Document 2jxzzBpQmL2Z1JDNxjEE4Qjo5

7H PPH I P 1l ^ ^ SMWM M < B *lM IM p g M M M li> M > B e q s t* iei|iSiiSi ip i 9i * mgm LIA14326 ".IStSfi... J /i^if f ft*m tfc* OlrwNr f Hh>i mm4 kMy ivw mi* * SC *\ r -- ttl W*liw An*** / Nw r*V H. V. 10017 *t r .os*! .ggaigES f Peoeaber It, 1967 UMI KYOnWl AXP ftlTSTY SOUTH o. 175 Tot All IMbers of the lead Industries Amoc lotion, Zac. oi Kfr,bjr Pr. OoldMter alvlnx results of WBO study on Lead la 15 Countries j j I i n In ' p ee s w m 1 II milb w iiw p p m i' w u .......... Attached for you It a copy of the paper given la 8m franc laeo at the A*erieaa Public Health Aatoclatloo 1966 Annual Meeting. Tou vlll nttfur ton* ynu coverage of tbit paper which specifically sectioned the lev Qnlnta native blood lead results which showed that primitive peoples with bo Industrial load expo* sure were ooraal at to body load content ai coopered to people froa fifteen industrialised countrlat. In Mr opinion, thla la ooa of tha Boat Important docuaantt ever to appaar as far at ita factual taalytla of tha situation It concerned, and wa suggest tha widest possible dletrlbutloa to Individuals who hart an Interest la air pollU' tloa. for this reaeon we have obtained extra copies and hope that you will request the* for thoee representatives of govvraseot and other agencies la your areas who have addressed theaeelvee to the question cf air pollution and who art llhely to show Interest. Such Individuals would Include your state and local legislative representatives. Since aoet of the press sad public reaction to lead and the question of air pollution baa been unfavorable, we urge that you aake wide use of this study by the World Bee1th Organisation. As you will note, the study was sponsored by the V30 with the support of the United States Public Health Service, so that it has been issued under the highest auspices of gavemasat.. Ve hope that we will be favored with a large au^er of requests froa you for extra copies of the paper. Very truly yours, t i w PGTssw eocloeure Pea 0. fowler \ w p p w f n . t *l, r w1 p m p r - W""U V \m>m viri'tfi IjhitorfodriftanirWMl h it aV LIA14327 'X-" aiwddi toii*rdLtoibteaeiU .W,, *+r nt* ** n \ 1 i An International Study of "Normal" Levels of Lead in Blood and Urine Urn--d t <UU-M. mt), --4 A Wmtut H--r mo Mrw y.* In 1900, the World Health OrvwiiulioA to a single oanlral laboratory for analysis by tad the Cohardda Untoeraity School of Pub a amgle elandard method. Collaborating lab lic Health and Administretrer Mddw bm oratories war* mieclad to 15 opuaulee and lags inUnUad ia ihr fUlui and validity of to thraa oactkma of the United States. The i , current cmcrpti of `'normal vakure" of baud study waa begun to 1951 with the coopera in liv blood and trine. For the fui/poar ol tion of WHO and the support of the Drvh tnia aiudy the term "normal** mean* (fan won cl Occupations) Health of the US Pub amount found in paiow who hav had no lic Health Service. i widen* occupational. radirlnal, or tohar umuuaj aourcre of eipneure. Pretimmary imwsligatioa carried out by means of a q u mUo mu t amt to a noa- AS eatiatoeatmg ialunl unn mad* (WiT earn armrunmaali le ebto***g sasapltw. Many to bvr of icuUidNd foreign iavatifahn rv \ ypeto wee* bm**toJ saagdoyem m Htor pettoti qurating the values for bad in the blood and bnua f easy avadabibty but they were urine am-ptod by each imvag gator as fam| umtd fr mmm1 npmtiu to bad. Blend within the normal range. The Information and erne oennrw wn obtained fnua "a** gained in thie mnner revealed a wkbr ranje mT tojto of both mn ia rural and arbaa of valuta hawed mo4iy on the nprdmcr of asch foveettgsU* in personal Uudie* of wnapaard |nw|a Rnir of the poet World War H itlerature showed onruidershlr difference* in vtiun LrirA OuufiUies and even within the aamr cuuntjy. AU of them data ioHmdakrty ptaud the duration: Are the dtffrremcea in nwana and ranges real or are they due to differences