Document 2j5q4wzvw80rMyR7bzw19OajN

VOLUME TWENTY-THREE NUMBER TWO .jayygaip, lading appli- 77iis deepwater wharf and shed, one of eight new port structures, is part of the 8.5 million square foot expansion of port facilities now nearing completion at New Orleans. Most of the steel structure of the new wharves, sheds, and warehouses is protected against corrosion by red lead paints. See story on page 7. 5 f.... k <. .14^ 4'^jtJt Wv #v: . ;i M O T E L THE SIGNS POINT TO LEM ON ALUMINUPAi The advent and development of lead-bearing low-temperature enamels has opened new horizons in the life time surface finishing field. The Marveon Company of Ogden, Utah, used these enamels in the manufacture of porcelain enameled aluminum and aluminized steel signs, electrical sign faces and structural products some of which are shown in the accompanying illustrations. A full range of colors is available, and Marveon has been able to produce most any of the textures and degrees of matte or gloss finishes now popular in enamels fired at higher temperatures. The finished signs have the advantages of lifetime beauty that can only be obtained with a vitreous porcelain enamel finish. The use of porcelain enameled aluminum offers two main advantages over other porcelain enameled prod ucts, i.e. light weight and the ease w ith which it can be fabricated after enam eling. The light weight of porcelain enameled aluminum results in consid erable savings where shipping is re quired. Due to the fact that aluminum enamels are ground finer than those employed on steel, thinner coats are adequate to give desired opaqueness or thickness of finish. Thus, the enamel coat is so thin that the finished panel can be sawed, cut, sheared, drilled or punched with little or no exposure of the base metal. The advantages of por celain enameled aluminum over or ganic or paint finishes are obvious -- porcelain enameled aluminum is a true vitreous finish and consequently is harder, has higher abrasion and scratch resistance and superior weathering resistance providing a sur face with long life at the very lowest maintenance cost. The availability of aluminum enam els has greatly simplified the art of porcelain enameling products which lend themselves to flat or extruded surfaces. Metal preparation for the pure aluminum involves only cleaning and pre-firing to remove grease, oil and finger marks prior to the applica tion of the lead-bearing enamels. Ac cording to D. Sawyer, General Mana ger of Marveon, "from a porcelain enameler's and sign manufacturer's viewpoint . . . this new product has given us many advantages over anvthing before known in the enameling of sign and structural products." The use of aluminum enamels on aluminized steel creates another useful product which although not so light as aluminum, has other advantages. In asmuch as the product is processed at around 1000 F., which is well below the transformation point of steel, aluminized steel can be enameled with out creating pillowing or other objec tionable distortions commonly suffered in the high temperature processes. In fact, structural panels emerge from the furnace almost as flat as when they enter. The lack of distortion at 1000 F. and over makes it possible to proc ess 24 gauge aluminized steel and aluminum successfully and the Mar veon Company now uses and recom mends that weight for sign faces. This in itself is a boon to the electrical sign industry as heretofore it has been necessary to use 18 gauge and heavier stock for sign faces due to the distor tion hazards in higher temperature enameling processes. Marveon, in ad dition to manufacturing porcelain enameled aluminum and aluminized steel products, has produced for its own use an economical furnace. They have made this furnace available to other sign companies and enamelers with proven success in many parts of the country. ta Pir m P; lo in to tilo LIA26173 LEERING ENAMELS NMNELS h -d ;ie ig Ml :a*10 1aain -r s has liv ing on eful it as ln- d at elow teel. withbjecfered s. In in the the\ j | ; 1000' proc- 1 and Mar- ecom- faces. ctrical is been leavier distor- erature in adrcelain ninized for its e. They lable to lamelers parts of Im11-1*'11. high chemical resistance and l" m.iluring temperature. Lead is an 11 n 11-n l an I 1 hi x imparting workability i" the cnaim-ls and providing a relain. U widi iiring range at the required 1" maiming temperatures. Hooker Electrolytic Cells Practically all of the caustic soda and chlorine