed and applied, makes it economical. POSITIVE ACTION. Another reason why gyp sum plaster is today the standard plastering ma terial is its positive results. No material used by any trade is more dependable. Red Top Plas ter is so carefully made and so thoroughly tested before shipment that any trouble experienced is practically certain to be due to job conditions, such as incorrect lathing, mixing, application, or drying. It is the object of this book to explain what these wrong practices are and how troubles arising from them can be remedied and avoided in the future. PLASTER TROUBLES DUE TO WEATHER CONDITIONS "DRY-OUTS" CAUSE OF "DRY-OUTS." "Dry-out" meant that the water that has been mixed with the plaster has evaporated from the wall before the plaster has set. By far the greater number of plaster troubles during the hot summer months are "dry-outs." They can be cured, but it is easier to prevent them. HOW TO DETECT "DRY-OUTS." Dried-out walls are soft, crumbly and of a light, chalky appearance. If the con ditionis a partial dry-out, as is usually the case, the dried out portion of the wall will appear as chalky, light-colored spots, usually more nu merous over openings; whereas the portions of the wall that are set The presence of white, chalky spots indicates a "Dry-Out." will be darker colored and hard. After two or [28] | I j (j' * 5 j ,1 f- i V three days tne entire wall will be lighter; however, the dried-out places, if not attended to, will always be somewhat lighter and soft, and cracks will also probably appear. HOW TO PREVENT "DRY-OUTS." Since the setting of gypsum plaster is a law of nature, plaster will always set in time if kept wet. Therefore, the following three simple precau tions will prevent dry-outs: First. Before plastering in warm weather, screen the openings so that the hot winds can not strike the walls. Second. Soak wood lath thoroughly the day be fore plastering and wet them again an hour or so before plastering. Besides helping to prevent dry-outs, wetting the lath as directed will reduce the danger of lath buckling. Wet as directed, for if the lath are wet for the first time an hour or so before plastering, they may be in the process of buckling when the plaster is being applied. Third. Apply plaster to proper thickness, be cause such plaster is less liable to dry out than a too thin coat. REMEDY FOR "DRY-OUTS." Do not tear dried out piaster from the wall. It can be made to set strong and hard. Dried-out plaster is identical chemically with the plaster in the bag. All that is needed to make it set is to keep it wet. Using a spray pump or a garden hose with spray nozzle, spray the driedout portions of the wails thoroughly with water. When the spraying is done with a hose, do not have the pressure so strong as to wash off the plaster. Spray all the dried-out places systematically. After the plaster has stopped absorbing water-- a condition which can be recognized by the ex cess water running down the wall in little stream lets or appearing on the surface in drops--dis continue spraying for the time being. About two hours after spraying, inspect the wall and if it is not completely set, spray it again. Several applications may be necessary to cause it to set. Do not become discouraged. Remember that plaster must set in time if kept wet. [29] BB007 0729 BB007 0730 a < 3 E< 5a ** js * "b-o-d x k .e p .5 " k .y * t; * E S-g Sa "ESI P -o - O. c W o = E " St:* .st oo |*Q S * js * t; 2? e : 8 |S r re u : o S jj* *8-.3 c S - _ f. = Q *s .s u s Ss3 bfi O 3C js a m c >-* ^ C *P *c .ten# S-i d o *s Ss u s. os g c-g OS v2 CO DC u H , JS 2 " 5.5 I 3 | ^ w u ft *.