Document 2Rr1wxgvd0b4Q0zJbJwnggoxp

O' PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT ' tt n I \ ii UIlMiJJ r\1! n; i nid r->n r" r^ r--~i UL-i ii WtiuiuWkJ r^\ }i imS UW JsJlL Hitelatule Gbstlacts MEDICAL ENGINEERING LEGAL - - - decisions and trends tfncktsfoial Health 7lews luU*4 Monthly By INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION 4400 FIFTH AVENUE PITTSBURGH, PA. COiO.VJ :jJnci7 si. VII. 'o.l. Industrial Hygiene Foundation, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. INDUSTRIAL EjfGISIE DIGEST Literature and News News Items 1 Arsine Gas Causes Fatality An industrial accident which shows the importance of a worker's knowledge of the substances he uses in his work, recently occurred in Iowa. The death of a mana ger of an Iowa creamery was reported to the Industrial %giene Division, Iowa Department of Health. Upon investigation, it was found that the creamery manager had spent approximately two hours cleaning his can-washer with a mixture of "Beta Chlor" and commercial muriatic acid which was diluted about 6 times. "Beta Chlor" is an acid inhibitor used to prevent the action of the muriatic acid on iron. ' The can-washer is a large circular machine in which the 5 and 10 gallon cream cans are cleaned. The cans are placed in the machine open side down and different Solutions, followed by dry steam, are forcedthrough small jets up into the can as well as over the outside. The worker placed the mixtureof "Beta Chlor" and muriatic acid in the tank at the base of the can-washer so that it could be forced through jets and, thus, spray the solution over the inside of the washing compartment. He closed the machine and sprayed the solution over the inside of the can-washer, then opened it and scraped off deposits which were present, thus ex posing himself to the mist formed. That evening he felt tired and ill, be came very cyanoscd, and was vomiting. The next day he was taken to a hospital where, in spite of numerous transfusions, he died five days after his initial ex posure. He passed no urine during his entire stay in the hospital and at the time of death was extremely cyanotic, unconscious, and had a red blood cell count of 900,000. He had an acute hemolytic anemia due to a chemical poison. The can-washer `was made of galvanized iron, which, due to the zinc, when in contact with hydrochloric acid, gives off hydrogen, "Beta Chlor" contains a soluble arsenic compound and in the presence of hydrogen, arsine was given off. The Iowa Industrial Hygiene Division was able to produce arsine in a laboratory re production of the creamery circumstances, and the death of the manager was clin ically similar to fatalities described as due to arsine. - Industrial Hygiene. 2 Tuberculosis. The Medical Department of the Yvestinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company has prepared a series of brief, readable pamphlets on tuberculosis for distribu tion among its employees. They are entitled: Tuberculosis, What is Tuberculosis? now the Doctor Diagnoses Tuberculosis, Hygienic Living Protects from Tuberculosis, Do I have Tuberculosis?, V.'ar and Tuberculosis, Infected Sputum Spreads Tuberculo sis, The Modern Treatment of Tuberculosis, and Good Nutrition Helps Prevent Tuber culosis. Industrial Hygiene Digest - 2. 3 Hcrnto-Conjunctivitis Continues to Spread. In Vol. 2, No. 12, 1-2 (December, 1942) the news digest "Industrial Hygiene" re ports that the epidemics of kerato-conjunctivitis are continuing to spread. In dustrial communities in Michigan, New York, Connecticut and other states have recently reported its presence. The seriousness of the disease may be shown by the fact that from 40 to 70 per cent of the Scases develop coroneal opacities, some of which may be permanent. Dr. Murray Sanders warns that unless great care is exercised, the disease may be carried from one patient to another by the hands of medical personnel. An epidemic of 80 cases in the practice of one physician resulted from one unrecognized case. The following four point program is recom mended: (1) Prepare to recognize the disease when it occurs. (2) Exercise metic ulous care in technique, such as sterilization of solutions, eye droppers, and instruments used in eye cases. Wash the hands carefully between cases. (3) Iso late patients as soon as the disease is recognized, (4) Educate the patient to prevent infecting others or spreading the infection from one eye to the other. The best treatment seems to consist of cold compresses, installations of atropine, and applications of sulfathiazole ointment. In the more severe cases, x-ray seems to be effective in small doses. Dr. E, J. Waters of San Diego, California, reports his best results with a four or five per cent solution cf sodium sulfa thi azole sesquihydrate. The treatment should be continued for at least five days after the symptoms have disappeared. 4 Extinguishing Magnesium Fires. The Philip Carey Manufacturing Company, Dockland, Cincinnati, Ohio has announced the development of a product for reducing the losses incident to magnesium fires. It is claimed that the product, Carey M.X. Granules, when spread over a fire, will soften ana seal the burning magnesium with an air-tight blanket. The pro duct is listed by Underwriter1s Laboratories, Inc. 5 Medical Series, Bulletin No. V. The abstracts of two discussions of Bulletin V, which were reported to the Nation al Tuberculosis Association are presented. Dr. C. C. Birkelo of Detroit, Mich., commented as follows: "Their original plan for this experiment was good. They selected lesions which are difficult to find and can be seen only in the very best films, even in the 14" x 17" size. I recall at least one of the lesions which they demonstrated at the Cincinnati meeting of the American Roentgen Ray Society in 1941, which could easily have been missed in a slightly over-exposed 14" x 17" film. "In short, ay opinion is this, that in order tc make this experiment fulfill all requirements, one should be able to state that the films of all sizes used for the..test were the best that could be produced at that time. That state ment could be made for their 14" x 17" and their paper, but not for the 4" x 5" size and 35-mm size films which they demonstrated. "For that reason, I believe their experiment would be worth while repeating and if it were, I would suggest that the most valuable opinions could be ob tained from radiologists who have the advantage of some experience with in terpretation of the smaller sizes cf films." Dr. Vt'illis C. Beasley of the National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Md., offered the following observations: "The study reported upon by Dr. V/arren appears to mo as being both a unique end valuable approach to the problem of evaluating the diagnostic excellence of various sizes of x-ray films. I should like to emphasize that the minia ture chest film is of value chiefly as a means of isolating cases for clin ical study from among a large population that is predominantly negative for tuberculosis or other thoracic pathology. G04017 industrial Hygiene Digest - 5, - "Tv/o types of questions have been involved in comparative studies cn miniature films: Vv'hich size do you like better? V.'hat can you do with each size of film? Our interest is practical and chiefly concerned with the second question. "(1) If-wo disregard accuracy of diagnosis, or specific roentgenological interpretation, and consider only the number of cases missed entirely on miniature films from among those which would be held for clinical study on the basis of 14" x 17" radiographs, there is no residual error between the two sizes of miniature films (4" x 5" and 3b mm.), which may be attributed confidently to difference in si2e. "{%) The major sources of error in miniature fUms of either size are: (a) improper exposure factors, especially excessive kilovoltage, which often through overpenetration obliterates small, soft-shadow lesions, especially of the miliary type; (b) wrong positioning; (c) faulty pro cessing of films. Each of these factors is more critical in photo roentgenography than in direct radiography. "(3} There is far greater disagreement between the specific roentgeno logical interpretations of the same films by two or more roentgenologists, than between readings by the came roentgenologists on three different sizes of film. This applies to positive cases "missed," as well as to specific classifications of positive diagnoses." 6 Silicosis Record. . The total number of silicosis claims filed in Ohio from July 31, 1937 to October 31, 1942 is 1,104. Of this number 46? claims were allowed, 494 disallowed and 143 are still pending. Of the claims allowed, 254 originated in foundries,and 154 in ceramic plants. Of 34 claims considered in October, 1942, half were allowed. - Ohio Ind. Com. Monitor, 15, 171 (November, 1942). 7 Welding Teachers Use Throat Microphones. '.'.`elding teachers in a 'west Coast plane plant use throat microphones to instruct their pupils, who are equipped with earphones under their welding helmets. By this means the clatter of machines and the crackle cf welding flames are elimin ated and full attention can be given to instructions at all times, -- L. Miriam Lucas. San Francisco Regional Office. 8 Aluminum Dust Explosion. The Annual Congress News Letter - October, 1942 of the National Safety Council describes two general precautions wherever aluminum dust is handled. 1. The accumulation of metallic aluminum dust particles in exposed places should be pre vented. 2. Flames and other sources of ignition should not be allowed within 30 feet of cleaning or repair work which may produce aluminum dust. The ignition of aluminua. du3t particles by a welding flame recently caused the death of sever al workmen and seriously burned a number of others. 9 Flame-proof Y.'ork Clothes. A no-.; c herd cal, ammonium sulfcmate, is being applied to work clothing, such as gloves, aprons, and specially designed headgear, to render it non-flammable when exposed to flying sparks. The treated fabrics are said to be more economical and less cumbersome than orthodox protective materials. The product and process were developed by the E. I. duPont dcNcmours Company. 10 - ikisc::in;; Hazard. lend Btnto Department of Health has called attention to the danger from e use of leaded gasoline in stoves. In a Press Bulletin No. 953, Dr. P.iley id, "Never use it in stoves, because the fumes contain lead, which may cause 0010'. Industrial Hygiene Digest - 4. fatal lead poisoning, especially in children." The present difficulties in transportation have made lead free gasolines very scarce. 11 lire Retardant. A nov; fire retardant, known as "Firepel" has been offered for sale by the Alibi Chemical Corporation, 9 Park Place, New York City. The material is an. aqueous solution which can be applied by brush or spray to unfinished -wood surfaces. It is claimed that treated weed vail retain its fire retardant properties indefinite ly if it is not exposed to the weather. It is recommended for roofs, beams, trusses, rafters, joists, ceilings and stairwells. "Firepel" is said to be non toxic and fungicidal, end will not generate irritating or inflammable fumes. It reduces the tendency of wood to rot. Book Reviews 12 Vitamins for Health. H. Borsook and Y;. Huso. Public Affairs Pamphlet No. 69, (1942), 32 pp. Published by Public Affairs Committee, 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York, N.Y. Price 10 cents with discount for quantities. This is a thorough but popular discussion of the different vitamins -- effect of deficiency, quantity needed in diet, content in foods, and need and cost of con . centrates, for each. The Authors believe that an adequate diet of a healthy per son does not generally require the addition of concentrates, but that during ' convalescence or in other weakened conditions of the body, the addition of vita mins A, B complex and C in concentrates and D in fish liver oils or vitamin D milk is desirable. Also, when the deficiency of vitamins is due to financial reasons, some of the vitamins at manufacturers' prices are quite inexpensive, although not so at retail prices. In the United States there is little beriberi from lack of vitamin Bq (thiamin) but mild vitamin Bq deficiency is widespread according to nutrition surveys, and is responsible for much of the constipation, flatulence and dyspepsia characteristic of middle and old age. Mild 32 (ribo flavin) deficiency is also common. Vitamin 3q is largely removed from wheat in milling, and is now added to the processed flour to restore its original content. The authors believe additional and 3g should be added to provide the total amounts necessary for a proper diet. The less known members of the B complex, and vitamins E, K and the advertised but non-existent skin vitamin F, are dis cussed briefly. On the whole, certain minimum quantities of vitamins are necess ary to prevent certain diseases. Larger quantities can aid in attaining buoyant health. A sample menu is given which appears to be plentiful, but when analyzed is found to be short in vitamins A and Eq. Suggestions for calculating sufficient vitamins for diets and for buying food are included. One rule given is that no vitamin concentrate and no food fortified with vitamins should be bought unless the potency is stated in terms of units of weight in a given volume or per tablet. 13 Useful Criteria in the Idontjfication -jf Certain Occupational Health Hazards. Div. of Industrial Hygiene, Utah State Dept, of Health (1942). 88 pp. This valuable pamphlet is a collection of useful information for the guidance of plant management, the physician, the industrial hygienist, corn: ensation officials, etc. The seven major sections arc: I. Classification of Potential Hazards by Cliiof Industry; II. Classification of Potential Hazards by Occupation: III. Impor tant Physical Properties and Principal Uses of Certain Toxic Substances with Chief Diagnostic Signs and Symptoms of Injury or other Disabilities; IV, Miscellaneous 0040' u irv:i;vi,rr'l Hygiene Digest - 5. ij'tli1. of Occupation with Chief Diagnostic Signs and Symptoms of Injury or oLhi-i- Disabilities; V. Occupational Dermatoses; VI. Table of Chemical Warfare ;';:t m.; showing Persistency, Toxicity, Physiological Action, and First-aid; and V! r. Oral Manifestations of Occupational Disease. 14 D m-ilri'fit Medical Service Plans. American Hospital Association, Hospital Sorr.Lan Commission, 18 E. Division St., Chicago, 111. (October, 1942) . 40 pp. The history and development of nodical service plans is presented briefly in this Interesting booklet. The main portion of the text is devoted to descrip tion.': of plans now in operation. They include the Michigan, Colorado, California, `h : husetts, New Jersey, North Carolina, Pennsylvania and some city medical service plans. Inriretrial Relations Digests. XIV. The Medical Department In War Industries. Industrial Relations Section, Princeton University, December, 1942. 