Document 2j0aOX4BvO99ajpaaGRgJRrz6

DU POINT magazine "My Mommy says this is the 'bestest' way to clean" w cleans, absorbs, wipes...Inajiftyl And her Mommy's right, too . . . women all over America are discovering that Du Pont Sponge Cloth is ideal for washing dishes, wip ing up spills, cleaning woodwork, and shining windows. It's the modern cleaning aid to make all housecleaning easier. It's a cloth as well as a sponge . . . wipes like a soft, soft cloth--absorbs like a thirsty, thirsty sponge. Sponge Cloth is soft and ab sorbent ... rinses out clean and sweet-smelling . . . and gives you the luxury of lint-free cleaning, too. It's easy to hold, easy to wipe with, and you can wring it out as hard as you like. An ex clusive feature ... a web of strong reinforcing fibers ... gives the new Du Pont Sponge Cloth extra resistance to tearing, adds extra service life. Actually . . . the Du Pont Sponge Cloth improves with use. This modern cleaning aid new DuPont Sponge Cloth--is available now in all leading grocery, drug, and variety stores. F&F Department, Household Specialties Sales ma.u.j.pAT.oir Better Things for Better Living . . . through Chemistry May*June 1961 Voh i>h No. 3 m i*i >>,r wtifjazi uv W ill lam (J. 1 hiiluy, Editor Kmlly I hTiU\ Ai<H`iutv luiitor Jack I >. Hunter, /Lsisorm# Editor Brum* ('. Wumllu, Editorial Avistam CONTENTS Why Tlicv Stmly 8trarij`e C )rganic: Suficks............................... 7 Thu Clumi'hiii World of Pumps, (> By the Rocket Kiel's Flare. .... tf A Filler Mail's Ritter..........................11 From Has Ran#' f.i Saielluun 1 -1 (jim-LamPs Musa Adaptable Family. . . , 16 M m 1 Joes Your Harden < 1 row? . 10 HhemiraS (-law with Extra Bite. . 30 Living Room You Han Live In. 23 "Dear, flu.1 Car's Bu i*t i Acting Funny Lately5* ............. . . 2-1 'They Polish the Peach . ... 26 Wbid's New........... - . 28 The Island Nobody Wauled......... 20 THE COVER Thai shin) hi,irk or)'slid occupies j H j i:S- ^ * lb - renter ol our .................. * cm ef her;h im- d s a enter oi .lUenHms in I hi Poufs Heuliul lleMNuvh 1 )rpt. il heloriys to ;i Mr lie.sol solid ot- t'anie emii[KMjmb d u r i vr if I r o m 7,7,8.8-11 I rueyu- iHHjiihio.timrihuiJ. Wlial tiilriAor >; tlu- ] )it bon: h.-M'iilists is lh;il several TRNO derivatives have e\- h< Jiirfy hip; i eiertrh al eondueljvilics higher, in faeh than have been repelled lor an\ other oripmie < uiujamtid. for mole about die leehniijtifis o| yrowijiy lillnrsHrc single ervstaU. ch'U'miiiiiis^ eleelrir.il resistivity ipirhirc-fl) and ollitTuisi- studying [heir behavioi and .struc ture, see puir.o 2, Solid state physios by the way, isn't a new ink rest ;<i CauPal IU Search men. They have v\p:oi ed .aiu. li sp.-i-ial ;iiv;i;. as semieoia(uetois, , otnihmiiiM-si vjii'i' a ml luai.*! i* *1 ie is 's u f s ij r 'o since sluirtb alh-r Work! War If. A n-\\ physical research laboratory, sele'diiled to open this summer al the WiliitiutUmi K.sperij.teiilal Station, will help ;>d\;tuee llu'se and other simlie.-,, e. hit-It mHiulr knroina.mii'tism, ervskd physies and inolceiilai' .shuehire and bondhe.'. ('oa.V'irvPkh; I'Nii, IA 1. <hi Him. rle "\:iMiieri.-, -mI i ' >mp,iii.v, t i-lu'.viJiv. \l) i ii'aUi 1VS4 rv;'it. Tiths m,a.;a/ip of part:- itien-ol may led l: r:Urodui'i:ii in ;m.v toriii \\ il ht.iM |*-r- iiiPaiaii la writing I'ltuit I li** niihiiallale iViim-ij in K.S.A. CHANGE OF ADDRESS P<. ia.-aiir i'1'eejvirsp .yarn- j u s.i ropy, M\ your mrvv <11 Ido-;s-; |inmipl ty ii. iiiliDji', I hi 1 'mil MjijfHr.iui-, Wil!iiiij.fNs Us, i >i'l. Hriiit tiitj ;jidr<-ah wild lin* now, iMH'liiHmjf W yuf !nb:-l. Psia olita-.-i v-ilt hot h>-vyai'iJ ltd?: tn;<n- U!l1i:::a yen. pruvidi* extra jKraaj.,t:. \A W . f I Du Pont study fitids that hiffher pay and more problems don't necessarily mean that you are JJV; a popular notion lhal Uk = f.'r(-alc*r a man's salary and responsibility the iiion- liablo I> is tu KiiilVr a heart al.iack. Mol so. , !(<;(>r<Iinj> In a Ihroo-ywir study of HH.UUU liiiployoes ro cenlly t:onpIrlt*(l hy two mombors of i.ho I )n I'onf. (`-ompany's Madia,si Division. As a iiiatt*'!* of fact, report Dr. Sidney IVll, biostalislieian, and e. A.Or. D'Alonzo, aasi.sl.,1 nt. mculic-il dirc-olor, lieoiit ;thacks occm- ntorc frequently in lower paid male corporate employees than they do among those whose salaries atui resi.Kinsihililies art* grealer. In an article appearing in a recent issue of the Journal oj Ilia Amvrtntn Medical Aaain'ktlion. the specialists note: "Our data are ineonsisl.enl with the idea that the increased respon sihllify of men al the upper levels of management, iiinvases llieir Husee[>lil)ilily to coronary heart, disease. All hough h In 's h may be an important factor in the development of the disease, the level of job responsibility is not necessarily m indicator of (lie degree of stress to which an individual is subjected.'' 'Fhe authors report (hat during (lie three-year period, (bid em ployees had "an initial acute myocardial infarction" a first heart attack. '11k * incidence rale was much greater in men than in women, hut flic difference between i.he rales decreased wilh increasing age. They found that the chances of an attack were about the same at work, n(. home, on vacation or else`when1. Only 5.-1 per cent of the patients were indulging in unusual physical exertion at the lime of tin* a (tack, 'rile case falalify rate was ,`>1.4 per cent, and the probability of sur vival decreased as age increased. The individuals covered in (he study ranged from 17 IIcmujli f4 years of age. There were ?5,T)1 men and i,*!,7H8 won-eii. Most lived in the Middle Atlantic and Southeastern stales. 1 )rs. i VI) and D'Alonzo divided male employees into five groups oil an economic and job reKpunsiliilily basis to determine tile relationship between heart, attacks and occupation. They found that fhe incidence of heart attacks was lowest among ifir- highest salary group: 7 for each I,IWiO persons per year. In the next highest salary group, the rale was 2.-I per t .000, and in the two lower-salaried group.-,, the rates rose l.o .1.8 and In -1 jn-r 1 .non. The fifth group comprised wage roll employees of skilled, .semi-skilled anti unskilled elassifiealion. The rate for this group was 2.9 per 1,900, and usa group "they are more physically aclive than those in the others.'' "There is little- doubt." the authors said, "that the occupational categories heroin defined delineate groups with dilferlng stiseepli biliiies io coronary heart disease." 1 lowover, their data proved euntrai v to the common belief that top excel it ives sulTet most.. I low do I )rs. 1 I'll and D'Alonzo accoiml for Ilus? "It is conceivable lhal. in choosing persons (o assume greater res.iousibdil ies supervisors and managers may (end to select theheller adjusted individuals, who by virtue of (heir pei-soiiaiitv and physical stale arc better able l.o cope with life's stresses in general."  i An exciting new avenue of solid state phtfsics mag lead Du Pant scientists to a deeper understanding of the si metare of matter By Emil y I liSINK ! he still life above might well be (*.-IIml "A Sititly in Nines.'* It shows a Htmrnoi] organic diem ice 1. autlinscvnr, itt \aiioiis stages tif (nirily and illuslmfes the complex slops needed In rrcntr rm ulirnpure sini-ie crystal i short, i in I in I'm r*>i eu nt!), .Miidirmatk'ullv. this i[iie>l for purity means going ('mm a material (hat's !>tl jm r rent |mrr to rue dint's !>b dStHt per co tl [UIIV, Actually adding 11 lose nines, how evs-r, i-. a Kvn v.i'i`l( juth v k s iltal includes Ik h ii'h of delicate wink fin I ir, (!!l!ird ,Sloan, a ehrmisl in Du I'onf's t'entrai lieseal eh I)ept, 'I he yellowish crystals ait* standard eommi-reiat materia i. (`hromatogi'n pin* tarks :m (he lirst extra !). Sinun fi'l/ i> places the white crystals in a refiriint; tube ' itip!, which be passes throng;* a li. aied oil. ! le adapted 1 lie ted unqi ie son a- years ago from Ihm. i.scat t.) pr: >duei ul t nipmv si 1 iron I'nr eh-d mnie devices; as far as he knows il was the first use nf modem zone* r< lining leeliniques to purify organic materials. Twentyfixe or fiO passes a week's adivily.reduce (he level of all known nrp.inii' linpurilie.s to one pari (>er mill km. Sloan Iheii Iniiisl'en; the* malerial to tin* speedily designed, riri;is shaped piece of glassware, a eombinafkm /one U'finei and crystallizing tube. Hi* passes if through the zone refiner about leu more times,, seals oil* file im purities and sliifis tlie anlhracene to die other lube, whidt govs info a gradient furnace. Then* il.'s lowered at what Sloan calls the "reckless rale of an inch a day" from a hoi Upper region to a colder one. If lie's lucky, this business will induce h single cryslal to grow in the small ghss.spinii. il. takes about leu days for such a crystal to reach the size pictured and cool to room temperature, A single crystal i*~, a solid throughout which die atoms  Sizes' of single crystals may vary considerably. But whether it's a rod the length of a household match or a 4i,;,, remain the same. Most crystalline solids are made up of tiny single crystals railed ccramst and aresaid in ho orslunrestsIIIne. Rcftftnrefa- ' the physical effects they observe are clue to inherent prop erties or to boundaries between the grains. This difficulty is eliminated with single: crystals. ...physics., research.. ..Fundamental studies.-of .silicon -in... this. -form-faegan-only about-20' years-aga unci were "swiftly "fat- -"lowed" -by.practical'" applications' in "the "transistor "and' a ""rmwknw Vyf nr\rnfty\ASrt4"t 4-lo.rrf to ^ . lutionized electronics. ered that some of its electrical properties were markedly different from those observed earlier. Dr. Glen Kepler, the DuPont physicist: who-first investigated 'Sloan's excep tionally pure anthracene crystals, found himself in a eirniicn' mdffrvn A r*f nanova httXfn. tiithKiihr^ was first carriers. electrons and holes (the places vacated when electrons move out of a molecule) using a technique known ns "pulsed photoconductivity," 'He found that the charge' carriers lire not produced in the interior of the crystals but at the surface, either directly by photons or by excitons that migrate to the surface. i in organic crys- i in this field, ' "Interest in solid state physics lias grown tremcn- rlnuissllvy in tthe llast tteenn yweenarsa aanndd iIss nwoww wvuidideosspnrread,"" MMfenr'ir-i- fleld explains. "As a result of many investigations of the -!**> i * *. n. i st.