^ US'S OS * S ,,, H " o- SSs.U JC 0 K +a* ^5 Co co H*jJ'S c V) Q0 .k .0 * Vi C*- h(A _l CL UJ N O fiC U. w H CO < .J (X ; g-8 N *S> O OS Hi n" Jv>--G> Hi * 2,_ jp ~ 8 m WN 5!= "2 v a ojg Si t -* -u 5S H c -d g - w 3 c . H -s " e W "u i- ip! H3 *F O_ U d0.'thK ^C H 0.x c g . 3sa & to x M<i!X ft * fc o. . Hr g b"o5 h> k- 2 v- ri o<o s S'* -s og~g h#i--t< 4r->t 22 N* 5>^ w K x *2J *, io eE <* J (S & r v. 2; 5 % 12 c ^K v Ji2 N2 " % rt LD.. U Kfcft|^rS*io**3tOlo 0<5* -5. CT n. ns 3w o rc o M5c? j*<o ?5 ** > -Q ^ft> C"* 10 .a a^ c ** <d ^ ft..>'*-' 'ft * U^i *. a > '_a*0 vo, O * E J (, O0S-2 m a -- u Eii-Si 8 ShlCL K5 S5S a bo <aa fc (A Li. O (A Ui F _j D o K. V 8 CO &; o Eu ^ <0 S' 1 ! --C 3 g' w c C0U J(0. u " M7 o Eo i- u uo E > .S - 2 Oc = SE Cw-O X^ O8 g-2 C X5 x* JS5E JS 8 in w v> O (0 *cE2 VM3 ' wc ** Ep bcO tSj ato EQ 'Z a. >v sSo wo 'JCOPTc3-2*n1 f&c Po ^30 *,*" XCO X *tcj *>". CO re P i o O X *L* fc rt ^ *o cre C rt w `SO to u 10 JCTO 1 O, H. *o K . X ^ ^ u " cre co E *0 re ? C 2 UJ b=or fcM to cc cc .5 o P <1M0 Co V *4o-1 EcE *Ko H E a TrJt c w v M c C r0e3 0 *** o , o o US 44(9*0 *6s -t^s O, to CO > i I i f i f oto Lr perm it plaster and sand to stand dry-mixed before adding the water. [3 3 ] v reX*3 ft o ^ J **o> *o* ** Ss l_ (t *m <h 44 * 4> ^ 3. e0 * be u* DU fIt-). JO- *E- re I5| IP 0 4> X s*s! Go. o 2 is s **r>e X _ M o -s ?c*i aE" tsg p .S U Eco2 re to bcX c3 *R g Eu c * 3 . tc c rs .. 4> P JO O -C -S re . ic .5 S^fcftE *s 5 " u .5R 4*4 E q5 J4-*-g>1 c1 p rc *** re 1r.e X*- re * Et.EK SE |B* **& r> vv O --X --* g*r in*> >jfstXtSwi *o-* 1;if 3 ^ _rt *w0 *>2> S C E 3CO *Coo 2o pc, n "3 "k .5 o ",, o C t,2 u J2S r9. "55 P..E *0 M--3 < .c O CO o <Z * , O M oi a. o BB007 C 731 k(0 xo 5ooo .8s2i ssh \rie CO 0 rGeO g i."x 3 O-o i g V 3 - 5 _c xts jx*b> 03w S2 2 x JS 40O- 3 S ? s-g 3rEe 4Cre4T*5= TM^ rrrree 3 w x rt * 0 ^O u *ey x*3 tco .4.-. X" S Sre Tr)e SufS * 1 9?S .. o _ So 'S3U -O re u ? o ^ Xg * k 4~> <X wo* be V E.E .X Lh re O S? "e-; VhSO S ut-H :Jq^ o. C r^ ._0 Crel wE ? O CO ' W w. o-g| 9 xM 4r-e* rUi C2T, ure 2 * g ,,'E S **0 0 u 3 v. c *" *H. re > V) 9w XS5 a) oX' p.s t>i u W 4) 5* 2 but BO ?1 *.E -e C K E --wre Cc Xox(0 44 k *a-i nttxi ift5 to,5^ B1 ,cs -2 *0 _4 be er go Sg ,, C *x3 O nj E^ u **4 *o 0bCe X^tCoO X4ft4> *40O-3) h >i 'Z gC * ro u go < oX ~ T> *o , zC: ot g .. S *j S C -e c . K c 4^ O CO GO Ho^3 K-"x - !! c 5 rv Ev X2^ c - H o M *e'I3CUO X*4) H w - c aM 01 z O n oL- *- X^4> t^w ^ ) 444 O ts .S 7 SEEo Jj i N `c -o w C,,V M" M C * re .Or; 4n44j **P.i *e 4> t> o u5 -- <0 4) u u, 4- t* 4) *0 u v > t; U S o " 44 re ; x 4o 5^ -o***rf x be 4) nf^e u xt0; -"5, tc3j >> , "o l- _S Cl c o t Oa ..bCc-KSD3Ox* ** ,, a " c a 43 " o . t m EEg^ C^Oh u 2 VgC f |5 _ 4^ TCJ u4> W CO a> : so fnW-i*OXc **re*4h4^ 03 <04) 4-4<" "* 2C *5C3J 4U4 *3 M M rpei 4wM4 T**1 O-- c u>-< So w n o H ue*" => o g n c;re 4^ 4_ re XW4),. f^c k f^e-Oo ah >ere *x** *-*r .2#1 ^oW4 Tv) * O ti, w ^ X 05 c a c " w2 m;;e ~c o 5 *u" tCie *u. _4>E? X?:4o4 W . -O -u SJS EQ 4> o e E 0 * Q o o ^ *> 44 a> Blic" L? s 44 l-H CO ^ ^C> WO 3 GO M C g > V " 'g c 0 St-8-5 *" hh wn "c2 : 5. Add about a quart of Portland Cement to each sack. [3 2 ] tf) $ o -I (A o o h be o .