manufactured in the United States is made by the electroly sis of sodium chloride brine. Hooker tvpe diaphragm cells, developed by Hooker Chemical Corporation. Niag ara Falls. N. Y. account for over 35 per cent of this production. This mar gin of popularity is attributed to the high efficiency of the Hooker cell com bined with its over-all simplicity of design. As is apparent from the sketch (next page). the Hooker cell is roughly cubi cal in shape and consists of three major sections. The bottom section contains graphite blades cast in a lead matrix which is set in a concrete shell for sup port. electrical insulation and contain ment of the electrolyte. The center section or cathode consists of a steel shell supporting wire mesh fingers which project into the center of the cell between the rows of graphite blades. An asbestos diaphragm de posited on the fingers prevents inter action of the chlorine gas formed on the graphite anode surface, and the caustic soda formed within the cathode fingers. The concrete top section con fines the electrolytic reaction and pro vides a means for removing the chlor ine cell gas. Concentrated brine is fe:l into the cell continuously and the cell products, weak caustic, chlorine and hydrogen, are removed continuously . Hooker cells are operated in series cir cuits comprised of 25 to as many as 100 or 200 cells. At the extremely high currents used in electrolytic cells, often in the order of 25,000 to 30.000 amperes, even a small voltage drop w hich does not con tribute energy to the cell reaction represents wasted power and increased operating costs. Thus the method of securing the graphite anode blades and conducting high currents to them is verv important in order to preclude appreciable power losses. In the Hooker cell a verv unique and efficient coupling between the graphite blades and copper conductors ol the anode section of the cell has been provided by the use of lead. During the construc tion of the cell anode, the graphite blades are held in their proper rela tive positions by a jig. The jig assem bly is lowered into a cast iron mold containing previously positioned cop per conductors. Molten lead is per mitted to flow around the graphite and over the copper conductors to a depth of about 21 j> in. After cooling. --3-- LIA2617* i1 i ii Source-Detector unit on top mounted telescoping bracket lor gaging cold rolled steel. Courtesy U. S. Steel. Helps Beta Gage Make Precise Measurements Cost and quality factors of indus trial processes can, in many ways be phenomenally improved by continu ous measurement and control of the intermediate and finished product. One of the most effective ways of making these measurements is by instrumen tation based on the radiations from radioactive substances. The material to be measured is placed in a radiation field from a radioactive source. The effect that this material has on the radiation field is then detected and am plified electrically. Radioactive sources have permitted instruments to be de signed of great accuracy, lower cost and with improved reliability. These latter instruments will also perform measurements w hich were not possible with x-rays, such as beta radiation measurement of coating thicknesses of one material on another. Instruments based on these princi ples have been intensively developed bv Industrial Nucleonics Corporation, of Columbus, Ohio, during its rela tively short eight vear history. In struments are now installed on a wide variety of processes, including the following: MEASUREMENT OF: Weight of tin coating on steel Weight of zinc coating on steel Basis weight of paper Weight of coating on paper Per cent impregnation of resin in paper Thickness of plastic film Weight of dough in crackers Density of mud in well drilling Slurry consistency Weight of tobacco in cigarettes, etc. Weight of rubber in tires Density of hydrocarbons Uniformity of textiles Lead is used in almost all of these designs in three ways. 1. It is used as a shielding material. Supported lead sections have been very effective in reducing the intensity of stray radiation on the external sur- Hooker (continued from preceding page) Cutaway oj the Hooker caustic-chlorine cell shows lead matrix at base holding and making electrical contact with graphite anodes. the jig and mold are removed and the cast assembly placed in the concrete bottom shell. All exposed lead is cov ered with a coating of asphalt mastic. The electrical conductivity of the re sulting