*-. -- 4-i^, i-r, i- _, * tL_ ... to relate the properties of a material to Its structure and so understand the role structure plays in eontrolUne them. "Of necessity, -the men who first explored this disci..pline -concentrated" on simple inorganic'materials "Bo' ns not "to "introduce- unnecessary "complexities,' '"Their"" approach' proved 'remarkably fruitful." We wondered 'what .'we. couM of their inherent, complexity. "Even a available. Now, - however, there Is a well-laid base for us to build on. '; "Our goal is to understand the electronic structure of organic solids - to reach the same depth of understanding that others have of silicon. Our faith is.twofold*, that I. U 4.1- .I** ,,,, ...ill ... L.ii,,.. j we will find new ways to use them." '.......... ............................. in vestigations of qyanocarbons, a new class of organic com pounds discovered by other Central. Research scientists. Among those studied were anion radical derivatives of 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethan (TCNQ), a compound first synthesized by Dr, D. 8. Acker. The work.was re- amtirmmi :. I I , , :: . t; ta.'D i ii.i' i !>.. ` \> - ! i - if= : . ' i:-G- KM* to,. :: --r,.rp f ma mI iPflBT/'T' ; iTWTmwrM IHV ported recently in "the-Journal of the American Chemical Society 'by him and Drs. 11, E, Benson, R. J. Harder, W, R. Hertler, Walter Mahler, L. R, Melby and W. E. MocheL One of the first determinations was of electrical re sistivity. To their surprise, the scientists-found some of the TCNQ derivatives were extremely low in- resistivity. Several, in 'fact, were far lower than any previously re ported organic compound. (Most organics are in the rang from 10*a to IQ1* ohm centimeters. Hyperpure silicon has .a" resist! vity-of about-li000 -ohm-cm, Some of-the -TCNQ, "series' range"fronr0.01.to"100"ohnv 'cut)................................ ......... W'lfii'tfie aiec6vefy""df 'tMeir"uiiiisually"Mgli"eleefrieal conductivity,-Interest in the TCNQ derivatives mounted rapidly. Now, a couple of years later, the Du Pont scien tists -have piled up an impressive amount of data on the behavior of TCNQ compounds. As with anthracene, an important step is to obtain pure samples not only of TCNQ itself but, in time, of each of its promising derivatives. These .compounds, .present particularly-stubborn-problems- to-Gilbert Sloan. -They cannot 'be" purified' "by zona refining because - they don't molt without decomposing. Hence less powerful purifica tion means, such as gradient sublimation and'recrystalliza- tioivinust be used. Because these ni.elh.otls aren't as .power ful, it has-been extremely difficult to obtain pure'samples. - : There are other complications. The-scientists have little? hope of understanding the electronic structure of the new materials without first knowing their crystal stoiotiim .But.the.crystal.structure,..in.turn,..is..so..complex..that... -standard-x-ray-difiraction-teehniques don't -glve-a complete " picture: "Dr:.Pan!" "Arthur,.dr:, "supplements'" the-x-ray" -re sults with chemical knowledge of the structure of mole cules to fain a better understanding. . Many of the TCNQ derivatives can be. classed as semiconductors according to the old, and still common, definition-in terms of electrical conductivity. That is, their on the one extreme and metals on the other. A more modern defini tion of a semiconductor, however, is in terms of electronic structure: it's a material In which electrons, normally are bound to fixed positions in the crystal -and therefore are not free to carry electricity. But the bonds 'are relatively weak and can be broken by light or a higher temperature. External agents, thus, alter the behavior and control the - electrical-properties.. By-this definition, .the..TCNQ. tleriva " Uvea-probably -shouldn't be ca lied semleonciiietora -because, although""their 'electronic structures have "not"been"fullyworked out, their mechanism of conduction does appear to be quite different. Heat Stimulates Carriers Attempts to generate current carriers by light flashes, so effective with anthracene, have not succeeded as yet with ..the TCNQ derivatives. The carriers' movement in response to thermal stimulation, however, is detectable and offers clues-about how conduction'functions.' "But," ponders Dr. Jan Siemons, who is studying the thermal behavior of the carriers, "are we recording a few electrons moving fast or many moving slowly?" . . -Another research line being followed involves measur ing the magnetic properties of crystals. This is proving a powerful experimental tool for learning about the state of their charge carriers. (The word magnetic, it's important . to ....note, is...not.used ..here .In. ..the sense, familiar., to most -people, What-a-schoolboy -knows as-,`magnetism"-a physi- cist "calls""ferroniagnetism,~magnetic behavior like iron's. Some of the TCNQ compounds are attracted, as iron is, by a magnetic field: the attraction is much weaker, how ever, and so they are called "paramagnetic.") The most unexpected finding so far, Glen Kepler says. is that a number of (he TCNQ derivatives have the elec tronic structure of metals instead of semiconductors. This conclusion is confirmed I>v their electrical conductivity properties: tin; ones that appear to have 1 he electronic structure of metals have by far the highest electrical con ductivity. In 1 crestingly, loo, their electrical conductivity is essentially independent of temperature. In semieoiidue tors, on the oilier hand, the etedrical conductivity is strongly inlliieneed by temperature. A phenomenon known as electron paramagnetic res onance oiler;', a way of looking at the magnet ie properties of individual electrons. I )rs. W. I ). Phillips and Donald Chesnuf have published results of their use of this rela tively new technique. The electronic structures of solids that contain partially filler! energy bands, they explain, can be profoundly influenced by exchange coupling of the elec irons, if the exchange energy is small, the materia i behaves as a degenerate electronic system; if the exchange energy becomes large compare-it to the: hand width, the electronic structure will be drastically altered. What will conic horn all this ellort? Two things, the DuPont scientists hope. First, I hey will be contributing hi the fundamental understanding of Hie structure of organic materia Is, Techniques practiced and refined in their laboratories may well find application elsewhere in the building of new matt rials to precise specifications. Second, it's possible that they are laying the ground work for an entirely new electronics industry. From Mingle crystals of the TC'NO compounds may come new com ponenis for energy control and energy transfer circuits. That day, however, is far in Hie future. For the present, the men must proceed without a clear understanding ol how or where Hie materials eventually may become prac tical, But that, traditionally, is the direction and distinc tion of pure science. peratures Is studied. Shiny Dcwur Husk keeps liquid helium coot. Cetu*rnlt-rl by pulse til Ttt^Iil, ittui! dhai j 'f riirrit-i's; movf ihrnn^h uiidmtwiu' it v s Ib). Int- JHlHlks 1'iUIM* 41 IKilftTI'l f|tbt\T`l. rii, j 'iu Im' (ht'bnvl (mln-ates hit^u pin il\. CHIPT A IliiT M.'.....a x ... TVT .>.\= T3 T V V "..i i; .."Delrin"acetal.resin-is-a.welcome.addition.to.the.growing-pump-industry......................... ..........where.a.large- variety- of- applications.caUs- for- a constant--Mow-of mempunip design* See this rotary pump?" asked the engineer, picking up a small pump housing made of a hard, while-material, "Ten -years ago -pump designers unci manufacturers would have been-pretty-dubious about-a pump made of plastic. From -thedays of grandmother's old cast iron house-pump, metal "has'been the `material of construction' in the Industry. "But Ttelrin'," he went on to say, "fa changing the ancient pattern. Through new models especially designed -for the new thermoplastic, manufacturing costs ore being %jt.4v cUjriivff* npiUtjz-nii}nr rtf*#*.|ytJl lUi 11iiJ.1 iDt.- IJl'Jml Jl IJimiF* ufwV&trftli--n1MnJ pllii.111 AvUiinliiptliiHUull- ...lion- in-a-world- of dishwashers, suburban-and -agricultural ...water wells," boats" and "crop spraying "equipment: Allure .'dependent "upon "efficient,...low-coal,' corrosion-resistant" 'pumping mechanisms." With the tremendous growth of.the pump industry lover seven million water systems hove been sold since 1950) manufacturers were quick to see the possibilities in -lightweight, durable, corrosion-resistant "Delrin". -when it was introduced in 1959. ' Now after only two years, a number of pumps using "TJLU/lp.ilIrUini*' utirlt,i jaallrlitafriiHlljvf fUinll il-HIlfrctf ltltlvt*l l ILrLtfbt . One of these, the uniquely designed rotary pump manufactured by Planet Products Corp,, of Chicago, was marketed for the 'inventor-engineer.'' Made almost en...Ifrely..of..`Ttelrin";...the'"' pump..is" presently..undergoing.... "'' e'itensivo'''fl'i'l'a''''tIstfl'''t)y""ovei''"BO 'pump-usihg'''c6mpliues.......... '... I. Iwillh^s^flrsf'leslgnef 1 in metal.says'' '''' Paul A, Lee, executive vice president of Planet "but with the advent of `Delrin', we redirected the program to utilize the plastic's advantages. The material was chosen because it has dimensional stability; durability twin pa ruble to most metals; n high' chemical resistance and light weight At "this" point in our" production, we are satisfied that we ore 'able to deliver a pump that has high precision, flexibility because of design, and a potential price economy.