*3 *re ts ti rt ioE *re w w. o u2 t> 41 44 P3. Pc ti rt ME ** J> ,,. X15 ft o & t o a 4O04 E *o= > XXV w t> f41 a c|mo X44 &C 4> . uSoi u .9 c> >3 S cJbo cc a 8 b c4re> *C xq, w iiljs ki ** W B CeI "> . o. TM fe o . & > u >3 C 02x5c B > v,," *3> J U " H & j^.2 w r*> "O C - p p o 1 g W TMJ W Mg o ^3 oi g1 Hc-( 4u> "re~44 i - 44 4) WOr^e re X *01 OS-BO.PX ^ o C a re CO o~ = u K5x.E i J; M ts & is a It g ^ k3E * e o^ "u VJ X5 *> e 4 fi o w 4J>; SscH P. re re co 'o3> re u 4> u re 44 "oh- ** M ,,*E " Sc --o.*a 9o 29 l.i-Se,.5 *D * c . e CO re rree *wo G-j U Cv, 3 L2re 04sl-lj *4o4 E * tre. o V - C* 4-S E Ss .5 re cC *434 x^43U"v141 XtcOgCu: x-4-ote*44c*vtoc -xoonic-)5i.Seo43. tJhOOS*. XX6(ruC1O0I.twfoh3OcaecO^5H9O*= ,,41 X 4O4 m c. re fa TX> a " er-e 4o- --n. CO X "e5 B44. *t4) *- ^T3 E s_ Mo E l>' o o. .X IS fe m O 2 "41 xre *C2 ^re --c _ E" v4,) 444> BeM iy> ree 44 4Ou4 _TCJ* X.Ibte *" ;e I O 3 2 2og *0 is x** c-SS k **. *ec *4o> 4ru4e4> ^rCe C4re) c 'i " "O ^ TJ * l- 3 3b 444> O o Is E Ps^ 5 ~ - S Ji -s ~E-S5 Xj4=4 04> .x74) g i `*H I oW 44 2o rK_e__WI_)__4re4ew *S 0 4^ *- Mdu 0 p U4 4> 2 o w..Ec -= e'B- g 3 0-0 aTJ a ^ " *a a nX 44s4> .2 S*g ft " >1 re re re gS Eg . ^ X 4M4l 3" OU n*4 X4* X44 j7- o .5 ^ S 3 - C *44 OO& CCs*3c3 'mS --e E &3 02 *1f**t & *44 >> r3e 3O 44 >Kbb CC o re *2 ft! Vrue 0 44 ou re re M o hI I bo P ^ - ir o 5 ~ to5 re m -E W * m sW 2 W o o> > JO is !> s.X JOwxEi:.':SE3 X.H <5 Pfe PI Jsg u Sue 2 SQ "I ft K i s 4) crx fx! C - I C O tt **3o O Z> re o 2 TJ X "S O.." "OO Xg fcc 4**\ P *3 x^ *" < re 2 o ^a gw *. o W u X> 4-4 *oM w^ xfi g Ko S* Co o2 S-o- g> 2 | 2 .5 o JS O k a. a E |oE u eo3o .re. b3M X44 4O4 Krree JS2 .M a" 0rwPreec ur<0_e0 | rv x E C0 re .0 TMX rree r<;J .5 " a~ Q, 3 oo 1- j: o n GreC *a3 ^c ccai 0M J3 erree S V to -O % >, JG JS o. *h ^o t: X re rreeo 3o' X* SS 4> o sfl kt *0 *3 . re < X re ^ re y re P* 10 \ i' tf' ,. .' '.'.. .' .* ' r ,, rv.-.^V'^V >' : ;:..-.v;-.-.':^'-.:' - ''* V;;t.-;r.---v- .;v ,,; '-'' s' '' . . . :.' -' . .. ; -??r. :; . " --' -' - ' . ..: - . - V'.'-Vr.-.; : . .-s- -- " - : >:vV__ ." --''. -'.-. '' . ' 1?#^ Mi'' < [0mrni ;-X- If an investigation of local conditions does not suggest a remedy, get from your dealer or from the United States Gypsum Company some U S G retarder. Retarder tends to cake in storage and must always be used with water. Mix the desired amount for each batch in a half pail of water, breaking up all lumps completely. Add this solution to the mixing water. Start with one to two ounces (a fair handful) per 100 lb. bag of plaster. Increase or decrease this amount to secure desired set. If there is not time to procure U S G Retarder, mix pulverized glue in the proportions of one pound of glue to five gallons of water, and use about a quart of this solution with the gauging water for each 100-pound bag of plaster. SHORT-WORKING PLASTER CAUSES OF SHORT-WORKING PLASTER. Gypsum is composed of minute crystals, which are broken down when the gypsum is made into plaster. When the plaster is mixed with water, the crystals return. When plaster is stored for long periods, or in a damp place, it absorbs mois ture from the air; this causes a partial recrystal lization, resulting in short-working plaster. In addition to normal aging, short-working may result from improper storage, either in the ware house or on the job. HOW TO DETECT SHORT - WORKING PLASTER. The plaster will not carry the cus tomary amount of sand. It will be difficult to mix and to apply. After being mixed it will appear "sloppy"--thin in some places and stiff in others. It will not take water properly, the excess water remaining on the surface. The mortar will appear over-sanded and will not adhere to the ceilings. Squeeze a handful of the mortar and if a core of sand remains in your hand, the plaster is short working, provided that it has not been over-sanded. HOW TO PREVENT PLASTER FROM BE COMING SHORT-WORKING. Proper storage should be provided and the older stock should be sold first Plaster should never be piled on the damp ground or against a green plastered wall. [34] -* ?W-tA\5i::5Vt?'V',:V.