Document 2RraqdrZK0MRaE8b9Yz7j2kLp

- be-responsible ioi the decreased . ' arterial pneumonia. In rocov. ctions, the production of -n--^dit* and interferon may ^(I' hportant protective agent than interferon content of mouse tenza virus infection has been 1 1 i ; < ] Wi'rfow closely the peak of virus ntibody was not detected in lung . s until at least a week later.' drs occurred within two to five viral infection and NO, exposure lies reported here, the production on may be influenced by NO., anisms involved in the reduced ' NO,-cxposcd squirrel monkeys . and viral infection are now ungation. ! ` / u supported by fund* provided by . Air Pollution Cootrol Administration, of Health, Education, end Welfsrt, ct PH-88-67-30. Mna the research reported bet*. Ox' adhered to Principlet oI laboratory kb established by the National Society ' Research. j I J nitrogen dioxide: II. Effect on histo)f lung tissue. Arch Environ Health 1969. H( l. nry MC: Chronic toxicity ot Effect on resistance to bacterial Ji Environ Health 17:360-865. J908. mi A, Ehrlich R Petxold R: Ellect ot ioke od resistance to respiratory infer- nitron Health 16:385-391. 1968. *ker Is Carpenter RD. Euchginger PC. ... alveolar msoophsg* viability. Arch h 18:758-759. 19G9. A, Kitcbock G: Role of interferon in d virus infection* Lancet 2:69-71, I960. d "synthesis*' is regarded with fgest that the past century was reality to that we could look at diwiplinCK got going. The next tually with complexes of thing*, nent of man.--Hara FK: How 1970. May 1970 ( t r, ir i Asbestos Versus Npnasbestos Fibers UKramicroscopic Criteria Paul Grots. MD; Jlobcrt T. P. dcTrcville, MD, Sc I); and. Martin N. Haller, Pittsburgh To classify usefully fibrous dusts Inhaled by urban populations. It is sug gested that they be categorized initially as asbestos or nonasbeslos fibers. This would supply Information sufficient for statistical significance and re duce analytical requirements, saving lime and money. The uttramicroscopic criteria of asbestos fibers are ends which have profiles characterized by step-like interruptions up or down from each other, as seen at a magnifica tion Of 20,000 or 25,000 X under the electron microscope, and a surface view (scanning electron microscope at the same magnification) character ized by parallel longitudinal lines that delineate the fibrils. The ultramicroscopic criterie of nonasbestos fibers viewed at 20,000 or 25,000 X magnifi cation are ends which have uninterrupted linear profiles, and a surface view devoid of longitudinal paralltl lines. Fibrous dust particles are ubiquitous.1 Many are of respirable size and can be recovered quantitatively from lungs with ferruginous bodies that develop from some inhaled fibers.* The finding of ferruginous bodies in the lungs of urban dwellers has been interpreted by some to indicate pollu tion.of community air with asbestos dust.*-4 As an extension of this interpretation, it was predicted that asbestotic pulmonary fibrosis would result in urban dwellers who were inhaling asbestos fibers from the wearing Submitted for publication Sept 12, 19G9; accepted Kov J3. | From the Department of Occupational Health, Industrial Hygiene Henenrch Unit, University of I'illitMnrh Graduate School of ISiblir Health (Dr. tlnm) and tlic Industrial Hygiene Kouivlnlion of America, Inc. (Dr. deTrcville), 1'itUiburgh. Heller is a fellow of Mellon Institute, Cam?*It-Mellon University. Reprint requeata to Industrial Hygiene Foundation at America. Inc., 6231 Centra Aval Pittsburgh 16282 tDr. dsTiwviUs). J down of automobile brake-linings and from the weathering of various asbestos-cement products.* It was even suggested that an increase in the prevalence of lung cancer and mesothelioma may be attributable to inhalation of such polluted community air.* The concern aroused by this interpreta tion stimulated an investigation which as certained that ferruginous bodies were not specific indications of the presence of asbes tos fibers, since a number of fibrous dusts other than asbestos could produce structures indistinguishable from asbestos bodies.* This suggested that the presence of pulmo nary ferruginous bodies in urban popula tions is not necessarily an index of atmos pheric pollution with asbestos dust. It is important to determine if urban populations the world over3-* are exposed to potentially harmful asbestos dust and, if so, to what extent Such determination requires identi fication of the naked fibers and central cores 1 Arch Environ Health--Vol 30, May 1970 .