Document 2jBypvOXqKQnLJ6QR6NkebYN
TOXICITY OP CHEMICALS
To start this review of toxicity of chemicals let's take a " look at the kinds of hazards we face. Generally speaking,
health hazards from chemicals are divided Into four classes. Can you name them?
2. Many chemicals fall into more than one of the classes listed In the previous question. Can you give a few typical examples of chemicals In each of these classes?
3. Are there any generalizations that can be used as rough guides In anticipating toxicity hazards from organic chemicals?
4. To what physiological mechanism can the Inhalation of absorb able gases or vapors be likened?
5 What attitude should be taken In groups responsible for the synthesis or screening of large numbers of new chemicals of unknown toxicity?
6. What actions should be taken to minimize the chances for exposure to toxic chemicals?
7. Can the absolute toxicity of any chemical actually be deter mined?
8. What particular aspect of the action of certain physiologi cally active chemicals requires that the best In lab technique be used every day In the laboratory?
9- What does "sensitization" mean in toxicology?
10. Where can information on the toxicity of chemicals be obtained
11. Where can one find the latest official list of threshold limit values for exposures to gases, vapors, dusts, fumes, mists, mineral dusts, and radiation?
12. What action should the chemist take if he believes that he may be developing symptoms due to his work with chemicals?
13* Why is it especially Important that research department personnel report any symptoms of chemical toxicity?
14. What Is the basis for differentiation between toxic and poisonous materials in the plant?
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- Answer# -
1. Health hazards from chemicals can be grouped under the follow ing four headings:
a. Vapor and gas hazards b. Bust hazards c. Skin contact hazards d. Oral Intake hazards
2. The four classes of hazards can be further subdivided with respect to speed of action, mode of action, etc. The examples given below have been so subdivided.
Vapor and Gas Hazards
a. Immediately toxic or extremely irritating on very short exposure -- hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen cyanide, carbon monoxide, chlorine, ammonia, and oxidea of nitrogen (except nitrous oxide, NgO). Symptoms of nitrogen oxide poisoning may not appear for 24 hours after exposure.
b. Suffocating gases have no toxic effects but are dangerous when present in quantities large enough to materially re duce the oxygen content of the air. Examples: acetylene butane, carbon dioxide, helium, hydrogen, methane, nitro gen, and propane.
c. The following are examples of chemicals which are dangerous after repeated exposure: methanol, benzene, toluene, dioxane, hydrogen fluoride, picric acid, carbon bisulfide, chlorinated compounds (carbon tetrachloride, trichloro ethylene, tetrachloroethane, chloronaphthalenes, chlorobiphenyls), nitro aromatics (nitrobenzenes, nltrochlorobenzenes, nitrobiphenyls, TNT), and aromatic amines (aniline, amlnoblphenyle, cyclohexylamines). Some of these (like aniline and nitrobenzenes) are considerably more toxic than others in the group.
Bust Hazards
Many nuisance dusts exist, but the more toxic dusts Include lead, cadmium, silica, chrome compounds, arsenic&ls, fluorides, caustics, acid compounds and resorcinols.
Skin Contact Hazards
a. This group is toxic through skin penetration, the degree of toxicity depending largely on the rate of penetration through the skin. Phenols are absorbed rapidly and are, therefore, very dangerous. Nitro and amino compounds are somewhat less rapidly absorbed but invariably lead to skin
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eruptions as well as more serious disturbances. Einitro-
chlorobenzene is an example of this. Methanol And benzene are quite toxic when absorbed through the skin,
b. Compounds which are corrosive to the skin include mineral acids, some organic acids, caustics, phosphorus, phenol
and bromine.
c. Pat solvents such as ketones, esters and alcohols often cause dermatitis. They also sake the skin more susceptible to infections. These solvents often carry harmful chemicals into the skin.
d. Many industrial organic compounds (such as the sulfanil amide group, phthalic anhydride, and others) can cause allergic skin manifestations after long continued or repeated exposure. The worker may show no skin effects early in his period of contact but later, contact even with minute amounts of the chemical will cause eruptions
similar to actual poisoning.
Oral Intake Hazards
Persons working with chemicals are not expected to taste them. Nevertheless, whenever particulate matter is Inhaled, it also is swallowed because the material entering the nose and mouth can be carried to the stomach by the saliva. It must be remembered that the solubility of compounds in the test tube is not a good indication of their solubility in the body, and insolubility should never be taken to indicate that substances cannot damage living tissue.