---.;...-c.- - .'*' : "-.-vV w- ' JT- REMEDIES FOR SHORT-WORKING PLAS TER. 1. The best remedy is to add one bag of fresh plaster to one bag of the short-working ma terial In some cases it may be necessary to use two bags of the fresh plaster. A more thorough mixing will often improve the working qualities. 2. Use a well-slaked lime putty or hydrated lime that has been soaked overnight, in proportions of about one shovel of putty to each bag. If lime putty is not available, five pounds of hydrated lime may be used. Since lime accelerates the set of plaster, about one and one-half ounces of U S G Retarder will usually have to be added. 3. A short-working plaster can usually be used by decreasing the amount of sand and water in the mixture. Remedies No. 1 or No. 2, which make the plaster carry its full measure of sand, will, however, be more economical. TROUBLES DUE TO SAND CAUSE OF OVER-SANDING. In order that a sanded plaster wall may be strong, each grain of sand must be cemented to the grains on all sides of it. When the proportion of sand to plaster is too great, the sand grains are not properly cemented. BB007 0732 At left are magnified sand grains as they would appear when plaster is over-sanded. At right are sand grains properly cemented for wall strength. HOW TO DETECT OVER-SANDED PLAS TER. The walls are not strong. Holes may be easily bored into the walls with a key or a coin. V?5^ T :<r-. ~ [T.*. iS i .*. v-, -. 1 [35] .. . - ...--v h S'-V V less danger in the coarse than in the fine, The following is the American Society for Testing Materials' Standard Specification for Gyp- sum Plastering Sand: 3 7 ][ BB007 0733 it* * 5 g ,," E! I -I2 S gt\ 9o m cr c Oeo - <r o 0 ** C 3-0 S| g * * W <*4 /K 0 O no a u ^ _o> -W *Co t9s M-- tO> m(M U M Q * U *S O 0-2^ re C i..S3 *f^N <? . E S ^a*35 N oo 9 u 3 Q, 9 . BV * i B * |>T ji be S35 8 g *0 C h *> n fga Xs *g0 K I Oi <to0 *C*l JS l S ft *0 * > E i- 2 c S o Co te ft* ,, fa1> So .'** .^r2e *. T. +*. Jfi xbcVi 4- * t> X 4) X Sv E *5 Sx go Sv a TCUJl .Ho S. S vu ft, Oo 8 & Oz .E M C O co & 2 *w 0^5 811 H >H m o o ^ 2*1 w | a*o -- oo fe *1 SI b: Sjs O V -V u . pi bft J WO?! IE| s i fc--s - C Cl 4- c P Cl X ^ 03 U= 2.5 H-ol i o ex sir*-s 35S? fe c o " 2 O c> 4> X-- >reCo j* x p u re o s " Em*3 o 4) S-o `"x OCSgx wgeo " mn o S^-o* . O >o > . O g-S K `a g !2p> fu *o ao* +to>+ --<0e> * s*2a ft +* fwa i <5 = ^ - *g-ft S J{ . T w o tS*v " s " c ^ o i- u S j Oi c4> aD" cCl 4o4 'W tO .C 2CbM ~ Eci E iiu" Ji O Cl o- a O ^ 8 *N (C =. - bO.M > *> 2 *, a Ja `re TJ 5 S o &|. re *- B^e E 5 *o c t> ci re g I'mi*S&| is.r CE *f5*> |o| Cl ^ - fii tOo *M2 Vto uOu "o *kv o2 to **r* oi r S. O O *" SP ,,X-E a *2 o-o g *- 13 jet; Q^S C*rOei >ow T^ *M vM Oc * u. re r mc " re re 3 o 5 2 8C*C0-- -- * s!son Q, ii I CT-a a-S Ssa:lt O **4 S M B * g. *4 0 C< *" ** u *> " i&aS s11 &a c B,2 o fafi 8 SB +* 4-> +CJ k ato g-o roae. Ow to a*a ac v re ci 4o-* W< X E M c 5 O be p re X42, TP0QJ*0u HsI mw'o-S M VtM 2o . g"t8) o?2 o = +j Cu n - g -o ^ 5 s SI " & 15 " 5 -O S *rt re lHOutB-J a x cr ^ ft fc E 55 TM S Oo 2q to ^ `1 iJ c c x~ ca *v X hO b* t-H JS ,, U D. J o X4) H u uf n E ac vS o u *, j"s = f (?. x. ZtS; *- "w C " OJS " US'S'0 .r= *i o n ,-S `fe wa hS c 5 " 9 _*D c o *3 C c .