Document 2Rnv01B3QyL58KO484bqNryMN

82d Congress, 2d Session YEARBO 19 N49775 Prepared by the staff of the BUREAU OF MINES LEONARD L. FISCHMAN, Editor Asslittd by: JOHN HOZIK ROBERT E. HERMAN - I Lead By Richard H. Mate and Edith E. den Hartog GENERAL SUMMARY AT THE beginning of 1950, lead producers, having witnessed yuV in 1949 one of the most precipitous market price declines in the * history of the industry, were gravely concerned over the lack of consumer demand and the possibility of rapidly accumulating sur pluses. This anxiety was further increased several months later by rumors within the trade that Government purchases of lead for the National Strategic Stockpile were to be discontinued in July. There was little evidence that smelter and refinery stocks of lead and mate rial in process would decline from the abnormally high levels prevailing during the first quarter of the year. On January 1, 1950, stocks were higher than at any similar date since January 1, 1939. The lack of confidence in price stability was further evidenced during the first months of 1950 by consumers' cautious buying, which caused a further depression in the market quotation from 12 cents per pound on January 1 to 10)4 cents on March 14. With the outbreak of the war in Korea in late June and the accelera tion of the National Defense Program that followed immediately thereafter, industrial activity increased. Consumers recalling the dif ficulties experienced in obtaining full requirements of lead in World War II promptly abandoned the prudent buying practices used early in 1950. Demand increased rapidly, and lead shipments from primary refineries, which had dropped as low as 21,855 tons in February, ad vanced to 47,031 tons in August and to over 62,000 tons in October. Lead prices strengthened throughout the summer and early fall, reaching 17 cents per pound at the end of October. The net effect of the abrupt mid-year change was record-breaking in several instances. Total domestic lead consumption increased 29 percent over 1949 and was the largest quantity ever recorded. Mine output increased to the highest level since 1943, and imports reached a record-shattering total of 541,864 tons, a gain of 36 percent over the record peacetime high in 1949. Recovery of lead from secondary sources, which had been decreasing since 1947, gained 17 percent in 1950 and exceeded domestic mine output for the fifth consecutive year. Despite the unprcdicted rise in demand for lead during the latter part of the year, there was no apparent stringency in lead supply until just before the year end. On December 28, 1950, the National Pro-i i This report denis primarily with tho smelling, refining, and consuming phases of Iho Industry. dotalls of mining operations, sco tho various Slnto chapters of this volumo, 684 For . LEAD duction Authority issuo'1 an antihoa among other scarce materials, and li materials to quantities needed for " personal, or home consumption." Labor difficulties during tho year c but not to the extent of 1948 and 1949 were indications of a decline in the a ing districts, which forecast a possiblo of domestic mine production in 1951. TABLE 1.--Salient statistics of the lead i (average) and 1946-6 mi-45 (average) Production of refined primary load: From domestic ores and base bullion.. From foreign ores and base bullion___ 419, 081 84, 072 Total......................................................... Recovery of secondary lead........................... Imports (general): Load In pigs, bars, and old..................... Load In base bullion................................. Lead In ores and matte........................... Exports of refined pig lend............................. Consumption of primary and secondary lead................................................................... Prices (cents net pound); New lorfe: Average for porlod........ .................. Quotation at end of porlod.............. London avorage for period..................... Mine production of recoverable lead 1........ World smelter production of lead................ 603,153 351,303 2G8. 000 14, C42 78.990 7, 047 1, 076, 240 6.35 0.37 4.69 443, 734 1,005.000 M. 1 Includes Alaska. ' Hevlsed figure. DOMESTIC PRO Statistics on lead output may be and refinery basis. Mine-production lead content in ores and concentrates, losses in smelting, are a better measu to year and are most accurate for sho of production. Pig-lead output, as re presents a more precise figure of act only in a general way the source of c and. refinery output generally differs the lag between mine shipments and concentrates. MINE PRODU Domestic mine output of recovera compared with 1949 and was the large uary, production during the first hal sistently above the 1,180-ton average Production during the latter half o somewhat, and tho daily output, wi remained below the annual average. 686 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 195 0 Production in 11 of the 22 lead-producing States in 1950 exceeded the rates established in 1949. In California the production surpassed any other year in the State's history, and a similar record was estab lished in Washington. Not since 1927 have Colorado mines produced as much lead as was recovered in 1950. Lead output in Idaho, Montana, and Oklahoma reached the highest point since 1942, and production from Missouri mines approached the 1946 output. Of the total lead produced at United States mines in 1950, 69 percent came from 25 properties. Missouri continued to rank first among the States in the production of lead, and the Southeastern Missouri district continued to be the largest lead-producing area, supplying 31 percent of the total domestic output. As in previous years, the St. Joseph Lead Co. produced the bulk of the output from its Bonne Terre, Dcslogo, Federal, and Lcadwood mine groups in St. Francois County and the Mine La Motto property in Madison County. Each mine is equipped with a mill; the five have a combined daily capacity of about 28,800 tons of ore. In Madison County the National Lead Co., St. Louis Smelting & Refining Division, operated its Madison lead-copper mine and 1,200-ton flotation mill at Frcdoricktown. The Catherine-Fleming mine was operated part of the year by the Frcdericktown Lead Co. The Tri-State district produced 7 percent of the total domestic lead output in 1950. Owing to low concentrate prices, production was retarded during the first quarter of the year. In the second quarter increased zinc prices stimulated ore production somewhat, but the greatest gain in output occurred in the latter half of the year when the zinc price continued to advance and the lead quotation rose sharply. The five leading Tri-State lead-producing companies in 1950, in order of output, were: Eagle-Picher Mining & Smelting Co., Nellie 13. Mining Co., National Lead Co. St. Louis Smelting & Refining Div ision, Federal Mining & Smelting Co., and the W. M. & W. Mining Co. In December 1950 there were 16 mine mills, 1 tailings mill, and 3 clean-up mills operating, compared with 18 mine mills, 1 tailings mill, and 1 clean-up mill operating in December 1949. About 80 mines were operating in Decembor 1950, compared with 85 in December 1949. Increased activity in open-pit operations during the year indicated tho growing importance of this mode of mining in the district. Mine production of recoverable lead in the combined Western States increased 6 percent in 1950. During the year lead mines in the region contributed nearly 60 percent of the total domestic production compared with 59 percent in 1949. Idaho continued to be the largest producer of lead in the Western States and second only to Missouri in the United States. In 1950, 95 percent of all Idaho lead came from the Cocur d'Alene region. The Bunker Hill & Sullivan mine at Kellogg was by far tho largest producer. Other large producers, all in the Coeur d'Alene region, included the Page, Star, Morning, Sherman, Dayrock, and Sidney mines. These seven properties accounted for 70 percent of the State total lead output, 78 percent of which came from zinc-lead ore and old tailings. Lead production in Utah in 1950 declined 16 percent from tho 1949 output largely as a result of a Bhut-down of the United States & Lark property at Bingham. The Lark mine was closed from July 16 through October 28 because of a fire in the lower levels; the United LEA States mine was idle 2 months owin difficulties, which reduced lead outp 1949, the United States & Lark pro producer of lead in Utah. Producti property, Chief Consolidated Mini Mines Co., New Park Mining Co Coalition Mines Co., and Hidden T mines supplied 95 percent of the S percent was recovered from zinc-lead Lead production from Colorado over 1949 and was the largest since ducing mines, in order of rank, Tunncl-Black/Bear (Idarado), Smu Emporius Mining Co. group. Zincd State total lead in 1950. The output of lead in Arizona in 1 record level established in 1949 owin of zinc-lead ore from the Copper Q lead production at the Copper Que mine continued as the largest produ producers of lead, in order of outpu at Tiger, Iron King mine at Humbo rita, Flux group near Patagonia, an About 92 percent of the total lead recovered from zinc-lead ore, and th lead ore. , Montana's production of recov percent owing to a substantial gain Butte Hill mines and dumps of th Anaconda company-owned operatio cent of the State lead; other importa the Emma mine at Butte, the Mik Jack Waite mine in Sanders County 87 percent of the total lead produc total 90 percent was recovered fro remainder from lead ore. The closing of the Copper Can County, Nev., early in June 1950, in the 11-percent decline in lead pro with 1949. The Pioche district, Lin cipal source of Nevada's lead outp State's total production. The leadin Metals Reduction Co., Pioche gro Copper Canyon mine; Ely Valley Bristol Silver Mines Co., Bristol min Delno mine. Nearly 73 percent of was recovered from zinc-lead ore. California 1950 lead production br The new record was achieved largel ing Co. developed the Darwin grou Shoshone group, Resting Spring dis that adequate lead and zinc-load o tinuity of operation at both proper 688 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 195 0 important lead mines operated in California in 1950 included the Coronado Copper and Zmc Co., Afterthought mine: Lewis Warnken, Jr., Gold Bottom mine dump; George Lippincott, Lead King mine; and Finley and Vignich, Minnietta mine. Lead production in Washington in 1950 increased 61 percent over 1949; this was the largest annual output of any year in the State's history. Largely responsible for the record production were sub stantial increases in output from the Grandview mine in Pend Oreille County and the Bonanza mine in Stevens County. Lead production declined slightly at tho Deep Creek and Anderson mine in Stevens County ana at the property of the Pend Oreille Mines & Metals Co. in Pend Oreille County. These properties supplied over 99 percent of the Washington lead in 1950. About 72 percent of the total output was derived from zinc-lead ore and nearly all the remainder from lead ore. Lead production in New Mexico in 1950 declined 11 percent from the 1949 output. . The principal producers during the year were the Groundhog mine in the Central district, Lynchburg property in the Magdalena district, Bayard mine in tho Central district, and Portalos mine in the Hansonberg district. Over 55 percent of the State total lead in 1950 was recovered from zinc ore, 25 percent from zinc-lcad ore, and most of the remainder from lead ore. TABLE 2.-- Mine production of recoverable lead in the United States, 1941-45 (average) and 1946-50, by States, in short tons State 1011-46 : (average) 1940 1947 1948 1949 1950 Westora States and Alaska: Alaska..........}................................... Arizona............................................. California......................................... Colorado........................................... Idaho................................................. Montana.......................................... Nevada............................................. New Mexico.................................... Oregon.............................................. South Dakota................................. Texas................................................. Utah.................................................. Washington..................................... Wyoming......................................... Total.............................................. West Central States: Arkansas.......................................... Kansas.............................................. Missouri........................................... Oklahoma........................................ Total.............................................. States east of the Mississippi River: Illinois............................................... Kentucky......................................... New York........................................ Tennessee....... ........................ -____ Virginia............................................ Wisconsin........................................ Total............ Orand total. 206 16,742 6,468 16,100 93,461 10,148 6, 634 6, 985 18 32 70 60,025 4,0811 225, 533 116 23,930 0,923 17,036 69,987 8,280 7,176 4,890 2 47 30,711 2,987 105,002 264 28,6G6 10,080 18,696 78,944 16.108 7,161 6,383 12 8 78 49,098 6,359 221,357 329 29,899 9,110 25.143 88, 644 18,411 9,777 7,653 107 170 65,050 7,147 252,150 51 33, 668 10,318 20,853 79. 299 17,990 10,626 4,652 12 4 132 63.072 0,417 243,000 3 9,087 180,325 18,834 209,149 2 6,445 130.112 13,007 159,250 18 7,286 132,240 14,289 163,838 22 8,380 102,288 10,918 127,014 1 9, 772 127, 622 19,868 157.153 2.348 231 1,879 103 3, 200 1,222 9.052 443,734 3,805 95 1,073 125 4,381 1,688 11,127 335, 475 2,325 214 1,496 22 3,803 1,160 9,026 384,221 3,005 216 1,231 4,703 861 10,700 390,470 3,824 187 1,317 257 3.313 857 9,765 409,908 140 26,383 15,831 27,007 100,025 10,617 0.408 4,150 17 120 44,763 10,334 257,803 9 9, 487 134,020 20, 724 104,840 2,72090 1,484 113 3,254 632 8,178 430,827 LEA Mine production of lead in Stat came from properties in Illinois, K Virginia, and Wisconsin and was la of zinc and fluorspar mining. Mos this region in 1950 can be attribut fluorspar mines and to the closing Illinois by the Alco Lead Corp., w latter part of 1949. Zinc-lead mi Illinois also recorded declines in prod owing to the closing on May 15 of Hyatt mine in New York. A labor the New Jersey Zinc Co. from Octo a 2-percent decrease in the output TABLE 3.--Mine production of recoverabl that produced 1,000 tons or more dur 1946-50, in short tons District State Southeastern Missouri region. Missouri......................... Tri-State (Joplin region)........ West Mountain (Bingham).. Summit Volley (Butte).......... Coso (Darwin;. . Worrcn (Dlsbco)............ Kansas, southwestern Missouri, Oklahoma. Utah............................ Montana...................... Arizona.......................... Utah................................ Ploche.................... California (Lcadvlllo)............ Utah.. Animas................. Pima (Slerrltas. Twin Buttes). PaDaeo. Arlzono........................... Bossburg................................ Control....................... Red cim........................ Washington.................. Upper Mississippi Valley___ Iown, northern Illinois, Wisconsin. Kentucky-Southern Illinois.. Kontucky, southern Illinois. Rush Valley & Smcltor (Tooeio Countv). rionocr (Rico)......................... Opblr................. Utah................................ Utah................................ Eureka............................ Resting Springs 1...................... California....................... < Figure not shown in order to avoid disclosure of Indi 1 This district Is not listed In order of I960 output. 690 MINERAL? YEARBOOK, 1950 LE Lead was also recovered in 1950 and Arkansas. Virtually all tho 1 in 1950 was recovered from the o Ilyder in the Southeastern Alaska The 25 leading lead-producing m listed in table 4, yielded G9 porcon 8 loading mines produced 40 per percent. Detailed information on the p districts in the United States may volume dealing with the mine prod and zinc in the various States. TioURK 1.--Mine production of recoverable le TABLE 6.--Mine production of recovera by months, i Month 1949 1950 Fobruary.................................... July.................................................. 33,203 32, G67 39,910 37,216 37,000 36,278 29,830 36,084 34. 716 38,900 36,432 37, 900 37, 439 32,037 SMELTER AND REFI Pig (refined) lead produced in t three principal sources--domestic m ores and base bullion, and scrap m ary smelters)--and is recovered at base bullion, and small quantities that process scrap exclusively. Of United States, 6 combine smelting only base bullion (containing appro and silver, and small quantities o the ores smelted), and 2 confine th lead and antimonial, or "hard," le mary and secondary plants. Beca 692 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1950 lead, such as battery scrap, melted at secondary smelters, the. output from this type of operation is essentially antimonial lead. Statistics on the production of refined lead and alloys at secondary plants are given in the Secondary Lead section of this chapter. Of the 13 primary smelters in operation in 1950, all but 2 consumed substantial quantities of primary materials in the form of ores and concentrates. During the year these 11 plants consumed 511,433 short tons (lead content) of this type of material, of which 17 percent was of foreign origin. In 1949, 467,128 tons of ores and concentrates were consumed, 16 percent of which was foreign. Active Lead Smelters and Refiners.-- Primary lead smelters and refineries operating in the United States in 1950 were as follows: California: Selby--Selby plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. (smelter and Colorado: Leadville--Arkansas Valley plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. Idaho^Bradley--Bunker Hill Smelter, Bunker Hill & Sullivan Mining & Con centrating Co. (smelter and refinery). ,. Illinois: Alton--Federal plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. (smelter and refinery). Indiana: East Chicago--U. S. S. Lead Refinery, Inc. (refinery). Kansas: Galena--Galena plant, Eagle-Picher Co. (smelter and refinery). Missouri: Herculaneum--Herculaneum plant, St, Joseph Lead Co. (smelter and refinery). _ ,. ,, _ _ . ,, Montana: East Helena--East Helena plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. Nebraska^Omaha--Omaha plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. (refinery). New Jersey: Barber--Perth Amboy plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. (smelter and refinery). . _,,. . Texas: El Paso--El Paso plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. (smelter). ^tahMidvale--Midvale plant, United States Smelting, Refining A Mining Co. (smelter). '. Tooele--Tooele plant, International Smelting & Refining Co, (smelter). REFINED LEAD Primary refineries in the United States in 1950 produced 513,769 short tons of refined lead, an increase of 3 percent over the 1949 outmit of 500,568 tons. , , , . , , . ,, Of the 508,314 tons of primary refined lead produced during the year, domestic ores and base bullion were the source for 82 percent and imported ores and foreign base bullion for 18 percent. In 1949 the TABLE 6.--Refined lead produced at primary refineries in the United States, by sources, 1946-50, in short tons 1040 1947 1948 1940 1050 Reflnod lead: From domcstlcorcsnnd baso bullion From foreign ores................................. From foreign baso bullion.................. 203,300 44,790 08 Total from primary sources........... From scrap............................................ 338,197 8,013 Total refined lead............................ 346,210 Average sales prico per pound................. $0,084 Total calculated value of primary re fined lead *................................................ $50,820, 000 381,100 50,838 63 441,010 15, G62 456,072 $0,143 $] 26,130,000 330,413 60,820 6,462 406.694 4,952 411,040 $0,179 $146, 600,000 404, 440 71,413 1,476 477,338 23.230 500,568 $0,158 $150,840,000 418,800 80,211 3,204 608,314 5,455 613,769 $0.135 $137,245,000 i Exdudes value of refined lead producod from scrap at primary refineries. LE origin was 85 percent domestic a gives tbo production of refined le origin of the ore. Details of tlxo s are given in the Mine Production TABLE 7.--Refined primary lead produ origin, 1946-50 Source 1940 Domestic ore and baso bullion........ Foreign oro: Canada___ ................................... Europe................................................... Mexico........................... South America ............ ' Other foreign ............ Total.......................... Foreign baso bullion: Australia....................... Mexico........................................ South America............................... Other foreign............................. Total................................................... 293,30 7,53 6,02 2,05 11,34 18,83 44,79 8 0 44,88 338,19 _ ANTIMON Antimonial lead output at prima above the 1949 level but was well in 1948. Production increased at producing the alloy. Distribution primary refineries m 1946--50 by so as is also the average antimony con Although antimonial lead is an im of base bullion, the quantity derive part of total domestic output. Th from the smelting of antimonial le Production data from lead smeltin exclusively are summarized in the detail in the Secondary Metals--N TABLE 8,--Antimonial lead produced a States, 1 Year 1940..................... 