lead-copper matrix is such that the voltage drop at the high amperages mentioned previously result in very nominal losses measured in hun dredths of a volt. The quality of the lead plays an important role in obtain ing the necessary dimensional stability and an efficient graphite-lead joint. For this reason, chemical lead con- taining less than 1 per cent antimony is requisite. The use of lead affords another very important advantage. Since the matrix material is not used up in the cell re action and represents an appreciable monetary investment, it is important that a material be used which is easily recoverable. With lead this is very simple. The spent anode is removed from the concrete shell and the matrix placed in a furnace where most of the 2,500 lb. of lead used in each cell is recovered. --4-- LIA26175 fit r*e cn it\ rfassifU"- ;mon\ r ven ell re{-viable mrtant - easib s verv moved matrix t of the l cell i; fme- of the radiation source housings nf these measuring devices. These genei.ilK take the form of a steel shell iiit.i which is poured the necessary aim unt of lead. Assemblies of this type arc widely used in radiation shutter de\ ires which cut off external radia tion when desired. By such means, ex ternal radiation fields are kept well he low the minimums prescribed for -aleti in routine industrial plant use of radiation devices. 2. Lead is also used as a radiation liram collimator. Narrowing the beam of ladiation within selected areas not onU reduces external scattered radia tion. Imi also makes possible efficient 11| h i at i i .n of the gaging equipment. \ further unusual use of lead in gaging equipment employing radioarlirr materials which emit beta radi ation (i.e. electrons) is its use as a "target" in generating a secondary type of radiation. In an x-ray tube, the radiation is generated by the sudden deceleration of the electrons w hich had been emitted from the filament of the tube and accelerated across the space toward the anode by an externally applied high voltage. In a source of radiation emitting beta particles, both the electron source and the accelerat ing force are already present. The ad dition of a "target" which the electrons are permitted to strike will result in the generation of a type of x-radiation. This technique has been widely used in the measurement of thick steel sec tions in vigorous competition with x-ray technology. Lead is a commonly used target material in this technique. A particularly promising field of application of radioisotope gaging techniques is the petroleum, chemical and petrochemical fields. Here there are many instances of fluids flowing unseen through pipes of relatively thick wall section. The radioisotope has permitted development of instru ments which will continuously moni tor the density, slurry consistency and to some extent, the chemical composi tion of these fluids at various points in the piping systems. These instruments employ considerable quantities of lead because the radiation energies selected result in radiations of considerable penetrating power. As the techniques of employing radioisotopes are developed further, it seems certain that lead will continue to expand its role as a partner in atomic progress. From Small Homes to Luxury Hotel: Lead is First Choice h if s 1; H of the Carey Carnation Development in '.'. ( olo. are medium priced single-family ranch ; ; had fixture connections and waste lines were thei were in . . . E1AD Plumbing for new building 1Jprojects continues to be the first choice of architects, engineering con sultants and others concerned with sound planning and well-built dwell ings. Two of the most recent examples of this are widelv separated building projects: a new luxurv hotel in Florida and a housing development in sub urban Denver. The 44 one-familv ranch homes of the Carev Carnation development in Aurora. Colo., a few miles east of Den ver. were all equipped with lead traps and waste pipes installed by the Louis Cook Plumbing Company of Denver . . . Jacksonville's new 550-room luxury hotel, the Robert .1 Fever. The new hotel also uses had pans under showers. LlA26l7b PLUMBING (continued tram preceding page) to the specifications of architect Robert Huston. Denver. Colo. In Jacksonville. Florida, the new 550-room Robert Meyer Hotel is also using lead pipe for fixture waste connections. The Henlev and Beckwith Co.. Inc.. Jacksonville, plumbing contractor for the hotel construction, has followed specifications laid down bv architect \N illiam B. Tabler and engi neering consultants Slocum and Fuller, both of New York, in installing lead bends and stubs for 550 water closets, Plan and c/cr/i/m nt a typical tuo-bathroom t back to back! waste ' -torn in Jacksonville's new Robert Meyer Hotel. Lavatory drain is !' /' D-ut. lead pipe, bathtub P-trap is 2" XH lead, and l x 12 x 21" XH lead bends connect to the water < losets. <Lead pipe and connec tions shown thaded.l lead wastes for the same number of lavatories, and lead P-traps and waste lines for 504 bathtubs. In addition, the new hotel uses lead waste pipe for its twenty drinking fountains. 