& -o o c ,.0.2.51- **- Ofc> c ^ XS o xto re EH^EujS ou *3 gO-S E Hgc8 Hi^o !S u 2 o W -S ** C S u ^5 S o So fcs o<" g K 3 c> ?goo-f-% tn c~ c The proper amount of sand to be used with gypsum cement plaster for application to wood lath, gypsum lath, or first coat on metal lath Is two parts of sand to one of plaster by weight. This is equal[ 36] g *X X> f ~ C re bo o 2 ** xwc 3 J3 -- *" C TM gre M ^ "Oo re 3 c^ rt re rCo x 8 c*- *an rBe be .5 *a c _ = - V xSfelo 0*0*0 re X c re "O v 0 5C3l o0 Cl ^^ U X 3E w e ci " x m fO -- a * 2-s JS S 13 X n c-- 5 > a * t; C c re x o J ww.. ooc *- o to a ho < g* g " t. o ?tT ^ ** 5 *E *o S*w f;o xS --c rce ^S>E re js E *8 8 e B It So * x .M *j a to e C re o v x S f *2 .2 Sgo tT ^ 1-0 oH EC S c *0 c 1^ o < ? g`8 s gx *- r1 a * 9 *0 See o re x re .o a Oo ci x +;`;- 3oCl a ^c 8 E& *0 O o> --c 51 ~E re re NX pS u x x o ; O 03 ^ *0 bfl cc mS "sF - be o .E +> u ~ ** O *+* c ci o u re v j ^ c a.- o **" 41 4-* ^* 41 *w -2 o&| bO g S cSi o?b x2 " X 4- g* M O.T3 >b>ac_i cc> be a -i *aa o 8 re te a*o x V 0 s cre 5o to S cci.*** >B re --0) *Col u E _829 *to* a** +* i< iK " X4J e cc(0i v ^ ac ; *0 og O WO X JK ICO cO Sxa- c- rcr-ee c J8 rie; E k re &E: g ""i it Ijs- I. re C4 *E -4S4 re X1` a x*_4_ ^ Cl E^ ftS cZ s 3 8 ss a JS o Ei rt ^E % ^-ii re re re w *5 e .2 * -0 C> Vp. i &E.-S 0E S S- -s5 __ cd tt t c "1*3* Z C .2 2s.b5 l4 S 4> O o g u G _ a e "- EE2 ~TM2S? .2 .aC re re re E tU *0 re b a o. **0 r : ; ! , *^p4-x1 ** & re Cl o *0 C Cl re ** &-B S box 41 33 XS ** 03 41 .EH --e *0. *0 cm jK Sg re C +r* 10 1 g~ 5 *c *0 > X w *0 _, as Cl x Cl c > 41 g0 re re "o o `fe o> 're u~ js _ g o -'S g g * J.0 5 be R" xP *S +rce4i +c4ri e-5 *0 ^ e >> iB . p. 44 tor o Ei * 8 a P X re O KO Ere sre ;sre ka is >. "a --*coi Qtr,*SUo s fit "I- o X Uos** -= .re s.'oi a Ee F a x s *0 c ci a e re 03 re x 4-i 3 E x0) 8 52 re * .p% 44 w g <F X5? U3 d eS.2 "g a 2 c .0 o U F J c a o. re x a 2 10 re xuu H 41 iJ QtZ o**n JS t s co 41 re u - to e *r=e a cre -4, .Eg i.j ft < ft & "ss a. w _ 44 a pi -- H X i^s *Sco gPks > 3 t lllJ .I S B **- Hoc JS * " Tg E oa 'p* tft W o a 8-=* > "5 W E'C Cl > 41 > 2Ea H >0,5* k -- <w? wg" m o O a. * *5 'IS v SP r kx S H U`C >t t > E j| OgBttg O .- F< O tP; EC-> E o *o cjs'si The work should be rodded and brought to a true and even surface, so that the thickness of the plaster coat w ill be uniform between ground strips. [38 ] One of the commonest causes is failure to provide proper drying conditions; the lime is thus prevented from carbonating and remains soft. C39 3 /' BB007 0735 co '5 ** v _*5 U JO O o "1.ESS *&9 Ure fO- >2S-OJ > 9 S. 2E 1o *e- re u re* X3re *Orp. ctroe fcnwM fO ^ c t & x *9 5g ID> 9e "_be svft cX re cE_ *w 2"S *E * *. 9 cn re x * & re >b re a S? ,S> 9O' c .Sui ra tcv s-- M ** H N l*i cx o " *3 . -2 S| 4U3-> wr>e. 3vc9 re CS > g *2> be Xto 3c= 5 * S2 O &. x* =9 re *. o fo ~. . Co 44 ft 5Eo re x c Xre .5e ktf ? *C.S Bo* c re f SEE j; E 6 x eit bC-D C |S be ~e o t> CX u UV re rr3ee* X>pu 9 bo p c a 5 S- !5 ' "G *co " re E I*HEX*ZJ w9re ~.3 j*.ts X _M Sret ^* & ^ re < re pg* o *u SOk. re JS >, Q. ^ 2 o u> g. 