*' For use with such liquids as water (temperatures up to aOOThi, petroleum products and solvents, the* new thermoplastic is especially well suited, Lighter in weight than "similar parte of" copper: 'brass "or' other alloys, one'piece 'pump''components of "Deirin"''''cah"be'molded with substantinl costaa yings as. a' result of design Blinplilcations, Until now sand casting of metal parts and expensive finishing operations made cormslon-rasistant pump com ponents extremely costly; but equivalent parts of "Delrin" '.foil hi* f li'i.Sfo j ) |'l H h |l*i 'i I H U I Hi '.i \ IY by (iVi iuH i 11< >1< h i I! f ,, < -inciih run!rt>' of wruifh! dir-irihuhoii. u problrm with rill .mwisiun imwhim-ry, ha^ always ivi|uiivtl nu finishing operations when purls were of metal--an added cost not found in the accurately molded parte of "Deirin", "Another important factor," says. Robert E. Dolman, one of DuPont's design engineers,-"Is the smooth, hard, iioiifouling surface that 'Delrin* gives to-pump parts-a surface that prevents mineral build-up'and can be used for nonlubricatecl bearings." Several pump companies have recently made the switch to "Delrin" for pump impellers, diffusers and other components, Clayton Mark and Co,, Evanston, III,,- for example, has- -been marketing a shallow-well -jet pump for approximately one year 4 see venturi and'volute assembly in photograph), "Through the use of `Delrin*," comments Lee S, Tillery, product sales manager for the company, "we've definitely reduced the material cost of these parts, and performance in capacity and pressure has increased five to ten ir cent." Another company using "Delrin" for pump compo nents is the* Red Jacket Manufacturing Co., of Davenport, Iowa. In their-new "Custom Submergo", a pump designed to operate in the bottom of a well far below ground level, ns many us 21 stages of "Delrin" provide the necessary lift to bring water up from a deep-well system. The enthusiasm of manufacturers seems to be shared by users and" jobbers-as- well-, When--l|,lint--aiid-Walling--of-Kendal1 v ille,'"I lid asked"jti'Mit;rs'' to" report on" the "results" fm lnm < nis 'iiMAi-jum vr s as mi.t/h a.s 30 |jur cent. "--%M TE*P *si0 Tv Tf Ia rf* I C--I .p..^.3..#. t .......... ...they have had with their new Flintex Si i.dto-- ,! ...... :..... pellerS' and-diffusers -of-JfDelrin")",-tlie foi t-.vto-*. = ..:..........fc!ie replies: Richert "Futiip' "Distributors," I : . r.:;: -;;:.. - .............reported,""Couipoitents""iiiaae"of"`Delrih'l: v . ; ' to operate more quietly than those of me; b ' ;b & Son, Indianapolis, found that parts of............ had less iron and calcium piek-up than n.<-: b : - . - A. J, Boatwright & Son, Ypsilantl, Midi., noted rlw lighter weight of moving parts of-"Delon*1 -rive ' ' free performance resulting in quiet operation. ...............Another new pump, a high-vacuum kind model o "Delrin" manufactured by Tokheim Corp., ... . Yv:ivn< Ind.,. is designed for safe and efficient hasidim:. leum products. Operation depends upon th,. -i ance of "Delrin" to organic solvents such .to.i.,d- ...... . aromatics, glycols, and petroleum solvents; Lie- : " Tokheim showed' that the hand pump would ' pump "Stoddard" petroleum solvent over mu* iniihui cycles without wear, corrosion or solvent a Id irk. Ail of the pumps featured on this paui* c.n-i. db.- .. varying degrees on such properties of "Delrin" .. dr tod structural strength, low friction between inns, nl in news chemical resistance and-excellent fatigue nth v t .o h .-m. ' jectecl to a wide range'of temperatures and cm ............ . "Such properties, plus success to dak1, pi.-.m..-- , ' uses, designs and major changes in the world :r f . J_ 77 B rclioil-llloUlctl ilII|H'lU-JS USCll Dll !!< (! Jllfkvt "Tl'Ilil/<< jot |)inii|) ftit iinMliirlion rod by oat*-third. voplmv jjitrU tlutl <vt*n* oiuv of rtn*l;il. : -c i: i Ii-,;filwi*iijht limit. <k*sct.',n ul rofon-tl "Dflriii". 7 K-t; k'H" !' " J of dun-colored desert. The vast mesa is motionless, excey for the idle wandering of a dump of tumbleweed and th ' 'shift, tag shadows of cumulus clouds on the flanks of th ' snow cappedBandia Mountain Range,.............................. ........ Suddenly,, tit the Jar. end of the trade, there'is a'Marl ing explosion, muffled thunder and a ball of flame. Almos faster than the eye can register, a dart-shaped objec trailing fire, seresims along the course, and, in a firti cacophony, disintegrates against a concrete target. ' Fragments of tom metal and wiring are all that n main of the components or systems that have beendesigne as integral parts of a U. S. nuclear weapon. The Item have undergone an "environmental test," and their pei formance, recorded on film and magnetic tape, will fc studied for months to come by scientists and engined charged with research and development in ordnance phase of nuclear weapons design, ' Such, tests of. acceleration and impact are routine o the rocket sled track and on the 300-foot drop tower oi crated here fay the Sanciia Corporation, a prime contraetc of the Atomic Energy Commission. Sandra's job is to d< sign, develop, and monitor production of all non-nudes components and systems necessary to make an ABC m clear explosive assembly a useful weapon for the nation military services. I HI H .I;-1'-1 kitaiteU,! mm mu RMH rfssiTM*** .L,..., iwn ..W,----:mm--***i ,,|ii|imi.,, ..tiMp. 4ii-^pww The success of Sandia's environmental testa of speed and impact on weapons systems and components depends largely on the efficiency and capabilities of recording de vices, Some of these receive and record signals from tele .metering transmitters which ride"with" the test vehicles and .report""on""op'eratkm "of the-parte'" In" the" microseconds'-of " "' acielirltiondf'Impactroliilri' register "series' of events' lilt'" occur much too fast for the human senses to perceive. High on the list of such devices relied upon by Sandia's engineers in recording test data is the high speed motion picture camera. Loaded with film, such as Du Pout's High Speed Rapid Reversal Filin, Type 981, and '"fired" at ' rates ranging from 100 to as many as 18,000 pictures per ' second, Bandia'a cameras provide a total and permanent history of packages that may have lived and died at three times the speed of sound. Henry G. Sweeney, slight, soft-spoken supervisor of the dozen specialists who make up Sandia's Technical Photography'Section, says.*""In many of our tests, there " is no second chance. When materials or components are' sent along the rocket ski track or dropped from, a tower or high-flying aircraft, things happen too fast for the eye to catch. With high speed motion pictures, we can review the . performance and even the destruction of a test package inch-by-inch, microsecond-by-microsecond. The importance of reliable, high-quality film in such cases is selt-evideut," But high speed motion pictures are only one recording tool used by Sand in in the broad spectrum of its studies, which fall into seven major categories. In one, scientists conduct research into fields related to nuclear weapons, - such .as physleal-sciences,' mathematics' arid '"aerodynamics," In another, components are designed 'for weapons "in"the" process"of "designbr yet"to'bisconceived: In a' third:systems" engineers produce the weapon that will be compatible with ctmlhnusi DHj mm the proposed application--aircraft, missiles, ships or land combat. Non-nuclear testing of materials, components, sys tems and weapons shapes during and after development constitutes another area of activity, while other categories Involve manufacturing, development, reliability and qual ity, and field engineering and training of military person nel who operate and maintain nuclear weapons. In virtually all of these fields Sanciia makes liberal use of Du Pont photo products. One area of component and materials testing, for example, involves the effects of rm- Dur radialinn. To [.mtori .. studies... .and..in....provide. ..dn.tn.il.ecl.."exposure.records"... for.. ""thamr Saxidia's-Industrial-Hygiene -and-Health -Physics-Di-.. vision uses DuPont Dosimeter Film Pockets. These'badgelike devices are worn by men who work around facilities such as the Van do Giuaff accelerator and a 1000-oirie radioactive cobalt source for generation of intense gamma radio tipn. Dosimeter.packets are also "planted"at. strategic spots In components or around test facilities to. serve as silent sentinels against-hazardous radiation.- Du Font's Type 558 Dosimeter film provides the all-around coverage unci the vital data needed to j iiiiibs s radiation and possible radiation environments. Five of Sandia's major divisions use substantial quantlu.-s of Du Foul [ilioiuivtnuiing paper, in gradi-: from Lino-Writ 1 to Lino-Writ 4. To translate shock waves, vi-.. -bration,- telemetering- signals and--other energies-into-per- manent visual records, data transmitted, for instance, by a test missile in. flight are picked up electronically; then information is relayed to an oscilloscope, which changes impulses into a beam of light. The light patterns are traced on the Lino-Writ so they can be Interpreted--immediately c Lilt? iU 25 v1<4, vfwi fn,t' fnn iJntSftrlnL?f*lTVP 11r\t\ LII. 'later for detailed study. ' ' , ' 'Printed circuitry, according to N. A. Cordova, a Sanciia specialist in the field, "la'fundamental to suc cessful nuclear weapons design." He says it would be impossible to manufacture a compact weapons package without such circuitry, since if conventional wiring and component' systems were used, "your package could end up with dimensions like those of the Queen Elizabeth" The answer is to draw the electronic circuit required for a specific job, make a master copy of it with "Cronaflex" Direct Positive Film, produce a negative of it in miniature with "Cronar" Ortho A Lillie Film, then "shoot" the cir cuit in actual-use size with a highly calibrated camera. .. After etching "on a sei'isitive"eopper plate/the "circuit 'design'" .. has" been" miniaturized 'Sufficiently 'to""tiike Its" place "'lira' ''.'511.1' ""Pet projectile. IIIIIIII 11 .III'..II'''''. Miniaturization tlie Ivey,, Cordova says miniaturization Is the key not only to peak performance of nuclear weapons, but also in the re laying of data from test vehicles. As a broadly drawn ex ample;" "Say'you want to study the effect of enormous speeds on time'itself. Why launch a grandfather's clock, when a lady's wristwateh will give you all the data you seek and more?" About 7,700 men and women are engaged in Santlia's operations at Albuquerque, at the Tonopah, Nev.f Test Bunge mud at the Livermore'Laboratory in Livermore, Calif. The corporation itself is a subsidiary of Western Electric Compdny and conducts Its operation for AEG under a nonprofit, no-fee contract as a public service. Sandia's job Is weaponizing a nuclear device devel oped by the ABC's nuclear research laboratories. As one Sandia .official puts it, "This job would be many times more difficult. If not impossible, without the extra sense organs provided by photo products." MWl ......;........ i.J... ........!.......;....... ;.......;.... ' P H jjggggj HI ...:' Ste ' : j* : AriAWI;:;.!:::a ' ; .................... i illlllilllilllllliili iIlgl sS : VH Si.-. a.\a. Printed circuitry has Imw ii brought to high degree of perfection by Sandia laboratories. Miniaturization is prime need in missiles. "j . It * --1 ...j;..:,:,;.