8 pp. A nummary of the fundamental aspects of industrial medical problems in war in dustry is presented. The aims, obligations and make-up of the medical depart ment ore described under the following titles and sub-titles. A. Direct Func tions of the Medical Department: (1) Pre-placement physical examinations; (2) Protection against occupational disease; (5) Treatment for occupational injuries; (4) Attention to the general health of the employees; and (5) the maintenance of adequate health records. (3) Cooperation in other personnel problems: (1) Accident prevention; (2) determination of hours of work; (3) employee sickness insurance and benefits; (4) job specification and re-engineering; (5) transfers; and (G) the pension plan. (C) Organization of the Medical Department. (D) Upecinl Health Maintenance Problems in War Industries. P6 The Coming Crisis in Manpower. M.S. Stewart. Public Affairs Pamphlet No. 63 (1942). Public Affairs Committee, Inc., 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York, N. Y, Prico 10sf, discount in quantities. The recent and future increase in industrial manpower is thoroughly discussed. An additional 3,500,000 'workers will be necessary, and the following sources are considered: The unemployed, negroes, women and children below the present werking age. The question of labor drafting is considered from several angles. The author's conclusions agree in general with those of Mr. McNutt, whose recommenda tions are given in the summary. Legal Developments Silicosis Statutory Requirement that Claim for Compensation be Referred to Medical Hoard. Whether Claimant was Exposed to Silicon Dioxide Dust in Harmful Quantities During Two Years Prior to Terminating Employment. The claimant, Fraga, become an employee of the Hew River Company, as a coal ioad- er> in 1923, end continued until May 12, 1941. From the 12-th of March, 1929, he worked continuously in the Whipple mine. In June, 1941, he was found to have silicosis in an advanced stage, and filed his claim for compensation. His claim wan rejected. This appeal fallowed. The sole question is whether he was exposed to silicon dioxide oust in harmful quantities for a period of two years. V.'hon claimant filed his claim, the Commissioner had jurisdiction to hear and determine it. The fact that ho was required to show that he had been exposod to the inha lation of silicon dioxide dust in harmful quantities for a period of two years. n n n ? I.i sstrial Hygiene Digest - 6. ,7'j.s not a natter v/hich bore upon the jurisdiction of the Commissioner to hear and determine the matter, but only on the question whether there should have been :-n award of compensation. The first duty of the Commissioner was to hear the case upon tho non-mcdicol questions. By statute, it is provided that the re port of the medical board shall contain findings and conclusions as to whether -che claimant or tlio deceased employee has contracted such disease, and whether or not the exposure in the employment was sufficient to have caused silicosis or to have injuriously aggravated an existing silicosis. It is also provided that the report of the medical board shall be filed with the compensation commission er, and that if neither party mokes objection thereto, the findings of the beard on any nodical question shall be token to be plenary and conclusive. It is fur ther provided that if objection is made, a hearing shall be had, and it necess arily follows that the compensation commissioner, upon a consideration of all the evidence and the report of the medical board, must finally determine the right to compensation. While the report of the medical board, if objected to, is not final as to the matters reported by it, and the final decision thereon must rest with the compensation commissioner, this is a case where reference to the medical board should have been made before there was a dismissal of the claimant's case. Such procedure should be followed where there is a reasonable doubt on any medical question, and where an investigation might tend to clarify any matter which might affect the final decision of the commissioner. Claimant has silico sis, and he must necessarily have contracted it while working for the employer in this case. He may have contracted the disease more than two years prior to the date he ceased work; but the statute apparently contemplates that even if he had ` contracted the disease more than two years before he ceased work, if during the last two years he was employed his condition was aggravated, he might still be entitled to compensation. The statute contemplates reference to the medical board in cases where the exercise of technical learning is calculated to clear up doubts. The action of the Commissioner and the Appeal Board in dismissing claimant's case without a reference thereof to the medical board was erroneous. Therefore, its action is reversed, and tho case remanded to the Compensation Com missioner, with instructions to refer the same to the medical board for investi gation and report. Fraga v. State Compensation Commissioner, et al. Vf. Va. Supreme Ct. of App. Decided Hovember 24, 1942.""(CCH)V 18 Silicosis. Widow's Claim to Compensation Barred YJhere Husband's Death Occurs Uore Than One Year After Least Injurious Exposure. On June 17, 1940, Percy Eowdler -was awarded compensation for third stage silico sis. The date of his last exposure was November 27, 1939, and more than one year thereafter, August 9, 1941, he died. Decedent's widow, Eleanor Bowdler, on September 3, 1941, filed application for benefits. The Appeal Board reversed an order of the Commissioner denying compensation, and awarded monthly benefits to the widow and infant children. Tho position of the employer is that no widow or dependent is entitled to compensation in a fatal case unless death ensues within one year from the date of the last exposure. Section 7 (d) of the silicosis statute provides: "If the employee dies from silicosis within one year from the date of the last exposure of the employee to silicon dioxide dust in harmful quantities, the benefits shall be in the- amounts and to the persons provided for in section 1, article four of this chapter ***." The cited statutory reference treats of disbursement of the workmen's compensation fund and provides for pay ment to the dependents where death has ensued to the employee. Hence, under sub section (d), benefits are payable to dependents if death to the diseased employee occurs within the one-year period. It is asserted by claimant that Section 5, requiring that "claim thorcl'or has been made within one year," compels only that a claim be filed ana not one by both employee'and the widow, or other dependents. Tins contention is not persuasive when considered in the light of Section 7 (d). G 0 0 21 Istrial Hygiene Digest - 7. . If the silicosis statute did not specially provide when dependents were to be said benefits, then the provision for benefit payments to dependents "in case -ho personal injury causes death 'within the period of six years and the disabil ity is continuous from date cf such injury until date of death," would be applic able. However, Section 7 (d) clearly places a limitation of one year in silico sis cases. The ruling of the Appeal 3oard is reversed and the claim remanded ..it'.i direction that the oraor of the Commissioner be affirmed. Bewaler v. State Compensation Commissioner ot al. Y,r. Va. Supreme Ct. of App. Decided September IT' 1942. (CCHf. Usability and Subsequent Death Due to Stonecutter* s Phthisis. Date cf Disabil ity as fixing Compensation to widow, .Inna Hue ter, plaintiff, is the widow of Otto Rueter, who was employed by defendant Rinshed Mason Company, which was insured by the Employers Liability Assurance Company, a co-defendant. The occupational disease amendment to the compensation lav/ became effective on October 29, 1937. Rueter suffered disability due to stonecutter's phthisis, a dust disease, on March 10, 1959, in the eighteenth month after the effective date of the occupational disease amendment, and was paid compensation in accordance with the then maximum amount under the law. Rueter*s death occurred in June, 1940, and plaintiff was paid the balance still due on the award to him. The department subsequently upheld plaintiff* s claim that she was also entitled to compensation from the date of disability up to the date of her husband's death. This would make an aggregate award of $2,100, in stead of the former award of $1,350, which had been paid. The department held that the plaintiff had the right to take the date of death as the basis for com pensation. The department erred in not fixing compensation at the time of dis ability. Placing the maximum amount recoverable for dust diseases at $500 under the statute, and increasing it at the rate of #50 per month until the maximum of 03,000 was reached, was due to the very fact that the legislature realized that a person afflicted with a dust disease night have contracted it previous to the effective date of the act, that such disease might not have manifested itself until after the act went into effect, and that it was not fair to the employers tc make them pay more than a proportional amount for a disease contracted prior to the effective date of the occupational disease amendment. If less than 3,000, the maximum amount payable is fixed by the month subsequent to the effective date of the amendment in which total disability occurs, irrespective of whether death is contemporaneous with total disability or later. The award is set aside and the case remanded. Ruetor v. Rinshed Mason Company et al. Mich. Supreme Ct. Decided December 23, 19427 (CCHK ' Silicosis. Date of Contracting Disease Fixed by Appearance of Symptoms. Timeli ness end Manner of Giving Notice of Disability. Exclusion of Evidence. Defendant employer appeals from an order affirming the deputy commissioner*s award of compensation to plaintiff for total disability. It is agreed that '/..dice suffers from advanced silicosis. Appellee began working in defendant' '=`1 mine about July 31, 1937. The mine closed down for three months in 1S4C. Iicring this period appellee worked_on a farm. Appellee went back to work August 9, 1940, Ke claims that the engine wheels spun sand into the air to the extent h: could not see and had trouble breathing. He quit on August 21, 1940, because uC these conditions. He now is unable to work. The main question is whether tit record supports the finding that appellee "contracted" the disease of silico- within 12 months previous to she date of disablement, August 21, 1940. The ' i:a.i:u;3 of silicosis dating from the first deposit are hard to detect. There- i' re, in order that the statute may be effective and purposeful, it must be a. art rued us providing that the date of contracting starts when symptoms appear. i ei'er.dcr.t charges that notice was not given v.dthin 120 days after the disable- 'M. 'i'ho disablement occurred August 21, 1940. Defendant's own mine Ir. instrial Hygiene Digest - 8. superintendent testified he knew about appellee's claim at a hearing held before a deputy commissioner November 12, 1940, which is within the 120 day period. Appellee testified he told the superintendent of his condition on August 21, X 1J40, end was examined by the company doctor on August 22, 1940. There is ample testimony to justify the holding that appellant had notice within the statutory period. Defendant contends there was error in excluding testimony as to the results cf a test of the silica content of the mine. The test was made seven months after appellee's disablement, and both the deputy and the commission on review found that it was not shown satisfactorily by defendant that the condi tions were the same as at the time of and prior to plaintiff's disablement, more over, the matter cf introduction of evidence on review by the commission is with in its discretion. The commission did not abuse its discretion. The award is affirmed. Krzewinski v. Robert Gage Coal Company. Mich. Supreme Ct. Decided December 23, 19427 "(CCHf. * 21 Employee Burned in Explosion cf Fuel Oil Ignited by Match. Award for Physician's and Hospital's Bills. Culpable Negligence of Employee. This case presents the question whether an award for the payment of a physician's bill fer services amounting to ?12,G0 and a hospital bill for ?7.00 shall be up hold. No award was ordered for Fuhs, his disability prevailing for less than seven days. Fuhs received severe burns in an explosion of Diesel fuel oil following his use of a lighted match to ascertain the level of the fluid. An accident 'which places the employee beyond the pale of the lav; for the purposes of making awards must be due solely to the culpable negligence of the injured employ ee and, when the law is applicable to him, reasonable bills for medical ana hospit cl services are allowable and chargeable tc the accounts of employers. A claim cannot be disallowed on the ground of the culpable negligence of the workman un less such negligence was the sole cause of the injury. Culpable negligence is something more than the slight negligence necessary to support a civil action for damages. It means disregard of the consequences which may ensue from the act, and indifference to the rights of others. Therefore, the award was proper. Further, it cannot be said that the district court was in error in deciding that what Fuhs did was not the sole or only cause of the accident. The failure to provide a proper electric bulb and the failure to notify the 'workman that Diesel fuel was dangerous under certain conditions, were sources of causation of of the accident. Affirmed. Fuhs v. Swenson et al. V,'yc. Supreme Ct. Decided November 24, 1942. (CCH). 22 Death Caused by Drinking Carbon Tetrachloride by Mistake. Course of Employment, mule Against Drinking Intoxicants While Working. Petitioners, the wife ana children of Robert Elliott, seek to have annulled an erder of the Industrial Accident Commission denying them compensation for his death. Decedent informed Mr. Fordahl, a fellow employee, that he did not fool very well. Mr. Fordahl obtained a bottle containing what he supposed was v.ir.e from which decedont took a swallow. The contents of the bottle was carbon tetrachloride, a poison from which decedent died. Mr. Fordahl had found the cottle in the carpenter shop. It bore a label reading "Muskatel Wine." The Com mission found that decedent's death did not arise out of his employment. Such acts as are necessary to the life, comfort and convenience of the servant while at work, though strictly personal tc himself, and not acts of service, are inci dental to the service, and injury sustained in the performance thereof is deemed i have orison out cf the employment. In the instant case, the employee was not f.wk.ir.g well, and took what ha supposed was vine as a medication for his indis- oc it ion. Certainly a reasonable endeavor to treat by simple remedies a physical ailment occurring during an employee's working hours is an incident of the employ- meat. Respondents refer to the employer's rule that employees "are not allowet c or. ? i;, 'astrial Hygiene Digest - 9. to drink while they are working." Its application should properly be interpreted as prohibiting the consumption of intoxicating liquor for the mere satisfaction of a desire therefore by an employee, rather than its use for medicinal purposes. There is no evidence supporting the Commission's refusal to make an award in fevor of petitioners, and the only reasonable conclusion compels the making of an award in their favor for the compensation to which they are entitled, TVh, e awwrd is annulled. Elliott et sd. v. Industrial Accident Commission et Calif. Euorono Ct. Decided December 2, 1942. \CChJ, 23 D.uble Ccmnensaticn to Employee Under Eighteen Years of Are. Appeal from an award for double compensation to an employee under 13 years of age who was employed in violation of Sec. 151 of the Labor Law. No appeal was taken by the carrier on account of the regular award. The evidence sustains the av.