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W &>.g ^KQ =2CO O m <W o u i-3 a (n-.4" 520 t>2 B s WO u t " t-1 * Xc W0nsH^wff1i !Xxk--g|3> ..T2c8t3j ^Ex " g* 0^>*-srente mSH> tCCXw ^ft ba4 *rCO0e reo i *>o* ca w *X= " 4 9re M 2g BS n =ffj M5 bo*g T 4W4 X10 C I> CO 44 wVft, c .y2 2 X X05 2'C M9 X H re ^ X *U>r IOt x .2 i'*rB*; JA re & q CO 4rrreee4 .t3cboe ^g to to .Sto X re k " E .2 SI . ft S8 te ,, 2 to m 44 C C - TJ a Z 8 | X g. 9aob ~'f.9'cE4re) kre N (t V ;?3?*?X<f7.-r *>:>->,'t ,. ;, ``'av-V':'.'-' - v :t ;.- > jJ<wt:.'-Vv> ":'s .*'.Sy rtfr* V-^ *&&$ ;i-^.'--. - base coat dampened to offset the effect of too much suction. Follow specifications, page 60. There is no remedy for defective finish, except refinishing, and replastering if the base coat is found defective. KEENE'S CEMENT Although Keene's Cement is a gypsum material, it differs from other gypsum plasters in several particulars. It is slow-setting, can be retempered, and the finish coat requires more troweling. When Keene's Cement is mixed with lime, the Erne troubles of chip cracking, popping, etc., ex plained above, may occur. When Keene's Cement is used for base coat, it requires a satisfactory base with a mechanical key, and it should not be over-sanded. The same measures must be taken to prevent dry-outs as for gypsum base coat plasters. Lack of hardness and strength in a Keene's Cement finish is usually due to the presence of a too high percentage of Erne. It may also be due to not enough suction in the base coat (the base coat should be dry), or to insufficient troweling. Keene's Cement must be troweled more than other finishes. See specifications, page 59, for correct propor tions. PREPARED GYPSUM FINISHES As these finishes are scientifically prepared at the mill and require the addition of water only at the job, the few troubles attending their use are due to wrong handling and application. HOW TO DETECT CAUSE OF TROUBLE. If the finish is too quick set or too slow set, see "Quick Set" and "Slow Set," pages 32 and 33. If the bond is not satisfactory, it is because (1) the base was too smooth or not dry when the fin ish was applied; or (2) was weak due to being over-sanded, sweat-out, dried-out, retempered, ef florescent, or frozen; or (3) because the finish was not properly applied. If the finish works hard and curls under the trowel, it is mixed too stiff. If the finish is not smooth, it has not been prop erly troweled. [42] - *. r\'. . - Streaks and slobbers are caused by the use of too much water in troweling or to inexperience in troweling this type of finish. If the finish is soft and chalky, the condition is a "dry-out" resulting from proper drying and ventilation not being provided. See "Dry-Outs," page 28. Soft spots may be due also to some of the finish being retempered. HOW TO PREVENT PREPARED FINISH TROUBLE. See that the base coat is hard and firm, roughened and dry. If too dry to permit easy application of the finish, it can be conditioned by spraying lightly with water just before finishing. Do not mix the finish too stiff, and be careful to see that it is not retempered. Apply a thin coat first, grinding it well into the base coat, so as to assure a good bond, facilitate application and prevent curling under the troweL Avoid streaks and slobbers by being sparing of water in troweling and by troweling down the slob bers and incorporating them in the walL Also have one man on the scaffold and one below finish the walls simultaneously so as to avoid joining marks. Since this finish is a gypsum material, proper drying conditions and ventilation should be pro vided as shown for gypsum base coat plasters, pages 28 to 31. Follow specifications, page 56. SAND FLOAT FINISHES When these finishes are compounded on the job, they are subject to the same dangers of over sanding, etc., as are gypsum base coat plasters. 