in laboratory techniques or to other variators* sr*#* foonm rf IJO or uhae (tabes from p-tod )4 btof wwrtmmu) and Jl Or el bknd totaling irtwm each d ae more than JO tojni* pH y*ur ia *arb (dUbtoag labmtom area Tto apmmma wore pierid to ctomirally rbaa glam rontatam m pUjeChyleae btotW* aad afccpfwd by ar mail or air eaprem to Ci tomIlia Carverwty, Dmmoa el OerwpaVenal Mnlinw AB *yrim*ta w re analyifd by a pienderd diltonme mtol under tto eato-rvmna el tto lair Mom* B Jaiahs. f%D la order to eliminate variant* of laborato ry technique or method ae a aigniftcant (ac tor. it waa derided la dmign a aiudy in which specimens front aO aourers were aeval ntomrwd h* pMnlM H*r 1 ItU, vnpto ta B. twe Inmi tto Diitoka mt On--iiml Midir--. NWd at IVUr HmIO and Aitaaieaea Mto iiw r|uinh* Hw Yvt H~S W<r+ tto Sp. Ill a Rvstostaw tto H-to Wtov* mt Aw NtWM Owmu tto aaiwi am*mf tf lh* AmKkiii I`ub4v Halil AavatMa. Asa rnvtta Nv t. two K#er*U mjiw iU to MB W )UO M. Nn Yvt WOU Ur Catoswtar) Table 1 toon* reaulte by country for urine and blood land with range, mean, median and standard deviation (SO). Tables 2 end 3 Uet companions betawn urine from urban and rural subject# and blood lead level* with median, mean, and SD On the basis of the findings of the present aiudy as weB ae of other studies Jt can be suggested Out the "ncruwT levels cl lead In Art* gamma Health--Vaf H. Jmfy JH1 opywipisipiP^I11 ijHf ju ^tpuy na t N 3510.01 m i m iim k i i>i n%>iHi*i .Aw.irrmnsg t . v wmmmmmr LIA14328 1 -jJgjy^f'll |'| ;- i ,w.r,^.^. .i k8. wt-.M A-* - *!*--' I lSAD iS BLOOD ASF) VHtSS-GOLDWATXR B HOOYKFt fit TM i.--(Mm last ^ in i raiwi *r cawunr CsslWl IVftMM* Cmi ClltSiSISlS Cos fassM w*a nvr J*S*a usaass Pw* estsS tom va*svs Umm luassaai UaSsS S^sSss CWSwsu to wt oy Oto totem tsto toragsw S--torS Sue 4S St H rr u St s so so n s so > so rt no so *to g/mw e* V*Ws a*/I00 m Wm ** S*fi S*M Sm so* ttft H*4 se> 0S** toio rt It u 4* no 1* on to It n It 110 ) ir to tot ro at 4J to no it 10-St tost U 44 40 it 44 it to SO ir toSt 1040 to to i rt m It it or t-40 it it toioto *1 10 tt t-40 10 u to tot-to it 40 too to to totors 14 00 pat u it e to It to t to 0-M t 1 sat tat MO to to as I? 11 to t JS IS to to 44 O-lt tat tao n Ul to it 10 M ' at 4 SI at to o-a 21 tl itrt Pitt 1M0 to u ao u toM it lOto It as to let 0-100 U at it ... ... e 1041 It as 1040 tl Ml 14 10 It tl to to it so t t t 11 It t IS r t t it tl it IS s t 1 c 0 urine rtni* frtn 2fh<g/lhsr (ipprodmatriy 28% of the --mpla wt* at this levs! or km) to fi&^/litcr, with the average around S~g The promt study mask that 96% of the grand total of the popula tion* examined had ka than 65^g of lead par liter of urine. The "normaT* values of lead In the blood range from IS* to 40-.g/I00 ml Of the total population, more than 98% had kwd values km than SfVt/100 ml of blood In psnerat blood lead levels of urban subjects wcra found to be slightly higher than those from rural subjects. There was no significant difference between the antes. la a recent comprehensive review, Stepps has tabulated all available data on "normal** blood and urine laad levels from 1926 to 1965.' While his findings show a carta in amount of variation among the numerous studies, the ranges and means are not great ly different from those of the present freestigaticm. Of particular interest is the fact that there Is no significant change in the "nor mal'* blood and urinary lead over the past to '.a or four decades. U is s well-known tort that a certain amount of lead enters the Imsnan body dai ly, mainly by intestion and Inhalation. Most of this amount is eicrrted In the feces with out bring absorbed into the Uond stream.1 Ingestion of lead compounds in food and drinking water and other beverages con tributes most of the daily lead Intake. Thr air also contributes to intake t by inhala tion >, although to a considerably leaner de gree than ingestion Thr lrveU of lead in the blood and