Document 2jdeb5zO1qNxbKbLmQrBK0eYL

636 CHAPTER 44 1959 Guide burners was developed for the Institute of Cooking and Heating Appliance Manufacturers by R. N. St. John. A gifl-gg rod is interposed between a light source and a photo sensitive cell, both before and after being exposed to the flue gases from a heating device. The diminution, of the light transmitted by the rod, due to the deposit of soot on its surface, causes a reduction in the cell emf which is taken as an index of the concentration of smoke in the flue gases. A description of the method is contained in National Bureau of Standard* Commercial Standard CS104-46. DETERMINATION OF AIR CONTAMINANTS Two measures of air dustiness are in use: particles per unit volume of air, and weight per unit volume of air. A comparative method consists in drawing known samples of air through a known area of Alter cloth or paper, and comparing the density of the resulting spots with black ness charts or with spots from-other sources. For counting, particles are captured in a device such as the Smith-Creenburg impinger, the Owens jet dust counter, or in an electrostatic or a thermal precipitation device de signed for the purpose." Counting is done with a micro scope, and the method yields important results when the nature or constituents of the dust are of interest. For a weight determination, a known volume of air is drawn through a porous crucible or thimble, and the weight gained by the thimhle during the operation is the weight of the dust captured from the air sample." For precise work, the thimble must be dried in a desiccating chamber before weighing each time. At the National Bureau of Standards a test method was developed for interested Government agencies, under which measured samples of the uncleaned air and of the air cleaned by a device under test, are passed through filter papers." The ratio of the flow rates through the two filter papers is adjusted during successive tests, until the resulting dust spots approach equality in density as shown by a photom eter. The ratio of the flow rates is then indicative of the effectiveness of the cleaner in arresting dust. A statement of an air cleaner's efficiency by any test method, is meaning less unless the test dust is specified. Other instruments for determining gaseous and particulate air contaminants are described in industrial hygiene literature."* "* SOUND AND VIBRATION MEASURE MENTS71- 7*- "74- 7` The measurement, analysis, and ultimate control of noise in air-conditioning systems is becoming increasingly impor tant. The sound-level meter is the basic instrument used in acoustic measurements. While a crystal-type microphone is usually supplied with the meter, dynamic and condensertype microphones can also be used. The dynamic type is employed when the microphone and sound-level meter are separated by a long cable. The condenser microphone is stable and has a flat response. Crystal microphones are stable and sensitive, but require a temperature correction when connected to the sound-level meter through a long cable. In the refined art of acoustics, the overall or total sound level is of little value. Loudness and annoyance as inter preted by the ear are a function of frequency as well as sound level. The effective rating and control of noise must, therefore, involve the measurement of frequency distribu tion. The octave-band analyzer, which divides the noise spectrum into eight frequency bands! is most commonly used in conjunction with the sound-level meter. A number of the criteria that have been developed for environmental noise levels are based on octave bands. Narrow-band filters are also available, and impact noise analyzers can be used to measure transient noise levels such as those produced by drop-forge hammers. Electronic instruments are available for measuring the frequency, amplitude, and acceleration of a vibrating mass. Vibration meters are usually portable, self-contained, and direct reading. REFERENCES 1For a comprehensive treatment of temperature measure ment the reader is referred to Temperature, It* Measurement and Control in Science and Industry (symposium of American Institute of Physics, published by Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York). *H. D. Baker, E. A. Ryder, and N. H. Baker: Temperature Measurement trt Engineering (John Wiley and Sons, New York). 'Temperature measurement (ASME Power Test Code, Part 3). 4G. V. Pannelee and R. G. Huebscher: ASHVE Research Report No. 1292--The shielding of thermocouples from the effects of radiation (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 52, 1946, p. 183). *P. Nicholls and W. E. Rice: Errors in the measurement of the temperature of flue gases (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 35, 1929, p. 473). 