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V..;. - f ;<-"' ' n^A> -'->?>; .< >/''l/%. ' .; Sggp iSSftf.1 Sx^SZr^\;:: ^sigj just blame by calling attention to such defects be fore starting work. He should also do his best to offset the effects of poor construction by select ing the best materials and insisting upon good workmanship and full coats of plaster. He should see that re-entrant angles are rein forced with metal lath or Cornerite and that all corners are covered with corner bead. He should also use reinforcement above and below opening (factory-formed metal arches on arched openings) and at other points where there is liable to be un due vibration or uneven expansion. A plastering system possessing the extra strength required to resist unusual strains is the Standard X Plastering System. This consists of Standard X (gypsum) Lath, Standard X Fabric for reinforcing joints between the lath, and Standard X Plaster, a prepared gypsum plaster of unusual strength. In sulating Lath can also be furnished with the metal joint reinforcement. Another interesting development in lath and plaster construction is the U S G Resilient Plas tering System. In this system the Rocklath is at tached to studs and joists by a resilient spring clip, resulting in a "floating" construction which permits of considerable movement taking place in the structure without undue strain being transmit ted to the walls and ceilings. Other advantages of this system are a high degree of sound insulation, and the elimination of ceiling streaks, due to the even density of the "floating" ceiling. SPECIFICATIONS These are "short-form" specifications. Com plete detailed specifications on any U S G material will be supplied upon request. The following general directions apply to cement plaster, wood fiber plaster and prepared plaster: (1) Use a clean, tight mixing box. (2) Use only clean water, free from alkali and im purities; keep tools dean. Never rinse tools in gauging water. (3) Do not mix more material at a time than can be applied in one hour. (4) Do not mix one gauging with another, and never retemper plaster after it has commenced to set Clean the mixing box or mixer-hopper after the mixing of each batch. (5) Keep plaster from freezing for 24 hours after application. (6) In hot, dry weather, screen all openings to prevent material drying out before it is set. If plaster should dry out--indicated by soft, white areas in the walls--the condition can be righted by spraying with clean water until the material sets. (7) After the plaster has set, provide proper ventilation to permit the walls to dry out as quickly as possible. In freezing weather also provide heat. (8) Keep plaster in a dry place; storage on the bare ground makes plaster lumpy, quick setting and short working. Grounds and Lathing (1) Grounds. 