( SCF-FA-6314 0(>0 0w32 n/h PRODUCED BY FORD PRODUCED BY FORD 573 8000 0434 PRODl ICED RV mo n PRODUCED BY FORD 'IS--lions ET Ah umiw ASBESTOS VERSUS NONASBESTOS FIBERS--CltOSS ET Ah I ( *W|1 II'^U nwn 675 *> . V .*>*! -. ..' I V^;i V I ( i;-. fiber (amoslta) shewing longitudinal figuration at on* end (x 20.000). *y 1970 ( i i Flo ____Surface vlepr (aeannlng alactron microscope) of nonasbastot fiber (class) showing smooth, convex surface devoid of longitudinal parallel markings (x 20,000). Arctfi Environ Health--Vol 20, May 1970 BOOO 0<*3f- PRODUCED BY FORD iwssswn . i ~i ii uiutsliXiSmur ! ills ...Is--TweeilVs 576 asbestos versus monasbestos fibers-Lgross ET Ah f ASBESTOS VERi or ferruginous bodies isolated f urban dweller* in sufficient nur. statistically significant data. Although identification of th< of ferruginous bodies and of has been accomplished by fraction1 and electron micro sis,*1 these techniques are L time consuming. Furthermore, scale investigation necessary t tistically reliable data, extensi above techniques could prove expensive, since it would tend t the costly equipment involved of trained technicians. Also, the need exists for a r would facilitate acquisition data rapidly and economically, mention suggests a means to needs. A procedure, essentially method, is described for class fibers and the central filamen nous bodies into asbestos or fibers. The cores of ferruginoi made accessible' for such clas freeing them from the encru* nous shell by chemical or physi either with oxalic acid or ultr tions. Materials and Meth. Fm 5.--Two perstlet glsss fiber* M apposition which stow ooe-sttp prow*: Pucy ott\*o***a wldlh of uninterrupted rsctlllnesr or curvtllnr profile Indicates honssbettot fiber (x 20.000). 1 Arch Environ Health--Vol SO, May: 7970 The classification of inhaled : from lungs19 is based on the fact fibers are composed of compactly fibrils, whereas nonasbestos fiber neous units. Because of this diffe: Cure, the fractured ends of these fiber* differ in a very important of on asbestos fiber is irregular : that of a bundle of fragile sticks broken transversely. As might be ferent fibers of the bundle break different points. At an appro) Oration, therefore, (as describee electron microscopy) the froctu sent* an irregular profile with > like projections and depressions, step* being shallow and others de contrast, inhaled transparent fits asbestos but of similar diameter a homogenous in character, and. b< lo fracture so as to present unin ear profiles at the fractured ends Another important difference hated asbestos and notuwhestn* i 8600 6437 Arch _JL ' PRODUCED BY FOtm step profile; psuclty of *P* and i nontsosstot fibsf (x 20,000). ly 1970 !ct ferruginous bodies faolntrvTfrom lungs of tuban dwellers In sufficient numbers to yield statistically significant data. [ Although identification of the central fiber of ferruginous bodies and of naked fibers has been accomplished by [ electron dif fraction10 and electron rnicroprobe analy st* these techniques are laborious and time consuming. Furthermore, for the large- stale investigation necessary rto obtain sta tistically reliable data, extensive use of the above techniques could prove enormously expensive, since it would tend'to monopolize the costly equipment involved and the time of trained technicians. j Also, the need exists for a method which would facilitate acquisition of necessary data rapidly and economically. This commu nication suggests a means to satisfy these needs. A procedure, essentially a screening method, is described for classifying naked fibers and the central filaments of ferrugi nous bodies into asbestos or nonasbestos fibers. Hie cores of ferruginous bodies are made accessible for such classification by freeing them from the encrusting ferrugi nous shell by chemical or physical means, ic, either with oxalic acid or ultrasonic vibra tions. I bnsed on the multi-unit composition of asbestos fiber* ond tho unitary structure of nonnshcslos fibers. A surface viow (scanning electron microcofio) of tho former nt a magnification of approximately 20,000X shows longitudinal, par allel delineation of individual fibrils (Fig 3). The surface view of nonasbestos fiber is devoid of such longitudinal