urine am generally believed to reflect tha degree of exposure and absorp tion. Concern tws been ex prewed that in creased burning of gasoline by the interns] combustion engine and the wider use of lead in indudry sre esusirvr additional exposures to lead in our environment At the same 4 Arrh tfsaftfr--Vaf If. Jmh tMT i -U':-'-.1 -WJ-}Mmm fgj1 & L IA14329 I i.n I IpULi-^WWl m LIA14330 - Jra---faaA L*AI) iN BLOOD AND VMN--OOLm ATH 4 HOOVKfl tin the annum* of environmental bad from insert iodta, laid pipe, and pamt* have decreased U would ftpf*wr that the increase of kad from the former souram ha* bean balanced by decrease* from the Utter The lead level* reported in the blond of the New Guinea atarigincs (Table 2) are of particular Intern* in that three native*, UvIng in the hlUi of New Guinea, awy from IndustrialUalicei and motorization, showed binod Wwd level* higher in rang* than urban and rural Californian*. The mean figure of 22^/100 ml of Uond w*s higher than that of aamplra from 13 other localities, In cluding California. Ohio, and New York bty. Mean favet* from England, Yugoslavia, and Finland are slightly higher than the New Guinea mu . Because of these ftndfagi, more detailed information was obtained from the marikwl officer serving this New Guinea area. The general environment fa completely orunduUrial and i free of even minimal amounts of gasrrfinr fume*. Cooking it done in uten sil* made erf unfinished bamboo tube*. Other devnoetk utensils are made mostly of wood. Throe observation* mr to illustrate the difficulties in assuming a simple relationship brtween residence and body lead Irvek, * Variations in the bad content of "virgin" sock has been pointed out by Kahn*.* The reach* of a rfudy cf "normal" lead bvU in the blood and urine of Inhabitants cf 15 frrrtgn countries and the United State* have been reported. A total of 829 urine ywimena and 801 blood specimens haw been analyzed for bad content in a central laboratory using a standard dithiaone method. The "normaP level of bad bi the urine auy be assumed to center about a mean of 3f of lead par liter of urine Levels of In * than &V* erf lead per liter of urine wire found in 95% erf tha samples tasted. A "mrmal' range of bd in tha blood b ugttated from W.g to 4fVl of bad per ICj u ml of blood. In 05% of the tested popu lation, valum below 60**/100 ml of blood were found. TV mean value of the present rtudy was l?*g of bad per 100 ml of blood with a standard deviation of 1L New Owm ahnrir?nm ahem average bad lewb in blood covnparabl* with those of fedustrtaliaad countries. Recent lmattrition* of tha bod content of human bkxd - including the study nporiad her*> do not differ greatly from ttaoar don by older inwaugstione during the put three wVw wn |rpxM hr las MI). AifMtvir fUrwtio HmU*4 QmW: Jtmla Twr. MD CMrtM^rskia; MosUis El Bafawi. MD Evpt a fated Art* E. K**g. btf W>wl !* Ss MU I. M Wn muss MU Iw*s: tew* C V1mI MU Itfay-. Ssw TwtfwH MU Gaurwa C E. Puis. MU TW NrtSifiuUt Kuimvrt MU sad Hw- rtt Vitoam MU Pafand. Lac* frftwf. MU So t As l F Vftir. PVD, Yaalri's. Innas It. TV Uedwa. VtD. thu~rw<y at Cabfaafa; aad B. IX Lfa--. MIX Oha aua Uunaiili. Fstaana) s *m< far fix stud-- vs* palM hr HJS fvan l--sn* |i--d OH 71 Ina Om tkvtooa t Om^Usd n#*Yfa. TVs iuMMtioMi ifi ru d this wr>r% partsi* }y snwVd bv a r^a( to-- U* Waetd Hselth Or- aasMsuas a Cm Dtvto-- at Omutw-- 1 Midi W faw--t at IW* sad Ad--faUrti- MaHrW r 1111 it i Uahvmtv. vfaA fa d----*sd as Ss WHO lUfawri Uhonfa) far fas study rf L fan* dJ ' Lead Ciasitoi tia ha Bad sad Urisc at **M--r hpiiilisw; A Hales, fsad hr la* Ss Syvfasaaaa a Einhisawilil Ual Csa- stM. fa*****--, DC. Dse H. ** lamma- * K*W fUL TVs Mifakali-- at Uad fa Msa fa Hniih sad Dfasa TVs Raifaa lafan tM 4 Ray loot Ftofar NaaRk (As> tML J T ffjMiffslkf -!M i*iB M m iH ifa i* II n il ii.Srif.hf,al Fnand am4 MShrf m far t/aOrd fcss rf Am Anh NeaflA--Vaf fl rfa/y tt? oI - li li St CJ