-.; New nonwovm m^aterials of teDocmn" polyester By Br u c e C. We mp c e * removal of solids from a liquid or i a r, wine and olive oil, so mo ads of filtration--wi leafs, cleanse the air man breathes. ........ tint!I" recentI v: the prime'' material 'll'r' "the"" Hitration'' were fled their high cost Mow, however, the development of an efficient, low- cost, nonwoven material of "Dacron" polyester fiber Is causing a stir among nitration specialists, Du .Font re search men, ....'......---------- ............ . ' :---v - "Dacron" ; an inexpensive, highly efficient felt material that with stands the high pressures, corrosive liquids and severe use common to industrial filtering operations. Felt itself, of course, Is not now, The original process lion of this phenomenon ever since by nibbing wool hat ting in (he preKenee of .slcam, thru eompuel mg jt to the tlestred density under blows of Iniue hammers } Imvevei, llu fibers o(hr - Ilian wool, hair nlid fur haw ever hern -LJB ' I:.' t';. -mm a--; l-'to pyTh^^l'--' -^G:' . ! 'kii-i' l ^188811 3S Ail fitter lime tor now aU-ron ni-tiil rank lias ia reJi layers ut liuurun , , . uieiins uir iIb w iu k into Utim .-isiue, a oiiiitiiii inciu in Uyij ii*n found to work in this process, and felts of these materials - - * ~`--J------- 11 -- J -- JI--'--------* ~*Jcm filtration, rengtli, have knit together under such conditions. Says Dr, H. G. Lauterbaeh, a Du Pont research scientist, "In seeking a technique whereby.we might con struct S'felt-like material "from man-made fibers, we tamed to a needle-punching process in which a carded batting of `Dacron' is run through'a bank of barbed needles set In a reciprocating head (see diagram), The head moves up glement of the fiber, T through a hot liquid bath which shrinks the fibers and felt can be .controlled by processors." . . This method has been highly, successful for most syn thetics and has allowed felt companies to offer a wide selection of nonwoven fabrics. By refining the needling process unci using mixtures as well as single-fiber types, feltmakers are now turning , 1 ,,J_ ,t. J. .. ...... VI Jr a ?. .- *_ IA _______t. . * _t_____fjf .cantly.. Karl. Del Forte, filtration products division man ager, for the. American. Pelt .Co.,. Bienville, Conn,, says, "If the success of current tests..a..true indicator of the market potential, we envision a bright future for filter media of synthetic fibers. In fact, we've recently set up a nnnan`rti'0 rl Itrie* ;*" iiJitlvin rvttt* mmitami if\ lianrlld tlio fftmwft Del Porte cited felts of "Dacron" that are under test; "In the sugar .cane industry, the felt is being used on of frit from `I );irmn ' .shrpfe is a .simple llovr sin 14c* prneoss 12 rotary viimum lillers to purify he;ivy sugar syrup. In (Iranis, N. M., a subsidiary of Anaconda Copper is using filler dot Its of 'Dacron' to separate' 'yellow cake' (uranium oxide) from strong acidic solutions. And in Stamford, Conn., the use of these material:; is saving I ho Silbcrline Co. large sums in the filtration of aluminum pigments.'' Du Pont, itself is finding plenty of advantages hi the use of felts made of "Dacron". At. its dye plant in Deep water, N. J., tin; dye, in suspension with strong, corrosive liquids, is retrieved by passing Hie mixture through huge plate and frame filters. Formerly, most till ration!: were: made with fabrics of natural fibers, but Sheldon -Vlusieanle, production super visor, noted that a sizable amount of color was being lost through the cloths on Ihe presses. He undertook a search for a better fill ration medium. til) Types of Felts ... By working wish a hit manufacturer, Musieante de veloped .successful uses of nylon felt cloth in a number of wet filtration processes, but nylon fells arc limited in (he filtration of acidic liquids. Therefore, he tested some 00 di He rent types of felts of '`Dacron"' from nine mills, im pressed with work being done by American Felt, he inau gurated ;} series of cooperative tests with that company, experiments that ullimately gave him Ihe filter cloth he wanted and enabled American Felt to add a (irst-nite Idler material to its "Feution" product, line. Musieante found that the It'll filter of `'Dacron" costs only half us much as available' competitive products and lasts about 12 times longer than filter cloths of natural fiber. Furlhei more, the amount of dye lost through the filters lias been cut in half, In air filtration, (he new tionwoven felts have also found ready acceptance. "Troyfell", a felt of `'Dacron'1 produceil by Troy Mills of New Hampshire, is currently being used on the air cleaner of the new Chrysler built U. M Army M-(i() tank. In this application, the filler medium had 10 provide almost 100 per coni tillering ellieieticy in "zero visibility" dust conditions, operate in ambient air temperatures from (>;> F. lo 12f>` F., and withstand oil. moisture, rot and mildew. A number of dilTerenl materials were tested, including tionwoven felts of wool, synlhefics and cotton and woven fabrics of wool, cotton, glass ami synthetics. Test evahin lions showed I hat "Troyfoll" performed best. Besides meeting the required specification!-;. "Troyfell" showed long operating life, uniform strength and efficient cleaning ad ion characteristics that point to large-scale future use m air cleaners for heavy t oust rue fion equipment. While n unwoven I cl Is arc one ol tin* newest additions to filtration materials, a random bonded batting of "Dacron" Is also gaining wide acceptance in industrial and domestic air filtration; in warm air heating and air conditioning installations. Produced by .such companies as M ierolron Corp. of ('harlolte. N. C.J.he nomvoven ball, filters of pure synihelk: libers arc helping to ease the S7.a billion annua! cost of air pollution, arid reduce ihe elfeel of heavy concent rations of dust and dirt partieles on industrial processes. By vary ing tin' blend composition, weight, denier and arrangement of the libers, Mievotron is able lo offer a filter nk-diuni that is effective, economical, and versatile enough to do jobs across a broad spectrum. On the West Coast, for mslaiice. Booing Aircraft Corp. uses the "Microinat" blanket filler lo keep air around freshly painted aircraft clean and clnstfree. In North Carolina, a cigarette niamifacturci' uses the filter (o remove heavy dust concentrations from produc tion ureas. On the home front. Micro!ron's eaxy-tu-handle inuts of "Dacron" are filtering the- air going into warm air healing units and air conditioners. In sum. wherever filtration is an importam process, "Dacron" polyester fiber is a newcomer lhal's truly becom ing a filter man's filler. lirruhn.-L tin- filer's fm limit .Everybody faffcif"tsMylar1^polyester film.wawtougk; Bui the most vivid demonstration came when one imaginative man showed how to take it if the National Aeronautics and Space Administration constant. I made some rough graphs on optimum condi tea Its way,'the empty reaches beyond our sky-will some - tions for sealing with a heated knife. The data I gathered ciiijf l.e speckled with objocts of titiiity s ie<?s mid c?Ktroor* this way'served'o b"the primary foundation for h it operation di nary""shapes--Inflated' "in telIt %im Ml1 eel'' sal el 1 on iia' p rob- '" that today employs many of the '200 people who turn out, *triiiegr fLiiliotj hSJlalixrt*-llkf w\\til\lrjkl IXOlJBtUat* Inncr-dIwirurusueumiri fttqAaltftiHc j-a vAiji'GcrtallnBs. Sclijelclahl products.'* Already aloft are Echo I, a 100-foot inflated satellite Several years ago, when "Mylar" was a newcomer to that is broadening global communications, and Explorer the film -field, Schjeldahl was "entranced" with "this IX (right) a smaller but intricate sister dew Ice calculated amazingly tough stuff" and "challenged" by the search to give new understanding of air density and drag condi- for the best ways to seal It. "Following extensive research 'tions at the rim of deep space. ' cm more sophisticalted versions of the table knife experi ' The space ha loon concept, a U. S. first, is no more ments in heut sealing, I focused on a resin 1 found would extraordinary than some of the factors that inside it work seal `Mylar' in n most satisfying manner." --factors that include a fantastically lough film, u common 'table knife, the gas burner of a kitchen range, and the in Stalled Project Rescued satiable curiosity of a youthful, crew-cut inventor named Meanwhile, NASA was planning Echo I, but the proj Gilmore T, Schjeldahl, who likes to experiment with films. ect had conic to a halt because the agency could find no .........Schjeldahl;" as.a..North.Dalonn""whose:"iii in'"'assets.........way' to'"seal"l;he" panels"of the 'big "balloon of '"Mylar" bo '"h s " - wlri"i"iigree"in"'Biochemistry and an honorable disch .....to "withstand'' the..extremes' "of" 'pressure' "and'" temperalu re' isAmy,jai "I'IBund In'j j cef.'Somebody''reca 1 led''.thaI..SchjelctaMJiad.' company after World War II. Assigned to practical pack . been investigating sealings of "Mylar". NASA placed n aging problems (."because I'm fairly strong on medumics call to Northfield. and not so strong on abstracts, I guess"), he soon decided Schjeldahl says: "in less than six weeks we not only that the Du Pont polyethylene resins used by the packer developed a tape-adhesive system which would withstand 'had "extraordinary adaptability." He became so sold'on space abuse but we also had built special'fabricating equip ibis he eventually set up his own company in Northftelcl, ment to do the job, "We were able, because of our early Minn:, to explore Mid capitalize on some of the' uses lie spadework with `Mylar', to make a quick turn into their envisioned for such materials. problem and come up with the right answer." Kitchen Table Research With satelloons a proven concept, Schjeldahl is turn ing to even more ambitious schemes Involving "Mylar". "One tiling that engrossed me," he says, "was a side- He's most enthusiastic about an Inflatable rigidized space weld concept of sealing polyethylene film, slid' I'srt out'to " '' sphere, which, like Echo, can be Used as a passive reflector tost it. I spent many an hour In the kitchen of my home of radio waves. A balloon like Echo ultimately loses its heating a 'table knife, oyer the ...gas .burner, of. pur .range. mdio-reflwting contours after long bombardment by me I'd heat the knife, .and without lab equipment, I became teorites. Schjeldahl envisions a balloon that will, after in pretty good at figuring the temperature of the knife by flation, take on a rigid shape "In any of n variety of ways- smell. Then I'd apply the heated knife to a couple of pieces by foam, by photochemical means, by solar radiation, or of hint for u. certain dwell time in order to toon the Beal. by tonsiliaiiig metal foils, so that they cun remain aloof to I*d vary the temperature and hold the dwell time cons pint; hostile elements." 