-ard for double indemnity against the employer. Award affirmed. Hasullo v. Centaur Mills Supply Corp. et al. N.Y. Supreme Ct., App. Div., 3rd Dept. Decid ed September 30, 1942. { CCH). 24 Carpenter's Bye Infected from Exposure to Dust. Injury in the Course and Scope of Employment. Defense of Occupational Disease. Tins is a compensation suit, the plaintiff seeking an award for total and perman ent disability. The alleged injury was caused by exposure to dense dust while doing carpentry 'work. He developed an eye infection, followed by shingles or Herpes Zoster. A trial of the case resulted in an award of 20.00 per week, aur- . ins "the period of disability, not exceeding 400 weeks. At the time of trial, plaintiff's eyesight was such as to make him unfit for his trade. Prior to the time he worked in the dust-filled room for defendant, plaintiff was able to carry on his trade successfully. Plaintiff's family physician ana a recognised eye specialist are sure that plaintiff's trouble was caused by the dust. Plaintiff has net the burden of proving that the condition of his eye was caused by the dust while he was in the course and scope of his employment. Herpes Zoster cannot be classed as an occupational disease. Occupational disease has been de fined as one wherein the cumulative effect of the employee's continued absorption of deleterious substances from his environment ultimately results in manifest pathology. If conditions are so injurious to health as to produce symptoms which are apparent on the second day, it cannot be classed as occupational. The defense of occupational disease is not good. Judgment affirmed. Glover v. The Fidelity & Casualty Company et al. La. Ct. of App., 2nd Cir. Decided June 23, 1942. (CCHK ` j Industrial Health Haz-ards and Their Effects i - - __ -- - - Silicosis end Silicotuberculcsis in Coal Miners. R.J. Lassere. Revista Espanola ae Tuberculosis, 10_, 379 (July, 1941). A study cf 247 coal miners v.ith more than five years exposure is presented. There acre 44 cases of silicosis and 15 cases of siiicotuberculosis. Ar.thracosis found in coal cutters did net produce characteristic roentgenologic changes or a spe cial :,y:;u)tr.matology. The incidence end severity cf silicosis is significant only >`here rock is cut and drilled for many years. (30 years in this experience.) b'orc silicosis .and siiicotuberculosis was found in the asthenic type. Anatomic defects of the nose and the pharynx greatly favor the early appearance of silico sis. Tuberculosis rates of the miners were approximately the same as those of 004024 I ' '.-..atrial Hygiene Digest - 10 vf.c nali> population v;ho are not miners* The sedimentation rate of the erythro-. rr/tes w.;s normal or only slightly accelerated for the simple silicotics. The rate ch ngesin complicated silicosis were marked. The use of sedimentation rates in difjVrcntiating between-simple and complicated silicosis is claimed to bo of front value. .-ensofis, an Industrial Lunr: Pis ease* L.I.M. Cassenden and J.L. Hamilton- latei-T?:'.. Irit. idea. J. , 2_, 47G-4SQ-[ictober 24, 1942). . hagassc. is is the term suggested for a disease caused by inhalation of broken sugar c-->''S fiber known as bagasse. It is frequent among workers in breaking the dry' bali;-'.. The principal symptoms are shortness of breath end cough with scanty erutnm. bottling of the lungs is noticeable in roentgenograms. Although the bagasse contains 5 to 7fs of silica, the disease is unlike any known form of sili cosis, "'.'he cause of acute bagassosis is probably response to an antigen, bur the chronic form may be one of the following: (1) a foim of silicosis supervening on the allergic phase during or after the latter's resolution; (2) a response to crystalline cellulose; or (3) a chronic process of fibrotic nature occurring in tissues edematous from their response to the antigen. The disease can bo prevent ed by wonting the bagasse before grinding. 27 ?.caction '? the Lungs to Brown-Coal (lignite) Dust. V,'. G-rieshammer. Arch, f, Gevierbey- ih., 11, 1--o2 (1941). dubcutar.'-'us and intramuscular injections of a suspension of lignite viere made on rabbiguinea pigs and nice. The lyraphnodes nearest the injection site were then examined at periods from three days up to six months. Intravenous experi ments wreo also performed. Boses of 28 ccs, viere given in courses of nine injec tions ir. five weeks and smaller doses totalling 300 ccs. over 32 weeks. Dust embolies were found in the lung vessels but they disappeared after a short period of time. Some animals viere anesthetized and caused to inhale suspended dust. From one to 66 inhalations were given during a 33-week period. The dust was found in largo*.* quantities in the right lung of the rabbit, characteristically. The dust was eliminated by the lymphatics and by breathing. No fibrosis and no per sistent .-haracteristic lung changes viere found. 28 Silicosi--* Proposed Action on Medical Committees Report. Anonymous. Colliery Guard., `..55 193-194 (August 14, 1942). Followin'- the report of the Medical Research Council on Pulmonary Disease in South V-oh-Si the Home Office, in consultation with the Ministry of Fuel and Power, has made* - number of definite recommendations for proposed legislation. An impor tant prc'-'.'sal is the inclusion of compensation for pneumoconiosis following inha lation c.' any dusts in coal mines. Other details would be of interest mostly to those fna'.liar with the British laws, but an interesting feature is the promptness with whi,*h the recommendations were made. 29 til icosi. -- Occurrence and Control. V.r. M, Pierce. Chem. & Met., 11_, 110-112 (Ncvcmb- " . 1842) . Tins is third of a series of articles on industrial hygiene. The cause end control . silicosis are discussed. 30 -T-sards i Control of Industrial Toxic Solvents. YAM. Pierce. Chem, & Met., .mbor, 1942), fourth and last of a series of articles designed to acquaint the enemies. .gineor with the hazards and prevention of chronic poisoning in indust.i-i c. -cc.1 operations. The symptoms of solvent poisoning, as exemplified by benzol, i the control of solvents by engineering methods are described. CO.--025 V'i.-'l Ilyriene Digest - 11. r of Pi el Engines in Tunnel s. S.ii, Ash ini L. L. Lous. U.S. Bur. of Mines f. Giro., Mo. 7222, U. 8. Bur. cf Minus, V.azhington, D.C., 2 pc.. (October,1942). is circular is the latest in the scries showing that Diesel engines underground .o not ns safe as popularly supposed but present the definite hazards of expo- rc to carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide. The i-Rsent paper refers especially to Diesel locomotives with measroments of gas '.acentrations taken from locomotive operation. The most dangerous gases are /ides of nitrogen which are 10 times mere deadly than carbon monoxide. In Diesel comotive operation, the approximate ratio of nitrogen oxide to carbon monoxide ncoatration is 2.5 to 1 and always exceeds 1 to 1. The volumes of toxic gases ./educed, per minute per locomotive horsepower (full load, maximum speed) are as ilov.-s: carbon dioxide - 0.257 ca. ft.; nitrogen oxides - C.0C151 cu. ft.; ana rbon monoxide - 0.00C592 cu. ft. Air requirements should be based net only on ' rmnl consumption and toxicity, but on air purity sufficient to maintain the est of health and alertness and therefore prevent accidents. At least 65 to 75 ubic feet of fresh air must be- supplied per minute per brake-horsepower developed t maximum speed and load. This rate under normal conditions is based on a carbon onoxide control value of 10 to 20 p.p.m. 32 (>'-tline for the Treatment of Pulmonary Gas Poisoning. W. Crosley. Ohio State Med. j., 58, 448 (May, T942T". The author suggest an outline of treatment that is brief enough to be posted in emergency rooms and field first-aid units where exposure to v:ar gases is possible. ' The gases include chlorine, phosgene, diphosgene polite and superpalite, whose und product is hydrochloric acid, the irritant causing pulmonary edema. All Lreatment should be aimed at neutralizing this irritant and diminishing the fluid -in.ft to the lungs. The stages cf poisoning are: (1) immediate sensory reflexes; (2) pre-edemic stage; (3) pulmonary edaca, progressing to death or recovery; (4) restorative stage. The summarized treatment includes, immediately: (l) intra venous urease with a few crystals of urea; (2) subcutaneous injection of 1 grain t me tine hydrochloride: within two hours: (l) intravenous concentrated plasma, '1 to 1; (2) absolute bed rest with oxygen therapy; (3) digifolin, intravenous or intramuscular every 4 hours until effects cf digitalization are observed, coraminc or caffeine sodium benzoate, intravenous or muscular; and (4) codein every 3 to 4 hours for severe uncon;rcllable coughing. 33 Carbon Monoxide. P.S. Rossiter. Ind. Med., 11, 588-539 (December, 1942). The etiology of carbon monoxide poisoning is presented. The reference to carbon monoxide as being non-toxic is rather startling, but theoretically it is correct. The effect of the inhalation of carbon monoxide is to produce oxygen starvation through tho reduction in the amount of hemoglobin available for carrying oxygen to tho tissues. The author has made a careful study and extensive investigations of the subject over a period of 30 years. Ke concludes that the condition refer red to as chronic poisoning docs not exist. There is no definite evidence that the complaints attributed to continuous exposure to snail amounts of carbon monxido are justified. All of these symptoms can be traced to an underlying cause, the correction cf which will give immediate relief. Thera is also no scientific evidence that pneumonia, anemia, tuberculosis, heart lesions, nephritis, and var ious nervous and mental disorders may he attributed to carbon monoxide. The treatment of carbon monoxide cases is described. Dpucofoxic Action of Benzol. D.E. Clincnko and J. MacLeod. J.Ind, Kyg. M Tax. v-:'.,Jl~(iiovor.;bcr, 1542,'. ter exposure to benzol vapor for a period of two hours, rabbits show a temucry It.ucopcnia, followed within 22 houi\s by a leucocytosis. At no stage up to A/urs is there any evidence cf a neutropenia. Most animals show varying de'co of neutrophilia. Evidence is shown that the marrow is refractory to normal 0 0026 -.atrial Hygiene Digest - 12. endogenous stimuli for a period of at least 24 hours after such exposures. How ever, it i3 capable of responding in a nomal fashion to more potent, exogenous stimuli. Tfcc oxygen consumption of rabbit neutrophils in-vitro is not affected by the presence of benzol saturated Ringer. -- From Authors' summary. -xieoLomy of Acrylonitrile (Vinyl Cyanide) - II. Studies of Effects of_Daily I:.:.-.lotion. II.C. Dudley, T.R. dweeney and J. Miller. J.Ind.Hyg. & Tox., 24, 255-253 (November, 1942). Experiments with the repeated exposures of animals to various concentrations of acrylonitrile confirm previous observations on the acute toxicity of the material. Its action is that of a typical nitrile and the susceptibility to she toxic ac tion varies considerably v.lth different species. There is very little evidence of a cumulative action to repeated exposures. Kidney damage was most marked in both acute and chronic series of exposures in guinea pigs, which are the most resistant species to the effects of acrylonitrile. This suggests that the observ ed changes are brought about through greater elimination of acrylonitrile through the kidney or it may indicate irritation from detoxification products of acrylo nitrile produced in the body. Guinea pigs may metabolize acrylonitrile different ly than other species. An addendum by Drs. Neal and Von Oettingen compares the similarity between the toxicity of hydrogen cyanide and acrylonitrile. They pro pose tentatively that a maximal concentration of 0.43 mg. per liter (0 p.p.m.) of acrylonitrile be adopted. 36 Methyl Bromide - Local and Mild Systemic Toxic Effects. R.M. V/atrous. Ind.Med., n, 575-579 (December, 1942). . A manufacturing operation is described in which 90 persons were exposed to concen trations of methyl bromide vapor generally less than 35 p.p.m., and the resulting ' mild systemic symptoms in 33 of them are described. A characteristic vesicular "burn" and a late itching dermatitis caused by contact of methyl bromide with the skin .are described as they affected 22 persons. The skin lesions are due to a special toxic effect or locally absorbed methyl bromide, and not to a thermal effect. Certain types of organic matter, specifically rubber and adhesive tape, may absorb and retain methyl bromide for some time, and contact with such con taminated objects may produce skin lesions. The commonest systemic symptoms are anorexia, nausea, end headache, but a variety of other symptoms of C.N.S, origin occurred in a few cases. 37 Some Pharmacological Properties of Polyethylene Glycols of High Molecular Weight (Carbowax Compounds). H.F. Smyth, Jr. and others. J.Ind.Hyg. & Tox., 24. 512S4 (November, 1942). Polyetbyleno glycols of average molecular weights of 1250 and 3600 (known as "Carbcwnx" compounds 1500 and 4C00) can be fed in large single doses to rats, guinea pigs and rabbits without causing injury. Serious results from enormous doses are attributable to suppression of kidney function. Very large doses re peated for 90 days do not cause serious injury to rats. The higher molecular weight compound showed the greater cumulative action. The same large doses re peated for 30 days did not interfere with the kidney function of rabbits. Large doses held for thirteen weeks on the rabbit skin did not produce any disturbance of kidney function or any micropathclogy is. the kidney, Both compounds produced less irritation than aid white petrolatum. Human patch tests revealed the "Carcompounds to be clcsclv comparable in skin irritation to other products iciionly used in ointments and 'emetics,_ and on the mucous membrane of the .1-bit eye their irritation was Iowa -- Authors' summary. GO.-i 027 ' industrial Hygiene Digest - 13. Zo The Elective Poisoning Effect" in Certain Kinds of Inhalation Poisonings. Anatomleal and Functional Consideration. W, Kretschmer. Schweiz med. V.'chnschr., 421-422* (1242k A violent neurelgia in the region of the brachial plexus is explained anatomical ly from a 14-year exposure to benzine. Two cases of damage to the optic nerve are also discussed. The serious heart damage ..occurring in cigarette smokers is also described. 39 Atmospheric Contamination from the Casting of Magnesium. C.R. Williams. 1. Ind. Hyg. & Tox., 4, 77-130 (November, 1942). Of all tho contaminants found in magnesium foundries the most significant are the fluorides, which, except in unusual circumstances, can be controlled by well known engineering methods. It is our opinion that fluoride fumes should be collected at their source -- and further that if they are so collected, the ex posures vrill be reduced to safe limits. There is no evidence of concentrations cf magnesium oxide or sulfur dioxide reaching suggested maximum allowable concen trations. -- Author's summary. 