1947...... .................. Produc tion (short tons) Antimony con Short tous Per 50,480 86,075 100,764 41,402 57,969 3,2S5 4,933 6,700 3,385 4,504 694 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1950 SECONDARY LEAD Some scrap lead is treated at primary smelters, but the greater part is received at a large number of plants th^t specialize in the treatment of secondary materials. Secondary lead is recovered in the form of refined lead, antimonial lead, and other alloys. Secondary lead recovery in 1950 was 17 percent above the 1949 figure and exceeded the domestic mine output of recoverable lead for the fifth consecutive year. Data on recovery, by type of plant, in 1946-50 aro shown in table 9. TABLE 9.--Secondary lead recovered in the United States, 1946-50, in short tons 1946 1047 1048 1049 I960 As roflned motal: At primary plants...................... At other plants............................ Total........................................... 8.013 66,691 73.704 15,002 95,843 111,605 4, 052 120,051 131,903 23,230 129,306 162,626 6,465 123,858 129,313 At primary plants....................... At other plants............................ Total..P...................................... In other alloys..................................... 33, 850 159,834 193.684 125,399 60, 450 200, 479 205,035 134,630 49,525 104,027 243. 562 124,616 32. 705 140,037 172,742 80,815 38,383 187, 257 226,040 127,322 Grand total: 302.787 511,070 600,071 412.183 482,275 Valuo...................................... 305,088,216 $140,423,420 $170,026,418 $130, 240,828 $130,214,250 LEAD PIGMENTS ' The principal lead pigments aro litharge, white lead, red lead, sublimed lead, leaded zinc oxide, and orango mineral. These prod ucts are manufactured for the most part from metal, but some ore and concentrates are converted directly into pigments. Details of tho production of lead pigments are given in the Lead and Zinc Pigments and Zinc Salts chapter of this volume. CONSUMPTION AND USES' Domestic lead consumption (including load in lead oro consumed directly in the manufacture of lead pigments and salts) totaled 1,237,981 short tons in 1950. Of the total consumed, 826,938 tons was refined soft lead, and 259,874 tons was contained in antimonial lead, 42,518 tons in unmelted white scrap, 50,311 tons in "percent age metals," 21,575 tons in copper-base scrap, 22,098 tons in drosses and residues, and 14,667 tons in lead ores used directly in the manu facture of lead compounds. During the year, 42 percent of total lead consumed was used in the manufacture of various metal prod ucts (other than storage batteries). Production of tho three largest lead-consuming items--batteries, cable coverings, and tetraethyl fluid--used 52 percent of all the lead consumed in 1950. Battories took 32 percent of the total, cable covering 11 percent, and tetraethyl fluid 9 percent. LEA TABLE 10.--Consumption of lead in th short 1949 1950 Metal products: Ammunition................................. Bearing metals............................. Brass and bronze......................... Cable covering.^......................... Calking load....... .......................... Casting metals............................. Collapsible tubes......................... Foil...:.......................................... Pipes, traps, and bonds............. Sheet lead...................................... Solder............................................ . Tenie metal........ .......................... Type metal....... ............................ 24.Ill 29,189 14,946 144,340 34.044 12, 072 8, 692 2, 603 20,858 27,144 62,104 3. 266 20,695 38. 438 38, 241 21,461 131,989 53,460 19. 295 13, 386 3,941 41,301 30,778 94. 600 3,806 24, 776 Total metal products.......... 414,464 515, 527 Storage batteries:1 Antimonial lead........................... 176,308 212,464 Lead oxides................................... 138,410 186,946 Total storage batteries 313,718 398, 409 Formerly classified under "motal products." Includes lead cootent of leadod zinc oxide productio TABLE 11.--Consumption of lead in the short t Month 1949 1950 January.. February March.... April...., May....... June........ July........ 91,769 78,186 71,076 62, 763 70,272 73.206 75, 005 83, 671 78,491 88,939 84, G73 100,020 103. 443 95, G86 > Includes lead content of leaded zinc oxide productio TABLE 12.--lead consumption in the Un and type of mater Motal products___ Storage batteries *. Pigments................. Chemicals.............. . Miscellaneous....... . Unclassified........... . Total............. * Formerly classified under metal products. Excludes 14,667 tons of lead contained In leaded zin STOC Producers' Stocks.--Load stocks Bureau of Metal Statistics, are sho 696 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1950 and antimonial lead include metal held by all primary refiners and by some of the refiners of secondary metal who produce soft lead. According to monthly reports released by the American Bureau of Metal Statistics, stocks of refined lead and antimonial lead increased in January, February, March, and April to reach the year's peak of 88,581 tons on April 30. Inventories declined steadily thereafter, totaling 40,910 tons on December 31, a net decrease of 42 percent from tho January 1 figure of 70,424. TABLE 13.--Lead stocks at end of year at smelters and refineries in the United States, 1940-50, in short tons (American Bureau of Metal Statistics] 1940 1047 1948 1019 1950 Refined pie lead................................................................... Antimonial load................................................. ............. Total............................................................................. Lead In base bullion-- In transit to reflnerlos.................................................. . In process at refineries................................................. Lead In oro aod raatto and In process at smelters-- Grand total............................................ ................. . 40.870 0,717 47,587 8, 453 4,011 16,042 29. 400 111,836 188,820 13,034 7,094 21,328 7,052 5,447 10, 328 29, 427 77,190 127,954 29, 050 9,504 38,644 0, 607 17,939 31.737 76,373 146.754 01.320 0,095 70, 424 10,364 16,501 35. 021 95, 481 201,620 28,894 0,720 35,619 11,903 15,341 32,293 09,757 137,669 The Bureau of Mines annual survey of primary lead [smelters and refiners indicated stocks of 60,816 (revised) tons (lead content) of refined soft lead at plants on January 1, 1950, and 28,894 tons on December 31, 1950. Primary antimonial lead stocks at these same plants decreased from 8,192 short tons (lead content) at tho begin ning of 1950 to 6,152 tons at the end of the year. In terms of lead content, stocks of ore and concentrates at the operating primary smelters and refineries decreased 31 percent, from 61,753 (revised) tons to 42,346 tons during the same period. The inventory of base bullion at refineries that receive base bullion as a raw material and at smelters that produce baso bullion for shipment to refineries totaled 7,893 tons at the beginning of January and 11,658 tons at the end of December 1950. Stocks of in-process base bullion or work lead at four combination smelter-refinery plants are not included in reports to the Bureau of Mines. No direct comparison can be made between these data and the figures of the American Bureau of Metal Statistics. Figures reported to the Bureau of Mines represent physical inventory at the plants, irrespective of ownership, and do not include material in process or in transit. Consumers' Stocks.--Consumers' stocks of lead increased 41 percent during 1950. Stocks of lead in copper-base scrap decreased 20 percent, but there were increases in all other classes, with refined soft lead advancing 33 percent and antimonial lead 56 percent. Total inventories showed a downward trend from the 97,267 tons at the beginning of the year to a low of 86,898 tons on September 30 but gamed considerably each month thereafter to total 137,147 tons on December 31. LEAD TABLE 14.--Consumers' stocks of lead at end in short tons, lea f. Date . Refined soft lead AntJmoniol lead Unmoltod white scrap P Dec. 31, 1947_____ Dec. 31, 1948___ _ Dec. 31, 1949........ Doc. 31, 1060........ 51.619 62.077 64,542 80,101 22,402 '35,088 10,837 20, 262 3,614 4,828 2,957 6, 720 PRICES The two mafOr markets for lead in t and St. Louis. Much of the lead pr prices normally based upon quotation pension of trading on the London Meta the London market has had no direct tions, and the differential between St. remained 0.2 cent a pound; an amo charges between the two cities. The market price for common lead, 1 at 12.00 cents per pound. Cautious cline on March 9 to 11.00 cents and Renewed consumer interest advanced cents on April 20 and to 12.00 cents thereafter resulted in a drop in the q cents on June 28. Developments in K the metal arrested the downtrend and to 17.00 cents per pound on October mained for the balance of the year. TABLE 16.--Average monthly and yearly qu York, and London, 1948--50, Month 1948 ' St. New Lon S Louis York don * Lo January.......................... February................................. March..................... ......... . . April........................................... May........................................ . June...................................... July....................................... August....................................... September................................ October.......................... November............ .... December.......................... Average.......................... 14.83 14.83 14.83 17.04 17.32 17.32 17.83 19.32 19.37 19.32 21.32 21.32 17.87 15.00 16.00 15.00 17.21 17.50 17.50 17.81 19.50 19.60 19.50 21.50 21.50 18.04 16.17 16.17 18.17 18.17 16.17 16.17 16.17 18.17 16.17 20.12 20.12 20.12 17.16 21 21 18 14 13 11 13 14 14 13 12 11 16 > St. LoujjiMeUI Statistics, 1051, p. 511. New York: M Metal and Mineral Markets. * Conversion of English quotations Into American money Federal Reserve Board. 232294-63- -45 698 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1950 The official London price fixed by the Ministry of Supply for the United Kingdom was 97 per long ton (equivalent to 12.11 cents per pound computed on the basis of a $2.7975 exchange rate) at the be ginning of 1950. The price was reduced on March 10 to 88 (10.99 cents) and on March 16 to 84 (10.49 cents). It was subsequently raised on April 21 to 86 (10.74 cents), April 27 to 88, May 5 to 90 (11.24 cents), May 11 to 92 (11.49 cents), and May 12 to 96 (11.99 cents). On June 24 it was dropped to 92 (11.50 cents at the $2.80 exchange rate established on June 1) and again on June 29 to 88 (11.00 cents). The final uptrend for the year started on July 13, when the price was raised once more to 92, followed on July 14 by an in crease to 96 (12.00 cents) and other increases on August 16 to 104 (13 00 cents), August 22 to 112 (14.00 cents), September 2 to 120 (15.00 cents), September 9 to 128 (16.00 cents), and November 1 to 136 (17.00 cents), at which level it remained for the balance of the year. FOREIGN TRADE * Tariff.--The import duty set by the Tariff Act of 1930 on lead bearing ores, flue dust, and mattes (lead content) was 1K cents per pound and on lead bullion, pigs, bars, scrap lead, antimonial lead, type metal, babbitt metal, solder, and alloys not specially provided for, 2% cents per pound. In accordance with the Mexican Trade Agreement of January 30, 1943, these rates were reduced to % cent and 1K cents per pound, respectively. In June 1948 these duties were suspended for 1 year by act of Congress, As the Congress took no action on a bill to extend the suspension beyond June 30, 1949, the expiration date of the original legislation, the import duty of 1K cents a pound on pig lead and Y\ cent a pound on load in ores and concentrates was reinstated automatically on July 1 and continued at these levels throughout 1950. The ltf, cents per pound duty on lead scrap was suspended by Congressional action for the period October 1, 1950, to June 30, 1951. . Imports--Imports of lead in 1950 increased 36 percent over 1949 to total 541,864 tons, the largest annual quantity ever recorded. The rise was due largely to the abrogation in mid-1950 of the Mexican Trade Agreement, effective January 1, 1951, restoring as of that date the full duty established by the Tariff Act of 1930. Extraordinarily large quantities of lead were thus imported in the late months of 1950 to avoid payment of the higher tariff rates. The greater part of the lead imported in 1950 was in the form of pigs and bars, 50 percent of which came from Mexico, 24 percent from Canada, 10 percent from Yugoslavia, 7 percent from Peru, 5 percent from Australia, and 4 percent from other countries. Imports of base bullion increased 47 percent over 1949 and came principally from Australia and Japan. Ore and concentrate imports, which had gained in each of the pre ceding 4 years, dropped 29 percent in 1950 and were chiefly from Africa, Peru, Bolivia, Australia, and Canada. Figures on Imports and exports compiled by M, B. Price and E. D. Page, ol the Bureau of Mines, from reoords of the U. S. Department of Cooimcrco. LEAD TABLE 16.--Total lead imported into the Unite pigs, bars, and reclaimed, by countrie (U. 8. Department of C Country 191 Ore and matte: Africa................ . Argentina............................... Bolivia............ . Chile................. . . Guatemala............................. Mexico............... . Peru.................... ... .. Base bullion: ' Australia................. Guatemala........ .. . Japan... ............ Koran ^........ .. Mexico___ .T... I'oru.................... Other countries............. . . .... 3 2.1 8, 2 2,2 23.9 1,4 3 6,1 3 44, 2 1 Pigs and bars; Africa.................. . Bclglum-Luxembourg............................................ Burma.................................... . Uermanv................. . Italy.......... . . Japan............................... ... Korea.................. . Mexico................ . . Netherlands....................... ..... .. . Peru____ ______ * Spain............................ ... . Yugoslavia...........................^................ Other countries...................... 1 8,2 23,02 15,16 63, 5 15,66 Total pigs and bare........................... 115, 60 Reclaimed, scrap, etc.: Africa.......................................... Australia............. . Belglum-Luxombour?. . . Canal Zone............... ......... Chile................................ ' ....................... France............................. Germany.................................. Italy................................................ .................................. Japan....................................... Malta. Gozo. CvDrus........... . Mexico............................ . Netherlands......... . . Panama................................ PhlllDpJnto.___ . Yueoslavia................. .... . Other countries...................... 1,41 1,08 o 1 2 Total reclaimed, scran, etc . 2,63 Grand total.......................... " 102.46 en'tSng the ctfuntry undorbond.thSt Less than 0.6 ton. ,nC,Ude leed lmpotte , 700 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1950 TABLE 17.--Lead imported for consumption in the United States, 1940-50, by classes 1 ` (U, S. Department of Commerco] Year Lead In ores, flue dust, and mattes, n. a. p. f. Short tons Value Lead In baso bullion Short tons Valuo Pigs and bars Short tons Valuo Shoots, pipe, and shot Short tons Valuo Not other wise 3flod (valuo) Total value 28,266 $3,042,766 44,442 8,661,174 33,932 8,350,607 121,648 34,397,026 95,031 21,039,227 20 $2,302 1,768 416,643 10,922 3,239,135 1.133 374,954 1.134 191,879 104,083 $14,816,926 168,705 38,008,443 244,692 80,922,779 272,437 <80,148,110 i 434,366 104,323,711 24 67 181 *178 207 $10,261 42,434 100,519 101,084 78,111 $21,517 $18,089,893 10.453 60,111,298 35, 654 100,968,922 29.830 *119,054,978 78,090 129,607,781 iliii t in addition to quantities shown (value Included In total values), "reclaimed, scrap, etc.," Imported as follows--1M6: 2,639 toDS, $196,132; 1947: 15,903 tons, $3,072,151; 1948: 28,897 toDS, $8,320,428; 1949: Revised figure, 14,076 tons, $4,003,974; 1950:22,610 tons, $3,986,163. Figures Include lead received by tho Government and held In stock piles but exclude Imports for manufacture In bond and export, which are classified as "Imports for consumption" by tbe Department of Commerce. JRevtsod figure. TABLE 18.--Miscellaneous products, containing lead, imported for consumption in the United States, 1948-50 i |U. 8. Deportment of Commerce] i Babbitt metal, solder, whlto metal, and other combinations contain Typo metal and antlmonlal load ing load Yoar Gross weight (short tons) Lead contont (short tons) Value Oross weight (short tons) Lead content (short tons) Value 1046.............................. 1................ 1049 ............................................ 167 264 257 >281 4,202 83 171 184 127 2,647 S2U, 122 208,185 213,614 > 469,230 2,736,360 1,740 2,406 14,732 6,861 12,408 1,494 2,219 13,163 6,207 10,481 $220,046 753,664 6. 279,080 2,255,909 3,396,494 i Revised figure. Exports.--Total exports of pig lead (excluding reexports of foreign refined lead) increased almost threefold, from 969 tons in 1949 to 2,735 tons in 1950. Export restrictions imposed under the Export Control Act of 1940 remained in force throughout 1950. TABLE 19.--Lead pigs, bars, and anodes exported from the United States, by destinations, 1946-50, in short tons 1 IU. 8. Department of Commcrco] Destination 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 Countries: 894 Chile................................................................................ 281 40 6 2 9 40 58 63 10 62 62 10 12 38 For footnotes, see end of table. 76 1 126 8 14 15 42 40 21 10 00 40 08 131 47 306 19 35 123 61 LEAD TABLE 19. Lead pigs, bars, and anodes by destinations, 1946--50, in [U. 8. Dopartmont o Destination Countries--Continued El Salvador............................... . Honduras................................. Hong Kong.................................................. India........................................ Israel.......................... ........ Madagascar..................... ..... . Mexico........................ .......... Netherlands............................ Netherlands Antilles. *........................... Pakistan............ ....................... Panama.................................... . . Philippines.............................. Portugal..................................... Saudi Arabia............. ............ Turkey............................... United Kingdom.................... Uruguay................ ................ Venezuela................. ....... Other countrlos........................................... Total........................................ Continents: North America..................... South America....................... Europe...................................... Asia......................................... Africa and Oceania. ' Total: short tons.................................. $10 > In addition 103 tons of foreign lead was reexported In 19 and 63 tons In 1960. 1 Revised figure. 1 Loss than 0.5 ton. WORLD RE Lead is produced in many countr Mexico, Australia, and Canada--hav fifths of the world output in recent ye 20 and 21, which show world mine and 1944-50, insofar as statistics are availa TABLE 20.--World mine production of lead, b (Compiled by Viola Ma Country ' 1944 1946 1 Algeria............................ Argentina......................... .. ...... Austria.............................................. Belgian Congo................................. Bolivia (exports)............................ Burma.............................. .. Canada..................... ...... ..... Newfoundland____ . Chile............................................... Czechoslovakia................................ French Equatorial Attica............ French Morocco______________ For footnotes, see end of table 1,081 20,000 192,626 4,782 636 0,047 138,155 28,908 2,177 486 237 4,200 3,120 9,293 239 18,626 167,386 947 716 9,608 167,393 25,319 54 1,100 160 88 4,862 3,076 11,109 1 18 16 2 1 702 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1950 LEAD TABLE 20--World mine production of lead, by countries, 1944-50, in metric tons 1--Continued [Compiled by Viola May Haelackcr! Country 1 1944 1946 1946 1947 1948 1949 I960 TABLE 21---World smelter production of 1944-60, in metric tons [Compiled by Viola M Country 1944 1945 1 Germany: I 100,000 f i 15,241 o, G2Q mi Korea: 3.000 17,018 185, 282 1,047 123 52,601 15,833 300 2,300 4,932 <'> 2,648 206,315 10 63,604 l 7,000 3,363 Southern Rbodesla........................ Tunisia.............................................. Turkey.............................................. tfr878"ll.14.................................... 34,707 G9 10,151 0,160 136 130 46,000 3,889 376,168 30,600 26. 945 224 20,097 ' 0,402 186 40,000 2,731 354,564 18,600 15,378 0) 475 13,900 4, 248 <) 140,144 ,44 02l80 10,915 3,2124 38,002 21,290 8, o55 152 48,000 2,034 304,336 43,200 14,750 (5)yju 24,000 D, bdi ( ) 900 223,133 93 16,892 54,814 12,701 3,495 ii'ooo 30,382 20,858 12,340 133 63,000 2,853 348,658 51,000 22.344 (1*,)280 143 30, 400 0,093 <*) 193,317 13,229 205 16,874 <> 33,600 20,792 23. 579 2.750 156 75,000 2.312 354,232 66,400 40,944 e> 2,051 <> 34.000 44,830 (5 300 38,000 (>) 220,763 w 8 238^078 ci 57, 350 8 ' 630 83 38,300 34,009 31,550 \ 32,400 108 166 90,000 2,156 0) '200 4 67 104,000 3.073 '389,974 80,000 Peru................................................... Poland............................................... Portugal............................................ Rumania...................... _.................. South-West Africa......................... Spain.................................................. Sweden.............................................. Tunisia..,........................................ U. 8.8. R....................................... United Kingdom *............ ............. Unltod States (refined) ".A........ Yugoslavia........................................ 38,000 1(5b,833 261 30,978 10, 653 5,335 45,000 3,556 421,538 62 40,001 *7,000 31,922 12,501 7,023 40,000 2, 743 402,304 10,300 3 1 3 1 4 30 3 Total (estimate).................. 1,286,000 1,130,000 1,05 1 Data derived In part from Monthly Bulletin of the Unlto Industry (Imperial Institute, London), and tbo Yearbook o 1 Estimate. I Includos scrap. * Data not yet available; estimate by author of ebaptor In * Included with Ocrmany. * Exclusive of secondary material. Includes Upper Silesi T American and British tones only. 'January to June, Inclusive/ * Data represent Trianon Hungary after October 1944. 10 Revised data excludes scrap. II Figures cover lead refined from domestic and foreign bullion not Included. Si Total (estimate)................. 1,318,000 1,181,000 1,150,000 1,373,000 1,401,000 1,670,000 1,067,000 Argentina.--The chief lead-producin Aguilar, where the Compania Minera A St. Joseph Lead Co., operates the Agu 'SltoSSf''available, estimate by the author of the chapter Included In the total. out 1950 the property was operated at a Bmelter output. Exports. Less than 1 too. installed mill capacity owing to continu quate transportation facilities and to a TABLE 21 --World smelter production of lead, by countries where smelted, 1944-60, in metric tons 1 [Compiled by Viola May Haslnckcr) Country 1044 1945 1946 1947 1948 1049 1960 tne year a total of 174,398 metric tons o 23,777 metric tons of lead concentrates Aguilar mine are smelted at the Nation Barranqueras, Chaco Territory, which centrates imported from Bolivia. 19,100 157,020 10.123 7,690 129,347 153 France............................................... o 1,923 French Indochina.......................... Germany:' Lli jl 130,900 600 130 113,230 Korea: 2,229 32,304 \> *2>1i ,2*0n0n 17H, 270 Northern Rhodesia........................ 1,047 For footnotes, see end of table* 21,159 158,353 1,272 7,340 58 860 645 2,765 16,190 139,665 4,4(b 23,762 14 32,010 17,800 101,093 3.795 40,620 402 4,460 29,218 17.830 9,350 7, 570 145,240 38,288 700 116 10 14,580 * 27,659 ("24,356 \ 0) 1,127 948 131 00 4,032 17,701 * 7 49,382 <) 0j 4 0, DT2 f *2,000 2, 648 V- --vill201,078 137,742 1,748 2,000 } (,) 217,827 187,007 16,891 J3, 220 27,287 2,318 132,608 2,062 '35,000 164,165 62) 094 154,661 *4,000 <<S 61,236 99,372 (*) 118.140 w 2,125 () 600 0,984 <<) 212,004 <) 230,831 13,005 Australia.--The output of lead in Aus local price control on domestic consum ties, and shortages of steel, skilled labo As in previous years, the famous Br Wales accounted for a substantial port tion. On the northern limb of the lode reported a slight increase in the produ as compared to 1948 and 1949. For the treated totaled 332,305 tons, from which lead concentrates and 62,239 tons of zi as of June 30, 1950, were estimated at 5,151,000 tons a year earlier. At Bro southern limb of the lode, production assaying 12.7 percent lead, 12.2 percen per ton, from yffiich 47,607 tons of lead percent lead and 59,708 tons of zinc con reserves on June 30,1950, were reported 704 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1D5 0 with 1,970,000 tons on the same date in 1949, Other companies operating in the Broken Hill area in 1950 included the Zinc Corpora tion, Ltd., and the Now Broken Hill Consolidated, Ltd. The Electrolytic Zinc Co. of Australasia continued to operate its Rosebery and Hercules mines in the Read-Rosebery district of Tas mania. Despite continued labor shortages in certain skilled catego ries, output from these two mines for the year ending June 30, 1950, totaled 150,583 tons compared with 126,870 tons for tho vear ending Juno 30, 1949. Ore mined was milled in the Rosebery mill and 46,299 tons of zinc concentrates, 9,959 tons of lead concentrates, and 3,889 tons of copper concentrates were recovered. Ore reserves were re ported at approximately 1,500,000 tons on June 30, 1950. Zinc con centrates from the Rosebery mill were smelted in the company's Risdon zinc smelter; lead concentrates and copper concentrates continued to be shipped to the United States for treatment. Burma.--Activity at the Burma Corp., Ltd., Bawdwin mine was limited to maintenance only in 1950, although some, ore was extracted during routine repair operations. Resumption of mining and smelting at the property continued to be dependent upon restoration of rail road service between Rangoon and Lashio (railhead for the Bawdwin mine). Another factor in the reopening of the property is the rehabil itation of the Gokteik viaduct between Mandalay and Lashio, which would take about 6 months. Negotiations with the Government of the Union of Burma on the Burma Corp.'s concession on the Bawdwin mines continued throughout the year. . Certain provisions of the pro posed concession, such as expropriation of the property, terms of compensation, and requirements on the percentage of technical and administrative employees who must be citizens of Burma, were points of disagreement. . ., Canada.--At Kimberley, British Columbia, the Sullivan mine of the Consolidated Mining & Smelting Co. continued to be the principal source of Canadian lead production. Ore production m 1950 totaled 2 680,962 tons compared with 2,297,672 tons in 1949. The company reports that the grade of ore was lower than in previous years due to more extensive pillar mining and the resulting dilution of ore. New mine installations scheduled for completion in 1951 included the extension of the mine conveyer system to the 2,850-foot level and a coarse crushing plant on that level. Lead concentrates from the Sullivan mine were treated at the company smelter at Trail, B. C., together with ores and concentrates from other mining properties in British Columbia and Yukon. Production of refined pig lead at the smelter totaled 170,364 tons in 1950 compared with 146,176 tons in 1949 The increase was due largely to greater receipts from custom sources, which totaled 206,942 tons in 1950 compared with 134,510 tons in 1949. Production at the smelter was retarded somewhat duringtthe year by the National Railway strike, unusually severe weather in January and February, and by the necessity oLoperating the old lead smelter during construction of the new one onjjthe same Czechoslovakia.--Lead mining in the vicinity of Przibram continued throughout 1950. Three main shafts were operating at 1,200 to 1,600 Consolidated Mining A Smelting Co., It0 Annual Report to Stockholders LEAD meters during the year. About 400 to average metal content of 2.2 percent le grams of silver per ton, was mined pe shafts is milled in a central flotation pl shipped to the Przibram lead smelter sit mines, and mill are owned by tho C Yearly production of soft lead from th 3,000 tons.4 French Morocco.--The Economic Coo nounced -in July an advance of appro Soci6t6 des Mines de Zellidja to be used sion of its lead-zinc mine at Bou-Beker near Ouida. The agreement provided fo a period of 7 years in the form of zinc United States Government stockpile. It output of the company's mine, after t completed, will reach 85,000 tons of le concentrates. During 1950 the mine pr lead concentrates. ' Germany.--The equivalent of nearly $5 tion Administration counterpart funds w Stolberger Zinc Mining & Smelting Co output of lead and zinc. Repayment of t shipments of lead and zinc to the Un deliveries expected to begin in 1951. Th in the southwest part of Kreis Dueren, on the northern slope of the Eifel Mount is estimated to be 3 percent lead and 2 p Greece.--Economic Cooperation Admi totaling approximately $768,000 were a the Mediterranean Mines, Inc., for develo mines approximately 25 miles southeas 300,000 tons of sulfide ore containing a m 6 percent zinc, and 2% ounces of silver to treatment in a flotation mill, which wa operation by the end of 1951. In additio tons of tailings containing 2 to 4 percen silver which the company planned to re- Greenland.--Officials of a Danish Go Party examining lead deposits on the ea the area around King Oscar Fjord and D operations would begin in 1951. The dep in the suqimer of 1948, are reported to co of lead. Guatemala. Lead mining in the Depar Jalapa continued at about the same level mine owned by Compania Minera do Guat ment of Alta Verapaz, was worked through about 50 percent lead and for a part of t newly constructed smelter at the mine. culties smelting was suspended after a f 'Jenson, O. W,,Lcsd Smelling at Przibram: Min. Msg., vol. 706 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 106 0 production was exported in the form of ore. The ore is hauled 90 miles by truck over rough mountain roads to the town of El Rancho, in the Department of El Progreso, where it is transferred to cars of the International Railways of Central America and shipped to Puerto Barrios on the Atlantic coast. The Santiago y Mercedes mine near Mataquesquintla, Department of Jalapa, was the only other important lead-producing mine operating in 1950. Most of the output came during the last half of the year. Activities during the first part of 1950 were directed to stope filling and construction of two bypass tunnels around a large fault encoun tered in the exploratory work. Mexico.--The increase of activity at Mexican lead and zinc mines during the second-half of 1950 was due largely to the impact of the Korean war upon the demand for these metals. According to the annual report to the stockholders of the San Francisco Mines of Mexico, Ltd., ore treated at the company flotation mill during the year totaled a record 623,000 tons, as compared with 580,000 tons in the preceding year. There were 51,119 tons, of lead concentrates, 8,396 tons of copper concentrates, and 74,172 tons of zinc concentrates recovered from the ore milled. Ore reserves at the end of September 1950 totaled 4,164,000 tons, assaying 6.5 percent lead, 9 percent zinc, 0.6 percent copper, 0.7 gram of gold, and 155 grams of silver to the ton. This is equivalent to nearly 6 years supply of ore at the present mill capacity of 720,000 tons annually. The company reported an ample supply of labor, but its efficiency is declining. Northern Rhodesia.--Plans for increasing lead production at Broken Hill were announced by the Rhodesia Broken Hill Develop ment Co. during the year. The deepening of the Davis shaft was started in May 1950, and by the end of the year the shaft had been sunk 1,414 feet. The shaft is being deepened to allow the establish ment of a main pumping station at the 1,585-foot level. Excavation and foundation for the new lead-smelter building were commenced during the year. The new plant has been designed to recover lead from the leach residues of the electrolytic zinc process; these residues are not amenable to treatment by the existing smelting equipment and until now have been stockpiled. According to the 1950 annual report to the stockholders, production from the mine during the year ended December 31, 1950, was 13,685 long tons of lead and 22,715 long tons of zinc. A total of 163,441 short dry tons of ore was hoisted during the year as compared with 172,576 tons in 1949. The average grade of ore treated in the concentrator was 19.8 percent lead and 30.8 percent zinc. Proved ore reserves on December 31, 1950, in cluded 1,372,000 short tons of oxide ore and 1,064,000 short tons of sulfide ore. Tanganyika.--Uruwira Minerals, Ltd., continued in 1950 to develop its lead deposit at Mpanda. Ore mined during development was treated in the company's 100-ton pilot plant. First shipments of lead concentrates were made early in September and were consigned to lead smelters in Antwerp, Belgium. The 131-mile Mpanda branch line of the East African Railways from Kaliua to Mpanda in the western province of Tanganyika, which has been under construction for nearly 3 years, was formally opened, for all classes of traffic on August 21, 1950. The line was constructed by the Tanganyika LEIA cor= from"the^mineTM^Dar^ mained virtuall consumption includ?TM,^[5 Lead and Zinc Pigments and Zinc Salts By Helena M. Meyer and Alethea W. Mitchell GENERAL SUMMARY HIPMENTS of lead and zinc pigments and zinc salts rebounded S in 1950 from the reduced rates that accompanied the industrial recession of mid-1949. All classes covered by this report were shipped in substantially greater quantities m 1950 than in 1949, particularly after the outbreak of hostilities in Korea in June, lead pigments rose more sharply than the zinc group. In the second half of 1950 the following gams over the first half were noted in shipments of various products: White lead (dry and in oil) 46 percent, litharge 44 percent, red lead 40 percent, zinc oxide (leadfree) 15 percent, and leaded zinc oxide 33 percent. For all of 1950 as compared with 1949, lead-pigment gains ranged from 65 percent for white lead (dry and in oil) to 41 percent for red lead. Zinc-pigment increases ranged from 74 percent for leaded zinc oxide to 35 percent for lithopone. Zinc chloride gained 17 percent and zinc sulfate 19 ^Industries that are large users of pigments showed marked advances in 1950. Passenger automobile production rose 30 percent over 1949 to a new all-time high; trucks gained 17 percent to a peak lower only than the record in 1948; the value of sales of paint, lacquer, and var nish materials was 20 percent greater than in 1949 and 7 percent more than the previous peak in 1948; the value of private construction gained 27 percent and public construction 11 percent; consumption of natural rubber rose 24 percent and synthetic, 28 percent as compared with 1949. Of these, the paint and construction gains, being stated in value terms, reflect in part the rising price level. Lead and zinc, chief raw materials of the pigments industry, were available in greater quantities in 1950 than in 1949; but demand for these metals increased at a higher rate than supplies, so that pigment manufacturers could not fill total raw material needs. Tlio price of common lead at New York was 12 cents a pound when the year began and in the first quarter continued tlio downtrend of the last quarter of 1949. After aropping to the lowest quotation of the year--10.50 cents a pound in March--there was some fluctuation, followed in the latter part of tlie year by a rise to 17 cents. The price for Prime Western slab zinc at East St. Louis dropped % cent a pound in early January 1950, and thereafter every price change was upward, cul minating in a peak price of 17.50 cents a pound September 7 and for the remainder of the year. ; Lead- and zinc-pigment prices generally followed the pattern set by the constituent primary metals. Lead-pigment prices dropped m 7A8 I LEAD AND ZINC PIGMEN the first half of the year and after July to tlio year's highost levels at the yea pound above opening prices. Zinc-p ward from the beginning to the end of cents a pound for most zinc classes we lead-pigment changes and carried pri never previously attained. Lead-pigm in 1948 and early 1949. The supply-demand situation in zin Authority Order, M-15, effective De priority use of zinc metal and zinc average quarterly rate of 80 percent o of 1950. Rated orders and manda included in the foregoing limitation. a 45-day supply, or to a "practicable whichever was less. Under NPA Ord 1950, producers of zinc, zinc oxide, an required to accept rated orders for sh 10 percent of production. Shipments of white lead (dry) increa of the products covered by this repor XABIE 1.--Salient statistics of the lead and States, 1941--46 (averag 1941-46 (average) 1946 Production (shipments)1 of principal pigments: White lead (dry and In oil)...........short tons.. Red lead........do___ Litharge.............. do____ Zinc oxide............do____ Leaded zinc oxide short tons.. Lithopone........... do___ 81,940 61,388 120,777 132,108 67,674 146,760 >06,601 32, 626 133, 799 167,861 67, 971 147,001 Value of products: All lead pigments........ $42,702,000 $43,696,000 *$90, Allzlno pigments........... 30.437,000 44,195,000 63. Total............................. 79, 339, 000 87, 790,000 *154, Value per ton received by producers: Red lead......................... Loaded zlno oxide......... Llthopono..................... $167 107 140 128 77 * * $179 190 175 144 143 81 Foreign trado: Lead pigmonts: Valuo of oxports... Valuo of Imports... Zinc pigments: Valuo of exports... Value of imports... $1,288,000 7,000 2,000,000 7,000 $851,000 13,000 2,911,000 9,000 $1,0 6,6 Export balance.. 3, 934,000 3, 740,000 7.4 1 Reported as Bales Eofore 1946. iaIP4/*! for basl Iead ,uifato 1940 Included under white eparacoiy. Excludes value of baslo lead sulfate; Buroau of Mines no 4 Corrected figure. 710 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1950 percent, litharge was 47 percent higher, and red lead gamed 41 per cent. iloth classes of white lead in 1949 had boon shipped at, by far, the lowest levels since considerably before the beginning of the present century. The greater tonnage for litharge m 1&50 established a new high record for shipments of this product. Red-lead snmnents, though substantially above 1949, were far below World War II years and also below those in the latter half of the 1920 s. Zinc oxide (lead-free) shipments were 46 percent over those in 1949 and equaled the previous record established in 1928 and duplicated in 1929 and 1947. The leaded variety rose 74 percent m 1950 but was little more than three-quarters of the peak in 1947 Lithopone increased 35 percent over 1949 but was well below all years from 19The8zincClchloride and zinc sulfate gains of 17 and 19 percent, respectively, were small compared with those for the foregoing pig ments. Both compounds, however showed to advantage with the more distant past, that is, zinc sulfate shipments were lower on y than in the record year 1946, and zme clilonde shipments probably fell below only the three earlier years 1920, 1947, and 1948. Increases in shipments of pigments to ceramics manufacturers were greater on the whole than to the larger consumers. Shipments FIOUR* 1.-Trends In shipments of white pigments, 1B10-M. / LEAD AND ZINC PIGMEN of both litharge and white lead to th percent over the preceding year, w and zinc oxide were greater than ev to paint makers of the pigments cov 39 percent for lithopone to 75 perce increases were substantially more paint, varnish, and lacquer material appear even greater if the compariso Zinc oxide shipments to makers levels of 1946-48 but increased less whole. Litharge and lithopone shi contrasted with each other in gain tively. The use of litharge for stor behind the over-all performance of t red lead for this purpose fell short more of total red-read shipments. Double the 1949 quantity of lithar insecticides in 1950, and zinc sulfat gained 32 percent. The quantities this purpose, however, were subst years. Lithopone sales to makers declined 17 and 4 percent, respec every other item in this report. Termination of the Mexican Trad cember had no effect on the products zinc sujfate. The tariff on zinc sulfa from K cent under the Mexican Trea Demand for the competitive titan in 1950 despite the fact that producti pigments established new record hi tively, above previous peaks in 1948. ments have been establishing new Pigment-plant capacity and not production and prevented even great occurred. At present, the Bureau o lish figures covering pigments of this PRODUC The value of lead and zinc pigme basic lead sulfate, which cannot be percent increase over 1949 compare nage. Lead pigments and zinc pigm cent, respectively, of the total value Por many years, figures on sales w as a better guide than production to a Beginning with 1945, the base was c with data compiled on Bureau of Available information for 1945 (the difference between sales and shipme tonnages of pigments, an attempt is one of the chief problems being th are blended to make another produ 712 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1950 oxide, for example, are blended to make leaded zinc oxide, and in this instance the pigment weights appear in the total for the last-named class only. Figments consumed by producing companies to make products beyond those covered by this report--that is, paints, storage batteries, and other articles--are considered as shipments. LEAD PIGMENTS Shipments of lead pigments rose 49 percent in quantity and 36 percent in value in 1950 compared with 1949. Average values of all items dropped in 1950, so that the greater total value is explained en tirely by the substantial gains in tonnages shipped. Shipments of white lead (dry and in oil) increased 65 percent, of litharge 47 percent, and of red lead 41 percent. (Shipments of basic lead sulfate are excluded from the foregoing totals.) . Quoted prices for lead pigments dipped in the first half of 195(J and after July followed a continuous upward course, closing at the highest levels of the year. Average values reported by producers declined as follows: White lead (dry) 5 percent, white lead in oil 6 percent, red lead 6 percent, and litharge 10 percent. White Lead.--Shipments of white lead rebounded in 1950 from the low levels of 1949, which were the lowest by far since much before the beginning of the present century; 1950 shipments were 65 percent TABLE 2.--Production and shipments of lead pigments 1 in the United States, 1949-50 1040 . 1050 Pigment Produc tion (short tons) Short tons Shipments Value 1 Total Avorage Produc tion (short tons) Shipments Short tons Value * Total Average White lead: Dry................ In oil *........... Red lead.............. Litharge............... IS, 000 11.187 26,302 123,157 16,710 11,036 24,800 121,052 $5,520,250 6,604.207 8,276,801 30, 202,708 $361 473 333 324 27,054 16,778 34.006 178,225 28,600 10,670 35,072 177,058 $0,653,087 7,403.032 11,013,008 61,887,463 $335 444 314 202 I Except (or basic lead sulfate, figure for which Bureau of Mines Is not at liberty to publish. At plant, exclusive of container. * Weight of white lead only, but value of pasto. TABLE 3.