'then I'd vary the dwell time and hold the temperature In Echo II. which the firm already has under way, the "My Li l" will I in sandwiched between two layers of ;i Iurni ratio foil, then lensilized. Aloft, if will become an lire wrinkled sphere wil.h no need ol' (he sitslnirthtg inflating agent required by Keho 1. Sehjeldahl adds lie's convinced that ``whenever a huge shape in space is required, it can best be achieved by means of `sale!loons' shot up in smalt compact packages. Once in orbit, these small packages can become massive, rigid structures," Presumably I there arc security wraps on the projects) it is such work I hat NAHA has asked his com pany to undertake. Drifting Weather Stations Sehjeldahl also has his eve on a sophisticated weather report ing system featuring a moving grid of super-pressure balloons made of "Mylar'' riding at constant altitudes and relaying weather data as they drift around the world. "Today, the conventional method is like searching for u needle in a haystack." Schjektahl says. "One balloon is sent straight up, telemetering data as it. rises In the point <I bursting. .1 See a method in which a whole system of balloons are >;ei adrift at various nililude.s. Their telemeter itu; equipment can lie diffused throughout I heir skin and information can he relayed to ground stations as they ride along with the weather." Hchjeldahl arid his employees 1 it end I v work in a "lest lube." On his 15-acre plant site he has creeled two air-supporled structures of laminations of "Mylar'' one. 5-10 feet, long, that houses the world's longest, balloon fab ricating fable. He believes Die toughness of the Du font, film makes it ideal for structural purposes and is practicing his preachments in this field. Sehjeldnh) makes short shrift of those who "picture big companies as bogey men," He says, "About Hie lime I was trying to get under way the Du 15ml film people opened their doors wide, placed laboraforv facilities al my disposal, and helped me in a great many ways. IVSiih ! of all, they gave me eneminigemenl when I was most discouraged, Their help bridged the tremendous gap between a guy with ideas and a guy with a I rust i less." 15 Giin-I.quid's Most Adaptable Family Parade of mew Remington madeis helps nit aiders diversify their skillh at harpa in prices On Maryland s hlnKlcrn Shore Iasi. faII, a pair of hunle wore returning to their ear Irmi 1.1k - duck hands. Tl hunting had hoeri good, and h<>H) had knocked clown lh< ! in it Ls. A Labrador retriever. tanging flu* field ,-tlu*;i suddenly Itushed a covey nl quail 1 roni wmi1 thick cove "Too bad wo don't have open cylinder barrel:-: cm the muskets," said unc. " We enttld have some more .spoil." "Hold on a minule," said the ulhcr. 'Til build us; lenl one quail tain in n jill'y and we'll gt\c tl. a whirl." fits comp.-mion's doubtful expression changed to pleased grin as. in a lew easy mol tons, he unscrewed t.l magazine cap and removed (he (id inch Tit choke Imrr from his Keniington "Sinn'ltmmt" a8 no(.clouding ahoigu Taking a Ltd inch open cylinder barrel from I he car Iran lie slid it into the gun's receiver ana replaced the magozii cap. Witli a h/w twists of the wrist. Ire had con verier: k Id ! wo Ill's:!I ixrtvcr rides., two .sJmlgnns and lii ride willi vimiliirity ol [ini' rbsr;n*li*iT/,<* "himilv of gum'' rinH'i'pl iimncerrd by ttesitii.gteii. cluck gun for quail shooting. Whistling l<> ibc dog mid picking up a box af No, <S .slidIs, illc two were soon on the way back to h o c if they could find the covey. Such vignettes, winch ran happen wherever shooters gather today, were praetleally unheard of prior to Ifiat). Hill, thanks :<> a `'faintly of guns" concept pioneered by Remington Anns Company. Inc, (hers1 has been a major breakthrough in sporting arms manufacture. As a result,, shooters can use the same basic shotgun for several dif fe-'ent types of game merely by changing barrels, No special tools are needed and no special lilting is necessary. A barrel of diderent. choke and length can lie filled hi tin* same slock and receiver with ease. Moreover, Remington, by applying muss product ion techniques to a manufacturing process that for centuries had been limited to handwork by crallsmeti, has been able lo produce snot guns and rtlb-:= whose part-', nave a high degree of ififerrlinjtgonbility. A.*; a restlll. ;hey can offer the .shooter a shotg'lll. a high power ride, nr a '12. caliber rifle all with a similar look and I eel. KuH heroloro, Ihmimluiui ihe gun types and their models ai.d classes, peris can lv> replaced wif11 no need for fael.iiry lilting or gunsmith's a I ten! ion. Slaiting irt ti>l,S with (wo new high power rifles as |)arents. Ihe "fitnilv" since lias grown l.o mrlmle: three linll aclion center lire rides, I wo auloloading sho-gnii;'., a slide aet.ion high power ride, two gas-opera ted autoloading shotguns, two auloklading 2:2 caliber ran lire lilies and a bolt action if! i a liber rim lire rifle. An imporbiiif beiieliciaiy ol this ilcvclopmeiil is (he shotgun shootei lik< [lin.se on the Moslem rihore wi o wants to use the same basic gun for more 11 inn one tvp:> of game, r<H!ii'f s;,\r VI For example, a sportsman may want to do a little waterfowl and' upland' game hunting, some trap shooting, and perhaps some deer hunting using rifled slug loads, 'Before Remington's "family of guns" came along, he would; have had to equip himself with at least two and possibly three separate shotguns-one for trap and water fowl, one for upland game and one for deer. Today'he can select a good basic shotgun, buy two extra barrels, and be in business. Important Savings Possible .......... In'"'terms" of economics,"here's' 'the" way IBstacks' up: Willi "Bis"Reinligtoii^gun and ^two extra" barrels,"the .price tag Is about half what it would be for three separate gum. In terms of comfort and convenience, he's even further ahead, since he does all his shooting with a gun stock that handles and feels the same under all conditions. ' In developing and producing its new models, Reming ton keeps a careful balance between tradition anti innova tion. Gun enthusiasts hove a great fondness for warm ' ; ' h-v ': ii, classic fines and styles, a.-: iclerable"lengths' to reward . . : !: re ooters also demand lighter - ire., heavier loads; so, to meet G :;re. requirements, Remington's - - : -wre-.-re,. ,; m-- sew approaches'. ' ' ' fo- '- v : 'tali, new designs, new tech' ' : -g , w . .. .i:5t gknee seem alien to the . :: . . = :;d oted to oiler the fradltloii- . jrformance and appearance. .. time"when'"the klea'"of''wing : '". : , . 'make I' rifle"would 'caused." re : ' u nake a gun with any other : ' \-3 got an item that gun fans ..... '.- ......... - : --'isn't so sure, and begun to =.: . . G\ company today is producing w i "Nylon 68" autoloading 22 . . ' : imu t c I and a few functioning : ' 'of oral nylon, the rifle has set . -. i lit, accuracy, resistance to ; .'.v....... .G of handling. Furthermore, = i -i feel and graceful lines of re re, sporting arm. ' . I tor Barrels . . a... re. providing lightweight and : , i i even using this material re.:, ... . .nake gun barrels--long the rev:lit:,!VC province of steel alone. Aside from weight and re- ce advantages, the aluminum alloys permit the c- : - re . - -d' of guns" 'with" a'wide' 'range of "colors'' calciliated'' f .... ore ; i i to" nontraditionalists, ton. Remington engineers seem solidly agreed that . Accomplishment of their industry in recent . . . own 11 ic `family of guns" concept.. This develop- 'iven a new direct ion to gun mmiufacfuring, and ':-y bringing lower prices, introduced shoot i rig :ih : c - tverreti ion lu thousands of Ansei ie.-ma. ia How Does **W "W YY yi I f-* mJBL. A I "1 '] | y 1 (x |) .A,. At Cxl'OW. < i! : i :.-. .I'i",! ' . i: .-'. . . :::: i ! i:- . : :. tin :; . ' i;T- i. . With the. kelp of. chemicalsprobably. Mere are Du Pmis8. 'latest recommendations Found: a garden sprayer that's both handy to use and versatile enough for practically any spraying job. That's the word from thousands of gardeners who fried tfie new Du Pont Sprayer last year. It actually is three sprayers in one, they note, because of its Interchangeable' nozzles. Each package of a DuPont garden chemical tells which nozzle will provide just the right spray. For instance. If you want to apply five gallons of Garden Insecticide, you measure five tablespoonfuls into the sprayer jar (left) and fill to the top with water. Using the five-gallon nozzle, yon .attach-the'Sprayer to'the end of a garden"hose. "It"sucks' up ..the'"properainount 'of"the" iwlxture, "combines'Jt"with" water ..from 'tBe"h6se"iini"clisti'iButeslt evenly................................... .........Garden "IiisecieMelms' won' many "friends' 5' its "three'' years of commercial life. It's a combination of two of the most effective insecticides known--fust-acting malathion, which goes after sucking insects, and long-lasting methoxyehlor, which gets the chewing varieties............................ What about lawn inseets-grubs, cutworms, ants and the like? Du Pont 72% Chlordane gets rid of them safely and efficiently, it's good also for stopping crahgrass before it starts. If this pest is already flourishing, however, the best bet is Du Pont Crabgraas Killer. For all other lawn weeds, Du Pont Lawn Weed Killer Is recommended. Roses may look"like" the'picture of'health, (below), but even so they are vulnerable to sneak attacks by insects, disease, mites and mildew,"Du Pont Rose Insecticide and Fungicide is* good all-round protectant. Many a modern gardener ponders the old saw about an -ounce of pre vention* being worth a pound of cure and goes quietly ahead with this sort of "preventive gardening." In ernlillkt* pincer movement, molecule of ?i viiriivisi.11 i:ic ' acid dutches metallic Ion, Chemical Chn New research points up hydroxyacetic at . . . from dissolving scale and destroi Coat-conscious engineers in a siring of industries-!, ............. missies, -'chemical 'processing, atomic energy, leather, ................ metal' formirig-nvay.profit" from "a direct ericounter with ................ hydroxyacetic, an' acid"seldom"faced' outside"a chemistry ' book. That's, the judgment of development men in Du Punt s Industrial and Biocflioimciilii Dept*, based on ,ww research-findings. '' ....... ............... Hydroxyacetic acid, oftentimes called glycolic acid; ' has appeared in scientific literature for more (ham 100 ' years. Chemists know it as HOCH2COOH, first and sim plest of the hydroxy carboxylic acids, a class that also ................ iiicludei"'sndi""fiiiniliHr"HcMs'"aB"'eitiic"and"lactic,....................... - hydroxyacetic acid," says Lynn McLaughlin of IfiB's development and service group. "Our process for making - ethylene glycol, the base of `Zerex' antifreeze, gives ue hydroxy as an intermediate. The commercial product is a ' technical grade, 70 per cent aqueous solution, ' . "Uses? Right now the biggest is in cleansers for re moving nilIkstone deposits from dairy equipment. Some .............. wool dyers tliid-lt-an excellent-replacement for acetic "be-...... ................cause -it "isn't" lost-in" boilin g as acetic is. Tanners use it 1 n !.........:....several ways-in the'delirnihg process, for instance,"when ' they want especially high-quality leathers. Still, since hydroxyacetic is among the cheapest organic acids, we fig ured it should be better known," ...................... ..................: Accordingly, Du Pont ' research men undertook a '. L j ' ' ': rather extensive!re-evaluation of hydroxyacetic's abilities,' : They anno up with considerable da fat-corrosion .rates on ................ a variety of metals, for examplo--and a number of pos ...;.............. sible-new-applications; By now most of-these ideas-have- ...:...............teeff"teB fd"" In industry, wIth favorable results' as "noted,'' ...:.............. A letter to""lic 'Du"Pont Magazine "eiitor""will"IRig you"" more details. : . . One of hydroxyacetic's most attractive properties is -its ability to change the behavior of metallic tons,'such as : ferric iron, by clutching them in a complex. Both the' : carboxyl group (COOH) and the primary hydroxy] group (OH) are Involved in this pioeer movement The.process .................--called chelation, from the Greek word eAefe, the claw of ................. a crab-..has-gained' markedly' in "importance- in-the-last ........... .' "decade."The "Men,"however, Is' an"ancient'one;' naturally . occurring citric acid was used as a complexing agent some '2,000 years ago. -Citric, synthetic now, Is still-a popular chelating .............. agent, although an expensive one, Du Pont research men - 20 report that hydroxyacetic, which costs about one-third as much, frequently can be substituted wholly or in part, ' In preventing the precipitation of ferric "Iron, mini mum cost per unit of iron can be attained at a mol ratio of 80 per cent hydroxy to 20 per cent citric. At present prices, the cost of materials will be only 57 per cent that 'of straight citric, ' Besides being less expensive,' hydroxyacetic acid shows greater versatility as a worker than many other chelating acids. A good example of what might be called its multi-functional nature is its application In deep water - wells;-Such'-welis "frequently.are "plugged "by "a.deposit-- ' aiief^Temc''hydroxide--that'' precipitates "as a" gooey'"inass on the intake screen. Iron-oxidizing bacteria play a major role in creating this problem. The normal technique far getting rid of such deposits calls first for pumping In hydrochloric acid to acidify the well and dissolve the iron deposits. Next a chelating agent is added to keep the iron in solution. It's pumped out and sodium hypochlorite goes in to kill bacteria. All of these needs may be met in a simple one-shot treatment with hydroxyacetic 'acid. Series in Secondary Oil Recovery Another new job for hydroxyacetic has turned up in the oil industry, where the technique known as secondary recovery is being used increasingly to get petroleum from old wells. The cheapest and 'most' common method 'is simply to push millions of barrels of water into the oil pools under high pressure. This is called "water-flooding" and it's capable of bringing up as much as 00 per cent of "tho"oil"in"a"pool....................................................................... ....... Wien" wells"are "loca fed' where" water'"is'sci ree.'as 'they frequently are, water is recycled. Or, sometimes, briny water is used. In a couple of common situations, then, oilmen need a chelating agent to control iron and-calcium scale. They can substitute hydroxyacetic acid for cur rently used materials at a considerable saving. Du Font's Engineering Test Center recently com pleted studies of "vapor-cleaning" of new pipelines with high velocity-steam'and add to'remove mill scale and rust. The engineers found a 20'per cent solution of hydroxyacetic both safe for the metal and effective as a cleaner. Preliminary investigations suggest hydroxyacetic as a candidate for certain types of decontamination cleaning necessary at atomic energy installations, Ghemical process * - \ a r 1111 * T . " JBL Jtu ^ P X iri dL JKL -w-% * H11 ' f* iliilli mf Jfc. 'w .. ^ unusual ability.io~do~several-~things-atonce bacteria to forming complexes with metals equipment generally is cleaned In three separate stages, the last to remove niobium oxides. The subtler hydroxy- acetic might well, replace the brute force of the present . . .. .reagent,..a combination. ..of .3 per. cent hydrofluoric and. 20 . per cent nitric acids that is very corrosive to stainless ' ' steel, Hydroxyaeetic also is being tested for reactor loops, now usually denned in a two solution, two-step process ' ' alkaline permanganate to "condition" the residues,, fol- ' . . . . lowed by: dibasic ammonium citrate, ............................... Aerojet General Gorp, has developed a formulation based on hydroxyaeetic acid for neutralizing and cleaning ........ residual..Aerozine..50.from..the fuel..system of the..Air........... ........ Tcirtie'.s.. Titan. II ...miislle,. Bach...tyiglne... is. test., fired . seversI........... ........ tunes.,before.,acceptance.,by,,the, customer,,and..any,,fuel.,oi^........... . oxidant residue, if left in the engine after operation, would ; reduce engine reliability, l Aerojet wanted a material that would neutralize; Aerozine 50 (a hydrazine-type fuel), be economical to use . and not corrosive to the engine construction materials, . Du Pont ran special corrosion studies to assure the com-, patibility of hydroxyaeetic with these materials. Aerojet 'tested its cleaning performance, found it satisfactory and' ' ' . . . the material now ..promises to have .an expanded use in.......... the missile, ' Hydroxyaeetic has been successfully substituted for acetic in the pickling of nonferrous metal sheet. Loss of acid from volatilization at high temperatures was thus . . eliminated and exposure of workers to acid fumes greatly, reduced. It seems likely that hydroxy might replace acetic for similar reasons in a great number of applications. While hydroxyaeetic is an old performer in the leather LIII.IindustryZone of.'IS'''newe8t uses''is' In this field!AjfwomiSn''' .........complex.. salt ...of... it,. ..tris-hydroxyacefa toch.rnm.Iate,. ...is....prow............ mg an effective and exceptionally rapid tanning agent, Hides have good "letting out" characteristics, giving greater surface area'from a pound of leather. Tanning can ' be carried out at a higher pH level in the same equipment used for other chrome agents. I This, of course, is a step beyond the main business under investigation,-hydroxyaeetic itself. But it does speak \)f\cGtsts> Cat fllilnlcafll vi*<H u b lb I wV*i*fiv^l-ofts-2G3C* f1o"*r i!ii j tilrrUrvA:v.j , JRQJvy tIfnifT1 vw*riiicf jCaAvW'fr-Cat, service at. reasonable, rates, this special chelating agent .... stands ready to grab assignments just about anywhere. Missiles of Titan family (right) are test fired several times be for ................ use. Hydroxyacetie acid deans residues from Titan II fuel systen, i s. :vv. f;yTy"4J :'|y*:.T:h >* m - \k m r >'.  i. ! Tv * HU p jjl i : . .1 :*;*** m ..HIM............ WBHBM^MMSww^SEBwwa The first reaction of most parents at this scene (left) would be something like this; "Mike and Larry, go out doors if .you're .going..to act like. that,. And Marcia, get the .clog .off ..the., sofa."...This..approach...undoub.tedly...is..so.und..... .........What..the..picture...suggests..is that -if- the ..kids..wrestle. in this- living-room,"the funuBhings-will-be -none-the-worse,. Even spilled milk, imminent here, isn't something to cry about In short, this is a living room you can live in. The explanation is simple. The carpet, curtains and upholstery, are all made with Du Pont nylon or "Dacron" polyester, liters well-known for their sturdiness and good cleanatality. The muted luster of Du Pont 501 Carpet Nylon, for instance, gives both a rich appearance and re sistance to soiling. Nylon is one of the easier fibers to clean, since it has a smooth surface that releases dirt and dust readily. Moreover, it outwears by several times any other, liter in carpets, of equal. const ruction. The. batiste casements are. 100 per cent "Dacron", Although sheer and . fragile .looking, they can be. washed many times without losing their crispness' and drape. .............. Heritage Furniture, Inc,, High Point, N. C,, maker of all the furniture pictured, chose fabrics of 100 per cent DuPont nylon for the upholstered pieces. These fine damasks, which mutch the transitional mood of the furni ture, point up the fact that nylon. makes possible many types of -upholstery fabrics never before considered prac tical for family living rooms. The well-constructed sofa will keep its shape and good appearance through years of hard use. Its cushions are Heritage's special "Equation I" construction-"Dacron" polyester fiberftll over a core of urethane foam made with .... Du-Pont- Hylena".organlc...isocyaitttea,.Result,;-exespMon-.. ... at-comfort- and - a- gentle-resilience- -thut-assures-a-neat -look,- - ........... Decorators'" call..this "furniture.style ""transitional..be-" ... cause' it "is' Inspired 'partly,'" but" hot 'wholly, ""by.the'"past" Swatches at the right suggest one of many alternate schemes. But whether your tastes are strict traditional or stark modern, it's no trick to find just the right color and texture in nylon upholstery - fabrics. Drapery and casement fabrics of "Dacron" are similarly varied. ' The simple meaning of a room like this? Some families currently do 'their "living" in a "family room," while the "living room" waits idly for more formal occasions, as the parlor once did. What's suggested here is a place of style without pretense, of comfort without dowdiness, of grace -without fragility--a thoroughly -livable living room. -1 1, Xi'len milMlBurjF Bj f Ciihn-HuU-Miin Co, 2. On Font "ijBiiif." will iml-Bt, ,inly lipliy. 