3. The following generalizations may be helpful in anticipating toxicity hazards:
a. In general, the addition of a hydroxyl group Increases toxicity.
b. In general, addition of chlorine Increases toxicity. Toxicity Increases more rapidly with chlorination of aplphatlcs than of aromatics.
c. The nitroso and nitro groups always increase toxicity and their position in the compound is very important. Nitro-
aromatics are more toxlo than nitro-allphatlcs.
d. In general, the reduction of a nitro compound to an amine Increases toxicity.
e. Nitriles all are health hazards. Low molecular weight nitriles (particularly acrylonitrile) are very tcxic.
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k. When a vapor or gas Is inhaled, if it is capable of being absorbed, the physiological mechanism is roughly the same as an intravenous injection because of the close proximity of the blood vessels to the lung surface.
5. For groups handling synthesis and screening of a large number of compounds, a general rule should be used. Due to the great variety of compounds handled and lack of information on most of them, it is considered that all chemical samples should be classed as extremely hazardous until there la information to the contrary.
6. a. Have adequate ventilation when working with volatile materials to minimize chances of exposure.
Poor ventilation and handling volatile compounds away from a hood has caused trouble several times. Many of the thiophosphates are moderately volatile and the vapors will build up to toxic concentration in a closed room.
Two laboratory workers have become quite ill on two Instances while working with parathlon in a closed, unventilated room.
b. Avoid contamination of working areas with toxic materials. Clean up spills which do occur promptly.
Contamination of laboratory bench tops with persistent toxicants is seldom recognized as a potential hazard. Alarming constriction of the pupils of the eyes and temporary loss of vision was traced to contamination of the hands with a phosphorous compound from the bench top and subsequent rubbing of the eyes.
c. Use a suction bulb or vacuum line (with a trap) for pipettingl
Using the mouth to take up chemicals with a pipette is a habit that is most difficult to deter. One worker has obtained evidence that tetraethyl pyrophosphate has a salty taste. Immediate and copious rinsing, ar.d the fact that the chemical had net passed into the throat saved his life.
d. Make use of personal protective equipment.
Skin protection and respiratory protection can be achieved by the use of equipment available at the storeroom and the plant service department.
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Protective glove should be koto In all spray operations.
Many occurrences of chemical burning and skin rash have
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occurred by failure to use proper protection. Bursting cf sprayer hose lines is a continual danger and has caused
several near misses also.
?: 7. The absolute toxicity of a particular material is practically Impossible to determine since the effect will vary considerably
with the person* the type and duration of exposure* the physical condition of the Individual Involved and undoubtedly many
unknown factors.
8. Physiologically active materials are the moet insldlouB
category of chemicals that we deal with since there are usually no obvious manifestations of their effect until much later. Here we deal with the entire spectrum of chemical
compounds from lead to benzene. In many casea the effects of these materials are irreversible. Some examples of this type
are: picric acid* chlorinated compounds* nitro compounds* amines* acrolein* methyl alcohol* and dloxane.
9. Often a toxic effect once manifested will cause a sensitivity to a material such that only a trace exposure Is necessary for a second eruption. There has been cases of sensitization
to dlnltrochlorobenzene* formaldehyde* phthallc anhydride* dimethyl aniline, etc.
10. Often very little information on toxicity of chemicals Is
available on new compounds. Information on commercial chemicals will be found in the toxicology texts In the library* the
Manufacturing Chemists1 Association data sheets* and the American Petroleum Institute toxicological reviews. The Medical Depart* meat also stands ready to offer Its counsel In these matters.
li. A new official list of threshold limit values is adopted annually at the meeting of the American Conference of Govern mental Industrial Hygienists. This list is published in the Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Medicine, usually in the August or September issue each year. A current list is included with this quiz.
12. Ar.y chemist who feels that he is developing symptoms due to his work with chemicals should feel free to call the Medical Department (Dial 722-723) and arrange an appointment at the Office Dispensary.
13. Inasmuch as there is no medical information cn many of our products, especially the new ones, you will help yourself, the Medical Department, the Company and your fellow workers by reporting symptoms due to contact with chemicals.
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Ik/, In the Queeny Plant materials are classified only as "toxic" or "poisonous". The classification of toxic material" is limited to those confounds which are known to cause cyanosis in various degrees. They include such chemicals as o-nlto* chlorobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene, o- and p-phenetedine, o- .and p-nltrophentole, o- and p-anisidine, p-nitrophenol, o- and m-chloraniline, o-nitrophenol, p-amlnodiphenyl, dichlorcanlline, cyclohexylamine, etc. All other materials, regardless of their physiological effect are classed as "poisonous".