--Lead pigments shipped by manufacturers in the United States, 1941-45 (average) and 1946-60, in short tons Year White lead Dry In oil Total Basic lead sulfate or sublimed lead White Blue Red lead Orange mineral Litharge 1W1-46 (average)----- 1948............................... 1047............................... 1048............................... 1040............................... 1050............................... 40,786 >41,802 30,076 26,65! 16,710 28,600 41,166 24,609 29,712 10,619 11,030 16,070 81,040 60,601 68. 787 40,070 27,355 46,170 6.642 8 1 1,270 P8 61,388 32.626 36.064 30,787 24,806 36,072 193 120,777 123 133,700 167,060 184,776 121,062 177,668 i Basic lead sulfate locludod with white lead (dry); Buroou of Mines noc at liborty to publish flgure. i Bureau of Mines not at liberty to publish figure. LEAD AND ZINC PIGME higher than those in 1949 but other since some years prior to 1900. Basic Lead Sulfate.--The Burea publish figures on basic lead sulfate Red Lead.---Rod-lead shipments far below World War II years and th Orange Mineral.--No shipments 1947-50. Litharge.--A new high record w litharge in 1950, which were 47 pe percent over the previous top in 194 tion rate, with its consequent large an important factor in the establish Battory manufacturers produced of load for thou- oVn use in place o percent over 1949 and 16 percent a 1947. Black oxide production requ 1950 and 53,000 tons in 1949. ' ZINC PIGMENTS Shipments of zinc pigments rose percent in value in 1950 over 1949. pigment average values gained; price established all-timo peaks during th pigments shipped likewise was hig changes in zinc pigments were u quotations of the year being those in Percentage increases in zinc-pigm percent for lithopone to 74 percent values received try producers rose as percent, leaded zinc oxide 8 percent, Shipmonts of zinc chloride and zinc respectively. The tonnage for zinc record established in 1946, and the percent below ,1948, believed to be TABLE 4.--Production and shipments of , States, 19 1949 Pigment or salt Pro duc tion (short tons) Short tons Shipments Valu Total Zinc oxide..................... 100,126 Leaded zinc oxide *.......... 37,040 Lithopone...... ................. 72,233 Zinc chloride. 60 B_... 56,197 ZIno sulfate........................ 20,052 110,132 36,722 78,335 65, 208 20,066 $26,209,070 8,874, 005 8, OH, 178 3,857,380 2,366, 120 1 Value at plant, exoluslve of container. P"06?1 r m0Te lead classed tine oxide include s small quantity containing less then 232204--53----- 48 714 ./ MINERALS YEARBOOK, 196 0 TABLE 6.--Zinc pigments and salts shipped 1 by manufacturers in the United States, 1941-46 (average) and 1946-60, in short tons Year Zinc oxide Leaded zinc oxide Lltbopone Zinc obJo* ride (50 B.) Zino sulfate 1047........................................................................ 1948 .................................................................... I960 ................................................................... 132,108 167, 851 ICO, 771 150. 058 110.132 100,829 67,674 67,971 81,459 07,441 30.722 63,973 146,760 147,001 105,024 140, 033 ' 78,336 105, 650 54.964 57,310 05,521 08,701 65. 208 64, 664 17,438 24, 931 21.547 21,513 20,005 23,912 * Roported as sales before 1946. * 1942-46, inclusive; data for 1941 not available. otherwise only slightly less than in ono or two other high years. Average values of the two compounds increased 4 and 11 percont, respectively. Zinc Oxide.--Zinc oxido (load-free) shipments woro 46 percent above 1949 and equaled the previous peak established in 1928 and duplicated in 1929 and 1947. Tho acceleration of defense mobilization after June threatened to reduce supplies of zinc metal and scrap to zinc oxide manufacturers and thus to curtail the availability of this pigment. TABLE 6.--Production ofzino oxide (lead-free) by processes, 1946-60, as percent of total Process 1946 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 77 75 73 76 71 15 17 17 15 17 Other.............................................................. -.......................... 8 8 10 9 12 Tfttftl ..................................................... 100 100 100 100 100 72 18 10 too Leaded Zinc Oxide.--Shipments of leaded zinc oxide rose 74 percent in 1950, a gain, among the products covered by this report, second only to white lead (dry). Thcso shipments, howover, woro far from a record, reaching little moro than three-fourths of tho all-timo poak of 1947. ... Production of leaded zinc oxide, by grades (comparison with 1949 in parentheses) was a9 follows: 54,641 (31,434) tons of 35 percont load and under and 8,553 (5,612) tons of over 35 percont lead. Lithopone.--Lithopone shipments increased 35 percent over 1949 but fell well below all years from 1924-48, inclusive. Plant capacity for the manufacture of lithopone was reportod to be 155,000 tons in 1950 compared with 157,000 in 1949. The lithopone statistics in this roport are given on the basis of ordinary lithopone sold as such plus tho ordinary lithopone content of the high-strongth product. This method of publication is used to conceal the operations of ono company that always dominates the output of the high-strength product and lias been the only producer in some years. In 1950, as in 1947--49, this company operated two plants producing liigh-strongth lithopono. Consumption of ordinary lithopono in tho manufacture of titanatod lithopone has dropped to very small proportions. The trend has been LEAD AND ZINC PIGMEN downward almost continuously sin roached in 1937. In 1950 the ton first gain since 1940, but the larger the 1937 total. The lithopone figur totals for ordinary lithopono in othe TABLE 7.--Titanated lithopone produced lithopone used in its manufacture, 194 Year 1941-46 (avorago)......... 1940............ 1947............ Titanated lithopone produced Ordinary lltbopone * used 11,460 -7,600 ,`2,600 9, 700 0,360 2,200 1 1 Zmc Sulfide.--In 1950, as in sev company.produced zinc sulfide; the B to publish figures for this pigment. Zinc Chloride.--Shipments of zinc 17 percent in 1950, the smallest in covered by this report. The 1950 t only than those for 1920, 1947, and 1 Zinc Sulfate.--A 19-percont increa resulted jn the second-highest total 1950 shipments were only 4 percent Un RAW MATERIA Figures covering the raw materials salts in 1950 and 1949 are shown in th Lead pigments and zinc pigments a a variety of materials, including ore, re materials as scrap. In 1950, as in 1 lead in piements*was derived from p ore. Of the lead in ore used to make 1949) percent was from foreign source ments was 73 (72) percent from ore from slab zinc, and 17 (20) percent f 22 (18) percent of the ore used was f Tables 8 and 9 give the source of t each pigment ana salt. Pig lead i directly or indirectly, in manufacturin and orange mineral and is used als sulfate. The lead content of leaded z sulfate, which in turn is made from m the table. Zinc oxide, is the only slab zinc is used. Ore is employed leaded zinc oxide, lithopone, zinc sulfi sulfate. A substantial proportion of t in 1950 and 65 in 1949) and most of t and 1949) made in the United State 716 MINERALS YEARBOOK, I960 . material. For a number of years before the United States entered World War II, there had been a large incrcaso (in tho quantity of secondary zinc used in manufacturing zinc oxide, The scarcity of supplies of both metal and scrap caused the proportion of the total oxide made by the French process--which uses only metal and scrap---to drop sharply in 1942 and to continue comparatively low in 1943-46, despite tho fact that the total percentage from metal and scrap rose in 1943 and continued upward almost without interruption in 1944-50. The production of zinc oxide from metal and scrap accounted for the following percentages in relation to total production: 41 percent in 1939, 16 percent in 1942, 19 percent in 1943, 22 percent in 1944, 25 percent in 1945, 26 percent in 1946, 28 percent in 1947, 26 percent in 1948, 29 percent in 1949 and 29 percent in 1950. TABLE 8.--Lead content of lead and zinc pigments 1 produced by domestic manufacturers, by sources, 1849-50, in short tons 1949 1950 Pigment Lead In pigments pro duced from-- Ore Domestic Foreign Pig lead Total lead in pig ments Lead In pigments pro duced from-- Ore Domestic Foreign p'g lead Total lead lit pig ments Leaded tine oxide............. Total........................ 8.835 8,835 21,604 23,900 114,314 555 555 169,718 21,504 23,900 114,314 9,390 109,108 12,006 12,606 35,897 30,884 165,428 2,061 2,061 232,209 35,807 30,884 195,428 14,667 246,876 , Excludes load In bsslo load sulfate, data for which Bureau of Mines not at llborty to publish. TABLE 9.--Zinc content of zinc pigments 1 and salts produced by domestic manufacturers, by sources, 1949-50, in short tons 1949 1950 Flgmont or salt Zinc In pigments and salts produced from-- Ore Domes For tic eign Slab zlno Second ary ma terial Total zinc in pig ments and salts Zinc In pigments and salts produced from-- Ore Domes For tic eign Slab zinc Second ary ma terial * Total zinc In pig ments and salts Zinc oxide........................ 48,716 13,534 10,171 17,747 1,183 Lltbopone........................ 4,159 723 9 Total pigments.. 70,621 16,440 10,180 Zlno sulfate..................... 2,003 78 14,676 87,096 69,412 22.327 16,866 18,930 26,940 6,274 9, iIS 14,000 6,380 1,607 30 23,794 120,035 102,738 29,108 16,896 12,167 12,167 4,464 6,546 2,127 461 19, 749 11,494 31,243 14,340 4,710 128,354 32,220 19,411 179,985 14,346 7,298 i Excludes lino sulfide, data (or which Bureau of Mines not ot llborty to publish. These figure* are higher than thoso shown in the report on Bocondary Metals--Nonferrous bocause thoy Include lino recovered from byproduct sludges, residues, eto., not classified as purchased scrap material. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMEN CONSUMPTION LEAD PIGM White Lead.--Aa usual white-lead to the paint industry, although the cu not indicated in the statistics for 1950 duo to tho inability of shippers to classification. It is known that some ment was reported under "Other", a part of the entire "Other" classificatio Shipments to ceramics manufacture doubled in 1950 compared with 1949 level of 1941--45. . ' '* . TABLE 10.--Distribution of white lead (dry 1941-45 (average) and 19 Industry 1941-45 (average) 1946 * Ceramics....................................... Total................................... 74,062 1,749 6,129 81,940 60,943 1,367 4,191 06,601 *Reported a* sales before 1945. * Data (or baslo lead sulfate Included with white lead; separately. * Revised flgufo. < Of which 1,257 tons were for plasttclzors and stabilizers Basio Lead Sulfate.--A distribution by uses has not been available for pu short tons went to the paint industry, and 686 tons to other industries. Su fate are also used as an intermediate p zinc oxide. Such quantities have alw under leaded zinc oxfde rather than b Bed Lead.--Shipments to storage-b greater than to any other class, but th than 50 percent of the total in 1950 a and 59 percent in 1946. The paint i total in 1950_ compared with 29 perc 1941-45. Shipments to ceramics mak for most recent years except 1946 and TABLE 11.--Distribution of red-lead shipmen and 1948-60, in s ' Industry 1941-45 (avorago) Total.................................. 26,900 19,586 032 3, 970 61,388 1 Reported as sales before 1945, 1940 19,116 9,318 1, 228 2,805 32, 526 718 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 195 0 Orange Mineral.--No shipments of orange mineral have been re ported since 1946, when 78 short tons wont teethe ink industry, 18 tons to the color-pigment industry, and 27 tons to other industries. litharge.--Shipments of litharge to ceramics makers were higher by 39 percent than the provious peak in 1948. This uso took 16 percent of the total in 1950, compared with 10 percent in 1941-45 and a range of 10 to 13 percent in 1946 to 1949. Only storage bat teries rank abovo ceramics in consumption of litharge, and these took nearly four times as much as the latter in 1950. Tho 1950 tonnago for batteries was only 6 percent under the all-time high, in 1947, and except for that year was a record. Insecticide makers doubled their use of litharge in 1950, but this industry took much less than half of its 1944 peak quantity. Chrome-pigmont tonnages woro comparable to tho best totals of tho rccont past, as woro tlioso shipped to rubber manufacturers and, except for 1 or 2 years, to oil refineries. Ship ments to the varnish industry were only slightly under the 1948 high. TABLE 12.--Distribution of litharge shipments,1 by industries, 1941-45 (average) and 1946-50, in short tons Industry 1941-45 (average) Other.............I............................. Total.................................. 00,157 12,314 19,697 10,050 5, 765 3,168 3,323 264 & 061 120.777 1946 75, 836 13,166 14,259 10, 877 6. 682 3,302 2,131 106 7,440 133,799 1947 111,840 18,360 7,288 9,228 7,688 4,258 2,205 141 6,042 167,060 1948 100,045 19,970 6,033 7,455 7, 248 4,424 2,836 162 6,004 164,776 1949 77,163 13,299 6,353 8.557 5, 720 4, 286 1,398 02 5,214 121,052 1950 105, 658 27, 771 10,651 10,017 6,488 4,347 3,047 220 9, 659 177,668 > Reported as sales before 1946. ZINC PIGMENTS AND SALTS Zinc Oxide.--More than half of the 1950 tonnage of tho lead-free class was for tho manufacture of rubbor, and tho quantity so used was close to the largest ever consumed for this purpose. Paint manu facture stood second as an end uso of zinc oxide in 1950, taking quan tities smaller only than in 2 or 3 years from 1925 to 1930. Anew top was established in the uso of zinc oxide in ceramics, the previous TABLE 13.--Distribution of zinc oxide shipments,1 by industries, 1941-45 (average) and 1046-60, in short tons Industry 1941-45 (averago) 1946 Coated fabrics and textiles } Chemical warfare....................... Other........... ................................ Total.................................. 66,802 27,068 4,694 8.118 10.308 14, 628 / \ 132,108 83, 770 34.785 9,066 10,022 *848 17,364 167,861 1947 82, 248 32, 867 11,360 9.100 4, 736 20,471 160, 771 1948 82,896 26. 779 12,327 9, 474 4,938 14,645 160,968 1949 68, 490 26.205 0,982 6,200 2,665 10.584 110,132 1950 82. 944 39, 699 12,679 6,303 3,670 160,829 i Includes the following tonnages for rayon: .1946--9.363; 1947--7,302; 1948--8,209; 1949--4,470; 1960--4,850. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMEN high for 1948 being exceeded slightly. gains over a short period, the quan greater than the averago for 1941 in shipments for coated fabrics and those uses lagged well behind the lo Leaded Zinc Oxide.--Leaded zinc in manufacturing paint, and 98 per were roportod to bo for this purpose was 20' percent below tho 1947 peak a and 1946. The fact that leaded zinc than from metal or scrap improves pigment for paint manufacture in tim such as oxistod durirfg World War I war in ICoroa in June 1950. TABLE 14.--Distribution of leaded zinc oxid (average) and 1946--6 Industry 1941-46 (averago) 1946 Paints............................... Total................................. 65,581 72 1,921 67, 574 64, 816 166 2,989 67, 971 > Reported as sales before 1945. Lithopone.--Paints, varnish, and l three-fourths of the total lithopone sh 1950 compares with 72 percent in 1949, tiles, second-largest use, consumed 20 thaninl949. Rubber used 26 percent m made a good showing in relation to ea to manufacturers of floor coverings an cent, respectively, in contrast to almo this report. Both classes of users took annual quantities for 1941--45. Zinc Chloride.--Statistics on the en ride shipments are not available. .' TABLE 16.--Distribution of lithopone shipme and 1946-60, in s Industry 1941-46 (average) 1946 Paint, varnish, and lacquers1. Coated fabrics and textiles___ Floor coverings...... ... ................ Rubber.......................................... Paper.............................. . Printing ink..................... . Other............................................. Total................................... 112,793 6,141 11,560 t, 476 4,620 () 10, 271 145,760 123. 279 7,626 7,641 1,607 3,011 () 3,937 147,001 1 Roportod ns sales bofore 1946. 1 Includes a small quantity, not separable, used for printin i included In "Other" before 1950, except for those quantitie 720 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1960 Zinc Sulfate.--Rayon has ranked first in consumption of zinc sulfate continuously since 1946, when tho agricultural use led, and in 1950 took a larger quantity than ever before, exceeding tho previous peak in 1949 by 6 percent. Agriculture continued to rank second in 1950 but took a tonnage 46 percent less than in 1946 and only 52 Eercent of the 1950 quantity for rayon. Chemicals, in third place, ave dropped in apparent importance over the years but this may be duo to tho fact that thoy overlap othor uses and that producers' reports for recent years have been classified more precisely. Among other uses, the most significant detail appears to be the sharp falling off in shipments for paint and varnish processing. This uso had gained in 1949 when most others declined. TABLE 16.--Distribution of zinc sulfate shipments,1 by industries, 1941-46 (average) and 1946-60, in short tons Industry 1941-45 (aver 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 age) Gross Gross Dry Gross Dry Gross Dry Gross Dry Gross Dry weight weight basis weight basis weight basis weight basis weight basis Rayon............................ Agriculture................... Chemicals..................... Flotation reagonta___ Olue............................... Electrogalvanlrlng___ Paint and varnish processing................. Textile dyeing and prlntlog..................... Other........................... 5,108 4, 422 2,774 882 628 288 1,539 187 1,630 7,634 10,816 2,254 1,084 511 488 174 652 1,418 5,883 8,178 1,488 643 336 315 151 491 943 8,210 7,827 2,120 1,112 024 233 01 GO 1,300 0,173 6,126 1,439 717 444 140 61 38 864 9,900 6,210 1,734 1,632 501 319 121 102 1,934 7,333 4.248 1,193 1,306 402 205 10,591 4,429 1,197 921 453 217 104 003 66 30 1,191 1,664 7, 957 3, 595 851 767 370 154 11,217 6,841 1,879 952 670 324 686 189 21 145 979 2,786 Total................... 17,438 24,931 18,427 21,547 15, 007 21,513 10,108 20, 005 15, 200 23. 012 8,322 4,880 1,377 727 404 203 119 129 1,820 18,041 1 Reported as sales before 1045. PRICES Total and average values received by producers for lead and zinc pigments and zinc salts are given in the tables in the first part of this report. Average values for all lead pigments dropped in 1950, the declines ranging from 5 percent for white lead (dry) to 10 percent for litharge. This was the second annual decrease, following establish ment of successive peaks for all types in 1947 and 1948. Leadpigment price quotations followed closely the movement of pig-lead prices. The pigment quotations dropped % to 1)2 cents a pound, depending on the pigment, in the first half of the year, and after July followed a continuous upward course so that they were 4 to nearly 7 cents a pound higher at the end than at the beginning of the year. Both high and low extremes in lead-pigment price quotations in 1950 were below the respective highs and lows in 1949. Average values received by producers for zinc pigments, unlike those for the lead group, were higher than in 1949, with rises varying from 8 percent for lithopone and leaded zinc oxide to 12 percent for zinc oxide (lead-free). Producers' average values and zinc-pigment quotations are believed to have established new all-time peaks. Zinc-pigment prices moved upward from the beginning to the end of LEAD AND ZINC PIGM TABLE*17.--Ra^nge of quotations Product [Oil, Point and ^borrels0^ ^ba?Ic Ieac* "J'bonata), dry, carlots, BmIc load 9iirfato'(Vubmod ieadj; less 'than car'.' loti, barrols__....... . Red load, dry, 95 percent or'ImY,To m'than car-' lots, barrels................ . Orange mineral, American, amnil iota, barrels'' Litharge, commercial, powdered, barrels zinc oxide: .........~ American process, lead free, bags, carlots American process, 6 to 35 pewsent load bar" rets, coriots.......................... . French process, rod" seal, "bags, carlots French process, green seal, bags, carlots t i. French process, white seal, barrels, carlots" uthopone, ordinary, small lots, bags........ Z nc sulflde, less than carlots, bags, barrelsIT' Zinc chloride, works: Solution, tanks....... Fused, drums............ ..................................... ZInosulfate, crystals,* barrels................. 13. 13. 15. 17. 7 13. 9. 0 9. 2 10. 2 10.7 11.5 5.2 10.0 2.5 5. O 3.6 1 Quotations for bags. 1 Includes granulated. TMst of the varieties in -Lithopone gains were about 2 cents suifJtTM -Adu 1r1eceived by Prod forfh^A and 31 p,ercent' respe for these compounds also rose in 195 of the year at the year end. FOREIGN Imports of lead and zinc pigmen t 1 th",TMn0" bonate, the chief lead entry, amo 19?, a?d of zinc oxid ^n[nTn',-m?Vrfn ^ Jatter )TMs.UI1,ls El 9P 40f zmc 0X1,de m i,95 material, 2,875 tons were from Can Sso^ose7sharply hi mo. ^ " `he chief lead-pigmen produclS * abrad Were ordy 1 P Lithopone and zinc oxide are the both of these classes dropped subs 722 t abxe MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1950^ rn trade of the wUnitead Srtat-es " '"a "*~ and salts, 1948-60 (U. 8. Deportment of Commerco] Lead pigments: | $32,638 White lead.................................................. 96,606 Red toad..................................................... | 421.695 Litharge-.---........ ;................................... 