40 Physiologic Properties of Indium. C.?. McCord, S.F. Meek, G.C. Harrold and C.E. Hc-ussner. J. Ind, Kyg. & Tox., 24, 243-254 (November, 1942). Indium, an elemental metal, in the form of certain of its compounds has valuable industrial properties, and its application as a substitute for other metals not now available or not equally serviceable, is increasing. The biologic properties of indium and certain of its compounds have been examined through experimental procedures in the human being, rabbits, rats and guinea pigs -- a total of 140 subjects. Tho material of the indium plating bath of the cyanide type is highly injurious to animals on skin application, but this toxicity appears solely linked to the cyanide content without involving the indium. A variety of forms of local application of metallic indium and its chloride and sulfate to humans and animals has furnished no proof of skin irritant properties. The subcutaneous injection of small quantities of either the chloride or the sulfate readily nay produce death of rabbits and rats, leading to characteristic and relatively uniform mani festations. Babbits are more susceptible to indium action than rats. The thres hold amount leading to death is about 2 mg, per Kg. for rabbits (although on occa sional animal survives a much larger amount) and for rats 10 mg. per Kg. The commoner features before death and at autopsy are: the cessation of food and water consumption, loss of weight, nose bleed, pneumonia, blood damage, widespread hemorrhage (chiefly in the lungs, liver, kidneys, and especially tho ureters); paralyses (chiefly involving hindquarters); localized convulsive motions; in creased reflexes; inflammatory and degenerative changes in liver, kidneys, heart; atony of tho gastro-intcstinal tract and urinary bladder. Indium has been detect ed in urine semples collected at autopsy. Signs of injury may appear on the second or third day after subcutaneous or intravenous injection. The intravenous introduction in rabbits of indium chloride (0.35 mg. per Kg.) produced no obvious injury but 0.64 mg. per Kg. produced death on the tenth day. In the case of in dium sulfate intravenously introduced, 0.49 mg. per Kg. appeared harmless but 0.67 mg. per Kg. caused death on the fourth day. All observations at autopsy are identical to these from subcutaneous injection. Indium compounds appear to be approximately four times as toxic when introduced intravenously ever subcutaneous implantations. While no known current industrial application of indium provides threatening exposure to indium action, it is clearly established that indium possesses potentially highly toxic properties. -- Authors' summary. 41 fust ns a Health Kanard. Vv.C.L. Reason and I.R. Tabershaw. Industry, 49-51, -4-vS (November, 1942), .A : paper covers the field of silicosis and other dust diseases briefly but ade quately. The necessary cooperation of the physician, industrial hygiene chemist GO u Tr. '-trial Hygiene Digest - 14. ' -ir.d the engineer is emphasized, and the functions of the Massachusetts Division of Occupational Hygiene arc described. Several illustrations of operations with dust removal are included. The Absorption of Loud Tetraethyl with Radioactive Lead as an Indicator. ?.. A. Mortens an. J. Ind. Nyg. a Tax., 4, 285-287 (November, 1942). The absorption of load tetraethyl through the lungs of the rat was investigated using radioactive lead as an indicator. The amount absorbed in a given time was found to be nearly proportional to the concentration of the vapor. The quantity absorbed at a given concentrution is proportional to the duration of exposure. Over the range of concentrations used, 16 to 3 per cent of the substance reach ing the alveoli passed into the blood. In the presence of gasoline vapor, absorp tion takes place at a rate which depends solely on the concentration of the lead compound. The toxicity of the v-ayor absorbed by inhalation was quantitatively studied, -- From Author's summary. 43 Cadmium. Industrial Data Sheet D-Chem. 42. Nat. Safety Council. Nat. Safety Hows, 46, 86, 88 (October, 1942). Cacmiimi, which resembles zinc in many properties, is rarely used in a pure state, but is a constituent of many alloys with varied uses. The principal industrial hazard is from inhalation and subsequent absorption of the fumes, dust or vaper. Cyanogen may be given off from open plating tanks, and arsine may be found in the refinement of cadmium metal. Cadmium poisoning is comparatively rare, 346 cases 1 with 10 deaths, having been reported since 1858. The first symptoms following inhalation include dryness of the throat, vomiting, headache, cough, chest pain, and less of appetite. When cadmium is ingested, the most common symptoms are in creased salivation, choking attacks, persistent vomiting, abdominal pains, and diarrhea. The obvious means of prevention of inhalation are removal of fumes at the source by suitable apparatus, and design of apparatus to keep vapor and fume concentrations low, closed systems, respirators end general cleanliness, Maximum allowable concentration as approved by the American Standards Association is 1 mg. of cadmium per 10 cu. a. of air. Cadmium-plated utensils should not be used to contain food. 44 The Fur Won't Fly. H. Armand. Safety Eng., 84, 12-13 (October, 1942). In the felt hat industry the separation of rabbit fur from the hide results in the accumulation of much dust and waste material on the floor. The article brief ly describes its recovery by a vacuum cleaning system. Other safety precautions are also mentioned. 45 Flammable Metal. R.I. Thune. Nat. Safety News. 46, 22-23, 99-101 (Nov., 1942). Magnesium alloys can be fabricated with safety, if the fire hazards associated with the processes are recognized and controlled. Magnesium and its alloys re quire special precautions when they are in a molten state or in a finely divided form. 'When ignited, cither will decompose water ana other oxygen compounds, com bining with the oxygen, sometimes with explosive violence. Machine shop practice, grinding and buffing, the handling of magnesium scrap and fighting magnesium fires arc considered in detail. Diagrams of methods of collecting magnesium dust arc providod. 4 6 Piployce Organization for Fire Safety. Notional Fire Protection Assoc., (1942). i : ;y* Published by author. Price 26 d - free to members. r.is pamphlet contains full instructions for drills for air raids and ordinary fires, and outlines the responsibility of department heads and plant managers in many ae.to.ils. 004029 l hygiene Digest - 15. : \\ r. of Tannic Acid to Liver Necrosis Occurring in Bums. D.B. Wells, H.D. :y*TnJ J Coll. Nev; Englend J. of lied., 226, 29 (April, 1942). of four burn cases which died from "toxemia," central lobular hepatic r.is was found to be the prominent lesion or cole cause of death. The treatv.:s careful debridement without an anesthetic, followed, by a tannic acid vh. A thin, sterile tan was obtained. Dextrose in isotonic sodium chloride : ..'lion was given intravenously in adequate quantities. Each patient also reC'lvou whole blood transfusions and oxygen was given intranasally. The possible : i . of tannic acid in the liver necrosis was investigated experimentally with fubcutaneous doses of a five or 10 per cent solution of tannic acid were iv.-n in coses that did not exceed 1.5 cc. at any one site. Surviving rats were Hied on the third or fourth days. Eight rats in a group of 77 did not survive the treatment. Every surviving rat showed hepatic damage which varied, in gonerel, with the amount of tannic acid injected and the number of sites employed. id 0 Mo me ns from Cutting Oils. L. Schwartz and F.A. Barlow. Pub. Health Repts., 57. 1747-1752 (November 20, 1942). ~.:i investigation into an outbreak of dermatitis in a large motor factory disclosed -n unusual and previously unreported type of lesions, resembling chloracne. These ccurrcd cn the face and other parts of the body of workers cn cutting tools lubri cated by chlorinated oils. The following recommendations are made: (1) If oils containing organic chlorine compounds must be used, ventilation should pro vide for carrying away the vapors; (2) Clean work clothes, impervious to oil, and protective ointment should be provided and showers after work made compulsory; (3) Ingredients of all cutting oils used should be determined and reported to the . safety director; (4) A form of treatment is given. 49 ~cno-Like Eruptions Caused by Industrial Pats and Oils. I. Folliculitis Produced by hoyc Oil. Y. Nakauchi. Jap. J. Lermat. & urol., 48, 1 (July 20, 1940). A.mixture of soya oil and petroleum caused 19 cases of dermatitis during 1959. The eruption occurred within 4 to 20 months after beginning the exposure. Comedos, papules, pustules, atheromas and subcutaneous abscesses were characteristic ana the common sites were the extensor surfaces of the extremities, the nape of the neck, the breast and the back. In most cases patch tests with soya oil were positive -while controls were negative. Discontinuation of the occupation was necessary as further contact caused a progressive exacerbation in the eruption. 50 Vitamin C in the War. H.N. Holmes. Science, 96, 584-386 (October 25, 1942). Vitamin C is valuable in combating heat and allergic shock, in wound healing, in benzene, toluene, trinitrotoluene, lead and zinc poisoning. Therapeutic doses of vitamin C are said to be harmless find data is provided to substantiate its value in the above mentioned cases. :.-t'4-in C np.d Dermatitis. Queries ana Minor Kotos. J.A.M.A., 120, 1262 (Dccem- i-, 1942). i'- is net generally believed that deficiency in vitamin C causes acneform or any other dermatitis. It is possible that a deficiency in the vit:imin may allow mi ititis to appear, -whereas it right not be visible under optimal conditions. A..e:-u is no proof of such a theoretical relationship; in fact, there is no good v.ibr.co for it. Ordinary vitamins should be administered only -when there is a tm r.o.rated vitanin deficiency ana not otherwise. A- th: orriny in a ..o M~r. Mill. L. Schwartz and J.E. Dunn. Ind. Mod., '-A.- (Top timber, 1242). ''-uru In the incidence of dermatitis among employees of a woolen mill ocour a after the manufacture of blankets ier the armed forces was begun. The 0 n. ' n ; n In mistrial Hygiene Digest - 13. only essential change in the nanufacturing process was the increase in the con centration of the mordanting solution of sodium, uichromate in the dye hath from 0.3'-. to 2$. There have been 133 cases of dermatitis among employees of the plant since July 1, 1941 (about three and a half months). At the time of this study 33 individuals who had, cr had had, dermatoses thought to be of occupation al origin, wore available for study. Nine of these cases, on examination, were considered to be non-occupational in origin. Patch tests were performed with the various materials used in the process of manufacturing woolen fabrics. The results of these patch tests indicate that cutaneous hypersensitivity to sodium dichromate and the wetting agent used in the dye bath was responsible for the majority of cases of occupational dermatitis. The results of the patch tests suggest that cutaneous hypersensitivity to the wetting agent is responsible for most of the cases of dermatitis among card room workers, and that cutaneous hyper sensitivity to sodium dichromate accounts for most of the cases cf dermatitis among dye house workers. All wash room workers reacted to patch tests with the washing solution, and all of them were sensitive to sodium dichromate. Patients from other departments showed less uniformity in their patch test results. None of the spinners, however, was sensitive to sodium dichrcmate. The exposure to 3$ dichromate solution produced chrome ulcers in seme workers and chrome sensi tivity in others who had. not been previously affected when exposed to 0.5 dichrom ate solution. -- Authors' summary. 53 Skin Classification. Job Placement Aid Against Dermatitis. J.N. Gallivnn. Aner. Mutual mag.21, 10-16 (October, 1942). The author presents a "classification of skins" which has proved useful in precmploymont examinations in an aircraft factory. Two obstacles to a thorough examination, including patch tests are: (l) in the largest plants, over 90^ of the jobs present a skin hazard; and (Z) the present rush of employment allows little time for patchtesting. In the absence of thorough test, the classifica tion employed has assisted greatly in placing the workers. Occupational derma toses are classified into two main groups: (1) folliculitis, or rash character ized by comedones, papules, pimples, pustules and "oil boils" occurring as the result of plugging of the hair follicles on exposed surfaces, and (2) eczematoid, characterized by erythemas, utricarias, vesicles, scaling, weeping, cracking, roughening or itching. The author thinks of folliculitis as resulting from mechanical plugging of the pores, and the eczematoid group as manifestation of allergic or hypersensitivity tendencies. Young men -with dark, thick, oily, hairy skin are prone to develop folliculitis, whereas men and women with light, thin, dry, smooth skin, tend to develop eczematoid rashes. In the fuller classifica tion which follows, irritants, sub-types of skin diseases, personal characteris tics (as age, skin type, cleanliness, etc.), are given under a single alphabeti cal arrangement, with conditions to be avoided for each class. The remedy for come conditions is placement on a "dry job," i.e. on free from skin irritants of all types, whether solid, liquid or gas. 54 The- Prevention of Industrial Skin Diseases. G.2. Morris. Industry, 8, 11-13 (To c umber, 1942). The fifth article of a series on industrial health describes the nature and func tions of the human skin. The understanding of those phenomena will do much to eliminate the causes of industrial dermatoses and to keep war workers on the job. It is urged that all who develop a bau skin rash be sent untreated to a skin ci ".li. Skin covered with tar, gentian violet or iodine is most difficult to judge properly. Dither a dry, clean cloth or a boric acid water crossing is ; omissible. 004031 iri oL Hygiene Direst - 17. r.osi to i:i Air Comnressor IVctens. E. Ingham. Colliery Guard., 1 CO, 194-13 6 (,.u/;uct 14, 1942). ."..xr.icsion and carbon monoxide prod-action may recult from the presence of deposits in air condenser cylinders, including mill scale, foundry sand, dust and dirt, carbon, oil and also sediment and scale when water cooling is used, methods of -.revention :uid removal are discussed. /nr.nal Report of the 3ureau of Industrial Hygiene. Indiana State Board of Health. (July 1, 1941 to line SO, 1342), * As a result of an active campaign, 260 occupational diseases were reported to the Bureau cf Industrial Hygiene for the fiscal year. The cases were used as a basis for additional plant end follow-up studies. 