RSV 0010514
IMPORTANT PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND PRINCIPAL USES OF CERTAIN TOXIC SUBSTANCES WITH CHIEF DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS OF INJURY OR OTHER DISABILITY
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PROPERTIES AND USES OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES WITH DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS OF INJURY-- (Coiuiawd)
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RSV 0010516
PROPERTIES AND USES OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES VTTH DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS OF INJURY-- (Coeunutd)
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RSV 0010517
PROPERTIES AND USES OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES WITH DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS OF INJURY-- (Contmirtd)
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C*byanrw*a.rwv:iciioa;araManauawaieitdi;rtaaaparaa:ittpbawraardwrnv~>i: .tataairiirbpi*wainiabtma;adAAwn*r*twMa(cbnta,m>* Twialum.t r--oa!m*rm**aAattmtaaw.aik. naaauraii.um* mauataawatnwwaaaaf
Bawl aaatyda: wdk aka; wibiary pmm
m
twiimatryaotawiupaaibbaa.nmpDtmbba*Miaaaraf
IaambMbiaowaMwwwft*yfaw.ualt(wadauwdlaab--dwdfLa*kni`paw*anl-ud*Vnb*IwiwaaiatcwiidnaUi.tawU*wUa**ryraiaaaaaadMwdi.a*LMdnaift.t*a***aiduwaardwrarTd*abaw^*f
Cnawra;awi*n*:biba*i f*lawit< aaA WiMtaaAa aalHMaa- CdkwfMicdd.Mipbait.i Mauadiii^adaw.il..aa.maimaiarrimi.--iUImabibbfatmwwaMb5aUdat.
RSV 0010318
PROPERTIES AND USES OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES WITH DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS OF INJURY-- (CoeuMed)
RS V 0010519
PROPERTIES AND USES OF TOXIC SUBSTANCZ5 WITH DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS OF INJURY--(Conn--d)
RSV 0010520
PROPERTIES AND USES OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES RTTH DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS OF INJURY-- (Cotimwd)
RSV 0010521
PIOPEBTIXS AND USES Of TOXIC SUBSTANCES WITH DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS OS INJUXY-- <Coaded)
! *sr 1 aJnM
j
m amo -Ir-' j -
QimfciJi ^tabaa
f--* Iwa.
MmMUmAMmm Maaaai hnM Him*
Mai af byIII Ns 1
i
j Aa a nw tin ibamna
1*Wit finMliarfc m Iran aai mpiraiarv
iai all.; *riaiira: itaJal|.
^y1* **' 'ambnat
InMa b tha aa m. min. ar.utmii if Mr tbiwi app aai m. btMMianv paayambMaama Hall vua u Ml ar------| ^lijiM*br~aamii mai a mbs*: Harbin,
rbb bmnn b ha, anbury laMm
Hmb
'--
--
Cmutav Naii
Lbmi
-- Km
Oraub
TaMa
MMyMi 11 *+m.m* alia 1*
OiHir mthM: f*M< II || i NbN m aaatruH Mammy
Lnhal m- hjaib oft.; ahlanaaiiac iitnii iaiat Mi la bm al*.
Iwbniia ii Nmikmii: y b Im --a
hattTlarv imhli
Ul"~ 1
1U(. m pa: VsAm-
ljSSt<iil?!Mi5aataf M^nM*S^baaTl ambim Imbi ab UM aibib Mb.
M:*iblbi4 Mijiim
y--itrm
pm*b * mM
"xS
<3.
--
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MM Mi
CumA
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Ill i i
MMbmri
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es- wfwmk
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tanM U^Amm. Km (Aaiai
*^iT ii aMwOHMi Umi IMMOWII Cm
--
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1 MM. 1
Mmm
ill
i1
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m*.
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rNyinm
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Tv AM
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SNM
KMtNpmi
bat Anaa vtUiac intfbN mark; pkav
mb 1 hana iMbtampaMab bM la In
febmim: aadMaa: M M alk; li fimii: mm
iimpiMr * Ml
As An bn mi ni r J-MibM -- -
awaft-ihbacfcarM* TTaaTirakaS^jaay mb-: W all.
Obaamsimikabda iaat aaaMrb^AJa
Daaaiaraal far aJrabal;
^madma; abat a Hb
laiwMbM*
bM*W*lW>l tmr na: km n
01m mf.; aaiai alf.; aM HiMiaa bai ami aaa Mbimc; mb*
Oban w i Mb aa b^n.