32,689 Other lead pigments. ' Total Zinc pigments: I 7,301 I , 809 |l, 081,816 12,266.050 Zinc oxide.................................................. .......................... | ^,479| ._AL Zlncsulfldo '' Llthopone.......... Total Lead and tine salts: Lead arsenote--------Other lead compounds. Zinc chloride. Zinc sulfate. 1 Data not strictly comparable to earlier years. 1 Data not available. TABLE 19.--Lead pigments salts imported for consumption in the United LEAD AND ZINC PIGME TABLE 20.--Zinc pigments and salts im States, 1 (U. Sr Departmen Sh Year Zinc oxide Dry In oil Lithopono 1940......................... 1948......................... 1949......................... 1950......................... 41 27 239 T 1 (t) 2 M(') 12 . 1,201 < Less than 0.5 ton. TABLE 21.--Lead pigments and salts exp (U. S. Departmen Year White lead 1946..................................... .................................. 1947........................................................................ 1948......................................................................... 1949......................................................................... 1950.............. v...................................................... 910 863 603 699 816 TABLE 22."Zinc pigments and salts exp [U. S. Departmen Year Short tons % Zlno oxide Lltho pone Total value i 1946................................ 7,102 11,676 1946................................ 10,955 9,661 1947................................ 19,082 13,662 $2,564,177 2,911,457 6,664,260 i Includes also In 1945: Zinc sulfide, $25,399 (173,475 zinc sulfate, $62,116 (1,243,826 pounds); other zinc salts ning Jan. 1, 1940, none of the foregoing classes separatel WORLD R Australia.--The plant of Durham at Braybrook, Victoria, for the pr other pigmonts for tho rubber, pai was mentioned in tho report of thi recently.2 ' Canada.--A report of the Dominio published early in 1951 gave data on and varnish industry in Canada in 1949 are as follows (1948 figures a Chemical Engineering, vol. 68, No. 2, February 196 r 724 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1950 Basic carbonate white lead (dry) 1,303 (2,344) short tons, basic carbonato wliito lead in oil 458 (717) tons, basic sulfato whito load 118 (22) tons, red lead (including orange mineral) 565 (691) tons, litharge 256 (300) tons, zinc oxide (lcad-freo) 2,013 (2,975) tons, loadod zinc oxido 1,071 (2,096) tons, lithopone (30 percent zinc sulfide) 5,767 (11,851) tons, titanium dioxide 5,894 (5,766) tons, oxtondod titanium dioxide pigments 10,832 (8,791) tons, and "other whito pigments 70S (529) tons. ., Canada's imports of lithopone, 8,141 and 14,787 tons, respectively, in 1949 and 1948, were large enough to moro than cover uso in the 2 years. Imports of zinc white (zinc oxide) were 1,094 and 1,732 tons, respectively. Imports of the other items listed. in the preceding paragraph aro very small except for titanium pigments. Imports of this item were not shown separately in the Canadian report, but United States records for titanium dioxido and pigmonts show 19,653 tons exported to Canada in 1949 and 19,787 tons in 1948. In 1950 the United States shipped 24,450 tons to Canada. Greece.--Output of lithargo was 398 tons and of rod lead, 267 tons in 1950, or declines of 9 and 26 percent, respectively, from 1949.' Italy.--According to a recent report,4 about 5,O0O metric tons of Italy's output of lithopone is absorbed by the domestic market, and the remainder is exported. Exports in 1949 were 2,000 tons, with Austria and Australia the chief destinations. Annual production capacity is 15,000 to 17,000 tons.5 ... ._ Japan.--A recent article 5 described the paint industry in Japan and commented on the strong influence of United States practice in Japan. The report stated: In pigments, our attention is especially drawn to your Rutile-non-chalking titanium dioxide and Acicular zinc oxide. In oil, our attention is drawn to the process in applying drying properties by uniting non-saturated molecules to semidrying oil, and the products obtained therefrom such as styrenatea oil, ana the derivation of drying oil from semidrying oil and the product itself. In synthetic resin, we are interested in silico-resin, vinyl-resin, maleic-acid resin, and others such as anti-skinning agent, wetting agent, and emulsifier. Norway.--Norway was roported 7 facing inadequate supplies of zinc oxide, owing to efforts of tho Ministry of Commcrco to increase . exports of higli-grado zinc. According to the report, Norway's three zinc-oxide manufacturers have a total capacity of oyer 7,000 tons of zinc oxide annually and produced 5,210 metric tons in 1949. Imports in 1949 were 1,774 tons. From January 1 to October 1, 1950, only about 3,300 tons of zinc oxide were produced, and imports were only 70 tons. Industrial requirements were estimated a3 6,500 to 7,000 tons annually, mostly for paint manufacture. i Foreign Commerce Weekly, vol. 43, No. 1, Apr. 2,1051, p. 31. * Forotgn Commerce Weekly, vol. 30, No. 13, June 26, 1950, p. 31. Foreign Commerce Weekly, vol. 30, No. 10, Juno 6. 1060, p. 37. ... ... Matsumoto, Toku, Report From Japan: Paint Ina. Mag., vol. JJNo. 11, November 19oO, PPi U. 8. Embassy, Painters and Faint Manufacturers Face Zinc Oxido Shortage: Despatch 1013, Jan. 4, 1)51, Oslo, Norway. L By Oliver Bowles, F. M . GENER HE HIGHlovcl of industria Tnational preparedness and half of the yoar was reflec production in 1950. Sales i or ln 1949 and 3 perc 1948. Uf the total sales, 75 per 25 percent hydrated lime. Th increased from $10.48 in 1949 to increased from $12.31 in 1949 active plants declined from 180 TABLE 1.--Salient statistics of the States 1925-29 (average), Active plants........... Sold by producers: By types: Quicklime.............. .. Hydrated...................... .. . * Total lime: Short tons............... Value ..................... Por ton.................... ......... Dy uses: Agricultural..................................... ..short Budding................. . . . .............. Chemical and Industrial____ Refractory (dead*burned dolomite). .............. Imports for consumption. ' 1 Soiling value, f. o. b. plant, excluding coat of c Lime sales are influenced more industries. Sales of building lim of new building construction, and reasonably close. However, sinc output of building lime has failed of new construction. Throughou 1, sales of refractory and chemica of industrial production. . Trends in lime salos by princ indicated in figure 2. * Figures In this chapter portoln chiefly to opon operations. 10,585 long tons, of which 2,457 were shipped to the United States, 8,113 to Malaya, and 15 tons to Netherlands. The. only mines that have .not, been able to ^produce since the end of the war'were the Pinyok mine and the Talcring mine. Thailand Tin Mines, Ltd., found financial and technical difficulties in finishing the Cavaet plant at,the Pinyok mine, and Tonghah Harbour Tin Dredging, Ltd., had to cope' with hard dredging ground and a fuel problem at Talering.15 . United Kingdom.--The London Metal Exchange reopened for deal ings lin tin in mid-November. Starting at around 600 per ton in January, by mid-August the price had reached 847; after further upward fluctuations, 1,300 was reached in November, easing slightly tO:l,290 at the end of the year. Mine production totaled 960 tons in 1950. compared with 1,212 tons in 1949. United Kingdom smelter production of tin was the third largest in the world in 1950. Output declined 4 percent compared with 1949. Year-end stocks of tin in concentrate were 2,250 tons (6,080 at beginning of year) and of metal 7;217 tons (14,682 at the beginning). Total stocks, including tin metal and concentrates afloat and visible consumers' stdbks, were re ported to be 12,800 tons at the end of 1950--a 45-percent decroase from,23,138 tons at the beginning of the year. Total, virgin tin con sumed'was 22,850 tons, 10 percent above 1949. The use of tin for making, tin plate, the principal finished product, was virtually un changed from .1949. Requirements for solder were 49 percent greater than in 1949. . * Mining World, Apr. 15,1951, p. 45, adc rals ic, ! o so rka, me um ted Mai to e b ,toi Titanium By Frank J. Cserven GENERAL SUMM Dlfapp'! th great interest that has ment ""r titanium as a structural m ment ct in 1950, to be the ba About 99 peitatCCnt 110 dmcnite produc f Npw records Wcre- c?t`lblished in produc This was accomt .TMied by a Paction o a^STitan?mnem<etaiie<- Wft? Prduced commerc for the third succcli-esSIV0 y.cftr; cTTMer.ci titanium-base alloys{PO'Were d90 available in ties of titanium hovel tfroscdwidespread in 19"50cl,for the first time';eL ,utan'um met,oa,itwh a wide range of fabricate5^TM^*?' fucb as tubing and wire, but pro d"lv,cefs of tl,tanium ucts were unable to meet l *,he heavy deman m The1 pnee of titanium splice in 1950 w the price of aluminum 60 ycaairs "f f ma is to be expected that the price titanium of production rises, as it has for ^mmmum present price the use of titanium is limited parts, aircraft structures, and ordnance co bination of lightness, strength, and corn/9'0 enough to justify the high cost. ' Large-scale mining was started by the Q Corp in the Allara Lake area of Quebec the largest deposit of ilmenite in the world. this ore were begun at Sorel; one electric late in 1950 The high-titania slag from t for export, principally to the United States, f and metal. Although the price of this pro that of domestic and imported ores, its q expected to be such as to command a higher ores This source assures the United Stat of raw material for the industiy for many y / 1230 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1050 FinUBr 1.--Trends In domestic slilpmonts, Imports, consumption, and stocks of llmonlto and rutllo, 19II-G0 RESERVES In his survey of the relative abundance of elements for the U. S. Geological Survey in 1924, F. W. Clarke found that titanium was the fourth most plentiful structural metal in the earth's crust, being exceeded only by iron, aluminum, and magnesium. However, only a few minerals bearing titanium are known to occur in bodies large enough to have economic importance. The principal minerals of titanium are rutile (Ti02) and ilmenite (FeTiOj); it also occurs as arizonite, titanite, and perovskito. _ Titanium ores are found extensively throughout the United States, Canada, India, Australia, Norway, Ceylon, Brazil, Sweden, and the U. S. S. R. Large ilmenite deposits occur in Virginia and North Carolina. Extensive deposits of titaniferous iron ores occur in New York, Minnesota, Rhode Island, Wyoming, _ California, and Now Mexico. Other occurrences of iron ores rich in titanium have been reported in North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, New Jersey, TITANIUM Colorado, Montana, and Oklahoma. Rutile minerals, are found in beach sands at many Pacific, and Gulf coasts; they have been w and to some extent in Oregon. Rutile depo and Arkansas. The more significant publications issued on occurrence, exploration, mining, and tre were listed in a bibliography prepared by the The Magnet Cove rutile deposit, Hot S explored by the Bureau of Mines; this wo of the ore body from the previously mined a Laboratory tests at the Bureau of Min Rolla, Mo., indicated that an ilmenite conce TiOj) and iron-ore concentrate could be rec or residue of the Hurricane Creek alumina Reynolds Metals Co.s DOMESTIC PRODUCT Production of ilmenite in 1950 was 468, New York supplied more than one-half, F and the remainder came from North Carolina Both production and shipments of ilmenit 1950 and established new records for the ' Ilmenite in 1950 includes a small quantity of altered ilmenite, leucoxene, and rutile. The in the manufacture both of titanium pig analysis of shipments of ilmenite ranged from rutile shipments averaged 93 percent TiOj. TABLE 1.--Production and mine shipments of domestic ores in the United States, 1941-45 (av tons Ilmenite Year Produc* tlon (gross weight) Shipments Gross TiOi weight content Value Pr t (g wo 1941-45 (average)... 1046........................... 1947........................... 1048........................... 1949........................... 1950........................... 178, 230 282,447 336.533 383,745 402,334 ` 468,320 183,189 282,708 336,061 381,508 389, 234 452, 370 83,098 130,024 167,328 177,447 186, 536 i 230,826 84,094,353 4,878,917 5,029,490 5,793,973 6, 212.348 6.000, 584 1 < Includes n mixed product containing alterod Ilmenite, leuooxeno, * Bureau of Mines not at liberty to publish. 1 Carpenter, Jean Richards, and Luttrell, Gwendolyn Werth, Bib 1950): U. 8. Qeol. Survey Ciro. 87, 1951, 19 pp. 1 Reed, Donald F., Investigation of Magnet Cove Rutile Depos of Mines Ropt. of Investigations 4593,1949, 9 pp. 1 Calhoun, W. A., Titanium and Iron Minerals from Black Sands Investigations 4021, 1900, 10 pp. 232 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1900 Important developments during 1950 included Hie formation of new lanium organizations. Rem-Cru Titanium, Inc., jointly owned by emington Arms Co. and Crucible Steel Co. of America, was formed > make titanium and titanium-alloy products. National Lead Co. id Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp. organized Titanium Metals Corp. America to market and distribute titanium metal, its alloys, and arious related products. Sharon Steel Corp. also announced that t was joining the ranks of steel companies going into the titanium- beet business. California.--A small quantity of ilmcnite was produced at tho property 'f the Ferro Titan Minerals Co., Sun Valley, Los Angeles County, Calif. _ . Florida.--Tho new operations of E. I. du Pont do Nemours & Co. at tarkc, Fla., completed its first full year of operation. This property roduced ilmenite and a mixed product containing altered ilmcnite, ucoxene, and rutile. Production of ilmenite and rutile in 1950 came again from the Rutile lining Co. of Florida near Jacksonville. A small quantity of ilmcnite ud rutilo was produced from the property of tho Florida Ore Proo fing Co., noar Melbourne, Fla., which was undergoing rcorganiza- >n in 1950. New York.--Production of ilmonitc at Tahawus, Essex County, L Y., by tho National Lead Co. in 1950 was slightly below the peak oduction attained in 1949. North Carolina.--Tho Yadkin Mica & Ilmcnite Co., subsidiary of le Glidden Co., produced 26,543 tons of ilmcnito (averaging 51 percent iOj) at Finley, Caldwell County, N. C., and shipped 25,843 tons, roduction in 1950 was 15 percent under the record rato established i 1949. Virginia.--Ilmenite was produced in 1950 at Pincy River, Nelson ounty, Vn., by tho Calco Chemical Division of the Amorican Cyan- mid Co. Production at this property in 1950 increased about one- bird over that in 1949. CONSUMPTION AND USES The consumption of ilmcnito in 1950 was 33 percent higher than in 949, establishing a new record of 679,244 tons. The manufacture of igmonts again accounted for 99 percent of all ilmcnito consumed, tutilo consumption in 1950 increased mainly in welding-rod coatings ud alloys and carbide. Rutilo consumption reported in 1949 inludcd a mixod product containing altcrod ilmcnite, lcucoxone, and utile; this product is included with ilmenite for 1950. TITANIUM TABLE 2.--Consumption of ilmenite and rutile in total, and 1948 -50, by products, in s ** 1012.............. Product Ilmc Gross weight 1948 Pigments (manufactured titanium dloilde)' wcidlnft-rod contfnes f Alloys and carbldo .. Cerumlcs............. Miscellaneous. . Total.................... 1019 Pigments (manufactured tflanfum dfoxldo)'.. .. Welding-rod contlnca 1 Alloys and carbide___ Ceramics............. MlsooJIanoous. Tolol ... I9A0 Plgmonts (manufactured titanium dloilde)1'1 WelUIng-rod contlnaa >.............. Alloys and carbide___ Ceramics.. .. Miscellaneous............... Total............................ 4Tyn, or2o4i 558, 448 145 ** 505. 432 105 . 671,335 210 5 toTSffi pS^* '`V0'd disclosuro of ,ndlv,d mo/aICl^d3 S raIied Product containing altered Ilmcnite, leucoxene, an Titanium Pigments.--Production and shipm ments were 18 and 21 percent, respectively, a 1948. Figures in this industry are supplied in quently are not given here. The percentage d pigment shipments, by consuming industries, i 1234 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1950 TABLE 3.--Distribution of titanium pigment shipments, by industries, 1935-45 (average) and 1946-50, in percent of total Industry 103.5-45 (avorngo) ITMfl 1017 1048 1040 1050 Distribution by gross wolght: . Coated fabrics and tcxtllos (oilcloth, shado Total................................................................... Distribution by titanium dioxide content: Paints, varnishes, and lacquers........................ Coated fabrics and textiles (oilcloth, shade cloth, artificial leather, etc.)........................... Total....................................................................... 77.7 2.5 3.0 2.5 0. 8 1. 0 0.5 100.0 78.0 8.1 100.0 3. 7 3.7 100.0 2.5 8.2 100.0 4.0 fi. 0 8.7 100.0 68.8 3.0 3. 7 9. 0 1. 7 0.1 100.0 71.9 3.1 2. 3 1. 6 9.8 100.0 74.3 4. 7 2. G 7.8 5.7 100.0 6. 0 2. 7 3.2 0.5 100.0 21 3.9 9.7 100.0 74.6 4.2 1.5 3.0 6.2 9.7 100.0 9. 0 3-9 9.1 1.4 11.6 100.0 Metal.--Titanium motal was produced on a commercial basis for the third successive year. Pilot plants were operated in 1950 by E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. at Newport, Del., and by the National Lead Co. at Sayrcvillc, N. J. The Bureau of Mines pilot plant at Boulder City, Nev., produced 13,810 pounds of titanium sponge in 1950 giving a total of 34,000 pounds of metal produced at this plant since 1945. The nominal annual capacity of all titanium pilot plants in operation in 1950 was 300,000 pounds; however, production of metal was only about 50 percent of this amount because the pilot plants were operated experimentally and did not produce continuously at designed capacity. At the end of 1950, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and National Lead were both considering substantial expansions. Du Pont started con struction of a commercial plant with a nominal capacity of 600 tons per year and was considering additional expansion in 1951. National Lead leased several buildings at the Henderson, Nev., site of the for mer Basic Magnesium, Inc., plant and announced plans for expanded production of titanium, as well as the magnesium to be used as a reducing agent in titanium production. Commercially pure titanium metal (approximately 99.5 percent Ti) was offered in limited quantities in a wide range of products, such as large sheets, strip, plate, bar, forgings, tubing, and wire.. Titanium ingots weighing 500 pounds were produced during 1950, and production of larger ingots was reported at the end of the year. Producers of titanium sponge, ingot, and products could not meet the heavy de mands for strategic and experimental applications. Titanium powder, 96-98 percent Ti, was produced by Metal Hy drides Inc., Beverly, Mass. This plant also produced cast titanium suitable for addition to nonferrous alloys, titanium hydride for powder metallurgy and chemical reactions, and titanium master alloys in powder and ingot form. TITANIUM The Foote Mineral Co., Philadelphia, Pa Palmcrton, Pa., produced small quantities tanium 99.9+ percent Ti, by thermal deco nium iodides. This metal is used primar tal information on the properties of titanium purity metal is costly and was not availabl in 1950. Welding-Rod Coatings.--Production of rods was 188,000 short tons in 1950, an incr 154,000 short tons in 1949; 188,000 tons w in 1947, and 481,000 tons in 1943. Of the was coated with natural rutile, 32 percent w dioxide, 7 percent with both varieties, and Other Uses.--Coramic titanates aro fin portant place in the electronic industry. solutions of barium and strontium titanate dielectric constants and show remarkable biggest field of application is in capacitor compactness is of great value. They are pick-ups, microphones, and high-frequency nate ceramic radiators.for production of ultr uses in application of ultrasonic radiation The use of titanium dioxide as the majo celain enamels is finding increased applica tors, signs, reflectors, architectural produc low ware. The chief advantages of titania opacity or hiding power, extreme hardne sistance.5 Titanium compounds have been used ex ant agents for fabrics. A titanyl chloride plex, found to be effective in providing fl applied to many types of cellulose fabrics.5 The alkyl titanates, derived from the ac ride on alcohols, were reported to be ve agents. These compounds can impart a wa diverse materials as paper, cotton, wool, ra wood. Potential industrial applications availability of these compounds at a reaso Clear, transparent rutile gems were availa were produced by fusing purified titaniumdi Gems cut from these boules exhibit brillia monds. Rutile gems are only seven-tenth have an index of refraction of 2.7 compa which means a higher degree of internal re The numerous uses of titanium in steels in detail in a text published in 1949,8 * * * Joffo, Hans, Tltanoto Ceramics for Electromechanical Purpose ary 1050, pp. 204-208. . 1 Sponcor-Strong, O. II., and Patrick, Robt. F., Titanium In P 42. No. 2, Fobruary 1050, pp. 253-250. * Panik, I. M., Sullivan, W. F., and Jacobsen. A. E., Titanium Fabrics: American Dyestuff Reporter, vol. 39, Aug. 7,1950, pp. 50 r Bpcor, Robt. J. and Carmody, D. R., Organic Compounds No. 2, Foburory 1050, pp. 251-253. 1 Comstock, O. F,, Urban, 9. F., and Cohen, M., Titanium In S 1236 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 195 0 . STOCKS Inventories of ilmenite in 1950 decreased slightly, and those of rutile reflected little change from 1949. Year-end stocks of ilmenite and rutile (TiOj content basis) were sufficient to sustain industry at tho 1950 rate of use for 11 months and 9 months, respectively. TABLE 4.