310 or 69f;> of the cases wore indus trial shin diseases of which it is of interest to note that 178 resulted from chlorpornaphthalene. Lead poisoning occurred in 16 cases, silicosis and silicotuberculosis1- 13, hydrogen sulfide poisoning - 12, and there were nino other miscellaneous poisonings. The report describes the survey and educational activ ities of the Bureau. 57 Or_a_l _M__a__n_i_fe_ s__t_a_t_io__n_s___o_f__O__c__c_u_p__a_t_io__n_a_l__O__r_i_g_i_n_.__ ------ ------- - - -- ---------- 120, 1137-1207 (December 12, 134: I. Schour and B.G. Surnat. J.A.M.A. The problem cf oral manifestations of occupational origin must be considered according to the pathologic process, structure affected, etiologic agent and occu- pational distribution. The oral cavity is a chief port of entry for occupational noxious agents. All medical examinations of industrial workers should therefore include an oral examination. In the study of occupational disease an examination of the oral cavity offers the following advantages: (a) the oral cavity is easily accessible, (b) local effects are readily recorded in exposed enamel and dentin and in the soft structures; the record in the enamel and dentin is often permanent and may reveal past occupational exposures, {c) systemic effects may bo transmit ted in the oral cavity through the blood stream and the saliva and are often man ifested in characteristic symptoms. Poor oral hygiene renders the worker more susceptible to oral occupational hazards. Those hazards are minimized in the presence of oral health. Oral hygiene is an essential part of industrial hygiene. Adequate provisions for industrial health should include the prevention, the early recognition and the treatment of oral occupational diseases. The problem of re ducing oral occupational diseases should, therefore, be met by (a) improving working conditions and (b) establishing and maintaining optimal oral and general health. Further studies of oral occupational disease should be conducted in order to check or confirm previous reports and to discover possible manifestations arising in new industries. -- Authors* summary. 53 Disabling Morbidity Among Industrial. Workers, Third quarter of 1942, with a Note on the Occurrence of the Respiratory Diseases, 1935-42. V.'.ii, Gufofer. Div. of Industrial Hygiene, U. 5. Public Health Service, National Institute of Health, Eothasda, Md. A third .vuarter increase in the frequency of respiratory diseases, amounting to 13 per cent, was recorded. Influenza and rrippe increased 40 per cent, bronchitis 12 per cent and pneumonia, 50 per cent. The rate for all sickness for the third quarter of 1542 was eight per cent above the corresponding rate in 1941. V.'hc-n comp-red with the average rate for the years 1953-1942, the increase was 22uercent ^^ 1,,>.a,-iri- 1 HV'-lone in war aroauetim* ^ .j * Bloomii jld. aalif* vC T . "fc U17X1 O .1 ) y1i 1 * Hew problems and the intensification of old problems have resulted from our war effort. The industrial hygienist must use ever'/ skill and every facility avail able ta 'aim to conserve the energy and efficiency of our workers. G 0i032 ;V.-triel Hygiene Direct - 13, ,\j ..-Hit Your Absent coign., John F, McMahon. Personnel Journal. 21, 158-162 Hiovc-xibor, 1342) . rroauction Ipsses from sickness can roujrlily be approximated, on the following basis: each worker in. the United States loses on the average about eight days a yt,.:r because of illness. If we can cut that loss in half, to four days, wo vail save in our heavy* industries, the equivalent of 50,000 additional employees. ser.tceiam is a complicated problem. However, no intelligent approach can ignore the recording of absences preferably of one day or two days ana longer. 'Jr.til the causes of absenteeism are known, no effective solution is possible. In the present mempovrer crisis, absenteeism is a major war production problem. 61 The Next Job for Management: Smashing theHealth Bottleneck. Kingsley Roberts. Personnel Administration, J5, 13-19 (October, 1942)". The broad outlines of a program to fight the lost time which reduces our produc tion level even while we are working a full schedule in the greatest all-out production effort of history are: (1) The educational campaign in industrial organisations to teach workers sound nutritional habits and how to recognise and got treatment for incipient disease; (2) The inauguration of a rational program for health conservation and preventive medicine in industrial groups; (3) Promo tion by management of facilities for competent, efficient medical care in the community at a cost which employees are able to meet; (4) The use of these com munity medical services for the rehabilitation of industrial rejectees; and (5) Rc-examination of standards of physical fitness for specific occupations, in an effort to put handicapped applicants in positions they can fill adequately. 62 Safety end Health Problems of Y.romen in Industry, Mary Anderson. Address deliver ed at SIst National Safety Congress of National Safety Council, Chicago, 111. October 23, 1942. Mimeographed. Among the subjects discussed briefly are the need of rest periods, adaptation of machines to the height and strength cf women, safe working clothes, safety shoes and cafeterias. 63 Kcmanoower: The Key to the Manpower Problem. Employment Security Rev., 9_, 3-24 {December, 1942). This issue of the Employment Security Review has as its theme, the utilization of women as a solution for our manpower requirements. Factual material is presented on the following phases of the problem: (1) Why the Accent on Woman Power? (2) How much Woman Power is Available? (3) W.M.C. Policy on Wartime Employment of hhmen; (4) Can V.'omen Master Men* s Jobs? (5) More Jobs, More Trainees; (6) U.S.E.S Reports Changing Employor Attitudes; (7) Union Attitudes Toward Women Workers; (8) V.'omen Clubs Cooperate with U.S.E.S.; (9) Recruitment of Women in other Coun tries; (10) Recruiting Women on the Firing Line; (11) Gearing a Plant for Women; and (12) Baltimore ''Package Promotion." 64 komon in Industry - Their Problems of Health. M.H. Kronenberg. Ind. Med., 11, fh9~s92 (Bo comb or, 1942). Tho.ro arc more than 12,000,000 women now employed in this country and an increase to at least 13,000,000 is expected by the end cf 1943. The important subject of problems effecting their health is ably presented. With the excepti'-n of jobs requiring heavy lifting ;ind great physical strength, women can be employed on moot any job. They have certain qualifications for painstaking, tedious end r.:wtitiva work requiring great patience, and for finger dexterity. In suen jobs exceed the production of men. V.kiile weaken may lack experience, they do not leek mechanical ability. Jobs should be tailored to the physical limitations of amen. In connection with the problem of toxic substances, provisions covering c:.pioy.r.i.nt of women in Michigan are ns follows: Women shall be prohibited in I.uustrial Hygiene Digest - 19, the handling of the following substances or in the following operations, unless ventilation and working conditions sre ap:; roved -- lead, benzol, carbon disulfide, mercury, arc welding and ary grinding wheel. It is possible that other states havo or will set up similar recommendations. .=i.-T.T5O*.V0r IS mower. Knudsen. Nat, fety News. 46, 5 6-57, 112-115 (October, 1942). This paragraph is the keynote of the address: "The time is not far distant when wo will be scraping the bottom of the barrel to secure additions to our manpower supply. V.'hen that time comes, one fact will stand out in clearest focus: Any thing which needlessly costs war production a single hour of a single worker is striking a blow on what may then be the weakest sector of the whole production front." General Knuasen contrasts the flexibility in the use of materials and machines with the limitations on manpower, and briefly presents figures shoving the reduction of manpower by accidents, the most significant feature of which is 480 million man-days lost within the past year. Highway accidents have decreased > but the use of recapped tires will lead to an increase unless speed is properly controlled. "Ten commandments in industrial safety," embodying well-known funda mental principles, are proposed. 66 Daylight '.'forking Conditions -- Fuel Saying and Increased Production. Anonymous. The Chemical Age, 209 (August 29, 194?')'". A committee has been formed by British Manufacturing concerns for the purpose of investigating and developing means for utilizing daylight in factories. The common practice of total "blackout" is felt to be wasteful of fuel as well as a factor in causing mental depression and ill health. The principal aims of the committee are: (1) to encourage the use of daylight in factories and abolish the permanent "blackout" conditions for employees, increase daytime production, and effectively reduce consumption of electricity and fuel; (2) to promote non-com mercial cooperation between manufacturers cf any products relating to the ques tion and pool information and improvements ir. order to eliminate waste and to offer the most suitable schemes for the national effort; and (3) to present to the appropriate government departments and others concerned, all the available data on the benefits of working under daylight conditions. 67 School Teaches Safety in Explosives Manufacture. C. Field, Hat. Safety News. 46, 60 (October, 1942). The newly established Explosives Safety Branch of the TJ.S. Ordnance Dept., with headquarters in Chicago, is charged with responsibility for the safety and secur ity of ordnance and explosive factories and storage places. A staff of highly trained field representatives, called "safety auditors" will make complete safety investigations in ordnance plants throughput the nation. A school has been estab lished to give the necessary training,/^tt^brim^sed upon previous experience in one or more safety fields. The courses given include E.S.B. Procedure, Explosives Fire Protection Engineering, and Accident Prevention, which is subdivided into Explosives Safety, Industrial Safety, Occupational Diseases, Safety Inspections, ..nd Personnel and Training, and the period covers six weeks. The first group 'was graduated September 12. 63 Analyzing herhinm Environment, E.C. Barnc-s. Ind. Med. , 11, 693 (December,1942). This is c report or. the results of industrial hygiene su treys in the V.'ostir.ghouse Electric & Manufacturing Go. T lc report was made to the employees through the medium of the plant safety news This is a. step forward in industrial hygiene education. The frank presentation of the facts will help to solve th.o health problems ns they.now aid in accident prevention. Exposures to lead, solvents, dusts and fluorides are described. o n a o -i 4 1 rif;l Hygiene Direst - 20. CJ I - c> From Death. K.V.', Francis. Nat. Safety News. 46. 2'*, 25, 89-91 (Kovembc > The knov.ledgfc of resuscitation has saved the lives of thousands of victims of electric shock, drowning ana asphyxiation. 70 More About Noise. Edvrard Podolsky. Ind, Mod., 11. 592-293 (December, 1942). Noise et end above a level of 0 decibels has a pronounced effect in deranging digestions. It has also been demonstrated that the bursting of & blown-up paper bag v.lll raise the brain pressure four times above normal vdth a second interval before returning to normal. This effect is greater than may be obtained from morphine or nitroglycerine the two most powerful drugs known for increasing brain pressure. Continuous noise thickens the ear drums, and also stiffens the small bones, reducing their movement. Occupational deafness is becoming more ana more common. The noise problem is one of the most difficult that v;e must solve. 71 Effect of Flight Upon Hearing. F.A. Campbell, J. Aviation Med., 13_, 56-61 (March, 1942)7 There are six factors, as represented by an audiogram, which effect the hearing of an aviator. They are: the inherited hearing apparatus, age, the effect of noise, the ability to equalize barometric pressure changes, disease -- past and present, and the effects of anoxia. There is a loss of perception in the higher frequency ranges with age. Permanent effect from exposure to aircraft noises is indicated, but no data or specific changes are given. Barometric pressure changes cause' trouble only when the middle ear ventilating system does not equalise with the outer ear. Anoxia is not normally a serious problem. 72 Etiology of Acute Illness Among V.'orker3 Using Low-Grade Stained Cotton. R. Schneiter, P.A. Neal and 3.H, Csminta. Am, J. Pub. Health. 52, 1345-1359 (Decem ber, 1942). The results of a further investigation of an acute illness among workers using low-grade stained cotton are presented. The 122 samples of cotton studied con tained no toxic gases, chemically extractable substances, insecticides or patho genic fungi which would cause the illness. However, gram-negative, rod-shaped ' bacteria were found in the stained cotton in large numbers. Prom its properties the bacterium has been tentatively placed in the genus aerobacter. Extensive experiments demonstrated that the illness is caused by the inhalation of an endo toxin-like substance produced by the bacterium described. Methods of Detection and Determination 73 Automatic Dust Sampling and Analyzing Instruments for Atmospheric Pollution Sur veys. iV.F. Davidson raid W. Master. Monthly heather Rev., 69 , 25 7-260 (September, 1741). The automatic sampler, chart-editing machine, and photoelectric scanning machine, 11 of which are used in determination of smoke and dust in the air, especially ;vntii:ucni3 determination, are described. A M-.'nochm'matic X-Ray Analysis of Fine Ducts for Free Silica. K. Landsbert and R.L. - uta. J^fo Practice Dull. No.85, Pc:luu. Dept.of Labor 6: Industry, Harrisburg, (April, 1941). h.'Uicnl no petrographic methods of analysis for the free silica content of dust :v v.'.'uarally unsatisfactory. The difficulties with these procedures ere f n n o f; described. The X-ray procedure is simple and it is adaptable to rapid routine an-'dysis. The major drawback is the expense of the equipment. 7 cussed in relstion to purpose and accuracy. For appraisal of a dust hazard the came instrument that v:as used in setting the safe limits should be employed, but for periodic checking of conditions, more portable and more quickly operating instruments are sufficient. No definite correlation can be established between the results obtained vdth the various instruments, on account of particle size differences, time required for sampling, etc. The type of microscope, location of samples, and a few miscellaneous factors are discussed. The report should in clude statements of type of sampling instrument, microcopic setup, time elapsed before counting {of impinger samples), location of samples, and composition of the dust. 76 An Apparatus for Determination of the Bacterial Content of Air. S. Moulton, T.T. luck end H.M. Lemon. Science, 97, 51-52 (January d, 1943). To be successful a device must trap all or nearly all the air-berne micro-organ isms, must allow quantitative recovery of the bacteria for counting, must allow sampling of a representatively large air sample, and must be simple and convenient for field conditions. The apparatus described in this paper uses the principle of atomization to coat the bacteria with a layer of liquid. The mist is carried into a second chamber where it is bubbled through liquid which absorbs droplexs. The collecting fluid is composed of 15 ccs. of sterile broth plus two drops of sterile olive oil to prevent excessive foaming. It has been convenient to take 10 to 15 minute samples at a rate of three-quarters of a cubic foot per minute. This sampler has been tested extensively in laboratories, offices and lecture rooms as well as in unoccupied rooms where test atmospheres of dust suspended micro-organisms have been prepared. The completeness of removal of bacteria has been tested by several methods. A diagram of the apparatus and comparative test data are presented. 