'A. C. Willard, A. P. Krats, and V. S. Day: Investigation of Warm Air Furnace* and Heating Systems (Illinois Engineering Experiment Station Bulletin No. 120). *P. Nicholls: Measuring heat transmission in building struc tures and a heat transmission meter (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 30, 1924, p. 94). *W. B. Kirk and G. J. Pac&novsky: Parallel-connected thermocouples for the reding of gas appliances (Got, Septem ber 1939, p. 51). * American Standard for Indicating Pressure and Vacuum Gages, Round Dial Type, with Elastic Pressure Chamber (American Standards Association, B. 40J--1939). * Standard Test Code for Centrifugal and Axial Fans (ASHVE and NAFM, published as NAFM Bulletin No. 110, 1938). u Fan Engineering (Buffalo Forge Company, Buffalo, New York, 5th ed,, p. 165). a Illinois Micromanometer (University of Illinois, Engineer ing Experiment Station Bulletin No. 120, p. 91). " J. E. Emswiler and W. C. Randall: The weathertightness of rolled steel windows (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 34, 1928, p. 527). u Psychrometric Tables for Vapor Pressure, Relative Hu midity and Temperatures of the Dew-Point (U. S. Department of Agriculture, Weather Bureau). u For technical data refer to Fluid Meter Reports (American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Parts 1--1937, 2--1931, and 3 --1933). "National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics Technical Notes No. 546 (November 1935). "F. R. Ingram, E. Dies-Canseco, and L. Silverman: The characteristics of double Pitot tubes (ASHVE Journal Section, Heating, Piping and Air Conditioning, November 1942, p. 708). "H. S. Bean, E. Buckingham, and P. S. Murphy: Discharge coefficients of square edged orifices for measuring the flow of air (Bureau of Standards Journal of Research, Vol. 2, 1929, p. 561). "Flow measurement by nozzles and orifice plates (ASME Power Test Codes, 1949, Part 5 of Chapter 4). Instruments and Measurements 637 "Pressure measurement (ASME Power Test Code, 1936, Part 2 of Chapter 2). nD. D. Wile: Air flow measurement in the laboratory (Re frigerating Engineering, June 1947, p. 515). " G. L. Tuve, G. B. Priester, and D. K. Wright, Jr.: ASHVE Research Report No. 1204--Entrainment and jet-pump action of air streams (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 48, 1942, p. 241). "A. P. Krats, A. E. Hershey, and R. B. Engdahi: ASHVE Research Report No. 1165--Development of instruments for the study of air distribution in rooms (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 46, 1940, p. 351). "D. D. Wile: Development of testing apparatus for thermo stats (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 42, 1936, p. 349). "J. F. Kemp: Stable hot-wire anemometer for low speeds (ASHAE Journal Section, Heating, Piping and Air Condition ing, October 1957, p. 137). *C. P. Yaglou: The heated thermometer anemometer (Jour nal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Vol. 20, October 1938). "H. B. Nottage: A simple heated-thermocouple anemometer (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 56, 1950, p. 431). "L. E. Davies: ASHVE Research Reports Nos. 857, 911, and 966--Measurement'of the flow of air through registers and grilles (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 36, 1930, p. 201; Vol. 37, 1931; p. 619; and Vol. 39, 1933, p. 373).. "G. L. Tuve and D. K. Wright, Jr.: ASHVE Research Re port No. 1162--Air flow measurements at intake and discharge openings and grilles (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 46, 1940, p. 313). "A. M. Greene, Jr. and M. H. Dean: ASHVE Research Report No. 1092--The flow of air through exhaust grilles (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 44, 1938, p. 387). "G. L. Larson, D. W. Nelson, and R. W. Kubasta: ASHVE Research Report No. 936--Investigation of air outlets in- cla/w room ventilation (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 38, 1932, p. 463). "D. W. Nelson and D. J. Stewart: ASHVE.Research Re post No. 1076--Air distribution from side wall outlets (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 44, 1938, p. 77). *G. L. Tuve: Measuring air flow (Heating, Piping and Air Conditioning, December 1941). "G. L. Tuve, D. K. Wright, Jr., and L: J. Siegel: ASHVE Research Report No. 1140--The use of air velocity meters (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 45, 1939, p. 645). sO. W. Armspach and Margaret Ingels: Temperature, hu midity and air motion effects m ventilation (ASHVE Trans actions, Vol. 28, 1922, p. 103). "H. B. Nottage, J. G. Slaby, and W. P. Gojsza: A smokefilament technique for experimental research in room air dis tribution (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 58, 1952, p. 399). "J. B. Dick: Measurement of.ventilation using tracer gas