--Stocks of titanium concentrates in the United States at end of year, 1949-60, in short tons 1040 1950 Blocks Ilmenlto Rutile Ilmenlto Rutile Cross weight Esti mated TiOj content Cross weight Esti mated TIOi content Cross weight Esti mated TIOj content Cross weight Esti mated TIOi content Mine............................. 10.033 7,569 Distributors.. > 158 *92 Consumers........... .. * 68J, 757 * 331,483 Total................. *698,848 *330,144 2,052 * 2,071 3,501 *8,814 2,750 * 1,007 3,355 *8,072 32,883 172 640.203 682,258 15,240 io o 318.862 334,202 3,810 2,216 2. 653 8,070 3,543 2.113 2, 466 8,122 i Includes Ilmenite and rutile content of mixed tlrconlum-tltnnlum concentrates. ' Revised figure. PRICES . Ore.--Quotations in E&MJ Motal and Mineral Markets covering ilmenite were unchanged in 1950. Nominal quotations for 50-59 per cent TiOj, per gross ton, f.o.b. Atlantic seaboard, according to grade and impurities, remained at $14-$1G. Nominal quotations for rutile concentrate, guaranteed minimum 94 percent TiOj, were 4-5 cents a pound until April 1950, when they dropped to 3)4-4)4 cents for the rest of the year. Ferrotitanium.--According to tho magazine Steel, quotations for ferrotitanium during tho first 5 months of 1950 were as follows: Ferrotitanium, Low-Carbon: (Ti 20-25 percent, A1 3.5 percent maximum, Si 4 percent maximum, C 0.10 percent maximum). Contract, ton lots, 2" x I), $1.40 per pound of contained Ti; less ton $1.45. (Ti 38-43 percent, A1 8 percent maximum, Si 4 percent maximum, C 0.10 percent maximum). Ton lot $1.28 less ton $1.35, f. o. b. Niagara Fails, N. Y., freight allowed to St. Louis. Spot add 5fi. Ferrotitanium, High-Carbon: (Ti 15-18 percent, C 0-8 percent). Contract $100 per net ton, f. o. b. Niagara Falls, N. Y., freight allowed to destination east of Mississippi River and north of Baltimore and St. Louis. Ferrotitanium, Medium-Carbon: (Ti 17-21 percent, C 3-4.5 percent). Con tract, $175 per ton, f. o, b. Niagara Falls, N. Y., freight not exceeding St. Louis rate allowed. TITANIUM Quotations for low-carbon ferrotitanium continu of the year at $1.40 and $1.45 per pound of conta for ton and less-than-ton lots. Quotations fo titanium increased to $ 1G7 per net ton in June, co for the remainder of the year. Quotations for m titanium increased to $183 per ton in June also w reported during the remainder of 1950. Metal.--Titanium metal, 96-98 percent, was q during 1950. Titanium sponge metal (titanium 9 iron 0.25 percent maximum, nitrogen 0.05 per quoted by E. I. du Pont do Nemours & Co., Pi Wilmington, Del., at $7.50 per pound in quanti pounds and $5 per pound in quantities of 100 prices f.o.b. shipping point. Titanium Metals C York, N. Y., announced the following prices commercially pure and alloy grades, in October 1 pound in lots of 10,000 pounds and over in comme grades f.o.b. mill: Hot and cold-rolled sheets, $1 hot-rolled sheared mill plate, $12, Brackenridge; West Leechburg, Pa.; rolled or cold-drawn roun eters and round wire, $10, Dunkirk, N. Y.; for and round-cornered squares and rectangles), $6 hot-rolled bars (rounds, flats, and squares), $6, W Manufactured Titanium Dioxide.--Prices, in 'manufactured titanium dioxide (anatase) as quo Drug Reporter for the first 11 months of 1950 w Ceramic, 19)4 cents; chalk-resistant, 19% cents; p (rutile) nonchalking, 21 )4 cents. These prices bags, delivered. In December quotations we grades. The ceramic and chalk-resistant grad range of 21-21)4 cents and (rutile) nonchalking a plain grade was not shown in the December qu "regular" grade was added at 21-21)4 cents. FOREIGN TRADE" Imports.--Receipts of ilmenite in 1950 were 2 cent less than the record established in 1949; th 1945. Imports from India, the dominant source those from Norway dropped 18 percent. India and Norway, the second most important source, 1 total. All imports of rutile were from Australia for year and totaled 3,427 tons, 11 percent above 19 Figures on Imports and exports compiled by M. B. Price and E. D. Pa records of the U. 8. Deportment of Commerce. 1238 ' MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1950 TABLE 6.--Titanium concentrates 1 imported for consumption in the United States, 1941-46 (average) and 1940-60, by countries, in short tons [U. 8. Department of OommorceJ Country of origin 1941-45 (avornga) 1010 1917 1918 1010 1950 II.MENITE Australia: Id "zirconium Valuo of "as reported".. RUTILE Australia:1 Id "zirconium ore"............ Value of "as reported".. 604 4,203 23,054 930 81, 692 i, 979 194 112,510 2 1,250 218,623 21,077 240,652 1,059 1 7,122 262,503 30,020 301,311 (*) 8,708 4,519 184,309 3,335. 41, 248! 242,119 540 2 721 289, 739 33, 156 324, 157 112 1,357 1 187,834 27, 165 210.469 * 3,120 1,388 115,042 242,340 301,311 242,110 324, 157 1570,703 $1,440,112 $1,791,020 $1,768,848 ; $2,470,071 210.459 $1, 108, 646 1,949 2,848 190 5, 235 5,120 10,355 $424,834 4.377 31 4,408 1,450 6,804 $213, 795 7, 400 3 113 7,570 5,001 12,037 $408,810 8,771 3,085 () 8. 771 ' 3,086 8,771 $588, 713 3,085 $179,746 3,427 3,427 3,427 $149,733 1 Classified ns "ore" by the U. 8. Dopartmont of Commerce. * Most of the imports of titaolum from Australia In 1940-47 were In mlxod zlrcon-rutllc-llmcnlto concen trates, which were Included os llmonlto, rutllo, and zirconium oro In U. S. Department of Cormncrco figures. The quantities reported by the U. 8. Department of Comraorce bave been adjusted to reflect percentage con tent of each Item basod on reports to tho Bureau of Mines from Iraportore. * Less than 0.5 ton. . Includes 300 toos not recovorcd from mixed coDcontratcs. * Includes quantities reported by the U. 8. Department of Commerce os originating In Froncb Equatorial Africa, from whioh no rutllo production has boon rocordod. Exports.--Shipments of titanium pigments from the United States again established a new high level in 1950. As in previous years, ti tanium pigments constituted the major portion of exports of titanium materials. Canada continued to be the chief recipient with 24,450 tons, followed by Mexico with 1,579 tons, France 1,308, Brazil 1,062, Cuba 737, Belgium-Luxembourg 601. The remainder was distributed among 41 other countries. Exports of concentrates were the lowest since 1944 with Canada receiving 435 tons, Argentina 67, Netherlands 55, and eight other countries the remainder. Canada received 137 tons of the ferro-alloys exported and Belgium-Luxembourg 24; insig nificant quantities went to four other countries. TITANIUM TABLE 6.--Exports of titanium products from the U and 1946-60, by classe fU. 8. Department of Comme Year Conccntratos Ferro-alloys Short tons Valuo Stiort tons Valuo S 1943-45 (averago).............. 1940................................... 1947.................................. 1948............................. 1949............................. 1950............................. 492 1,385 1,206 1,454 1,505 000 $92, 575 200,800 192, 703 187,226 143,412 57,753 1 700 >$122.478 550 03, 723 500 80, 690 480 82,874 179 40,018 171 42, 741 1 1 2 2 2 3 1 Includes metal and nonforrous alloys in 1913-44. ' Beginning Jan. 1, 1946, not soparatoly classified. TECHNOLOGY Metallic titanium owes its importance to of properties--lightness, strength, and resi density of titanium is 0.16 pound per cubic than aluminum but only 56 percent as hea ium alloys are much stronger than alumin strength and hardness approaching that of strength : weight ratio at ordinary tempe either aluminum or stainless steel. Titaniu ual resistance to fatigue and great impact s is more resistant to corrosion than aluminu stainless steels; it is particularly resistan and marine atmospheric weathering. The chief disadvantages are high cost, and its excessive reactivity at high temp melting point of titanium--3,150 F.--is e oxygen and nitrogen and becomes brittlo ab Commercial production of titanium met modifications of the Kroll process developed Titanium tetrachloride, produced by chlor is reduced to the metallic state with magnesiu Magnesium chloride and excess magnesium sponge-like titanium metal by vacuum di sponge or powder is consolidated by powd or melted in induction or electric-arc furnace A continuous method of producing titaniu and titanium tetrachloride as the raw ma the Battclle Memorial Institute in 1950 continuously added to a titanium tetrach reduction chamber to produce magnesium at 1,400-1,600 F. The reaction product the bottom of the reduction chamber into the titanium is melted and the magnesium Wortman, F. 8., Walker, J. P.. Fuller, FI. C., Cook, M. A., and Titanium at Boulder City, Novodo: Bureau of Minos Kept, of In 1240 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1950 magnesium aro volatilized, condensed, and removed. A continu ously formed titanium ingot is withdrawn from the bottom of the furnace.11 ; Other processes under consideration include electrolytic reduction, use of mixtures of sodium and magnesium as reducing agents, reac tion of titanium tetrachloride vapors and hydrogen in an arc, and improved iodide decomposition processes.12 The year 1950 was notable for increased interest in titanium tech nology.13 Extensive research was in progress in 1950 on high-strength titanium-base alloys. Rem-Cru Titanium, Inc., developed and sold manganese and manganese-aluminum titanium alloys,14 and the Titan ium Metals Corp. of America offered chromium titanium alloys.15 The Navy Bureau of Aeronautics reported development of a light weight chromium-aluminum titanium alloy as strong as high-strength steel.18 A general description of the process presumably to be used on Allard Lake titaniferous ore at the Quebec Iron & Titanium Corp. smelting project at Sorel, Canada, was reported in a patent issued to that firm.17 The process marks a new approach to the smolting of titaniferous ore. Previously the titanium and iron have been separated by a combina tion of ore dressing and normal smelting processes. Large amounts of flux were added to produce fluid slags and permit separation from the iron. The process used by Quebec Iron & Titanium Corp. utilizes little or no flux to give a titanium-rich slag of about 70 percent TiOj suitable for furthor processing and also a marketable iron product. A proportioned charge of ore, coal and 0-10 percent of lime for fluxing is smelted at 1,500 to 1,700 C. in a stationary box-shape electric furnace. Low-ash coal, ranging from 8 to 14 percent of ore weight, slightly less than stoichiometric requirements to reduce the iron oxide and to carburize the iron, is included in the charge. Ores reported to be suitable for producing titanium-slag concentrate are those with, titanium dioxide content of 30 to 50 percent, iron 30 to 50 percent, and gangue up to 12 percent. A chemical technique was devised by the Bureau of Mines for util izing certain domestic titaniferous iron ores. Ninety percent of the iron in Tahawus magnetite was recovered experimentally as an iron powder analyzing 90 percent metallic iron and containing 2 to 3 per cent TiOj. The titania remains in the slag, from which it may be recovered as pigment-grade TiOj. The main steps are (1) sintering ti Maddex, P. J., and Eastwood, L. W,, Ductllo Titanium: Am. Inst. MIn. and Met. Eng., Jour. Metals, vol. 188, No. 4, April 1950, pp. 034-640. i Gonser, Bruco w., Titanium: Am. Inst. Min. and Mot. Eng., Jour. Metals, vol. I, No. 1. sec. 1, January 1949, pp. 6-9. ,, i* Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Titanium Symposium: Vol. 42, February 1950, pp. 214-208. Analytical Chemistry, Titanium Symposium: Vol. 22, February 1950, pp. 297-303. Broughton, D. B., Less Common Metals: Ind. Eng. Chcm., vol. 42, No. 10, October 1050, pp. 2023-2026. U. S. Research and Development Board, Symposium on Titanium: PB 103504, November 1950, 108 pp. (Available from OJBco of Technical Services, U. 8. Dept, of Comracrco, Washington 25, D. C.) Gonser, Bruco W., Titanium Alloys: Ind. Eng. Chcm., vol. 42, No. 2, February 1950, pp. 222-220. Craighead, O.W<, Simmons, O. w.t and Eastwood, L. W.. Titanium Binary Alloys, Titanium Ternary Alloys, Titanium Quaternary Alloys: Am. Inst. Min. and Met. Eng., Jour. Metals, vol. 188, No. 3, March 1950, pp. 486-552. Allen, A. H., Titanium--How It Fits In Your Tomorrow: Steel, vol. 128, No. 2, Jan. 8,1951, pp. 54-82. ! Anthony, John, Alloys Widen Use of Titanium: Iron Ago, vol. 100, No. 4, July 27, 1050, pp. 00-02. p. R. Mallory Co. (for Bureau of Aeronautics). Tho Manufacture of Titanium Alloys: PB 100,000, November 1949. Library of Congress, Photoduplication Service, Publications Board Project, Washington, D. O. it Peirce, W. M., and others, Titaniferous Material for Producing Titanium Dioxide: United States Patent 2,470,453, July 19, 1919. TITANIUM the ore at 1,050 C. with carbon and soda metal powder, retaining the titania in the powdered iron from the slag, by magnet methods; and (3) sulfuric-acid decompositio recover the titania.18 WORLD REVIEW World production of ilmcnite and rutilo b records in 1950. The world production of i 788,000 metric tons, an increase of 8 pe production, estimated at 25,600 metric tons, 1949. ' The United States continued to bo the w ilmcnite, supplying about one-half of the ilm Australia again ranked first in the productio Available data on world production of ilm years are shown in table 7. TABLE 7.--World production of titanium concen . 1944-60, by countries, in metr - (Compiled by Paulino Roberts Country ILMENITE Australia: New South Wales.. Queensland.............. Tasmania................. Western Australia.. Brasil................................ Canada............................. Egypt................................ India................................. Malaya............................. Norway............................ Portugal........................... Senegal............................. Spain................................ United States................. Total Jlmonitc. RUTILE Australia: Now South Wales........ Queensland.................... Drazll...................................... French Cameroon............... French Equatorial Africa. India....................................... Norway.................................. United States....................... Total rutile. 3,600 3,097 2, 485 4,180 1,030 4, 268 > 3,250 30,820 9 102,412 03,976 648 252, 749 401,060 5,000 12.834 46 174,848 28,3)2 301 3,200 210 279,880 611.308 1,275 140 187,993 52, 674 633 4,191 128 250,230 509,004 2 < 3 0 4,697 4, 246 1.604 3,320 1,072 85 0, 279 5,292 4,009 100 1,440 020 70 0, 613 18,710 4,876 3, 407 <28 1,200 202 03 0, 701 10,057 > Excludes content of beach sand In stock dumps. * Estlmato, * Data not available; cstimato Included In total. < Exports. 1 Includes titanium slag containing approximately 70 percent TIO * Buronu of Mines not at liberty to publish flguro. >* MncMIJInn, Robert T., Dlnnln, Joseph I., and Conloy, John E Low*Orado Titaniferous Ores: Bureau of Mines Rcpt. of Investigat 232204--53--------70 1242 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1950 Australia.--The Australian Titan Products Pty., Ltd., a subsidiary of British Titan Products Co., Ltd., operated its new titanium-pigment plant near Burnie, Tasmania, in 1950.18 This plant, with an annual capacity of 1,800 tons of titanium oxide, was completed in 1949. Plans to double plant capacity by installation of new equipment were completed in the latter part of 1950.20 The titanium pigment has found a ready market in the Australian paint, enamel, rubber, soap, cosmotics, papor, and textilo industries. Indian ilmenitc was used as a raw material. Although Australia produces large amounts of ilmenite concentrate as a byproduct in the recovery of zircon and rutile from black sands, it is unsuitable for pigment manufacture be cause of its high chromite content, which ranges from 1 to 4 percent. Research on separation of chromite was in progress in 1950. Canada.--The Allard Lake ilmenitc property is being developed by the Quebec Iron & Titanium Corp., owned two-thirds by the Kcnnc- cott Copper Corp. and one-third by the New Jersey Zinc Co. The several basic operations consist of (1) mining the extensive ilmenitc deposits in the Allard Lake district of the Quebec North Shore, north of Anticosti Island, (2) transportation, by company-owned railroad, to the docking and loading facilities at Havre St. Pierre, (3) pre crushing and preparation of the ore at Havre St, Pierre, and (4) trans portation by ship up the St. Lawrence to the smelter at Sorcl. Min ing operations eventually will center at the Lac Tio deposit, which is reported to contain more than 125 million tons and to be the largest deposit of its kind in the world. It is estimated that reserves, thus far proved, constitute 225 years' supply at the treatment rate of 1,500 tons per day. The grade of the ore is 35-36 percent TiOj and 40-42 percent Fe. Ore for the initial smelting operations was obtained from a small oro body near Grader Lake, 2 miles south of the main deposit, bccauso it was near the railroad. The mine will be operated for about 7 months, during the open shipping season. Enough ore will be mined, transported, and stock piled during this period to feed the smelter on a year-round basis. Ore was being shipped from Grader Lake in October 1950 at the rate of three trainloads (570 tons each) daily. Approximately 100,000 tons of ore were delivered to Sorcl in 1950. This will be ample for smelter operations beyond the time when navigation reopens in the spring of 1951. The railroad to Havre St. Pierre, 27 miles long, was completed near the end of 1950. A temporary crushing plant has been built near the loading dock at Havre St. Pierre, pending construction of a permanent larger plant at Lac Tio. Loading facilities can handle from 2,000 to 2,800 tons per hour, and a 10,000-ton freighter can be loaded in 10 hours. One 750-ton, 20,000-kw. furnace has been installed from which experimental tappings were made. Plans call for installation of four additional furnaces, starting in the spring of 1951. It is planned to i Chemical Engineering, vnj. 57 No. 4, April 1950, p. 234. Chomlcnl Engineering end Mining Review, vol, 43, No. 1, Oct. 10, 1050. P. 10 TITANIUM build and maintain a stockpile of approxim of prepared ore. A contract has been nego Water & Power Co. for 165,000 hp. to bo rate as production gets under way. Coproducts will be titanium dioxide slag with ultimate annual production of 250,00 tively, from 550,000 tons of ore. Accordi company product will be competitive with tho price will be higher than for other TiO concentration, quality, and uniformity are tho product will be able to command this h all of the production is intended for expor States. The iron product, as described by low in carbon to be classed as pig iron an cannot be properlv classified as steel. It ha specification steel," and Canadian steelm interest in it as a possible source of No. 1 understood the company plans to marke domestically. No information was forthc for eventual production of titanium meta both Kennecott and New Jersey Zinc are line.21 Dominion Maenesium is producing tita compacts for use in high-temperature allo pilot plant at Haley, Ontario. Although 98.5 to 99 percent plus was obtainable, cons titanium metal has not yet been reported. Ceylon.--Consideration has been given fo production of ilmenite from extensive beac reported that provision was made in the C ing an ilmenite milling plant, probably at from Trincomalee on the east coast.33 Ac mineralogist, the sands contain about 70 p rutile, and 8 percent zircon.33 Ceylon au 60,000 tons of ilmenite (about 54 percent T India.--Exports of ilmenite from India to from 289,739 short tons in 1949 to 187,834 production of ilmenite has been greatly ham since the government took over the ilmenit A plant for the production of titanium struction by the Travancore Titanium Prod plant will consume only about 3,600 ton appears that India will continue to be a large fore the 1950 shipping season, India invite buyers to submit inquiries concerning the a rutile.34 Cross, Codl M. P., Progress Report on the Quebec Iron it Ti American Embassy, Montreal. Canada, Oct. 20,1900, 0 pp. n Canada Mining Journal. Ifraonlte In Ceylon:?Vo1. 71, No. 3 M ** Foreign Commorce Woekly, vol. 38, No. 2, Jnn. 9,1900, p. 27. ,4 Foreign Commorce Wookly, vol. 37, No. 10, Doo. 0, 1049, p. 1 1244 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1950 Japan.--Tho Nippon Titanium Co., under joint Amorican and Japanoso sponsorship, was formod in 1950 to manufacture titanium dioxide. The company reported that Japanese ore will be treatod by a process developed by Dr. Kyozo Ariyama, a graduate of the University of Minnesota.* United Kingdom.--The National Physical Laboratory and Royal Aircraft Establishment conducted research on titanium phase dia grams, analytical methods, alloys, thermodynamics, and production processes. Reduction of titanium totrachlorido with hydrogon, eloctrolytic, and new elcctrothermic processes for producing titanium metal wore under consideration. 11 Tho Chomlca! Ago, Japanoso Titanium Oxldo: Vol. 53, No. 1028, 8opt. 23,1960, j>. 441. Tungst By Robert W. G 4* GENERAL SUM NCREASED demand for tungsten p I the downward trend of both consu centrates. Later in the year, follow Korea, consumption increased subs ding for tungsten concentrates forced than at any time since World War II to 6 percent W) and Class B (19 to 22 increased 163 and158 percent, respect 1949. Domestic producers of tungste crease production at a rate that would creased demand; however, domestic p percent over 1949, and in the fourth q over twice as high as in tho correspon nia was again the premier tungstenNorth Carolina and Nevada. The Pin Vanadium Corp. rose to first place amo tungsten concentrates in 1950. The which suspended operations in 1949, and production from its Mill City, N factor in the increased domestic output TABLE 1.--Salient statistics of tungsten ore States, 1946-50, in pounds of Year Produc tion Shipments Imports from * for con Co mines sumption 1940........................ 1947......................... 