77 Simplified Photomicrography with a Hand Camera. R.P. Loveland. Science, 97, 24-26 (January 1, 1943). - A technique for the production of good photomicrographs, utilizing a box or a folding hand camera with roll film, is presented. Complete directions are pro vided. Control Methods V. -trial Hygiene Digest - 22. mn-dihoncionnl equation as well as modified equations for plain and flanged ' op'"'lings are explained, fill equations ere subject to error v.lthin an inch of the opening and at a distance rherc room eddy currents can influence the velocity contours. -- from Author1 s samr.ary. 73 'velocity ChcZroctoriatics of l st Slots. L, Silverman. J. Ind. Hyg. & dux., 24, 267-276 (Hovenber, 1942). A scries of unflanged and flanged slots were studied in order to determine the effect of size on their centerline velocity characteristics. Equations are pre sented for various slot width to length ratios. The effect of width on flanged slots is negligible which checks observations previously made on flanged tonics. The velc-city varies inversely with distance wT.ich agrees with theoretical consid erations. On the basis of this study it appears that for unobstructed plain or flanged slots the velocity varies inversely with distance and slot length and slot width is of no importance if the slot is flanged. The value of flanging decreases with decreasing slot width. For special slots simulating a tank will or a wall and base, an approximate value may be arrived gt by assuming the velo city to lie half way betv/een a plain and a flanged slot. - From author1 s summary. 30 Ventilation -- Is It a Limiting Factor in Deep Le-vel Mining on the Witwat orgrand? R.A.H. Flugge-do-Smit. Colliery C-uard., 155 , 402-405 (October 2, 1942); 455-453 (October 9, 1942). The author considers that a wet bulb temperature of 85F, with a much higher dry bulb temperature denotes the limit of working ccrafort. Such a condition can be produced theoretically at a depth of 15,000 feet, which is beyond the practical limit of mine depths. Comfort can be secured at all practical working depths by circulation of dry air. The necessity of water for dust suppression is admitted; but the air can be kept dry until it reaches the working face. High air velocity is not necessary or desirable, as fast air movement at temperatures such as 10F, dries the skin too thoroughly. The lightest clothing should be worn. Refrigera tion at the top of a wet shaft is not advisable, as the wet bulb temperature is increased on the way down and unaergx*ound refrigeration is even less desirable, on account of temperature changes experienced by the worker, and also much more heat must be extracted from the air in order to obtain the seme results as in dry conditions. With dry air circulation, the author estimates that, in general, 9,000 feet is probably tho limit of working depth for comfort. In certain mines the depth can be only 6,000 feet. In order to mine successfully at great depths, the layout of the mine must be carefully planned by experts. 81 The Removal of Dust Clouds from Main Gate Loading Stations by Utilization of waste Workings. Monmouthshire and South hales Coal Owners Assoc., Coal Dust Research Comittee, 4th Report. Iron A Coal Trades Rev., 145 . 40-42 (May 1, 1942) In some locations in mines, especially at main gate loadings, the efficiency of a filter in the dust removal system decreases rapidly, and wetting is often imprac tical, This report suggests the utilization of waste workings for depositing dust collected at those locations. It describes the arrangement of the necessary cross-cut and apparatus, giving full details of tests carried out and the results obtained. 62 Dust Reduction and Cuppression on Maclaine Cut Faces. Monmouthshire A South 'hales C.-al Ov.nera' Assoc., Coal Dust Research Committee, 5th Report. Colliery Guard., 165. 539-422 (October 2, 1942) ; Iron A Coal Trades Rev., 143, 833-34, 892 "(October 2, 1942). Ta. dustiness of air at working faces of coal mines was found to be greatly re duced (by 63 to 96/. on the whole shift, and 58 to 3tig' during the gumming period), by v.-.veer sprays alone. 004037 ;j-'-'*icno Digest 23. ^roercb. The Use of 2pr. r c to___S_u^n_e_r_e_s_s__ Dust on Underground Conveyors. odes Colliery Ov.-ners' ::oc , 2nd Report on Cool lust research. in Colliery Guard,, 1C5, 1 On 132 (July 31, 1942); Iron cc Coni' Trades . t , 577-576 (August 7, 1942). . , typos of jets end sprays for dust suppression in nines were investigated. . . r.j :i` n number of types arc given in the Colliery Guardian abstract. The ; conclusions were drown: (1) v;uter mist sprays are lass efficient then ;,-t c..Hectors but improve dust conditions very materially whore dust collectors : -,t desirable. Moreover, the- sprays require little attention; (2) compressed grated water sprays are superior to sprays operated by water pressure alone; ; .r ying should not be limited to loading points but should also be conducted v -..co ends of gate conveyers; (4) care must bo taken in the setting of sprays; ... . should always be directed against the air current. ; _nircl of Dust in Minos by Sprays. Anonymous. The Overseas Engineer. 1S> ,, -13 "(October, 1942). .prays designed to work with water alone under pressure may be classified accord ing to the means by v/hich the water is atomized in the jet. The types now obtain 'd.ie commercially are: (1) the v/ater is given a rotary or swirling motion before a. i:.-_ through the outer orifice; (2) the water is passed through an annular jet over a cone; and (3) the water impinges against a pointed or cone shaped revolving target. Most sprays now used are of the first class. Jets of the second class produce a rather coarse spray. One typical spray consumes from 5 to ' 10 gallons of water at a pressure of 20 lbs. per square inch. At 100 lbs, per :u..rc inch the consumption would be 20 gallons. In general the water consumption will vary from 2 to 7 gallons per hour with compressed air flows from 3 to 10 cubic fact per minute. A new type of spray is being investigated. It employs a j -t i.f v/ater projected on to a cone shaped disc which is directly connected to a small electric motor. The disc revolves at speeds up to 2000 r.p.n. The water is thrown off at the periphery by centrifugal force at a very high velocity end strikes a series of fixed blades or baffles arranged concentrically. This arranger. at forms a fine mist which is projected forward by the draught from a fan at the back of ihe motor. Data on the reduction of dust concentration by means of arrays are presented. In the tests made thus far, the sprays have not had an -p rociable effect on the general humidity of the mines. This may not be true in the case of deep, hot mines. b i.:.virormental Conditions in Mines. A Study of the Kata Thc-zmometor Cooling Power utu 1'ffcctive Temperature as Measures of Environmental Comfort. A. Nelson. Cdiiery Guard., 165, 429-432 (October 9, 1942); 462-465 (October 16, 1942). From a nunbor of experiments on effective temperature as determined by the kata thermometer the author concludes that: (1) an increase in air movement is an efficient method of ameliorating on oppressive environment; (2) a velocity ample dr shallower ana cooler mines is insufficient for deeper and warmer mines; (3) v. iccity as well as favorable coding power and effective temperature must be c soldered in establishing healthy conditions; (4) it seems impracticable to ...pt any definite value of dry kata coding power or effective temperature alone f.r defining limiting conditions for working comfort in mines; however, a reason'do suggested standard is a cooling power of 7, effective temperature below 70 ' ..ir velocity over 200 feet per minute. _:_gv.r h.*'" Uro of 1 i;vr;l Tn'ir.es in Tumdiur.. V;,3. Harris, L. Greenburg end ir.uustrid iiyqicne ` l, '13417 (November, 1942). ...ivo hygienic studios have beer, made in tunnel:; under operating conditions, builuozors and locomotives have been tested from shafts and portals and e-end runs and tunnels open at each end. The conclusions from the study Irka-trial Hygiene Digest - 24. . . nay be summarized as follows: (1) Diosel-pov/ored machinery can bo safely and satisfactorily used underground if careful adherence to certain strict regula tions is maintained. (2) The New Yori: State Labor Department has issued such regulations to govern the use of Diesel engines in underground operations in New York State. .'{3} The regulations have boon found to stand the test of practical application and adequate control. (4) The first section covers the design and maintenance of the engines. The main parts are: (a) 20:1 minimum, air-fuel ration, lb) the exhaust gases must be cooled and scrubbed, (c) before discharge the ^ases must be diluted at least 10 times. {5) The second section covers the allowable limits of contamination.. Careful correlation of all factors has shewn that the control of carbon monoxide to the set limit of 0.002 per cent affords adequate control of the noxious element. (6} The requirements of adequate venti lation are described in section three. A minimum of 10,000 cubic feet of venti lation is required in any area for each engine that is or may be operated. 87 h'h.y Industrial Dust Control is Necessary. C. A. Snyder. Occup. Hazards, 5, 9 (December, 1942), Nuisance dusts should be controlled because: (1) Dust causes equipment break downs, increasing maintenance and decreasing production. (2) Dust spoils mater ials by smudging, scratching etc. (3) Dust obscures vision and causes poor work manship. (4) Dust increases lighting costs. (5) Dust detracts from the appear ance of the plant and reflects upon the progressiveness of the management. (6} Dust makes the workmen discontented and decreases their productive efficiency. (?) Dust increases cleaning and painting needs. (8) Some dusts create a slipping hazard - thus increasing the chance for accidents. Health hazardous dusts should be controlled because: (1) Workers are more efficient v/hen they do not live in fear of their health. (2) Insurance rates are decreased through proper dust ' control. (3) The control of dust should be one of the first undertakings in any , modem industrial relations program. A chart is presented showing comparative particle sizes of sevepal smokes, bacteria, and dusts. 88 Taking Faint From the Air. Anonymous. Nat. Safety News. 46, 32, 76 (December, 1942). In each of the two recently completed bomber assembly plants in the Southwest, the paint spray building is 150 feet wide, 200 feet long and 35 feet high, divis ible by a partition in the middle. The ventilating system is more than propor tionally large. For every pound of paint sprayed, 5,250 pounds of air and 6,446 pounds of water are used. Six men paint a plane in 2 hours, using 25 gallons of paint. All equipment for the air supply units is mounted in the roof trusses, taking fresh air from near the roof line. The air is filtered and the tempera ture is controlled at 80?, The exhaust units are at 3 levels, and the air is drawn through a series of conical, high-pressure water sprays. Water and sludge are separated from the air by centrifuges. Both entrance and exhaust systems are fireproof. Additional details are given. ' 89 Protective Clothing For Women. G.A. Sherman. Calif, Safety News, Heprinted in Chic ini. Conn. monitor, 15, 172-173 (November, 1942). Between 60 and 70^ of all industrial injuries to women are caused by the follow ing type of accidents listed in the order of numerical occurrence: (1) falls of persons; (2) machinery; (Z) handling of objects. Many of the accidents from machinery arc cases of entanglement of hair. Several instances of accidents involving entangling hair, clothing ana gloves in machinery are given. Adequate ; vctoctive clothing is urgent. n for Industrial Good Housekeeping. T'.H. V.'illiems. Chon. A Met. Eng., 8_, 'ii.-ustf rx) . ~ -plant geodhousokeeping competition is an effective method cf promoting lineas, annual awards sneuld be made for good records. Improvement of An ,:nofi ivlistrial Hygiene Digest - 25. _ cleanliness and orderliness is n m ons end not an or.d in itself. Improved safety cr.d Health records, employee morale ana increased production are the benefits of effective campaigns. The scheme can also be used on an interdepartmental basis. -1 Prevention of Explosion Harards. T.A. Cohen. Occup. ITcnards, 5_, 10, 11, 26-23 (1 cccm'ser, 1942). The danger of explosions to boilers, furnaces, ovens end dryers employing combus tible fuels has become more acute since the' national war program - by drawing heavily upon experienced munpov/er in many industries - has made it necessary to transfer to relatively now hands responsibilities for tending equipment in which explosion hazards exist. Combustion safety equipment is being heavily relied upon by management to overcome personnel unexperience. The types of explosion hazards and their solution are described. 92 Small Plant Safety - or Else! H.F. Becker. Amer. Mutual Mag., 21_, 20-23 (Octo ber, 1942). This is an account of the improvement of health and safety conditions in a small plant, that of the United Boiler, Heating and Foundry Co., of Hammond, Ind. In 1937 the high accident rate made it virtually impossible to obtain Workmen's Com pensation insurance. The insurance company and the president cooperated to initiate an improvement program, beginning with removal of occupational disease hazards and then following with general plant safety. Medical examinations, in stallation of dust exhausts, rearrangement of machinery, periodic cleaning and correcting a number of minor details lea to great improvement. Progress in gener al safety was slower, on account of poor organization of the committee and lack of interest, but those obstacles were finally overcome. 93 The Sffect of Humidity on Beta Streptococci (Group C) Atomized into Air. U. F, V.'eiis and P. Lappasodi. Science, 9_6, 277-273 (September 13, 1942). Bvidence is presented in this preliminary report showing that dehumidification will give lethal results comparable to those obtained from the use of propylene glycol with and without hexylresorcinal. The lethal effectiveness of those fumi gants also decreases with increased humidity. The disinfection rate does not conform to the normal lav/ of equal proportionate bacterial decrease in equal time intervals. Mortality seems to occur at critical phases rather than to follow the normal logarithmic type of death rate. 94 Safa Practice in the Manufacture of Brass, Bronze and Y/iiite Metal Castings for P.ailroad Rolling Stock. D.C. Haines, ^enna. Dept, of Labor <k Industry, Safe Practice Bull. ilo. 97, s pp. (October, 1942). After a brief history of railroads in the United States and statement of the im portance of railroad work in general and wheel bearings in particular, the manu facture of hearings at the Altoona plant of the Pennsylvania Railroad is described. The means of protection from occupational hazards is described at each stage. They include exhausts at buffing wheels, and moulds and respirators and goggles. 