22 urinals, and eight pans of 6 lb. sheet lead under shower baths in the building. Asphaltum is used be tween the pans and the fresh concrete to protect the lead from the alkaline reaction of the green concrete. After w DOUBLE BATH Caulking the final joint in a bathtub waste line of /1 a" lead pipe in one of the Carey homes in Denver s new housing development. An inverted drum, trap was used in these lines. six months to two years the concrete is completely cured and aged and the lead no longer requires any such protection. The reasons that flexible lead piping is so widely accepted in all types of building construction and in all locali ties of the United States are many. First, the flexibility of the lead connec tions: This flexibility permits adjust ment of slight inaccuracies in con struction and allows for settling or subsequent adjustments without set ting up stresses in the piping. Second, lead's extreme durability: Under normal service conditions it cannot rust or corrode. Finally, lead pipe con nections meet or surpass building code requirements. --6-- LI A26177 Lead Control >Vi The "\V bite Noise Room ' of Min neapolis-Honey well Regulator Co. s Inertial Guidance Center at St. Peters burg. Fla., affords an example of lead s utility in controlling vibration and noise. NN hite noise is so named because it contains several frequencies of the noise spectrum, just as white light is a blend of several frequencies of the light spectrum. Research investigation of the effects of vibration on the drift rate of gvros and accelerometers required the speciallv designed facility in which 25 tons of lead were employed as a damping mass. The vibration excited in this room can generate any fre quency from two to 2.000 cycles per second, or prescribed mixtures of anv or all frequencies within this range. Also it is possible to take a tape re cording of the actual vibrations pro duced by a missile or space ship, insert this tape in the compensation console which drives the vibration exciter and duplicate the actual vibrations or me chanical noise encountered. NN hen such vibrations are generated, they are confined to the test area by the lead mass which acts to dissipate the energy. The 592 lead slabs, which are each about a foot square and one inch thick, are carried on a cradle which is balanced on a knife edge so that it mav swing free on a composite aluminum beam. Lead has a number of advantages in this installation. It is heavy and an excellent internal damping material, its anelastic behavior closely approxi mating classic viscoelasticity. The high specific gravity of lead permitted design of the mass within the height limitations imposed by the distance between the floor level and ground line. Lead's contribution to a low struc tural center of gravity also minimized the effect of force couples, spurious vibrations, etc., induced by vibrating equipment mounted on the assembly. Lead is nonferromagnetic. Magnetic field disturbances could adversely af fect the conduct of other work in the area. I t tion in Inertial Guidance Laboratory Lamellar lead construction contrib utes self-support. This effect is laid to the frictional "interlayer'' forces which act to give uniform load distribution and flexure strength and "mechanical" internal damping. The mass was also kept within practical handling limits by bolted slab construction, and the slabs themselves permitted necessary static balancing, their locale deter mined by the position of the steel sup port rods and accommodating holes in the numbered and weighed units. ibrtitii'ii equipment mounted on 25-ton lead mass is ready ior use in -.liny u new Honetwell inertial guidance gyroscope. Test engineer on . . t * in i >!i`ted setup through thick-glass triple-pane window from onus ok! o! electronic control and monitoring equipment. Workmen assembling the 25-ton lead mass in Minneapolis-HoneyutelTs white noise room. The lead slabs, individually balanced, are approximately a foot square, an inch thick, and weigh 75 lb. each. generate est area to dissipa'I labs, whi' are and < | ,n a crai'l uife edge | a coiiijK^- (Wantage? , avy and -, ng materi _ sely appr1, , isticitr. 