3. Nylon ii|>linli,[t-r,* by BeltlHUIM'llH* 4, OMSToIi pibiptiipnl felsrIB or T-i)mwufrhMiiai"m, nlaOni-.Kin* t,i- , Curp'l t "Orllill" illuir Iltnl Coumry . by Blyyniiilyr Hiiiltli 1, lUiiliie emmatmi Inliric ot "tkmrm", Tendril tv Celln-Halt-Mura (Jo. 8. lu Font "l.noito" will! palm, mmmmr blue S. Unroot * till Pratt sut Cnrppi Nylnn, Happy tiny by Junto I .p m 23 By Pa u l H. Ric u a e u Automotive Division Head Du Pont Peimieum Labomimy m mmm* .......rtv' Jillwmt mu m With auto vacation time coming up, me asked, a petroleum chemicals expert how he keeps hU car in shape. Here's Ms report--which reveals that fuel men too, are mortal ..JL.udijy... waii.n. .rough... say.;......................................................... 1, The laboratory wasn't getting the proper flaiiM speed values from the electronic computer printout, due to some'fouling of the ion gaps in an experimental engine; 2, We had some problems with correction factors for octane requirements with changes In the barometer, hu midity and temperature; . 3, We became involved in an electronic ignition sys tem that may last"the life of your future auto; 4, My wife said, '"Paul, vacation's coming up.and the car's been acting funny lately,'' If you think the last problem was the most difficult to tackle, you're absolutely right. It's not that Thelma, bless 'her heart, isn't sensible about important things like'the ,, family, car, ..ft's simply that I .always gut. so... confused when. I try to pin clown exactly what she means by "funny," "Well," she explains, "the ear makes a funny knock ing sound. Not all the time, but only when I come up the little hill aftei-1 turn of! the main highway," "What kind of gas did you buy the last time?" "The kind that gives reel stamps where the nice man pumps up the kids' bicycle tires and sends us a Christmas card ever since we had our chains put on that day we got caught in the blizzard after Thanksgiving the year the TV set blew Its tube." Translation; Regular grade. Diagnosis: Simple fuel Mock or "ping." Remedy: Ask the nice man with red ' stamps to put premium grade in the car. ' Understand, I'm no; making fun of Thelma, or any woman driver for dial mu del'. Men can he every hil as thoughtless in their Ireafnienf of ears, and most women learn about earn from men anyhow. And one false iutprea sioii most of us- men or women seem to share is the idea, that vacation time is really the only time we need worry jruteli a 1mml our car's health. It s generally thought that, a long I rip represents the hardest type oi service for an automobile. Actually the reverse is I rue, Uveryday stop and go driving, under all conditions of weather and trallie. is harder on a car and its engine than the steady, summer opera lion on open highways. Yet a recent Delaware survey revealed that more motorists Itoughf premium and .super premium gasolines Ini' driving on turnpikes than they purchased for city driving. More over, they were getting grease jobs and changing oil just prior in a turnpike trip when it's much wiser and more, desirable to lake care of these deiails on a regular basis while operating around the home town. A Pieniitttti Diet.. . . If vour car needs "premium," it should live' on such a diet the year round. Premium grade: gasolines have higher octane numbers, which give* more resistance to knock. Also, they contain additives lhat prevent apart plug misfiring, earl h i re tor icing and gumming. ( Octane levels are achieved through lend compounds mainline lured by Du Pont tetraefhyl lead, tef ramethyl lead and "Tetiainix" antiknock compounds and are added to file gasoline by petroleum refiners.) Other additives likely to lie Included in today's a tit oiiiolivc fuels art: several types of antioxidants. metal denctivafors, rust preventives, carburetor anti-icing agents, carburetor detergents, anti-spark plug fouling agents, anti dyes. You can't buy a gasoline wifli all of these add hives, lint some brands contain as many as five. One of my neighbors with an older ear declines to use premium, saying it's like feeding champagne to a beer drinker. He argues that high octane gasoline will bum mil his engine. Tins is wrong. Actually, all gasolines conks in about, (he same amonrtl of energy per gallon and burn a;, about the same temperature. Therefore, an engine de signed for regular fuel will not sutler from use of higher grade's. In fact., under .some conditions, such as stop and go driving or when tin* carburetor may ice up, tile other fea tures of premium fuel may be advantageous. A word about oil. Many rnotorisls are puzzled when they find heavy-duty oil getting dirty soon after an oil change. This is because detergent oils pick ttp dirt through out the engine and rets in it. in suspension so that it. can lie drained out. at tin. next oil change. When heavy-duty oil discolors, rejoice. It's simply doing its job. When to Change Oil . . . Thelma, incidentally, pointed out not too long ago that on our vacation trip last year I drove some 1,800 miles without changing the oil asserting with a raised eyebrow that (he way she got if, oil should lie changed every* 1,0011 miles. Quite true for half tin* year, !. agreed, but all my (lrivitigwasc.nl highways in summer! imo. Motorists should plan on changing oil every 1,000 miles or every niotiih in winter, mid every 2,001.) itnles or two months in summer. Wear preventing pruperlies of oil are used up faster in winter and in stop-aiid-go driving. Also, the best grade's of oil give less knock with the same gasoline, more fuel econ omy, anti more proterlion again;*! engine wear, luvnomirall.V, euii.xislenl use of he.-;I oil grades re)iresenls only one per cent- of ilie cost of opera! mg the aveia.ge ear. !'old mot iting start, ups. Ino. seem In generate mil fusion and argument aim mg eai owneis. Home claim that live ear should he a I lowed lo idle for live or ter minutes on such mornings before' if's asked to go to work. Others are sl end fast in (heir belief first a ear is ready to go as soon as the engine I urns over. In general. I sitle wills die Litter. I lowcver. it's I set ter mil. to call for full power and maxi mum speed Tom an engine until it warms up, It's t ie Ham* in baseball a pitcher is ready lo pitch as soon as lie gels In (he mound, biu he usually wails imt.il he's wanned tip lie fore he pegs fits fastest ball. flue of the interesting tilings a bold many ear owners is the way we cling lu onliiioded upend ing pra.el ices. A typical easc> is that of the molorisl who cruises a long in an ultra modern car with tire headlights burning in broad day light. Somewhere in the dim pasl hr- learned that, dur ing long trips ballei'ies tend lo overcharge, and. ill such cilCUlnstan-"( headlights should he lumeil on lo us:' up some of this excess electrical energy. Thai. war good pracl ire in the days cars had fixed generator i barging rails;, bill I'm afraid il went out with the "hilpsy Doodle." All cars have been equipped for years, wait voltage regtilalors; these automatically regulate the amoniil of energy ilu> generator produces and maintain I he battery in its proper condition under all power demands When I In' engine has been steaded, the herder turned on, the radio played, and so on, flic re will he a high degree of charge. J till, mi a long trip, i here will he little in' :u> charge. Never Bleed Tires . . . Oddly enough, supers!ifiotis and half 1 rullia alxnil can; spare no one, por example, a friend ol mine, an engineer with an admirable record of achievement, dung to the fact I hat the pressure in an automobile tire increases during a tong drive on a summer day. Therefore, before (leading Ids fully loaded station wagon west fora trip tot `alifomia, he decided to ml Some of lhe air out of his the;-' (n enunler this pressure Dili hi- up. The resulting increase in tire heat was disastrous lo llis pockelliook: he had fu buy three I ires helweon Mich igan and the West < 'oast to replace those tha; had blown out. lie should, of course, have lell the- i in- pressure at its rt commended value, or even have increased il by so era I pounds, particularly if lie intended lu drive at stisfained high spei-ds. No mailer wltal kind of ear you drive be il chromium plated and measured in yards, or a fugitive 1 mm the Smithsonian there is one practice tint will assure yon miles of pleasant driving. This i.s In make a regular habit of stopping by (lie neighborhood service sf a i iiHi. not mere ly (o (ill up with gasoline and at tend (noil and grease, but lo have the experienced man (here cast an eye at things under tile hi Hid and elsewhere around file ea 's potential t rouble s| infs. There's no percentage in leg ting a cur go to rack and ruin lor most of the yen rand then lo (real it like a wealthy relative just, hetorc dial long vacation (rip. it's much cheaper and wiser to baby' the innnly Irurixporlal ion tlirnuglunli the year. Then, when you head down die road for lhe bright- sun and open .skies, the ear will be jusl as ready for new and exciting adventures as you are. Your cm will lie. anyway. Not iieccssuri !y mine. in nrehanl cutinirif, umiuj hruxhi** of "Tynex" Mr.r.<h(h'of/^iu Yo u don't have lu live iii ;iii orchard lo know that uni1 of the most beautiful objects in nature is I ha ('loon'ia | icach. But if yotn'r (mm a peach country Imvn like Ihis. you'll know the IVuii doesn't Inrn up jitiimp and idearuin;*; in votrr supermarket fry accident. 1 )Ht wring. t: to 11linpr oil' soil and bringing out pent'Ik s ;' naluraf beauty without, hrtiiatrtfi or costly production delays is ;; delicate arid <kt-expeii:-;ivo task. But <'-ha so anil t 'ompany of Georgia. which handler;, riHiniM arul sells l()(I iiOn enr loads of poaches annually, is expect mg far fewer problems than usual ns it no.