2ir.ee 1937, lost time accidents have been reduced by 90p. Safety committees are active, and diet and personal hygiene are frequent topics of discussion. Industrial Medical Practice :_ ' Canridcrations Ccscornin'- 11\o Roante;en P'i.aTtjsis of Pneumoconiosis and 3ili Ihi*. Pendergrass. im.J.Rooivt. A Pad. Therapy, 43_, b71-594" '(Kr.vember, 1942 - paper is a review of the entire subject of pneumoconiosis, with especial a;tertian to the roentgenological aspects. In the historical portion, several nn n , jtrir.l Hyalone Digest - 26. towraph:; of extracts from early descriptions of the disease* he tannine with iiiuy, with translations, are reproduced, A number of radios,rnphs of lungs of persons ivit.i; anthracosilieocis, boritosis, oil pneumonia tad silicosis, certain .nd uncertain, with and without infection, illustrate the paper. urt of ' ite Committee on X-ray Apparatus --.nd Technique. American Trudeau cioty. -'-uor. Rov. of 'fuberc. * 42, 469-473 {October, 1942). As an sppi-o.-oh to the problem of the betterment of techniques for chest radio graphy, a rilm library will be selected from the files of the members. The films ..ill illustrate varying techniques and their effect on the diagnostic value of films. Th" committee also stressed need for stabilising the details of radiorepay tc tain maximum results. Research is being continued on the measurement of X-ray o'M,>,nt on short exposures. From 98 to 99 per cent of minimal casco were detected bv 4" by 5" film applied to 50,000 cases. Comparative results on the choice film end paper of various sizes, by two groups of investigators, are pre sented. The, 14" x 17" celluloid is first choice in each case. The Bridges sur vey listed 4" x 5" stereo second, while Pendergrass, Warren and Kaagensen list it as third chuj.ee. There is disagreement on the desirability of 14" x 17" paper but the 35 mu. film is rated as least desirable by both groups. A report was also made on Body Section Radiography, Dr. Herbert R. Edwards discussed the ex perience with mass X-ray equipment. He found the 14" x 17" paper to be second only to the 14" x 17" celluloid, agreeing with Pendergrass et al. Diagnostic accuracy, futility of operation, facility in reading, facility in filing and storage, service factors, and cost are also considered. 97 Technic for Chest X-ray Examination of Large Groups. Part 1. The Use of Standard Size Films. Vi. Bailey. Radiology. 59^, 30 6-309 "("September, 1942). A description of equipment and methods for roentgenographic chest studies v/ith standard 14 x 17 inch films is given. Since most of the tine consumed in any mass survey goes toward measuring and positioning the patients, this method can be made as rapid as any of the methods employing films of substandard sixes, paper rolls, etc., and has the advantage that the films are of much better diagnostic quality. -- Author's summary. 9S Technic for Cheat X-ray Examination of Larne Groups. Pert 2. Tho Use of Miniature Films. W. Bailey. Radiology. 59_, 310-513 "[September, 1942)". Technic for the rapid processing of 4 x 10 inch stereoscopic films of the chest is described. Although the detail in these films is considerably less than the best obtainable on 14 x 17 inch films, anu little can be said about heart size because of tho short target-screen distance, the films arG, nevertheless, more satisfactory than might be expected for the purpose of finding active tuberculosis in mass examinations. In comparisons involving a large number of cases, the per centages of active tuberculosis discovered was a little higher with the stereos copic 4 x 10 inch films than with the single 14 x 17 inch films. 99 special Tp-pcg of Examinations -- Justifying Their Cost. M.I. Kali. Ind. Med., "^-16 6 i. December, 1942). If the menuf..eturer, who has never experienced the benefits that may be derived from an adequate medical service, questions its value from the dollar and cents p:i:it of view then these experiences of other companies should be brought to his attention. It is now generally recognized that good health is an asset in that taara is increased efficiency, better 'deployment relations, less spoilage and "vc-.u.ccs fwork, -and reduced accident frequency. A doctor on call is net the ' tc -hi a problem. The modi cal supervision must be directed to a physician mowss industry and its needs, who makes regular rounds in the plant, ana who .'Visas ' general health of the forte through physical examinations and con- .1 a .lions. COiO L .trial Hygiene Digest - 27. h't -.re Vre Examining For? - Types and Frequencies of Physical Examinations. r.T'-irik^ictt. Ina. Med., 17, Del-533 Ti>ec ember, 1942) . hvsical oJCQialnotions make it possible to place the viorlaaan. in the correct job. ore iflfcortnnt for the protection of the worker from the aggravation of alo;.dy existing conditions. They are also valuable in preventing the use of r. -.an -with a physical or mental defect in a job whore he might endanger the . with and safety of fellow employees. A system of examinations based on end .noted by experience is described. Examinations - Entrance and Return to Service. G.P, Myers. Ina. Med., 1 ! 73-231 (December, 1942). T.-e policies of the New York Central System on both pro-employment and return to service physical examinations are presented. This is an interpretation by the Nodical Director for the association, of surgeons of the system. 102 Ifrsploynent of the Physically Handicap-pod. G.H. Williamson. Executives Bull, of Metropolitan Ins, Co., Reprinted in Peanut Journal and Nut World, pp. 23-24 (December, 1942). A candy manufacturer, having been satisfied with the work of the few handicapped persons in his employ for a number of year, employed only handicapped girls on a new job nude necessary by agricultural conditions, the selection and removal of burned peanuts. The work involved only good eyesight, agile fingers and plenty of patience. They were paid lS-ip less than others on similar jobs as they were not usually available for temporary transfer to other work. The exper iment was successful. No accidents were sustained by these or other iiandicapped workers, and their skill and ability have stimulated normal workers. 103 Modem Facilities for Health & Safety. Anonymous. Safety Eng., 84 , 63- 71 (October, 1942). A plea is made for clean and modern washroom facilities, with illustrations of the general types recommended, also of obsolete and worn-out fixtures to be avoided. Cleanliness and order are essential to the morale especially of women workers. Recreation facilities and cafeterias also pay dividends in efficiency and productivity. 104 Treatment of Burns of the Skin Due To Molten Magnesium. J.A. Wilson and B. Bgoberg. Ind. Med., 11, 436-457 (September, 1942). Burns of the skin by molten magnesium form very slow-healing granulomatous ulcers. Metallic magnesium interferes with the normal physiology of the body cells, causing an interference in the normal repair process of injuries. Prompt removal of the metallic magnesium whether in the form of foreign body spicules, powder or'bums, allows ordinary healing to take place. In the case of magnesium bums the area is anesthetized, and the burned tissues completely removed. Accidental burns by incendiary bombs of the civilian population should be treated in the same manner. - Authors' summary. iurnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Gas Casualties: L.J. 3cyd. Bull. N.Y. mad. Cell.7"5"""64-7CTri"942K ~ The two common, classes of pulmonary gas casualties are: (1) cases with acute and violent onset, and (2) cases with acute but insidious onset. The first ;rinciple of treatment is absolute rest until recovery has occurred. The use `f oxyt.en is the most effective single therapy. Venesection is helpful in the !lblue" type of victim but should not be used in the Vrny" type or where there is circulatory failure, low bleed pressure, or a thready pulse. Pneumonia is a fro-yuont complication. Recovery is normally free from chronic effects. Modern masks arc very effective instruments for protection against phosgene ~nd -inilnr gases. o n * uotriel Hygiene Digest - CO. Ire, tv-icnt of Burns. John Horrlin, Jr. 'md 1. Glasser. Bull. N. Y. lied. Coll., 2," 7S-o4" (1942). lurno whiclMR&cur as a result of bombing attacks are of three types: therr.nl, electrical ;*&u vccuicant. First-aid care and Capital treatment of all types, including special methods, are given in detail. The need for the prevention of infection of burned areas is stressed. The -use of physical therapy for healed burned areas is described briefly. 107 Treatment of Phosphorus Burns. A.T. Jones. Brit. Med, J., 2, 237-270 (August 20, 1942). based on 65 cases of burns caused by phosphorus, the following procedure for treatment is recommended. The affected area should be immediately flooded with voter, followed by a thorough wash v.lth warm, sodium bicarbonate solution (about two tablespoons to a pint (500 ccs.) of water). Any obvious particles of phos phorus disclosed by examination in the dark should be removed v.lth forceps. The affected area should be swabbed with a one per cent solution of copper sulfate and a further exploration made for phosphorus particles so revealed. The area should be soaked or immersed, if possible, in warm sodium bicarbonate for a prolonged period. Small burns should receive half an hour, large burns from one to tv;o hours. A daily dressing with acriflavine (1:1000) is recommended. Burns near the eyes are best treated by a mask of lint soaked in sodium carbonate solu tion renewed every four hours. As soon as the healing begins (7 to 10 days) boroseptic ointment provides a satisfactory dressing and its use can be continued until the scar produced is sound. Tannic acid and other coagulants do not give satisfactory results. The disadvantage of acriflavine emulsion is that individ ual, local and generalised cutaneous eruptions may occur, but a daily inspection will detect them. Boroseptic ointment should then be substituted. With this treatment results are obtained which are comparable to those of burns by caustic soda or sulfuric acid. Healing is slower and scars are thinner in bums caused by phosphorus. 108 Cardiovascular Disease in Industry. W.J. Egan. Wisconsin Med. J., 217-222 "[March, 19427"! The study of cardiovascular disease by the medical department in a large industry is described. Periodic physical examinations for persons over 40 include routine electrocardiograms. Boe-ntgenograms and sedimentation rates are done where indi cated. Individuals with valvular lesions are placed in sedentary occupations. Well developed hypertension or syphilitic heart disease requires easy work where the patient will not endanger himself or his co-workers through accidents. Patients with coronary disease or angina are not allowed to work until sedimen tation rates are normal. Cardiac neuroses must be detected promptly to pi'event sorious congruences. Continuous re-education and the demonstration of normal objective fttndings to the patient himself have been of groat value in preventing enrdiephobia. Fatigue is a defense mechanism end it should be heeded. This rot.ram has reduced absenteeism and the author believes that employee mortality hr.;: also been reduced. This is a reasonable assumption. 109 d and Nutrition of Industrial Workers in War Tine. Committee on Nutrition in Ir. LSt^y. N itional Research Council. Nutrition Reviews. 13-14 (November, rritntive ''chart for action" lies been prepared by the Committee on Hutri; Industry. The report is brief (17 pages) and factual. Copies of the r- y be obtained by writing to i*. Frank Gunderson., Executive Sec retary, : J id Nutrition Bonra, 2101 Constitution Avenue, V/nshin&tcn, D. C. 004043 , us trial Hygiene Digest - 29. II', This Problem of Food. J.I, Rountree. Public Affairs Pamphlet No. 33, (1942). iuciic ;j*i'uirs Committee, Inc., 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York, N.Y. 32 pp. Price 10 cents, discount lor quantities. The first part of the pnnphle-t consists cf a discussion of the question of main tenance of adequate diet by the great majority of the population; a discussion in which representatives of various interested groups participate. Their con clusion is that although lack of income is one important barrier to adequate nutrition, the main problem is that of education. As a contribution to educa tion in food values, a discussion of food constituents follows including total calories, proteins, calcium, iron, iodine, and the more important vitamins, treated very simply end clearly with graphic illustrations. Several menus are given which afford sufficient and deficient supplies of vitamins, end a weakly food list for a family of four is suggested, which provides more than the mini mum quantities of the necessary vitamins and mineral constituents. With such a diet no minerals or vitamins need be bought in drug form. Among the points dis cussed are1vitamins in cereals. Whole grain cereals arc inexpensive and high in vitamin 3, and are therefore greatly preferable to prepared cereals. In other cases a slight substitution greatly improved the vitamin content of a diet. Finally, there is a brief chapter on nutrition and public policies, treating briefly the food stamp plan, the California scrip certificates, the low-cost lunch plans cf Great Britain and Sweden, but pointing out that the fundamental problem still remains, with surpluses on the farms and insufficient food for many people. The last revision of this pamphlet was dated July, 1941, and so . the complications caused by war conditions do not enter the discussion. Ill Food and Nutrition of the Industrial Worker in Wartime. F.G. Boudreau and Goodhnrt. Am. J. Pub. Health. 52, 1535-1540 (December, 1942). The author calls attention to the fact that both Germany and Great Britain have outdistanced the United States in realizing the necessity of keeping the com munity strong. Great Britain expanded her program of health and nutrition at a time when the military situation 'was the most desperate. Improvements in diet was followed by increased war production, and a special health program built up unsuccessful recruits so that 32$ of them were accepted into the army after 6 months. Studies and surveys made by the committee on Nutrition in Industry of the National Research Council have shown that our war workers, on whom we depend for production of the tools of war, are not adequately fed. Because a large proportion of them suffer from multiple but mild nutritional deficiencies, opti mum health is impossible, and output must suffer accordingly. Investigations of the nutritional status of an adult V.'