line* (Fig 4). To test the validity of these concepts, elec tron photomicrographs were made of the ends of several chrysotiie, amosite, and croddolite fibers, as well as the ends of a similar number of glass, ceramic aluminum silicate, and silicon carbide fiber*, all of which had diameters with in a range of 0.1s to 2.0s. Without the observ er's knowing the identity of the fibers on the photographs, the latter could be sorted easOy, quickly, and correctly into asbestos and nonas bestos categories based on the above concepts. A magnification of 20,000 or 25,000X appeared optimal for this purpose. However, the method is not free of possible error. According to the findings of J. P. Leineweber, PhD, (written communication, Octo ber 1969), the ends of occasional asbestos fibers, particularly those substantially thinner than la, may cause them to be categorized wrongly. For such fibers, higher magnifications ond use of the scanning microsco|>c is ndvised. Comment . Materials and Method The classification of inhaled, fibers isolated (mm lungs1* is based on the fait that asbestos Ebert are composed of compactly apposed finer fibrils, whereas nonasbestos fibers are homoge neous units. Because of this difference in strucj lure, the fractured ends of these two types of fibers difTer in a very important way. The end of an asbestos fiber is irregular and resembles that of a bundle of fragile sticks which has been broken transversely. As might be expected, dif ferent fibers of the bundle break at somewhat different points. At an appropriate magni fication, therefore, (as described below, using electron microscopy) the fractured end pre sents an irregular profile with multiple step like projections and depressions, some of the steps being shallow and others deep (Pig 1). In contrast, inhaled transparent fibers other than asbestos but of similar diameter are likely to be homogenous in character, and, because of this, to fracture so as to present uninterrupted lin ear profiles at the fractured ends' (Pig 2). Another important difference between in- baled asbestos and nonasbestos fibers is also A basic criterion of asbestos fiber identi fication is its tendency toward longitudinal splitting. Initially, there was uncertainty in some photographs in which several fibers known to be glass (one thick and one or two much thinner) were found parallel and in close apposition, giving the appearance of possible longitudinal splitting (Fig 5). The profiles of the fractured ends were interrupt ed also. However, the interruption consisted of only one or two steps; and there was sufficient width of uninterrupted linear profile to allow differentiation from asbes tos. As the diameter of the fiber in question decreases, the component subunits also be come smaller so that the magnification must be increased to visualize them. The chance for error appears to increase with substan tial decreases in diameter below 0.1/i. How ever, inasmuch as the average diameter of naked fibers isolated from lungs of city dwellers in our experience is about 2/x (un published data), we believe the chance of error will be small. Arch^Enoiron Health--Vol 20, May 1970 a 000 PRODUCED BY Form A Mainaha. .r -~rCT-r-- 578 ASBESTOS VERSUS NONASBESTOS FIBERS^-CROSS ET AL If fiber b clarified a* "ibeatoi," it will be deeireble to confirm this and determine whether it may have been derived from in dustrial products, which are chiefly chryaotile, amoeite, or crocidolite fibers.- Other forms of asbeskc such as tremolite or actinolite are thought to be the general urban population's chief nonoccupational expo sure. In part, such exposure comes from cosmetic talc, eg, as found in cosmetic and dusting powders. Talc is also widely used in industry, eg, in rubber tire manufacturing. and in agriculture aa a vehicle in which to administer pe^tiddee. ' Uae of electron diffraction or microprobe techniques required in such cases or both involves a much smaller number of examina tions, with consequent savings of time in volved with research and equipment and of research dollars--all of which are in critical ly short supply. In addition, this will speed collection and evaluation of data and help resolve important questions concerning ade quacy of health protection of the public. References 1. Cratley LJ, Keenan KG, Lynch JR et a): 7. Anjilvri L,1 Thuribock WM: The incidenoe et