1 >ad permit! in the heii the dista; , and groi: ; to a low str. _ Iso minimi! pies, spud 1 by vibrat the asseni! etic. Mag'1' l adverseh er work in BEAM COLLAR AMPCO BRONZI REINFORCED CONCRETE- 592 LEAD SLABS NUTS TIGHTENED & WELDED TO BOLTS ALUMINUM PLATES- X BEAM ASSEMBLY ALUMINUM STAINLESS STEEL STEEL REINFORCING RODS 0I 2 SCALE IN FEET THE COVER PICTURE The NEW New Orleans Port -Red Lead Protected - rural members abore and lr- fd are protected with i-nmrr. This aerial photo i' t t \ Street a hart during For almost two-and-a-half centuries New Orleans has been a major port for ships from all nations of the world. Today, alongside the historic sites and traditional Old orld flavor of the city there is springing up a bustling complex of new port facilities--among them no less than eight new wharf and warehouse structures built or now under construction. In contrast to the wooden wharfs of a centurv past, these new structures are modern, durable steel supported buildings. And to keep them in first-class condition, red lead paints are being used on both internal and external structural members. The need for expanded dock and warehouse facilities in Mew Orleans is a product of the general industrial boom in the area. Existing facilities (continued on next page) LIA26178 have allowed the port to handle more than 4000 sailings a year, berth 200 deep water ships at once along its 13 miles of existing dock, and ship and receive 82 billion worth of commodi ties a year. IN'evv Orleans now ranks first among U. S. ports in importing sugar, molasses, and burlap, and first in exporting corn, cotton, sov beans, and wheat flour. But since 1950. heavy industrv has been building manufac turing plants at a rate of a million dollars per working dav and the port is enlarging its facilities to also handle the grow ing flood of chemicals, alumi num. building materials and petroleum products in production and to be pro duced in these new plants. First of the new facilities to be com pleted. four new wharves were erected in 1957. Four more were started the same year, among them the 84 million Perry Street public general cargo wharf. Its location is on the west bank of the Mississippi just 1.000 feet up stream from the new Mississippi River bridge. Together, these new wharves will provide more than a mile of dockage and will represent an investment of about 814,000,000. ^ ith such a large investment at stake, the Engineering Department of the Port of New Orleans sought the best type of protection for their 8.5 million square feet of wharf and shed area. Steel structural members are used not only for interior framing of the wharf sheds, but wharf deck sup ports. Pilings and other exterior por tions of the facilities are of steel or steel and concrete. Except for a few limited and specific applications, a single red lead primer has been used throughout this con struction. This paint is a 100 per cent red lead in a linseed oil vehicle and conforms to Federal Specification TT-P-86a. Type I. This primer is generally recommended for use on bridges, docks, and other steel struc tures. Suitable for priming in the shop or field and for intermediate field coats, it provides good resistance to atmospheric corrosion and high mois ture conditions -- particularly under coastal conditions. The high linseed oil content of the vehicle aids in wet ting the metal surface and obtaining an intimate bond despite limited amounts of surface corrosion which cannot be removed before painting. Red lead in an alkvd vehicle is also being used in the construction. It conforms to Federal Specification TT-P-36a. Tvpe III. For much of the painting below the wharf deck, steel pilings, and for other locations of severe exposure, two coats of red lead I one is a shop coat) have been followed by two coats of a finish paint. For interior use. the schedule calls for two coats of red lead and a single finish coat. THE /Wl ik h a RY - f Technical Information The following articles and reprints contain information, drawings and specifications on the use of lead products helpful to architects, engineers and others interested. They are available free of charge except where otherwise indicated, upon request to the LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION. 60 East 42nd STREET. NEW YORK 17, N. Y. THE MATERIALS YOU BUY -- LEAD Descriptive information about lead from mine to finished products. Reprinted from "New York Purchasing Review,'' January, 1959. MATERIALS of CONSTRUCTION REVIEWS Lead and lead alloys in design and construc tion research, engineering and technological applications. With bibliography, 1958, 1957 and 1956 reviews leditions are not cumulative! are available. Reprinted from "Industrial and Engineering Chemistry." September, 1958. September. 