.P.A. group of 165 persons in New York City showed a high incidence cf anemias, blood-plasma ascorbic acid deficiencies in over 6$ of the group, and avitaminosis A in 65 of 143 persons examined. Studies of diets of workers in 33 war plants showed the inadequacy of plant cafeterias in helping to make up deficiencies in the homo diet. The relation of diet to absenteeism duo to illness is not known, but every dietary experiment with work ers has shown beneficial results. The first report cf the Committee on Nutri tion in Industry published in April, 1942 and titled "The Food and Nutrition of Industrial 'workers in wartime," aroused keen interest among doctors, vrorkors, ana employers. Due to the interest aroused and the fact that ways to attack the problem were becoming known, the Nutrition Division of the Office of Defense Health ana Welfare Service uccided to effect an organization to promote better nutrition of industrial workers. A technical consultant in the Office in Wash ington is to work thit:ugh representatives, at least one of whom is to be a j 'pricier., in each of the 12 federal security regions. Widespread interest in the health and nutrition of workers is shov.n by workers, their families, nonage- "w-J'.t> communities and states, end has extended to industrial physicians, who formerly did not consider the subject within the scope cf their work. Health 001044 In:.nutria! ify^iene Digest - 30. - officers, also, should include this phase of health improvement in their pro grams. The new knowledge -and interest in the field of nutrition should be applied in order to place democracies on at least an equal basis with dictator ships in utilizing advances in science for the benefit of their people. 112 feuare Mania- or Sandwiches? H.P. Smith. Nat. Safety Nows. 46 , 20 (Dec.,1942). Many large inaustrial war plants provide hot lunches for their employees. In some plants that arc too largo for cafeteria service, trains of portable vacuuminsulated food cai'riers mounted on trucks distribute lunches to workers over the entire plant. 113 Can No Increase the Production of her V/orkers by Improved Nutrition? R.S.Harris. Occup. Hazards. 5_, 12-13, 30 (October, 1942) . A survey in Cincinnati revealed that the diets of the majority of factory '.cork ers in war industries are inadequate. The army and navy feed their men well in the realization that best performance requires a healthy body and a healthy body requires good nutrition day after day. Industry does nothing about it. In England communal feeding centers have been established in industrial centers,and all factories employing more than 00 must provide a canteen. V.'o can increase the production, health ana morale of war workers by education and an enlightened feeding program at each factory. 114 Problems in Wartime Industrial Practice. H.K. Forster. T. Indiana State lied. Assoc., 55, 416-420 (August, 1342). The constantly expanding problem of the prevention and treatment of occupational diseases and industrial accidents is more and more of a burden for the indus trial physician. One industrial doctor may be required to care for as many as 6,000 workers because of tho wartime shortage. Absenteeism is also discussed. 115 The Medical Professions Part in the War Industrial Effort. 0,J. Johnson. Penn?.. Med. I., 46_, 191-195 [December,1942). The responsibility for maintaining the health of war 'workers has not been so well realized by the medical profession as by laymen charged by the government with the production of war material. Prevention is now the keynote of industrial practice. Treatment is being looked upon as a necessary measure where prevention has failed. Absenteeism should be one concern of the profession. In one plant a study of absenteeism led to the employment of an industrial physician and 3 industrial nurses. Smaller plants in the same community then developed a plan by which local physicians visited the plants in rotation, spending at least an hour at each visit. The role of the physician in industry is threefold: (1) prevention of disease or injury in industry by establishing proper medical super vision; (-health conservation of workers through physical supervision and edu cation; aniir~} medical and surgical care to restore health and earning capacity as rapidly^ayff^possible. 116 The He"-ltil of Our Nation in V-'ar Time. Thc.nas Purran. J.A.M.A., 120, 1224-1226 (December 12, 1342). The demands of cur military forces for medical personnel must be reconsidered in the light of maximum efficient usage to prevent a serious dislocation of civilian health protection. The experience of Grout Britain in meeting the same problem is reviewed and it is shown that the overall picture should bo studied by a Medical Personnel end Priority Committee. This committee should hove government authority to enforce their decisions. "'unless prompt action is taken to solve ?. -tisfuctorily th-,,; problem of medical cure for war workers an-1 other civilians in many communities, I four that we are inviting trouble, I am confident that ` horc will bo tho fullest corporation of the armed forces in reducing their de mands for medical manpower in order to insure that vital war production will be hoiit up und to prevent any possible coll.'ipse on the civilian front." n n n .m; Industrial Hygiene Digest - 31. i 17 Ir. lu atrial Psychiatry in Wartime: Imploynbility of _Cortain Mental Cases. L.::. Selling* Tad, Med., 11.> 407-411 (September* 194217 Each plant should liave a i*sychiatrist whose relationship to the personnel depart ment and to 3$pfe-medical department is the some as that of the plant physician. In these tint^s such an expert v;ill bo hard to got and hard to integrate. If an adequate specialist cannot be used, the plant physician must first of all elimin ate the obvious lunatics; second, must know enough psychiatry so that he can cull out psychiatric cases and refer them to a consulting psychiatrist. And, third, he should realize that there are certain psychiatric cases who, because their . condition is constant, arc not likely to do harm and can be employed in spite of their ailment, and that there is a second group who have been treated for serious rental diseases and have recovered sufficiently to justify the physician in recon mending their re-employment. The use of psychiatry in industry is still limit ed, both by the psychiatrists' lack of understanding of the problems of industry and by the lack of psychiatrists who have the special talents which would make them able to. take cognizance of the dual role that they might play in an indus trial organization. The plant physician, v;hile not a psychiatrist and hence more likely to make a number of psychiatric errors, some of which might be ser ious, i3 in a position to utilise the knowledge available from this branch of the profession in a competent fashion. He is better off to use what little knowledge of mental medicine he can acquire and apply it, than to ignore the whole subject in tines like these when every available man must be utilised. - Author* s summary 113 Medical Service Plans for Larger Industrial Plants. A.B. Smith. Industrial ' Uygione~7k~.~Y.~State) , SI, 569 - 572 (October, 1943). The American College of Surgeons has outlined the following features for an ade quate medical service in larger industrial establishments: (1) A definitely organized plan for the medical service. (2) A definitely designated staff of qualified physicians and/or surgeons, nurses and attendants, (3) Adequate emer gency, dispensary and hospital facilities. (4) Pre-employment and periodic physical examinations - to be made only by qualified medical examiners. (5) Effi cient care of all industrial injuries and occupational diseases. (6) First-aid treatment and advice for employees suffering from non-industrial injuries and illnesses while on duty. For further professional care such employees should be referred to their family physician. (7) Education of the employee in accident prevention and personal hygiene. (8) Elimination or control of all health haz ards. (9) Adequate medical records, accessibly filed in the medical department under responsible medical supervision. (10) Supervision of plant sanitation and all health measures for employees by the physician or surgeon in charge. (11) An ethical and cooperative relationship with the family physician. (12) The use of approved hospitals. Dr. Smith discusses this program under three main head ings: (a) medical plant, (b) The medical personnel, and (c) The medical. Program. ' 119 Influence of 'Var on Industrial Medicine. J.J. Bloomfield, War Medicine. 2_, 321-370 (July, 1942). The responsibility of industrial medicine is second only to that of military medicine. Industrial health problems have been greatly complicated by the war ::nd there are four broad conditions which exist today throughout the country. They arc, first, health problems arising in the community environment; second, the physical composition of the war labor force as compared to the peacetime labor supply, third, hazards which are found in the working environment; end, 1' +tn, me cnortago of trained pc ;onnel in the various professions concerned ith ho .with conservation in industry, etail. in 004045 Industrial HygienS Digest - 32 v_g i\- j Fever and Vitamin. C. H.N. Holmes unu TW. Alexander. Science. 6, 43 7-499 (November 27, 1942). ' ' Over a period of four years it was observed that there was a lowering of the body level of vitamin C during hay fever attacks. Twenty-five sufferers from hay fever ttBSQ given 100 mg., 00 mg. and 500 mg. doses of vitamin C, daily, during tholpp^woed season from August 15 to September 15. The pollen count at Cburiin, Obi, the location of the tests, averaged 87 for the last half of August and about 80 for the first half of September. "Sneezing begins et 15." After one week of 100 mgs. of vitamin G daily, five of the subjects showed some improvement. Twelve gained decidedly after a vieel: on the 200 mg. dosage and eight reported a remarkable improvement after three or four days at the 500 mg. level. A distinct gain is reported for 83 per cent of the patients. This would appear to be of importance in the reduction of absenteeism. 121 Vitamins for the Prevention of Colds. D.IV. Cowan, H.S. Diehl ana A.B. Baker. J.A.M.A., 120, 1263-1271 (December 19, 1942). This controlled study yields no indication that either large doses of vitamin 0 alone or large doses of vitamins A, 3i Bg, C and D and nicotinic acid have any Important effect on the number or severity of infections of the upper respiratory tract when administered to young adults who presumably are already on a reasonably adequate diet. 122 Fitness in Industry and Its Maintenance by Indoor Sunbaths. Compiled by Hanovia, Ltd., Slough, England, (Manufacturer's pamphletH The installation of solaria in mines and in other establishments in which work ers have little sunlight exposure has led to better health, fewer absences, fevi- er accidents ana increased output. Plans and specifications for solaria of var ious capacities are given. . 123 Great Britain's Experience with Absenteeism. Anonymous. Management Record. 4401 (December, 1942). " ' If any worker in an "essential undertaking": (1) is absent without reasonable excuse; (2) is persistently late for work; or (3) fails to comply with any law ful or reasonable orders given to him {including any orders as to the working of day or night work and of a reasonable amount of overtime), his case will be referred to the Joint Labor-Management Committee of the plant for action. A worker prosecuted in this manner may be fined or imprisoned or, if he is of military age, he may lose his status as "deferred from military service." Of the 7,500,000 workers subject to the restrictions of the act, about 250 were prosecuted end 40 received prison terms during the 18 months from March, 1941 to September, 1942. The trade unions have accepted these severe measures because management is also rigidly controlled under the Defense Regulations. Inefficient employers clast be replaced if the government finds it necessary. Missing From-the Job. V/.L. Fox, Nat. Safety Nevis. 46, 21, 54 (December, 1942). Eleven plants in Syracuse, employing 15,000 workers cooperated in a study of accidents to employees outside of working hours over a period of 6 months. -uring that time there were 159 plant accidents with a total of 3,659 days of tine, against 109 non-occupational injuries with 2,253 days of lost time (excluding charges in both cases and one fatality). Motor vehicles mo .united for nearly half the ncn-cccupaticnal accidents, and home accidents, : -;cut a fourth. -- --iL tko Industrial Nurse Hole? II.G. Murray. Occup. Hazards, 5, 12, 13, 22- -cw'.bur, 194::) r ~ : Lie registered nurse in inuustry should bo able, through her department, ' ' unm the number of days lest due to illness or injury with benefit to i.:.i;-loyer and employee. A description of the methods employed by a nanufac- -eneorn end the results obtained are given. n w D -r 0 /'  - .. n i: . : lain 60 123 .. a, SX'iul . -i.-on"3 124 - - : v.'iLy ' ** l inhalation 35 is. . /.-.-.e a:iu dust 73 '' , L 76 . . a.ex. eristics r'j'jtA openings 73 :.\r;v,: exhaust slots; 79 .-.'.iy.-is silica by x-ray 74 iicial respiration 69 /.v lotion affect on hearing 71 enrol lr.ujotoxic action 34 phosphorus treatment 107 treatment 106 tannic acid 47 molten magnesium 104 Cndniun toxicology 43 Carbon monoxide 53 compressed air 55 Colas vitamin therapy 121 Cotton infection from 72 On-light work a'.vantages . 66 Dermatitis 52 chioraone-cutting oils 48 fats end oila^. 49 preemployment 6Xamina- tion ' 53 vitamin C 51 tv t toes : - '^XiOn 54 : `infection A 93 - -r.trol 41 coni minos 81-82-33-34 fur ''.at industry 44 x . :.r for 57 75 - - -- i. . j. ' j e s e 1 o navi 31 : m tunnels 3 6 (January, 1943) Explosion bur:yds control 91 Explosives safe handling Fire prevention 67 46 Foundry safe practice ' 94 Gas toisoiling treatment 32 Ho.ndicanned workers employability 102 Hay fever vitamin C 120 Health hazards occupational classification 13 Heart disease in industry 108 Housekeeping, industrials Indium physiologic propertics40 Industrial health solaria Industrial hygiene 122 92 report war industries 68 59 Industrial medicine effect of war war effort Ks ta-thermcmet er 119 115 S5 Lead tetraethyl absorption 42 Magnesium safe handling 45 Magnesium casting air contamination 39 Manpower conservation crisis 65 16 Medical departments in war industry 15 Medical service large plants elans 118 14 Methyl bromide toxicity 36 Mo rbidity, dis abling industrial verkor 53 Mation* u huc-.lth in wartime Ho iso nursing, industrial 116 70 125 .'iutrj ti in 109-110-112 wartime* order ana production 111 113 Occupational diseases annual report (Indiana) 56 control Personnel problems 114 health aspects 61 P ho tomi c ro gra p hs hano camera 77 Physical examinations 100-101 costs of special typos 99 Pneumo conio sis baggasosis lignite dust 26 27 Poisons and toxicology elective effect 38 Polyethylene glycol pharmacology 37 Psychiatry, industrial Il7 Sanitation, industrial 103 Silicosis action on report 28 occurrence and control 29 Silicosis and tuberculosis coal miners 25 Teeth occupational effects on 57 Toxic solvents control Spray painting 30 38 Ventilation on the Witswntersrand 80 Vitamin C therapy Vitamins 50 12 War fjases treatment of casualties 105 Women protective clothing 89 Women in industry 62- 63 health problems 64 X-ray technique 5a-27-03 Trudeau ro-.ort 96 r a n < c