Source and identification of respirsbl* Abet*. Amer ' asbeatoe bodies In the lungs of random necropsies h Induetr Hyf Aeeoc J :129-136,19C8. Montreal. Conod Med Assoc J 95:1179-1182,19C6 2. Groaa P, dsTrevills RT. Cralley U, et el: 8. Meurman jl/ Asbestos bodies and pleural Pulmonary ferruginous bodies, development in re- plaques in a Finnish aeries of autopsy cases. Acta eponae to filamentous duets, and a method of Path Microbiol Scand, suppl 181,19C6. isolation and concentration. Arch Path 85:539-646, 9. Chezzl L j Molten] G, Puccett U: Asbestos 1968. bodies in the flings of inhabitants of Milan. Mri 3. Thomson JG, Kaschuls RO, MacDonald RR: Lavoro 68:223-227,1967. Asbestos as a modem urban hsxsrd. $ Afr Med J 10. Groaa P. deTreville RT, Haller MN: Pulma 37:77-61, 19C3. nary ferruginous bodies of city dwellers: A study of 4. Thomaoo JG, Path FC, Graves WM: Asbestos their central fiber Arch Environ Health 19:186-188, as an urban air contaminant. Arch Path Sl:458-464, 1969. : 19G6. 11. Stumphiua J, Mayer PB: Asbestos bodies and 5. Thomson JG: Asbestos and the urban dweller. mesothelioma. Ann Occup Hyg 11:283-293,19G8. Ann NY Acad Sci 132:19G-214. 19C5 12. Ulidjian MD. Groaa P. deTreville RT: Fem>- 6. Ceiine D, Totten RS, Gross P: Asbestos bpdiee in human lungs at autopsy. JAMA 192:371-373, 1965. ginoue bodiee in human lungs: Prevalence et ran dom autopsies.- Arch Environ Health 17:327-333. 1968. WHAT HAS AFFLUENCE DONE TO AMERICA? The fact of affluence itself erodes much of the reason: for commitment to the old capitalistic values. It it hard to maintain commitments to .'self-discipline and to achieve in occupation if one is living in an environment of received abundance. It is significant that the students who are involved in protest in their colleges are primarily from the upper income levels. The students from lower income levels are lees apt to be so involved. The capitalistic culture, which Marx thought would bo oppoood primarily by the working class is instead being confronted by a portion of the educated middle class, not because of deprivation, but in part because of affluence; not solely out of eelf-intereet or oppression, but because of the perception of the oppression of other*. This sentiment hae strength because the emphasis on competition, success, and aelf-disciplins in the established culture are in tension with its capacity to guarantee a decent standard of living for the members of society, ^he values of capitalism are scarcity values, not values for on affluent society. The puritan today is a deviant; the emphasis is on self-fulfillment rather than self-control os a central virtue. Self-discipline has come to mean the ubility to express impulses in one's [private life while maintaining a fully rational impersonal persirective in one's work.--Flack R: Volue conflicts and the American middle class, in The Acquisition end Development of Values. Perspectives on Research, report of a conference. May 15-17, 1968, Washington, DC, National Institute of Child Heoith and Human Development, p 7. - { Effe. The transport of titanium dloxl silica, heated amorphous silica, a the lungs lo the hllsr lymph nodes, rssctlon of these organs, were si treated and control rats. BCG treatment Increases the r lungs of alt the dusts studied ar In the hltar lymph nodes. Thus, port from the lungs vie Ihe lymp fated by BCG, and both "Inert" dusts are, to a significant degree, this route, . The combined effects of BCG dusts tend to be mors pronouncr and less pronounced In the hilt thsn the sum of the sepsrele effects. E XPERIMENTS on rats ha quarto dust injected inlmt: BCG injected intravenously animal have a less pronounce: the weight of the hilar lymph : Rum of the separate effects c and BCG, when these effects : different animals.1"1 This is : in the lungs; on the contrary, is numerically quite the opp organs.1-4 There is also a retat tion of quarto dust from the Hilar lymph nodes in rets tren before the intratracheal qtmr tion, compared with control Submitted for publication Aug 7 Dee 1. ( From ihe Clink* of Oonip*tion*l lirutka $jukhu*et and Hint Gu*ti Institute lDr*. G&the and Swmwo Institute of Occupational Health. I pational Medicine (Dr. Swen*on>, 1 Reprint request* to Clinic of CX> tine. Karotinaka Sjukhunet. 1(U 01 den (Dr. GOlhe). Arch Environ Health--Vol 20, May 1970 BOOO 0a3? Arch. }. * PRODUCED RV Frttm