Mrbai bail aai imaa nwns b amt aai Ml aaam b waa. mnllm tana
BiUbinimi
Mbrw minis: mb-.' A^srimjy ami Mart paainriL mm mm, Ail im, a snrbrAM
barman; bMUi M
m Mb ibrMnima b ibr bm aai mmi mm>
mfeiSbrniwasN
faaM. m lb Mb m npib * ban-
fatrabaa nAhm: Ma smc: aa miosvr: Ms* tila iiluirr attain aratkM: miian; nb
lar iiari
Oban n tba am
Aa iaai iuikia| tfe viaibla maaaaa an
bmmdiBamnm
hraam. fma b 1* M<b aai pmI brnttabmib. OmMy iaaailaab.
lathy mb-'- aaruoia: Aa a a*ar thra maaaw 1 bmatma i ana anbiaa i M aai fan
Inal laiiM: milcar; mnahMm b n aai n> 1 mry (ran.
vatifiaMat
imnmi tran
j
j Artificial it* iaiaritr: "-- vr| avitni N
1 brtr. via*, aai atau:
; or: miaiai Mi will
1 ItaaMiia. nybin. Wuab iaiaiiia b bMi
Aa a aaa tbi ika imn- mnVan. roarmailn bma- iai bin
wraiw
| pkaMMM. nnm Waaar bam b"
Aambin.
Araatei: aaalrtial tbamvy: u arvva: laafnag: arw ra* aft-: mm silt.: (irqatailr anti *tik
mim harm/b pa: a aai Mbinc: H* makrna
At a aaa thra tbs lama wiwma
Acult fuaimi r OwaiumuN b baai. btfnmc pa< ie tar rytj. aaar. u tkraai. rrmt. mamr nua. nitma. small, qumbibi an PM. aw ala. sMarammm, taaoacMi mm- mtm
<Sml>r>iMMr Ci|Mtji*ris Nwrn rw-
mamNirNm
Ml: naiaa'na^Vfaaic
gwhuaauaii HM rauaaa: waibv aai Mxuk laiaitnta; mnallarcr; cbamical*
Aa a aaam lira Ik# mma
mt mi: tamN m a MMniini
mvbMA. 0mabaabilhiii n*nm
! PiMruaj *ab: laaiac: raaA rraair; laaakauai
1 pai ml*-: nman al*-
i
Timn lira mairaiary mci;nnanaabi
^bMwaMMiivim^iU.Mbbiamatainaaw.
Im b ap*n>a. warn imirbm braian. twim iman b tfcr iwimaimi am. wuMswaI'tnimi--i iran i----
RSV 0010522
#*
PROPCTTlE3_AyD USES OF TOXJC SUBSTANCES V1TH DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS OF INJUftV--(Coariawd)
--
I
f
1
1
PtaH-rt
MbM
MWM4PnMi mnrtlnuwatn Mr
* ` -.<** -
C
as*
lapiir mbait jaiabMm
M b P*mal w ww mB mw*
`b ta Bwai ib a..iJTi" - jJj^b A* UMHha iM W MM N
*M
l(
1-1 it
)M
ter*
WMMT M- AibM md m fisr^-
IbMI Mwal tmm barbannatbpbiiaibarfm bpy wv *tmm W Mmc rtr mM. pha. MBiAt hmm Milk mi b-mr. mm m M M hate. ami im, Mama ^-srsri^sr3S
M
^ fM biwy M
mi ^pmB al Mm--Mm tUBf bIIrn----ni--n>>CCHmM1tmTwTt3k
OwMalbMil HniMb Lm lipln (flwi b Awfl, na
1WMb* kaatibbiamftUtb!mm Mb iiniibl
baMbjuab^at iTuTSmt"* --**mi
NbbipnmMMa.wmtef(caMmb*aaabMibwiaMbab
iWbbr M Mb b
tab
MbiiM
vbte vb* h i bb (ku wbi v
itm bar. nbb afawUr tipiMl bi Mhk. It k
wbtaMbwNUiaMat bBMbtdb u vafcat afiMi
kiU. ~-b `f
SUBSTANCE
(wtebbhydi Aeatb aad Aeatb anhydride
AHbM iituMi As^bMi
Annan Asybatafc wbAnyi ibafcel
AaOna Aikv
BbmiM) Xnin i irmiifM-T
-But--rt 2-Brtaaen Butyl CaOnfrt Gatndinida Chrbn dUUt CbrbnneMridt
OrtautnehMi
Ctfwuht Ctflaaetet anatata
Chian 3-CUsubatadine
CkMem 1 Ctot i-ulupnpan Crriohuapr (Srlahenaol
CrelahnsaeM Cyebheana
PJJL
m
10 i 1000
OB
X 100 300 100
1 008
a
1 1X00
too
290 300 IIW
80 MO 3S 300
100
1
x
IX
X 400
IX IX 4X
THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES
OASES AND VAPORS
SUBSTANCE
P.PJL
SUBSTANCE
T1U.