1957 and September, 1956. USE LEAD TO CONTROL CORROSION Latest practices in lead construction for the petroleum refining industry are described- How to avoid the difficulties sometimes experienced with lead-lined equipment. Reprinted from "Petroleum Refiner," April, 1958. INSPECTING LEAD LININGS Latest methods of testing and inspecting sheet lead and bonded lead linings used in the chemical process industries are described. Re printed from "Chemical Engineering," No vember, 1956. BEST DESIGNS FOR LEAD INSTALLATIONS A special report on the applications of lead and lead alloys in the chemical and metallur gical industries. Recommended practice for joining lead sheets, and the construction of wood stave tanks, launders, towers and flues where lead is involved are included. Reprinted from "Chemical Engineering," March, April and May, 1956. PORTABLE RADIATION SHIELDING MATERIALS A special report on commercially available shielding forms that can be used to build readily assembled, hand stacked shielding walls. Prepared by the editors of ``Nucle onics," May, 1955. LEAD WORK FOR MODERN PLUMBING $1.50 Postpaid, $1.00 per copy in quanti ties of 10 or more Profusely illustrated with over 140 photo graphs and drawings, the textbook presents clearly to the plumbing student the necessary tools, procedures and the methods required for lead work. LEAD IN MODERN INDUSTRY $1.00 Postpaid A fully illustrated 230 page, cloth bound book describing all phases of the production and use of lead, lead alloys and lead compounds. LEAD BUILDING CONSTRUCTION BULLETIN NO. 1 Specification for Lead Waste Connections for Plumbing Fixtures with Integral Traps (Water Closets--Pedestal Urinals --Service Sinks). FEDERAL SPECIFICATION WW-P-325 For Pipe, Bends and Traps: Lead Dimensions and weights of lead products used in the plumbing and water works fields are given. Published by the Government Printing Office. LEAD WELDING An informative as well as practical guide to lead welding. Reprinted from the "Welding Handbook, Third Edition" published by the American Welding Society. LEAD FOR MODERN PLUMBING Preferred installation method for lead pipe and fittings in the plumbing systems of to day's industrial and residential structures. Detailed drawings are included. Reprinted from "Sweet's Catalog," 1958. RED LEAD TECHNICAL LETTERS No. 12 Seven formulations and schedules for painting highway structural steel. No. 13 L.I.A. Formula 9-2. A single Red Lead Primer for Rusted, Weathered or New Galva nized Steel. FEDERAL SPECIFICATION FOR PAINT: RED-LEAD-BASE. READY-MIXED TTP-86a Covers four types of red-lead-base paints in cluding two fast drying formulations. Many intended applications listed. >JEW LITERATURE LEAD BRICK FOR ACID HANDLING Reviews use of lead-acid brick for corrosive, abrasive, and hot chemicals. Installation tech niques and case histories supplement cost ard corrosion data. Reprinted from "Corrosion," Feb. 1959. N. Y. TRANSIT AUTHORITY LOOKS AT PAINTS Evaluates experiences and best formulations found by the New York Transit Authority for maintaining subways, elevateds. Reprinted from "Mass Transportation." March 1959. LEAD GUTTERS RUN WATER OFF DUKE'S BACK A description of the installation of hard lead gutters on a new dormitory at Duke Univer sity. Reprinted from "American Artisan," October, 1958. FLASHING WITH HARD LEAD A complete "How-to-do-it" article on the use of hard lead in roofing and flashing. Reprinted from "American Roofer & Siding Contractor," December, 1958. UPON REQUEST, THE LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION WILL BE GLAD TO MAIL "LEAD" REGULARLY, FREE OF CHARGE. TO THOSE INTERESTED, AND WILL COOPERATE WITHOUT OBLIGATION IN THE SOLUTION OF YOUR LEAD PROBLEMS. 63 LIA26179 PRINTED IN U.S.A. ISAAC GOLDMAN DIVISION PUBLISHERS PRINTING--ROGERS KF.LLiXIC CORP. LONG ISLAND CITY 1, N. Y.