technique (ASHVE Journal Section, Heating, Piping and Air Conditioning, May 1950, p. 131). " C. W. Coblentz and P. R. Achenbach: ASHAF, Research Report No. 1616--Design and performance of a portable infil tration meter (ASHAE Transactions, Vol. 63, 1957, p. 477). **W. H. Carrier: The temperature of evaporation (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 24, 1918, p. 25). "H. B. Nottage: ASHVE Research Report No. 1401--A proposed psychrometric chart (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 56, 1950, p. 411). "W. H. Carrier and C. O' Mackey: A review of existing psychrometric data in relation to practical engineering prob lems (ASME Transactions, January 1937, p. 33). Discussion (ASAf.fi Transactions, August 1937, p. 528). . "Arnold Wexler: Divided Flow Low Temperature, Humidtty Test Apparatus (National Bureau of Standards Research Paper No. 1894). ^ aH. A. D&ynes: Gas Analysis by Measurement of Thermal Conductivity (Cambridge Press, New York, 1933). "H. M. Vernon: The measurement, in relation to human comfort, of the radiation produced by various heating systems (institution Heating Ventilating Engineers Proceedings, VoL 31, p. 160). "T. Bedford and C. G. Warner: The globe thermometer in studies of heating and ventilatiog (Institution Heating Venti lating Engineers Journal, Vol. 2, 1935, p. 544). "D. J. Sutton and P. E. McNall, Jr.: A* two-ephere radiom eter (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 60, 1954, p. 297). "A. C. Willard, A. P. Kratz, and M. K. Fahnestock: The application of the eupatheoscope for measuring the perform ance of direct radiation and convection in terms of equivalent temperature (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 39, 1933, p. 303). "C. P. Yaglou: Physical procedures in air analysis--Instru ments and methods for recording thermal factors: affecting hu man comfort (American Journal Public Health Supplement, VoL 26, March 1936, p. 76). C. P. Yaglou, A. P. Kratz, and C.-E. A. Winslow: Instruments and methods for recording thermal factors affecting human comfort, I--Report of subcommittee on physical procedures in air analysis (American Journal Pub lic Health Supplement, Vol. 27, March 1937, p. 84). "C.-E. A. Winslow and Leonard Greenburg: The thermointegrator--a new instrument for the observation of thermal interchanges (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 41, 1935, p. 149). m Standard Method of Test for Thermal Conductivity of Materials by Means of the Guarded Hot Plate (adopted July 1942 by ASHVE, ASTM Designation C 177-45). ** Tentative Method of Test for Thermal Conductivity of Pipe Insulation (ASTM Designation C 335-54T). "D. DEustachio and R. E. Schreiner: A study of transient beat method for measuring. thermal conductivity (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 58, 1952, p. 331). "F. C. Hooper and F. R. Lepper: Transient heat flow ap paratus for the determination of thermal conductivity (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 56, 1950, p. 309). "F. C. Hooper and S. C. Chang: Development of thermal conductivity probe (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 59, 1953, p. 463). "C. P. Lentz: A transient heat flow method of determining thermal conductivity: Application to insulating materials (Ca nadian Journal of Technology, Vol. 30, June 1952, p. 153). " Tentative Method of Test for Thermal Conductance and Transmittance of Built-up Sections by Means of Guarded Hot Box (American Society for Testing Materials, ASTM-C-23649T). "P. Nicholls: ASHVE Research Report No. 685--Measur ing heat transmission in building structures and a heat trans mission meter (ASHVE Transactions, VoL 30, 1924, p. 65). "R. G. Huebscher, L. F. Sehutmm, and G. V. Parmelee: A low-inertia low-resistance heat flow meter (ASHVE Transac tions, Vol. 58, 1952, p. 275). "J. T. Gier and R. V. Dunkle: Using the heat flow meter to study heat transfer (Refrigerating Engineering, Vol. 62, October 1954, p. 63). * 1 = B = R Testing and Rating Codes for Low Pressure Heating Boilers (Institute of Boiler and Radiator Manufac turers, 1947). " Commercial Standard for Warm Air Furnaces Equipped with Vaporising Pot-type Oil Burners (National Bureau of Standards, CS. 104-26). "Martin Shepherd; Rapid determination of small amounts / of carbon monoxide (Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, . Analytical Edition, 19, 77, 1947). "Martin Shepherd: Determination of small amounts of carbon monoxide in air by various reference methods (National Bureau of Standards Journal of Research 38, 351, 1947, R. P. 1777). " Commercial Standard for Mechanical Draft Oil Burners Designed for Domestic Installations (National Bureau of Standards, CB. 75-42). " Philip Drinker and Theodore Hatch: Industrial Dust* (McGraw-Hill Book Co, New York).