?SeEL&r> 4X
Oanbn naprtn
m
500
(rthrlna tfftranidt)
*-DbhWobnana
50
Dbhlaudifluerenthan urn
1, I.PwhllUUbbiM
IX
Haunt Bydracn eUorida
(jvridi
flrWH stni
MO
1
10
s
1, MfcUeratAbM
((farina dkhknk) 1. S DUkraokrln*
aIXx
DkkkrabyiatW TTHiliinntkin
ax
DkUouneab
1,1SHnriialiMliathiib1Miilinlfaai
JXX 10
Hrdrotn aabsida
Hydrufn wJAda Min Iipbtrna
Mbty--laI di Uttbyrlaaatik
Methyl karnab
0
X 1 X X ax ax X
1,0-DbUMupranaM
Mathyl bat--na
IX
(papytaua diularidt) 75
ITb libibaf i flmainB !>-- ixx
DbaacfarbmBaa
s
Dbaatkybutfata
1
Mathyl eaBnahu Mathyl nOenln hM
Matty! ebkrida Methyiryrlnbwan
X
X
IX IX
IX MatfayfcyuW--nw!
MO
EtbylMtefa Ettyl aleabal
4X 1XX
Mattiyb iilninmnw Mathv) wiab
IX IX
Etfa^ Wuaana Ftfari brannk
3X MatbTl iaa-bctrl kibM IX
ax Man`iileruhnn
7$
Ftbyl rhtarida
ixoo
Etfa-bea ebkabybin
5
Mauffftacrudiehbf nheaal
lxoo
Ethyl atfar
4X MeeratmotuBM
5
Ethrl (mu
IX Naptha leaal tar?
200
EOrldbit! riuar^e
Femalbaafde
IX Naotba ipatrufeuB'
a; Niraei rarbotiyi
: Mtrooerxrae
SX 1
1
SDBCTANCX
fjjl
fHhiilbm
m
tfbnn Mte (atfar thu
SbOI X
Nlbartnrin
as
KBwntban I^NitnpnpaM
Ms0o
Ortan Own PnUn
M0
ixx1
PUCina (kathyt
pi P ii >
Ann Fliudii--
ax 0iX8 u
ib Frnpaaal
mpn um
M0
ax
M>mpplUbu
Sdhin
M0
at
BtoddM nkuut ftma wnur
M0
ax
QBnw CMW
t
Mivdinib
10
1.1.3, 2-Tafrarblnrwtban
Tiirarhlnurhyb--
ax
Tatum
T1e,1ho.1d-iTwrichkraUhni
ax s
[Brthrl ehJcnfers)
ax
TrkhWrwtfarbn
ax
Turpniinc
IX
1 orri ehiahM Xyrrtt
500
ax
toxic ducts mas and iron
mg. n
substance
cu. M.
SUBSTANCE
MG. TER CtT. IL
Aaliatuai
OS Ihraw
SI
Amit
OS rwitirijlnuniplithifru U
Barbn
OlB PtsUrhlavopbabd
05
CadnsB
ai FilialtiauiM (yaJlow'l
SI
ChbradiphrnTi
i Pfcutphorom pratiehbridt )
Ctraab aeM aad ebnuataa
nCVOi
01
QtbaiaeL'ti
^1
Triaidf as CN
8 Sulfuric and
1.0
0. MVttirl-0 p aitruptiiiil
TfOarns
02
thkphaapftate iparrthiou' 01 Tcari
Dkibutolune
1A Tiktii^wniiphllhbh--
1j
6
Fhiffxb
tl Trisiriucabm
IX
1m nidi fuu
IS Utbbob (niubb nupoud^ 006
Oil Vnaiw laactnbit mb-
?>2acn#rnnB otide for
IS
pounds*
025
Maagaaw*
Ziar nidtfaw
IS
UINQLAL DUSTS
SUBSTANCE iLPJ.CJ.
AhndsB
X
Aabakn
5
Carborvadun
M
Duat isubaaea.M0uualial M
Mica (held* 5*5 fra* shea) SO
Faftlasd Ceamt
90
Tab X
SUBSTANCE 1LPJ.CX.
hbh (abn* 50^- (m 80a) 5
adiaa (Buao^hn
SO.)
X
l0*(bk^BrrnSOt) X
Sbtc (beiov 5^ fm 80'< X
Cnpatun (baM ttm
80*)
X
Total duat ibtUr 6T, fit
80s'
Adopted at tht Martins * tha Aawrinu (Warm** f Ommi Hycbniru in L Amin in April IBM.
RSV 0010523