-ids. into the June ,lul;, harvest season, i-'ur Iasi your a- I lie Perless i'udiiui* House here, largest of six Chase operations, the traditional dry brush method of cleaning perches gave way do si now technique..a thoroughgoing wei-wnsh. Installed 'were two machines from Durand Machinery'Co,, Wood ' ' ' 'butty ,Ga,, featuring a battery of 48-ihch brushes of "Tynex'* nylon filament which cleaned the peaches under a constant spray of water. This radically different cleaning system .............. was "made possible because brushes"of.."Tynex"-da 'not' ............. soften or'"lose '"their" effectiveness' when""wet,........................... ......................''The'brushes are'''soft ana"aon,t'"bmiie"the'"fmit,""6uf' they're also firm and springy enough to defuzz the perches \ completely, and brush away residue," says Robert Reely, president and sales manager of Chase, "Most important, - they stay stiff and 'flexible despite being deluged with water. High humidity, which used to prevent good defraz ing, has no effect on `Tynex', and its performance on heavily fuzzed peaches is far superior to dry brushing," ................The'result: "Weil," says Dave? Humph, who with Mrs. Celletta Grice owns "the MarshalWile installation, "we estimate savings on the first day of operation sufficient to pay for installing the new method." If your job is to process fruit from -80,000 trees in 1,000 acres of orchards as efficiently as-possible, the wet ; wash adds up to a kind of breakthrough. Frequent rains, for example, used to be a major harvest-time headache. If flie peaches got wet in the field or on the trucks, they had ............. to ...he....dried. ..before ...they....could .be. .cleaned, by... dry...brush.............. machines.--If"the fruit -became muddyy it-couldifit- be-used. ..............at'aIf;'clry brushes just"increased' the'smear,"If'peaches were" ripe and soft, they would break open and mat the brushes, spreading goo over the other peaches in the Jot, Thus wet peaches had to be placed under large fans lo dry, while workers stood by waiting for six or eight hours. Wet-washing with "Tynex" ended this costly prob lem. Wet peaches, even muddy ones, were brought right / . into the packing house and cleaned without shutdowns. ....................Nor.were fcro production delays.caused by brushes ......... that wore out in less than toe two-month harvesting-period. When we visited the packers, the brushes of "Tynex:" had washed ewer 50,000 bushels with no sign of wear-and they m; ido if drily to rough the rest of the .mason without re placements. "liven though the brushes were used inn a considerable maintenance savings," says Reely, Washing peaches with "Tynex" also eliminated a serious problem with peach fuzz. Under the dry brush method, fuzz was forced into a hopper by a blower, and the hoppers had to bn emptied frequently. Accumulation of....peacli.Ju2z.was...*.serious-fire-hazard;-smoking .in,4he- "or" "fuzz itch" among workers. The introduction of water wiped.crnt these problems. So this season, peaches will come in from the fields spray .will hathe them as. they pass-over brushes with. arrow-straight-tufts'of "Tyne*" mounted in wooden cores. .and along Then 1 cars. for. .shipment... to be still warm when they 'went into the cooler.'The new savings in ice fur ihe cooks1 more than covers Km* cost of water list'd in wash the peaches. The pmol. ol course, ,s always In flu* .selling Slims up Reely, "1 would say that acceptance of our pcaches Iasi. i v.:;- i i; *. i .( | ,........i ,, i, :i ,, i ; v::; u.::i -i r; , t:; L Li: L; &\ jrt : .... i : :a'! T i. :__ 13! Papor luhlrwavc- taialed >!li ALitlioiT" jmiy s-lliyknit- r4-^{u ktn-|js pluti-b jsi>n t;imi!4 ami liiaifi fimii :tu i iilt-iii S'ih h ! jimv*. M;uk* !>y (A. iI**'< 1 iin.. \\ I'a flia . ! T t v--? -% --- IllB -Vhr.tr tr -- t .-imp %fe 2*1!r IHb --TT-ife-Jf^---iilllilll M . Ah . . liTt. ,7. (twin, preparing Wasting holes to l>e loaded according to drawing (left). - Bauli Ble, Mark, Michigan The lozenge-shaped Island' had to go. Although it sup ported a railroad bridge between the U, S, and Canada, it also effectively corked the south channel of the St, Marys Tails Canal, The canal, better known as the Soo, is the world's greatest ship highway. On an average day,' 90 vessels move through its huge lodes. They carry copper, "lumber, fish, limestone and coal as well as 75 per cent of the U, S.'s iron ore. Among masters of the big freighters, annoyance mounted at the navigational hazard and traffic impediment represented by die dump of sandstone, gravel and concrete. The U. S, Army Corps of Engineers, authorized to eliminate it, saw at once that the project would not be routine. Removal had to be completed without stopping traffic. It was Hite asking a golfer to chip a ball out of a mud puddle without getting his slacks wet, . Today the island is nothing but a memory, and the ships glidci easily over the spot they once passed in time consuming caution. How this change was accomplished Is a story of careful planning by specialists, judicious selec tion m DuPont"explosives aid "skillful" blastingjteoluiiques. jj ''Tie jjslanff's'j one j reason'jlrrj beingj'waslas'''a''''center... jjjj foundation for a .rotating railroad bridge. The first step, then, was to replace the old bridge with a vertical lift type and condemn the island. Once this was done, the Engineers awarded a con tract to remove the island to the Great Lakes Dredge and Dock Co, of Chicago, " ........... Superintendent M, E,. (Mel). Lernmerhirt began a. study to determine the best method. Prom a personal examination and engineers' reports, he teamed that the island consisted of a solid stratified sandstone platform rising 20 feet from the canal floor, A concrete rim It feet wide and 7 feet deep ran around the outside edge, with several feet protruding from the canal's surface;.an over burden of dirt, gravel and broken sandstone filled the center portion. The Island, was 1,000 feet long, 10 feet wide at the ends, and 73 feet wide in the center. Ice blocks the canal four months a year, so it was essential to keep freight moving the rest of the time. The Island would have to be removed without closing the waterway. ........Late m 1959 Ijanmerfairt was ready, Highly.. trained blasting...crews, moved.in.with. their., track-mounted.. drill. ..and. floating...d.rlll .barge,, a. rig. .used.ior..underwater-drilling. ........ Preliminary-blasting, -took-place in-November. Later, after the ice brought traffic to a standstill, three divers worked in the freezing water to remove rock projections and fillets that had built up along the canal wall adjacent to the island. ; With the spring thaw, blasting crews went.back to work on the island, itself..There, were plenty.of problems. For one thing, passing ships had to be protected.-Further more, storage of explosives was limited by strict govern ment regulations. Large amounts of dynamite would neces sitate many expensive trips from the island to a safe stor age area hundreds of feet away. Explosives also had to resist water, which, quickly filled freshly drilled holes. R. CL .Sherman, DuPont's explosives man,, recom mended- using.. "Nltramon" S blasting agent and free- running Pelleted 1. "Nitramon" S, a very stable blasting agent that can be detonated only by a specially constructed primer, is packs get! in. rams. These can he screwed together forming a rigid charge that would easily go into the deep blasting holes. Due to the stability of these agents, . continued 31 g 1 ,,r ' d HiU "U:'. ..f ' ' if. 1 : i.; It : = . .' .... . ... . JIV i' : ....... I'ilr ill n ;ih <IUo ih * rubble atnl f-i'menl tlint \\a.s (iin-e Bridge Island a>\alls I In* dredge. This was 'fir last hull of tile HUM mil island. Only I In* nuslerwater portion ol lIn* rmi; platlorm remained to he blurted anil retooled. de and the remaining portion was avecl in a similar fashion, md remains a special sort of memmen who removed it-for it's not a get to remove an Island. i wider Ilie full length of the channel. ipiffir|!l miKilfrin fF fli# The destruction of the island was carefully planned open at all times. The first phase, started in November, eonsistecl of fa lasting .the northern thrtHM31.1ar.tora of. the island. lo..u .depth, of 20..feel:..Ships..were, routed aimniil t.1 ftrtJtU l*J It. I 11 tii41.11; UWilkltii'Clp; foHl llibc woo liinl|j*Tj vt*.! I f\l1 F TJh- lpil.iliI|JPjlQtlrailAJrJfti.t section wns then removed with a dredge, and the drill barge moved in to drill the underwater section. Holes were drilled to a depth of 35 feet below water level. Alter the shot, the dredge 11 gain moved in and elwired the channel . .When removal of the northern section was complete. 32 111 r1L_a Eb Bb B| -- jit; A WONDERFULLY USEFUL STAINLESS DRY LUBRICANT SLIPSPRAY WBK&nBM wm TRADEMARK MAKES HUNDREDS OF THINGS SLIDE AND GLIDE WITH NO OILY MESS! From Du Pont research comes a totally different kind of lubricant. It sprays on and it stays clean: leaves no oily mess or greasy film because its active ingredient is dry. New SLIPSPRAY is absolutely safe to use near any fabric (you can even unstick a drawer without removing the contents). It is odorless and waxless, yet a flick of the finger superlubricates a surface with a tough, invisible shield that stops sticking, binding, squeaking. Does hundreds of jobs around the home, on the car, on sporting equipment, on tools in the shop and gar den. Try a handy aerosol can today. At service sta tions, hardware, auto,and variety stores, now! ts. u.s. I'AT.orr, THROUGH CHEMISTRY SUGGESTED RETAIL PRICE 11.25 Look what's better now... because of Du Pont ZYTEL NYLON RESINS Now, after throe years of field testing, Millers Falls presents a basic design ad vance in power tools ... a V\" drill with a noneonductive housing of I)n Pont Zy t ei. nylon resin. Double-insulated, this new drill offers protection against shock hazard with out the need for a three-prong plug. Even if the basic electrical insulation should ever be short-circuited, the new housing of Zy t ei. guards against shock. And that's not all! Pick up this powerful 2.7 amp drill--you'll notice it s lighter in weight, 20% lighter than a comparable drill housed in metal. Tse it for a while--you'll see how comfortable it is to the touch in hot or cold weather . . . how comfortable it nla]/s after prolonged use. And this is a drill that can take it--rugged and durable be cause it's made with tough, resilient Zy t e l nylon resin. The remarkable properties of Zy t ei, are being put to good use in a great variety of new and better products such as the Millers Falls ,1 " drill, book lor Zy t ei, in the prod ucts you buy--and expect better perform ance when you find it! POLYCHEMICALS DEPARTMENT W0Nt> BETTER THINGS FOR BETTER LIVING ... THROUGH CHEMISTRY