Document 2jvV9Yar1v581EKjwR6jxaZ2R

waxes, uch as icludes: >ur Me ^ miWtfcs m mended ik of 150 m of the nay cause ntact with nervous d, tremblurred less and trichloied, the tion and ate that | m. CHEMICAL HAZARDS 219 respiratory, cardiac, central, and peripheral nervous systems, as well as liver and kidney function. Alcohol intake should be evaluated. SPECIAL TESTS Expired air analysis and urinary metabolites have been used to monitor exposure. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE METHODS Gloves and protective clothing should be worn, and fullface mask should be used in areas of excessive vapor concentrations. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bauer, M., and S. F. Rabene 1974. Cutaneous manifestations of trichloroethylene toxicity. Arch. Derm. 110:886. Feldman, R. G., R. M. Mayer, and A. Traub. 1970. Evidence for peripheral neurotoxic effect of trichloroethylene. Neurology 20:599. Lloyd, J. W,, R. M. Moore, Jr., and P. Breslin. 1975. Background information on trichloroethylene. J. Occup. Med. 17:603. Lowry, L. K., R. Vandervort. and P. L. Polakoff. 1974. Biological indicators of occupational exposure to trichloroethylene. Occup. Med. 16:98. Pardys, S,, and M. Brotman. 1974. Trichloroethylene and alcohol: a straight flush. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 229:521. VINYL CHLORIDE DESCRIPTION CH, = CHCI, vinyl chloride, is a flammable gas at room tempera ture and is usually encountered as a cooled liquid. The colorless liquid forms a vapor which has a pleasant ethereal odor. SYNONYMS Chloroethylene, chloroethene, monochloroethylene. POTENTIAL OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES Vinyl chloride is used as a vinyl monomer in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride and other resins. It is also used as a chemical inter mediate and as a solvent. A partial list of occupations in which exposure may occur includes: Polyvinyl resin makers Organic chemical synthesizers Rubber makers PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMITS The Federal standard for exposure to vinyl chloride sets a limit of 1 ppm over an 8-hour period, and a ceiling of 5 ppm averaged over any period not exceeding 15 minutes. ROUTES of ENTRY Vinyl chloride ga;, i$ absorbed hv inhalation. Skin absorption has tn suggested but experimental evidence is presently lacking. JUL 2 - BB4 SL 071289 'NT# ft- l i f 220 OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES HARMFUL EFFECTS Local-- Vinyl chloride is a skin irritant, and contact with the liquid may cause frostbite upon evaporation. The eyes may be immediately and severely irritated. Systemic-- Vinyl chloride depresses the central nervous system causing symp toms which resemble mild alcohol intoxication. Lightheadedness, some nausea, and dulling of visual and auditory responses may develop in acute exposures. Death from severe vinyl chloride exposure has been reported. Chronic exposure of workers involved in reactor vessel entry and hand cleaning may result in the triad of acro-osteolysis, Raynaud's phe nomenon, and sclerodermatus skin changes. Chronic exposure may also cause hepatic damage. VjjpYl fbloride is regarded as p human carcinogen, and a causal agent trf angiosarcoma of the liver. Excess canceV'ofthe lung and tfie tympliatic'anir^nervous systems lias also been reported. Experimental evidence of tumor induction in a variety of organs, including liver, lung, brain, and kidney, as well as nonmalignant alterations, such as fibrosis and connective tissue deterioration, indicate the multisystem oncogenic and toxicologic effects of vinyl chloride. MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE Preplacement and periodic examinations should emphasize liver function and palpation. Liver scans and grey-scale ultrasonography have been useful in detecting liver tumors. Medical histories should include alcoholic intake; past hepatitis; exposure to hepatotoxic agents, drugs and chemicals; past blood transfusions; past hospitalizations. Radiographic examinations of the hands may be helpful if acroosteolysis is suspected. Long term followup, of exposed persons is essential as in the case of other carcinogens. SPECIAL TESTS None in common use. Metabolism is being studied. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE METHODS Where vinyl chloride levels cannot meet the standard, workers should be required to wear respiratory protection, either air supplied respirator or, if the level does not exceed 25 ppm, a chemical cartridge or cannister type gas mask. In hazard areas, proper protective clothing to prevent skin contact with the vinyl chloride or polyvinyl chloride residue should be worn. BIBLIOGRAPHY Berk, P. D,, J. F. Martin, R. S. Young, J. Creech, I. I. Selikoff, H. Falk P Watanabe, H. Popper, and L. Thomas. 1976. Vinyl chloride-associated liver diseases. Ann. Intern. Med. 84:717. X>dson, V. N,, B. D. D Magnuson. 1971. O Environ. Health 22:1 Duck, B. W. 1976. Medr Med. 69:307. Editorial: Vinyl chloride: Falk, H,, J. L. Creech, J 1974. Hepatic diseas I, Am. Med. Assoc Fox, A. J.. and P. F. O vinyl chloride mont Britain. Brit. J. Ind. Haley, T. J. 1975. Vin; anj Environ. Dealt! eston. B. J., K. Lloy Taylor, K. J. W., D. M scale ultrasonogra agents. Lancet 1:12 Viola, P. L. 1970. Par Waxweiller, R. J., W. S among workers ex ALIPHATIC AP The aliphatic one or more hydro* They tend to have base form. These compou or hydrogenation c industry, particular The amines a: solutions which ca with eyes and skin, able of cutaneous : physiologic or ph vasodilation, but, i posures. Because of th skin, and respirator N-BVTYLAM1 DESCRIPTION CHj-CHj-CH liquid with an am V iay tnd np>me in een and >healso usal osis enic liver nave lude rugs idiois is i the rkers plied ridge thing oridc Ik, P Mjver CHEMICAL HAZARDS 221 Dodson, V. N., B. D, Dinman, W. M, Whitehouse, A, H. M. Nasr, and H. J. Magnuson. 1971. Occupational acro-osteolysis: III. A clinical study. Arch. Environ. Health 22:83. Duck, B. W. 1976. Medical surveillance of vinyl chloride workers. Proc. R. Soc. Med. 69:307. Editorial: Vinyl chloride: the carcinogenic risk. 1976. Brit. Med. J. 2:134. Falk, H., J. L. Creech, Jr., C. W. Heath, Jr., M. N. Johnson, and M. M. Key. 1974. Hepatic disease among workers at a vinyl chloride polymerization plant. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 230;J9. Fox, A. J., and P. F. Collier. 1977. Mortality experience of workers exposed to vinyl chloride monomer in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride in Great Britain. Brit. J. Ind. Med. 34:1. Haley, T. J. 1975. Vinyl chloride: How many unknown problems? J. Toxicol, and Environ. Health 1:47. Makk, L., J. L. Creech, J. G. Whelan, and M. N. Johnson. 1974. Liver damage and angiosarcoma in vinyl chloride workers: a systematic detection program. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 230:64, Preston, B. J., K- Lloyd Jones, and R. G. Grainger. 1976. Clinical aspects of vinyl chloride disease. Proc. R. Soc. Med. 69:284. Selikoff, I. J., and E. C. Hammond, eds. 1975. Toxicity of vinyl chloride-polyvinyl chloride. Ann. N. V. Acad, Sci. 246:1. Taylor, K. J. W., D. M. J. Williams, P. M. Smith, and B. W. Duck. 1975. Grey scale ultrasonography for monitoring industrial exposure to hepatotoxic agents. Lancet 1:1222. Viola, P. L. 1970. Pathology of vinyl chloride. Med. Lav. 61:174. Waxweiller, R. J., W. Stringer, J. K. Wagoner, and J, Jones. 1976. Neoplastic risk among workers exposed to vinyl chloride. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 271:40. ALIPHATIC AMINES The aliphatic amities are derivatives of ammonia (NH3) in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by alkyl or alkanol radicals. They tend to have a characteristic fishlike ammonia odor in the free base form. These compounds are generally prepared by alkylation of ammonia or hydrogenation of the appropriate nitrite. They are widely used in industry, particularly as chemical intermediates. The amines are basic compounds and may form strongly alkaline solutions which can be highly irritating and cause damage on contact with eyes and skin. Skin absorption may be significant as many are cap able of cutaneous sensitization. Some members of this series may have physiologic or pharmacologic effects--e g., histamine liberation and vasodilation, but, in genera), local effects predominate in industrial ex posures. Because of the strong irritant properties of aliphatic amines, eyes, skin, and respiratory tract should be protected from exposure to them. N-BUTYLAM1NE description ., . . c CHj-CH.-CH,-Cn-butylamine, is a flammable colorle s liquid with an ammoniacal odor. s w SL 071291 '