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Use 100 pounds of Red Top Keene's Cement, 100 pounds lime putty (1 50-pound bag Red Top Finishing Lime) and 400 pounds clean floating sand of proper size. Soak hydrated finishing lime to putty over-night. (62) Application. Apply after the base coat has set firm and hard, but while still green. First grind in a thin coat, after which lay on the final coat to an even surface. Float with a cork, carpet or felt float, working the material to a true and even surface, free from float marks and cat faces. Use as little water as possible in floating. Work top and bottom of walls together so as to avoid joinings. LIME PUTTY FINISH (63) Brands. To be Red Top Gauging Plaster and Red Top Finishing Lime. (64) Mixing. First pour water into the box; then add finishing lime in proportion of one 50pound bag to about six to seven gallons of water, distributing the lime uniformly. A good plan is to sift the dry lime through a 54-inch mesh screen until the lime has taken up all the water. Allow the hydrated lime to soak over-night. Do not hoe or screen after soaking unless lime is dirty or lumpy. If lumpy the lumps can be broken down by forcing the lime putty through a 54-inch screen with the back of a shovel (65) Gauging for Smooth Finish. Mix three parts of lime putty by measure with one part of dry Gauging Plaster (equal to two parts of dry hydrated lime and one part of dry gauging plaster by weight). Make a shallow ring of putty on the gauging board, add water, and sift gauging plaster into the water, allowing time for the plaster to soak and become thoroughly wetted. Mix thoroughly with the putty. See detailed directions on back of lime bags. (66) Application. Same as directed for Red Top Trowel Finish, paragraph 42. 160] SAND FLOAT FINISH, JOB MIXED (67) Brand. To be Red Top Unfibered Cement Plaster. (See also Red Top Keene's Cement Sand Float Finish, paragraphs 61 and 62.) (68) Mixing. Use one part Unfibered Gypsum Cement Plaster to one part clean, sharp sand by weight. This is equal to seven to nine shovels of sand to each 100-pound bag. Screen sand through a No. 12 screen. Mix dry to a uniform color. Put dry mix in up per end of box and water in lower end. Hoe ma terial into water and mix thoroughly. (69) Application. Same as for Prepared Sand Float Finish, paragraph 50. ORIENTAL EXTERIOR STUCCO (BASE COAT AND COLORED FINISH) (70) Brand. To be Oriental Exterior Base Coat and Oriental Exterior Colored Finish, applied to Red Top Expanded Metal Stucco Mesh or to Red Top Self-Furring Diamond Mesh Lath (applied according to the United States Gypsum Company's specifications), or applied to properly prepared ma sonry surfaces. (71) Success with stucco depends upon applica tion to a substantial base and proper job condi tions as well as to the use of the proper mate rials. See "Oriental Exterior," pages 47 and 48. (72) Application of Red Top Expanded Metal Stucco Mesh. Apply the expanded metal across the studs. Secure with self-furring nails approxi mately 6 inches apart on studs, in accordance with the manufacturer's directions. Lap pieces of ex panded metal 1 inch. Carry metal around all cor ners to the first support. Thoroughly secure the metal at all openings. (73) Application of Red Top Self-Furring Dia mond Mesh Lath. Apply lath across studs. Lap lath 54 inch on sides and 1 inch on ends. Carry metal around all corners to the first support, secure with 6d galvanized nails, not more than 16 inches on centers horizontally and 6 inches on centers vertically. Drive nails well in and bend to engage at least two lath strands. (61] BB007 0745 BB007 07Ub 2 D O z < 0 O 2 u 2 * Cj 6g *s,,*o3 g* vn "ss.t fat?>l in D ,,E ^3 X *sCMo O .S-e 'w*o->os*' 5co*s2puCMa=O; X2J> a'-g t 3 8 6 i jj's O .5 *2 ~ *0 ^Bt . O iM -P _tC . 3<8V sill" M^ S,'g"' 8as .| g a o o o _ g E S c -g *iN; OS +raJ JC.~cC .a?8M "n(5i JSScg'? "' K a > " 5" o 6 s; *2 E o a'3 -?:M BB007 0747 INSIST ON PLASTER -1 if i i so 03 o o o -d V uO \ \