1948......................... 1949......................... I960......................... 1071,042 3.028,470 1033.389 2,896,084 3,966,040 1942; 282 2,944,622 3,838,287 2,631,600 1687,687 6,809,438 6, 018,006 7. 648,101 4 274,102 16,147,313 Imports of tungsten ores and conce also larger than in 1949, totaling 16,96 basis), an increase from 6,592 tons in are somewhat misleading because of la warehouses by the United States Gov as imports for consumption. A more a in imports is obtained from the "genera dicate 8,765 tons for 1950 contrasted based on 60-percent W03. In spite of tion supplied more of the general impo 1 Zinc if By Richard H. Mote and Esther B, Miller GENERAL SUMMARY ESPONDING to the demand generated by the outbreak of R Korean hostilities and acceleration of the National Defense Program, the zinc industry produced a greatsr quantity of slab zinc in 1950 than in any prior year in the peacetime history of the United States, Output totaled 910,437 short tons, including 65 percent from domestic ores, 28 percent from foreign ores, and 7 percent from secondary sources. Domestic mine production of recoverable zinc rose 5 percent over 1949 to total 623,375 tons but was well below the World War II average (719,090 tons per year). Imports of zinc contained in ore and concentrates increased 13 percent to 272,538 tons and imports of slab zinc roso almost 23 percent to 155,974 tons. Despite the record production and high level opimports the slab- zinc supply in 1950 was insufficient to fill all demands. Stocks at primary and secondary smelters were reduced 91 percent during the year to less than 9,000 tons on December 31, the smallest reserve since November 1925. Consumers' inventories were also reduced during the year and on December 31 were 26 percent under the quantity on hand on January 1. The stringent supply situation prevalent throughout most of the year was reflected in increases in the price of slab zinc. The quotation for Prime Western grade zinc at East St. Louis ranged between 9.75 and 10.00 cents per pound during the first quarter of 1950. Beginning March 27, the price began to rise, and every change thereafter was upward until September 7, when it reached 17.50 cents, where it remained for the balance of the year. ' This report deals primarily with tho smelter branch of the Industry. Fullor dotnlls of zinc mining are given In tho various 8tato roports of this volumo. As some zinc oro Is usod directly In tho manufacture of unc pigments, ut alto tho chapter on Lead and Zinc Pigments and Zinc Salts. 1278 ZINC TABLE 1.--Salient statistics of the zinc industr (average) and 194 1041-45 (average) 1940 Production of primary slob zinc: By sources: From domestic ores............. short tons.. From foreign ores....... ................... do____ 683.600 274,344 460. 205 209.057 Total...............................................do____ 868,013 By methods: Eloctrolytlc.................percent of total.. Distilled............................................ do.... 33 67 Production of redistilled secondary slab zinc...............................................short tons.. 61,838 Stocks on band at primary smelters Dec. 31....................................... 8borthtons_. 162, 646 Price: Prime Western at St. Louis: Average for porlod...cents per pound.. 8.10 Highest quotation...........................do____ 8.25 Lowest quotation......................,,..do____ 7. 25 Yearly average at London............... do____ 4.74 Mine production of recoverable zinc * short tons.. 718.860 Tri-State district (Joplin) percent of total.. 28 Western States..................................... do____ 43 Other......................................................do____ 20 World smelter production of zinc short tons.. 1,831,000 728. 26 3 6 44,61 175,61 8.73 10.6 8.25 7.76 574,83 2 4 2 1,628.00 1 Revised figure. * Includes Alaska. GOVERNMENT REGU Government controls over the zinc ind latter part of the year. Inventories w Production Authority Regulation No. 1, e and NPA Notice No. 1, effective Decem lation No. 1, designed to prevent accumul of materials in short supply, limited the in stock to a practicable minimum wor covered by this regulation included slab dust, zinc oxide, and zinc and zinc-base a issued to prevent hoarding of strategi accumulation, exceeding reasonable de resale at prices over prevailing market materials, including slab zinc, zinc-base a as rolled and extruded shapes, wire, and base alloy scrap. Priority ratings for defense orders w regulations issued bj- the NPA. Regula 3, 1950, authorized the assignment of a rating to defense orders and gave prio Order M-9, effective November 16, 19 producers and fabricators of zLd c and deal Under this order a producer of zinc, zinc required to accept rated orders for ship excess of 10 percent of his production. alloys was not required to accept rated exceeding 20 percent of his average mo during the first 8 months of 1950. Si 1280 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1050 zinc, strip zinc, zinc wire, zinc rod, zinc shapes, and zinc plate were not required to accept orders exceeding 15 percent of the average monthly shipments of such products during the first 8 months of 1950. A dealer was not required to accept rated orders for shipment in any one month of a total tonnage that exceeded 15 percent of the total quantity available to him during the moDth. The order further stipulated that producers and fabricators were not required to accept rated orders received less than 30 days before the first day of the month in which shipment was requested. NPA Order M-15, restricting civilian use of zinc metal and zinc metal products, was issued effective December 1, 1950, and limited civilian consumers of zinc metal and zinc-metal products during 1951 to an average quarterly rate of 80 percent of the use during the first 6 months of 1950. The order further specified that inventories were to be held to a 45-dav supply or a "practicable minimum working inventory," whichever was less. DOMESTIC PRODUCTION Statistics on zinc production are compiled both on a mine basis and on a smelter basis. The mine-output data, based upon the zinc content of ores and concentrates produced (adjusted to account for average smelting losses), form an accurate measure of domestic zinc output from year to year. Smelter production of slab zinc from domestic ores represents a more accurate figure of actual zinc recovery but usually differs from the mine figure owing to a time-lag between mine or mill shipments and smelter production. Over a period of years, these variations tend to balance out within the limits of statistical error. MINE PRODUCTION Zinc mining in the United States is centered largely in five areas-- the Tri-State area of southeastern Kansas, southwestern Missouri, and northeastern Oklahoma; Tennessee-Virginia; Sussex County, N. J.; St. Lawrence County, N. Y.; and the Western States (princi pally Idaho, Montana, Arizona, Colorado, Utah, Now Mexico, Nevada, and Washington, in descending order of production in 1950). Mine production m the combined Western States increased 3 percent in 1950 compared with 1949. Almost 59 percent of the total domestic output of zinc in 1950 (60 percent in 1949) was produced in tho Wcstorn States. Idaho continued to be the largest producer of zinc in the United States, about 98 percent of the State total in 1950 coming from the Coeur d'Alene region and most of the remainder from the Warm Springs district. Zinc-lead ore and old tailings concentrated yielded 91 percent of the State total zinc; old zinc slag smelted and fumed, 5 percent; and zinc ore concentrated and lead ore concentrated, 3 percent. The Star mine near Burke in the Coeur d'Alene region remained the largest Idaho zinc producer; it was followed by the Page, Morning, Bunker Hill and Sullivan, Sidney, Frisco, Bunker Hill slag dump, Spokane-Idaho, and Tamarack. These nine prop erties supplied 83 percent of Idaho's total zinc in 1950. Owing to a record high output at the Butte Hill mines and dumps of the Anaconda Copper Mining Co., Montana zinc production ZINC advanced 25 percent in 1950 to 67,678 tons second among the zinc-producing States, a 1920. During 1950 Anaconda company-ow supplied 79 percent of the State's zinc o zinc producers during the year were tho E old slag dump, the Travona mine in Silve Mike Horse property at Flesher in Lewis an five operations produced nearly 99 percen output. Of Montana zinc in 1950, 96 perce lead ore, nearly 4 percent from zinc ore an remainder from gold, silver, lead, and coppe Arizona zinc output in 1950 declined 14 attained in 1949 owing largely to a smalle ore from the Copper Queen mine at Bisbee at the Copper Queen mine dropped 41 perce the largest producer in Arizona. Other imp in order of output, were the Iron King mi Vordo branch of the Phelps Dodge Corp. at near Sahuarita, St. Anthony property at Patagonia, Magma mine in Pinal County mine at Dragoon (Coronado Copper & Z property at Bagdad. More than 77 porce came from zinc-lead ore and most of the re copper, and zinc-lead-copper ores. TABLE 2.--Mine production of recoverable zinc i (average) and 1946-60, by States, Slate 1041-46 (average) 1046 Western States and Alaska: ,- 24,709 4,267 33.662 86.677 41,312 16.226 46,074 43 Utah ..................................................... 41.422 Washington................ -................................ 12,004 307,006 West Central States: Oklahoma..................................................... 16! 60.264 20,608 117,689 206,622 States east of the Mississippi River: Wisconsin............................ '......................... Total........................................................... 8.002 468 88.473 38.164 39.312 18,660 12,232 206,281 718,800 43.666 6,877 36.147 71,607 16. 770 22.649 36,103 44 28,202 11,320 273,383 86 47,703 22,234 69,662 139,674 8,709 314 64.464 32,616 24,614 16.005 14,276 161,876 674,833 1282 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 195 0 TABLE 3.--Mine production of recoverable zinc in the United States,1 1949-50, by months, in short tons Month 1040 1050 Month 1040 1050 61,060 63,236 62,306 60,671 60,304 64.667 30,033 43.808 40,327 61,909 49,319 62,100 60,874 48,076 Total............................. 46, 280 42,208 39,219 42,447 40,010 693,203 60,487 64.858 66,937 66,432 67,403 623,376 i Includes Alaska. Zinc production in Colorado declined slightly in 1950 after 4 years of successive increases. In Summit County at Iiokomo, depletion of ore reserves in the Victory-Lucky Strike-Wilson-McKinley group of mines caused this large producer to close April 19. The subsequent decrease in Summit County's zinc output was partly offset by expanded production in Eagle, San Miguel, and Lake Counties and reopening in July of the Rico Argentine mine in Dolores Countv, closed since May 1949. The leading zinc producers, in order of rank, were the Eagle mine, Eagle County; Treasury Tunnel-Black Bear (Idarado) group, San Miguel County; Resurrection group, Lake County; Victory (American Smelting & Refining Co. Kokomo unit). Summit County; and Smuggler Umon-Montana group, San Miguel County. Zinc, zinc-lead, ana zinc-lead-copper ores yielded 93 percent of the Colorado total zinc in 1950. Utah zinc output in 1950 decreased 22 percent from that in 1949 and was the smallest since 1946. This loss resulted mainly from the closing during part of the year of the United States & Lark property at Bingham and from reduced zinc output of mines in the Park City, Ophir, and Rush Valley (Stockton) districts. The Lark mine was shut from July 16 through October 28 becausejof a fire in the lower levels; the United States mine was idle 2 months owing to a labor strike. Despite the fire and labor difficulties that lowered zinc output in 1950 about 27 percent under 1949, the United States & Lark property remained by far the largest producer of zinc in Utah. It was followed by the properties of the Chief Consolidated Mining Co., Park Utah Consolidated Mines Co., Mew Park Mining Co., Butterfield group, and Honorine, Cardiff, Hidden Treasure, and Calumet mines. These nine properties supplied 97 percent of the Utah total zinc in 1950. Over 97 percent of the State total zinc was recovered from zinc-lead ore. Most New Mexico mines that had closed in 1949 as a result of the decline in the price of zinc metal reopened in 1950. In the Central district, the Now Mexico Consolidated Mines Co. Kearney mine resumed operations February 27; the Kennecott Copper Corp. Oswaldo mine, the American Smelting & Refining Co. Ground Hog, and the United States Smelting, Refining & Mining Co. Bayard group reopened in June; and the Peru Mining Co. Pewabic mine reopened October 16. The Hanover mine and mill of the New Jersey Zinc Co., Empire Zinc Division, which had operated throughout 1949, were closed by a work stoppage October 17, 1950, and remained idle, the balance of the year. The principal New Mexico producers of zinc in 1950, in order of output, were the Kearney, Hanover (Empire Zinc), Ground Hog, Oswaldo, and Bayard groups. Nearly 94 percent of the State total zinc in 1950 was recovered from zinc ore. ZINC Nevada zinc production in 1950 was 6 Most of the output was contered in County, where zinc and zinc-lead ores m the source of 91 percent of the State tota 1950, especially after midyear, made po slag-fuming plant of notable tonnages from mines in Clark, Eureka, and White former Metals Reserve Co. World War ore at Jean, Nev. Leading Nevada pro Combined Metals Reduction Co. Pioc Mines, Inc., Ely Valley mine, both in County; the Copper Canyon Mining Battle Mountain district, Lander Coun Yellow Pine mine, Yellow Pine distric percent of the Nevada total zinc in 1950 ore and most of the remainder from zinc Recoverable zinc production in Wash highest level on record, owing mainly to a of zinc-lead ore milled at the Grandview m erty replaced the Pend Oreille mine as ducer; it was followed by the Holden an mines. These properties supplied nearly zinc. Zinc-lead ore supplied over 74 perc zinc-copper ore 16 percent, and zinc ore n California zinc production in 1950 e yield by a small margin. The Anaconda group of mines dominated the State outpu place, by the Coronado Copper & Zinc Co County, which resumed operation in Aug inactivity. In addition, the Anaconda C group; the Penn Chemical Co. Penn Calaveras County; and the J. Q. Little Ivanpah district, San Bernardino Coun oxidized zinc ore to a slag-fuming plant-- recoverable zinc. Over 65 percent of th was derived from zinc-lead ore, 23 perc remainder from lead ore. In Oregon a small tonnage of zinc was r Bohemia district, Lane County. Zinc production in the Tri-State distri since 1942, advanced slightly in 1950 as a lead concentrate prices during the latter h during the first quarter of the year, when In the second quarter zinc prices impr prices remained low, causing district ore percent. Continued advances in prices fo resulted in a 31-percent increase in mine o of the year compared with the first ha producers in the Tri-State district in 195 Eagle-Picher Mining & Smelting Co. (Ok B. Mining Co. (Oklahoma); National Lea Refining Division (Kansas); Federal Min homa and Missouri); and Dale Mining Co Zinc production from mines in the St River increased 12 nnro.onf. mro-* to^n ; 1284 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1950 Fionas l.--Mine production of recoverable sine In the United States, 1042-60, by months, In short tons. ported in Illinois, Kentucky, New Jersey, Now York, Tennessee, Virginia, and Wisconsin. The principal producer was again the New Jersey Zinc Co., operating the Franklin and Sterling Hill mines in New Jersey and the Austinville mine in Virginia. In Kentucky and Southern Illinois, zinc is produced chiefly as a byproduct or coproduct with fluorspar. The principal producers in this area were the Ozark- Mahoning Co. and the Minerva Oil Co. During the latter part of the year the Alcoa Mining Co. began producing and concentrating zinc ore from its newly developed Hutson mine in Kentucky. Output from the Kentucky-Southern Illinois area was 2 percent greater in 1950 than in 1949. New Jersey production was 8 percent greater than in 1949. Franklin and Sterling Hill, the two producing mines, operated continuously after resumption of work with the ending of a labor strike at the Palmerton, Pa., zinc smelter January 26. New York mines produced about the same quantity of zinc as in 1949, despite closing of the Universal Exploration Co. Hyatt mine on May 15. Other producers in New York during 1950 were the Balmat and Edwards mines, operated by the St. Joseph Lead Co. In Tennessee, zinc output increased 19 percent over 1949. The leading producers were: The American Zinc Co. of Tennessee, operating the Athletic. Grasselli, Jamagin, and the Mascot No. 2 mines; the Universal Exploration Co.; and the Tennessee Copper Co. Production of zinc in 1950 in Virginia declined 6 percent compared with 1949, chiefly due to a labor strike from October 9 to November 23 at the Austinville mine of the New Jersey Zinc Co. The Wisconsin and Northern Illinois region reported a 50-percent increase in zinc output in 1950, most of which can be attributed to new operations of Calumet & Hecla Con solidated Copper Co. near Shullsburg, Wis., and the Eagle-Picher Mining & Smelting Co. near Galena, 111. Other producers in the area include the Dodgeville Mining Co., Dodgeville, Wis. (operations resumed in July); the Vinegar Hill Zinc Co. near Shullsburg; and the Tri-State Zinc, Inc., in Illinois. The 25 leading zinc-producing mines in the United States in 1950, listed in table 4; yielded 61 porcent of the total domestic zinc output; the 3 leading mines produced over 21 percent and the 6 leading mines nearly 32 percent. . Detailed information on the production of mines and mining dis tricts in the United States may be found in the chapters of this volume dealing with the mine production of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the various States. Table 4.--Twenty-five leading zinc-producing mines in the United States in 1950, in order of output ZINC 1286 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 195 0 TABLE 5.--Mine production of recoverable zinc in the United States by districts that produced 1,000 tons or more during any year, 1941-45 (average) and 1946-50, in short tons District Coenr d'Alene region....................................... Tri-State (Joplin region)......... ......................... Summit Valley (Butte).................. ................ New Jersey......................................................... . St. Lawrence County......................-.........-- Eastern Tennessee ....................................... Central............................................................... Upper Mississippi Valley................................ Warren (Bisbee).................................................. Red Cliff............................................................. Pioche................ .................................. ............... West Mountain (Bingham).......... ................ . Anstinvllle.......................................................... Metaline........... ................................................... Big Bug............................................................... . Upper San MlguisL........................................... Verde (Jerome)......... ....................................... Park City region............................................... . California (Leadrille)................ ...................... Kentucky-Southern Illinois.......................-- Tintic.................................................................... Pima (Sierritas, Papago, Twin Buttes)____ Coso........ .............................. ..................... Old Hat (Oracle)_______ _____--............... . Harshaw.._____________ ____ _____________ Ten Mile.............................................................. Pioneer (Superior)............................................ . Chelan Lake........... ........................................ MSmagedltaeler n(Laewis...a.n.d..C..la..r.k..C..o..u.n..ty..)..............--... Eureka (Bagdad)...................... ....................... Pioneer (Rioo).................................................. Northport............................................. ............. Warm Springs.................................................... Rush Valley and Smelter (Tooele County) Cochise.................................. ............................. Tomichi......... ................................................... Animas..........._....___......._____ .... Aravaipa................... .......................................... State 1941-45 (average) 1946 Idaho............ .............................. .............................. Kansas, Southwestern Missouri, Oklahoma___ Montana................................ .................................... New Jersey................................................................ New York.................................................................. Tennessee................................................................... New Mexico............................................................... Northern Illinois, Iowa,1 Wisconsin.......... ......... Arizona........ ........................ ............ ......................... Colorado................................................. ................... Nevada.......................................... ............................ Utah............................................................................ Virginia.............................. ...................................... Washington................................................................ Arizona................................................................ ....... Colorado..................................................................... Utah....................................... .................................... Colorado..................................................................... Kentucky, Southern Illinois................................. Utah............................................................................ Arizona.......................................... ............................ California.__................. .... ... . Arizona.--................................................... ............. Colorado....................... ............................................. Washington............................................................... Montana.......... .......................................................... New Mexico............................................................... Arizona........ .............................................................. Colorado..................................................................... Washington................................................................ Idaho........................................................................ Utah............................................................................ Arizona....................................................................... Colorado..................................................................... Arizona....................................................................... 77,905 205,366 18,300 88,473 38,154 39,312 42,026 14,236 6,142 19,782 13,979 20,071 18,020 10,829 3,236 778 11,536 4,861 6,456 2,243 2,051 364 2,060 3,094 1;062. 3,648 1,085 17,193 3,715 275 3,580 910 5. 266 6,835 326 255 611 135 67,429 139,038 7,108 64,454 32,515 24,614 32,279 18,344 22,374 16,437 15,764 7,593 16,90S 7,685 5,234 1,963 8,876 5,996 5,044 3i 710 3,948 854 4,235 1,128 . 2,490. 1,730 4,995 3,474 325 3,435 1,790 2,161 6.365 2,877 440 1, 590 152 1947 79, 251 109,338 40,712 76,871 34,116 31,212 38,155 17,077 32,546 17,375 14,362 20, 446 16,788 9,754 4,991 2,067 10,956 4; 809 5,728 3,969 4.727 603 3,427 2,006 4,587 1,000 748 5,013 257 3, 433 2,788 2,791 5, 642 3.143 1,684 1,310 20 1948 83,801 84,839 52,625 76,332 34,566 29,524 35,140 14.061 27,669 16,355 18,612 22,077 15,882 5,985 5,832 3,486 10,320 5, 726 7,422 3,680 5, 758 4,497 3,796 2,875 10,338 3, 289 3,417 4.856 2,321 3,180 3,271 1,545 3. 552 2, 875 1,983 748 1,098 1949 1950 74,370 78,628 47,982 50,984 37,973 29,788 26,376 17,846 35,393 17,450 18,651 22,311 13,166 6,496 8, 798 6,004 4,350 8,359 6,455 6,541 6,082 7,177 4,062 5,195 2,947 9, 716 *2,724 1.463 2,263 2,304 1,354 1,412 1,635 2,188 1, 760 1. 456 1,029 783 86,103 80,558 63,511 55.029 38,321 35,326 26,897 26,793 20,707 19,956 19,655 16,120 > 12,396 11,032 10,416 8.881 7,800 7,425 7,392 5,642 5,985 5,802 5,237 4,603 _4,193 2,595 * 2,430 2.358 1,677 1,478 1,365 1,304 1, 236 1,219 1,025 963 961 921 Beddleston........................ Sneffels...................................... ............ Breckenridge ___ *' Ophir............................. "111111111........ Campo Seoo.......................................... Eureka (Lone Mountain). " Pinos Altos.......................II--.IIIII........ Cow Creek *____________ __ Plat Creek........................ II-.IIIIIIII Smelter (Cascade County).'...IIIIIIIIII Montana........ Colorado____ ........do.... ........ Utah............... California___ Nevada_____ New Mexioo.. California___ ------ do_______ Montana........ Includes very small quantity produced elsewhere In State. No production In Iowa since 1917. Indndes Peshastln Creek and Wenatchee River districts. TMiPiiSL.'.*"eM to avoid disclosure oflndlvidual compeny operations. This district is not listed in order of 1950 output. 3v 1,235 258 124 569 289 36 695 1.516 (0 1,110 294 3,301 3, 705 81 1,926 I, 482*1 0) M s' 1,279^ 987 2,350 897 724 1, 707 1,437 815 171 786 19 1, 056 M 2,026 1,004 363 103 243 892 321 144 0) cs QZ bO 00 1288 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1950 SMELTER PRODUCTION During 1950, 18 primary zinc-reduction plants were in operation; 9 operated with horizontal retorts exclusively, 4 with vertical retorts exclusively (1 electrothermic), and 5 with electrolytic methods. Horizontal-Retort Plants.--The total number of retorts reported at horizontal-retort primary plants in 1950 was 54,624, a 2-percent reduction from the 55,584 retorts on December 31, 1949, at plants that operated during that year. Of the total retorts reported, 52,484 (96 percent) were in use at the close of 1950 compared with 51*652 (93 percent) in operation at the end of 1949. Vertical-Retort Plants.--Four vertical retort continuous distilling plants operated during 1950. The total number of vertical retorts increased from 79 on December 31, 1949, to 88 at tho end of 1950. At the close of the year 82 vertical retorts were in operation. Eleotrolytio Plants.--Five electrolytic zinc reduction plants were in operation during 1950. There was a total of 3,360 cells at the plants on Dccomber 31, 1950, of which 3,322 (99 percent) were in operation. The number of cells at the end of 1949 was 3,370, of, which 3,235 (96 percent) were operating. ., Smelting Capacity.--Irrespective of additions or subtractions oi smelter recovery units, statistics on domestic smelting capacity vary from year to year, owing to changes in metallurgical practices among the various plants. According to reports to tne Bureau of Mines, the zinc'reduction plants in the United States on December 31, 1950, had a stated annual capacity of 1,044,000 tons of slab zinc under normal operating conditions, allowing lor necessary shut-downs for repairs. This figure, which compares with a 1,035,000-ton reported capacity at the end of 1949, indicates that 1950 output was 87 percent of capacity. Horizontal- and vertical-retort plants operated at 86 percent of a stated 619,000-ton capacity (82 percent of a 621,000-ton capacity in 1949), electrolytic plants at 93 percent of a 369,000-ton capacity (90 percent of 362,500-ton capacity in 1949), and secondary smelters at 69 percent of a 56,000-ton capacity (62 percent of a 52,000-ton capacity in 1949). . , , ... , , . Waelz Kilns.--The following companies operated Waelz kilns m 1950: Arkansas*. Fort Smith--The Residue Co. Illinois*. _ Danville--The Hegeler Zinc Co. Fairmont City--American Zinc Co. of Illinois. La Salle--Matthiessen & Hegeler Zinc Co. Kansas*. Cherryvalo-- National Zinc Co Inc. Oklahoma: Henryetta--Eagle-Pichcr Mining & Smelting Co. Pennsylvania: Donora--American Steel <fc Wire Co. Palmerton--New Jersey Zinc Co. Slag-Fuming Plants.--The following companies operated slag-fum ing plants in 1950 and produced impure zinc oxide, which was lurther treated to recover slab zinc: Idaho: Bradley--Bunker Hill & Sullivan Mining & Concentrating Co. Montana: East Helena--Anaconda Copper Mining Co. Texas: El Paso--American Smelting & Refining Co. Utah*. Tooele--International Smelting & Refining Co. ZINC During 1950 these four plants treated 652 slag, which yielded 102,826 tons of oxide tons of recoverable zinc. Corresponding figu plants in 1949 were 613,615, 98,263, ana 65, Active Zinc-Reduction Plants.--Moderniz existing zinc smelters and the adoption of niques were important features of tho zinc last of the old horizontal retorts with which Palmerton, Pa., smelter wa3 originally equipp At the end of September the company pu vertical retorts, bringing the total to 43. retorts, which are equipped with splosh co have resulted in improved zinc recovery a per retort. Tests to establish the advantage of mecha at horizontal retort smelters continued at th Refining Co. plant in Amarillo, Tex. A mech was used during the year on all but two bloc As a result of tests on sintering raw conce Okla., smelter, the American Metal Co. began plant with one la:go machine 168 feet long machine, the largest ever constructed, will tons of raw concentrate per day and is exp operating cost, greater elimination of cadmiu and desirable sinter than have heretofore bee ard-size sintering machines. A list of zinc-reduction plants operating in t follows: Primary zino distillers Horizontal-retort plants Arkansas: Fort Smith--Athletic Mining & Smelting Illinois: Fairmont City--American Zinc Co. of Illinois. La Salle--Matthiessen & Hegeler Zinc Co. Oklahoma: Bartlesville--National Zinc Co., Inc. Blackwell--Blackwell Zinc Co. Henryetta--Eagle-Picher Mining & Smelting Co Pennsylvania: Donora--American Steel & Wire Co. Texas: Amarillo--American Smelting <fc Refining Co. Dumas--American Zinc Co. of Illinois. Vertical-retort plants Illinois: Depue--The New Jersey Zinc Co. Pennsylvania: Josephtown--St. Joseph Lead Co. .- Palmerton The New Jersey Zinc Co. of Pennsy West Virginia: Meadowbrook--E. I. du Pont de Nem Electrolytic plants Idaho: Kellogg--Sullivan Mining Co. Illinois: Monsanto--American Zinc Co. of Illinois. Montana: Anaconda--Anaconda Copper Mining Co. Great Falls--Anaconda Copper Mining Co. Texas: Corpus Christ!--American Smelting * Refinin 232204--03------ 82 1290 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1950 Secondary zinc distillers Alabama: Fairfield--W. J. Bullock, Inc. California: Los Angeles--American Smelting & Refining Co., Federated Metals Division. Torrance--Pacific Smelting Co. Illinois: Beckemeyer--American Smelting & Refining Co., Federated Metals Division. Hillsboro--American Zinc, Lead A Smelting Co. Sandoval--Sandoval Zinc Co. _ New Jersey: Trenton--American Smelting & Refining Co., Federated Metals Division. New York: Tottenville--Nassau Smelting & Refining Co. Oklahoma: Sand Springs--American Smelting & Refining Co., Federated Metals Division. Pennsylvania: Bristol--Superior Zinc Corp. Philadelphia--General Smelting Co. West Virginia: Wheeling--Wheeling Steel Corp. SLAB ZINC The output of primary slab zinc in 1950 advanced 4 percent over 1949 production. Output from domestic concentrates fell 1 percent. Production from foreign concentrates, however, rose 14 percent. Production of redistilled slab zinc rose 22 percent from 1949 and was the highest on record. Of the 66,970 tons of redistilled secondary slab zinc produced in 1950, 28,411 tons (42 percent) were derived from primary smelters, and 38,559 tons (58 percent) were produced at secondary plants. Data on output of remelted secondary slab zinc are not included with those for redistilled metal. In 1950 the production of slab zinc recovered by remclting purchased scrap was 7,243 tons (6,045 tons in 1949). Zinc rolling mills and other substantial consumers of slab zinc recovered large quantities of zinc from their own plant scrap; but such metal is not measurod statistically, for it seldom enters the market as scrap. In addition to redistilled and remelted unalloyed secondary zinc, a large quantity of secondary zinc is recovered each yoar in tho form of alloys, zinc dust, zinc pigments, and zinc salts. Additional infor mation on secondary zinc is given in the Secondary Metals--Nonferrous chapter of this volume. TABLE 8.--Primary and redistilled secondary slab zinc produced in the United States, 1841-45 (average) and 1946-60, in short tons Year Primary _ From domestic ores From foreign ores Total Total (ex Redistilled secondary cludes zinc recovered by romolt- log) 1947 ...................................................................... 1948........................................................................ I960........................................................................ 683,609 469, 206 610,068 637, 906 691,464 688.201 ' 274,344 269,057 202, 437 249,798 223,328 1 266, 170 868,013 728, 202 803, 496 787,764 814, 782 843, 407 61,838 44, 616 69, 642 62,320 66,041 06,070 900, 851 772, 778 862,037 850,084 800,823 010, 437 * Includes a small tonnage of forolgn slab tine furthor rofloed Into blgh-grado metal In tho Unltod fltatos. ZINC Labor strikes continued in 1950 to hamp zinc, but not to the extent of 1948 and 1949. retort smelter at Palmerton, Pa., which s 19^9, was not settled until January 26, 195 smelter at Henryetta, Olda., was strike-boun October 7. The coal shortage during the e resulted in a reduction in availability of elec production at the Joscphtown, Pa., smelter i March. Of the 1950 output of primary zinc, 59 41 percent produced electrolytically. Production of Special High Grade, Selec rose 18, 57, and 6 percent, respectively, in 1 High Grade and Brass Special declined 7 and Production of Intermediate Grade and un 1950 output (comparable 1949 figures in (40 percent) was Prime Western, 30 perc High Grade, 21 percent (24 percent) Regula (6 percent) Brass Special, 2 percent (3 percen than one-half ?f 1 percent Selected. TABLE 7.--Distilled and electrolytic zinc, primary an United States, 1941-45 (average) and 194 CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO METHOD Year Electro lytic pri mary DlstlJlod 1941-46 (average)................................................ 1946........................................................................ 1947......................................................................... 1948......................................................................... 1049........................................................................ 1060......................................................................... 278,903 281,295 295,620 3121477 326,162 842,086 570,110 446,967 606,976 475,287 488.630 601,382 CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO Year Grade A Special Regular High Grade High Grade (99.09% Zn) (Ordinary) Grade B (Interme diate) Grades Brass Special 1941-46 (aver age)................. 1940..................... 1947..................... 1948..................... 1940..................... 1960..................... 239,814 236,184 239, 274 248, 346 230, 576 271,678 234, 986 180,366 190,429 196, 482 206, 651 102,076 64,012 32,294 36,812 38,892 21, 613 21, 671 74, 472 76,290 61,104 46,946 56,388 46,730 1 For total production of secondary xlnc see chapter on Secondary Montana continued to be the leading pr zinc in 1950; Pennsylvania and Oklahoma w places, respectively. Of the States for whi may be shown separately, Illinois, Idaho, an next three positions. As usual, in Montana 1292 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1950 produced by electrolytic methods only. In Illinois and Texas 1><' electrolytic and distilled zinc metal were recovered, whereas v' other States zinc was recovered by distillation alone. TABLE 8.--Primary slab zinc produced in the United States, by States wh/ , ' smelted, 1941-46 (average) and 1948-60, in short tons Year Arkan sas Idaho Illinois Mon tana Okla homa Penn- ylvanla Toxas and Wost Vir ginia * T otal Short Cons Value 1941-46 (average).. 36,428 1940.......................... 18,720 1947.......................... 17,168 1948.......................... 16,680 1949.......................... >17,110 1960........................... 20,088 38.000 34,832 41,801 <2,004 41,864 63,922 169,804 104,002 113,192 93,229 80,823 108,301 202, 224 180, 062 197.463 207,717 210,678 216,104 98, 700 104,126 128, 398 137,844 167,650 145,117 216, 780 J 78.811 193.624 171,270 150,920 102,539 100,945 101,110 110,909 120,048 137,841 130,790 868,013 $144,317,898 728,262 129, 630,630 802, 406 171,894,429 787, 764 209,800,330 814,782 202,391,849 843,467 240,050, 708 1 Include Missouri, 1943--44 and 1947-60. * Corrected figure. BYPRODUCT SULFURIC ACID Sulfuric acid made from sulfur dioxide gases produced in roasting zinc blende (sphalerite) is an important byproduct of zinc smelting. To utilize a larger proportion of their acid-producing capacity, some plants also consumed largo quantities of native sulfur. Combined production of sulfuric acid from both sources (see tablo 9) increased 40 percent in 1950. TABLE 9.--Sulfuric acid (basis, 100 percent) made at zinc-blende roasting plants in the United States, 1946-50 Year Mode from tlncblende * Short tons Value * Made from native sulfur Short tons Value > Short tons Total > Value > Total Averago per ton 1947......................... 1948......................... 1949......................... 644,629 698. 703 629, 478 476,932 009,671 $6.842.641 8,001.206 7,478,271 7,276,481 8,829,236 100,880 200,104 233.099 130,692 243,743 )2,021,000 3,650,281 3,202,261 1,992,423 3, 530,464 705,415 864,807 702, 577 007,624 853,314 $8.804,237 11,557,480 10, 770, 532 9, 268, 904 12, 359, 700 $9. 76 10. 38 10. 97 11.85 11.25 Includes acid from foreign blende. * At average of sales of 60 O. acid. ZINC DUST Production of zinc dust in 1950 totaled 28,922 tons, a 27-percent increase over 1949 output. Zinc powder and blue powder are not included in the Bureau of Mines production totals; Lhe zinc dust statistically reported is restricted to commercial grades that comply with close specifications as to percentage of unoxidized metal, even ness of grading, and fineness of particles. The zinc content of the dust produced in 1950 ranged from 92.86 to 99.72 percent and aver aged 97.87 percent. Shipments of zinc dust, which totaled 26,518 tons--441 tons of which went to foreign countries were slightly ZINC lower than production. The quantity consu plants (9 percent of output) was greater than production and shipments, with the result decreased from 1,310 tons at the beginning to the* year. The average price of zinc dust shipped to 1950 was 16.6 cents a pound compared with 1 raw materials used to manufacture zinc dust ondary Metals--Nonferrous chapter of this production is from zinc scrap (principally g some is recovered from zinc ore, slab zinc, and refining. TABLE 10.--Zinc dust1 produced in the United Sta 1948-60 Year Short tons Value Total Average per pound Year 1941-45 (average)___ 26,122 $6, 063,202 1946............................... 28,674 0,067,688 1947............................... 30,602 7,589,296 30.101 .106 .124 1948................... 1 AH produced by distillation. * Revised Ggure. ZINC PIGMENTS AND SAL lhe principal zinc pigments are zinc oxide principal salts are the chloride and sulfate. Th factured from various zinc-bearing materials scrap, and residues. Details of the productio salts are giveri in the Lead and Zinc Pigments of this volume. CONSUMPTION AND US According to reports from 588 plants, 967 were put into process in 1950, a 36-percent level and the largest quantity on record. R plants in 1950 _wera 946,091 tons. Compar figure of slab zinc available to consumers an consumption-since 1943 indicates that cove survey was approximately 96 percent. Galvanizing continued to be the largest fie the quantity so consumed during the year wa previous annual record established in 1948. Z die castings, continued to be the second-larg zinc, establishing a new high 23 percent over sumption of slab zinc for the manufacture of percent over 1949 to the highest point since 19 the average of the immediate pre-World Wa level of slab zinc consumption in brass in the po table to the abnormal flow of brass scrap to th 1294 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1950 TABLE 11.--Consumption of slab zinc in the United States, 1946-50, by industries, in short tons 1 Industry and product 1016 1947 1018 1940 1950 Galvanising: * Wire and wire rope..................................... Fittings......................................................... Other.............................................................. Total galvanltlng.................................... Brass products: Sheet, strip, and plate............................... Castings and billets.................... -............. Copper-base ingots..................................... Other copper-base products.................... Total brass products.............................. Zlnc-basa alloy: Die costings.................................................. Alloy dios and rod...................................... Slush and sand castings............................ Total zinc-base slloy.............................. Boiled zinc........................................................... Zinc oxide............................................................. Other uses: Wet batteries................................................ Desilverizing lead...................................... Lleht-roetal alloys...................................... Total other uses...................................... Total consumption *..........-.................. 113, 816 43,007 02,400 10, 593 80, 223 310,769 00,126 63,387 19,173 4,776 4,379 1,202 149,102 200,237 6, 313 601 212,211 92,397 19,170 1,635 1,781 645 4,042 8,003 801,342 116,147 49, 726 77,238 10,467 108, 740 3G1.327 120,360 40, 900 81,874 14,037 104, 792 . 370,900 140, 923 30,231 78,030 11,487 75, 209 350, 880 60,212 34,653 16,488 3,165 7,299 1,540 112,347 51,813 32,070 16,800 4,228 3,646 1,687 109,140 43,157 23,651 12,816 2,620 2,701 689 85,534 210,214 3,802 463 214,460 70,680 18, 376 230,905 .3,171 402 234,628 70,672 15,657 100,005 2,024 492 202,181 55,200 10,292 1,462 2,687 007 4,405 9,101 786,300 1,368 2,654 1,125 6,622 10, 009 817, 735 1,350 2,448 1,060 2,887 7,764 711,841 188,406 01,877 15, 048 98.138 441,086 08, 737 43,413 1 /, Stib 4,170 4,081 1,587 139,373 285,022' 2, 020 1,570 289,527 68,444 18,187 1,527 2,947 1,356 4,087 0,017 907,134 i Excludes sonao small consumers. . i Includes tine used In elcctrogalRnlilng and electroplating, but oxcludes shorardlslng Includes lino usod in malting tine dust, bronte powder, alloys, chemicals, castings, and miscellaneous '"ItodudS3.9lTto"t'ol ?enmeit tine In 1946,3,677 tons In 1947,3,141 tons In 1948,2,394 tons In 1949, and 3,036 tons in 1060. The quantity of slab zinc consumed for rolled products in 1950 increased 24 percent from the 1949 figure. In addition to slab zinc, the rolling nulls remelt and reroll the metallic scrap produced from their fabricating operations. The scrap so treated in 1950 amounted to 13,841 tons, an increase of 54 percent above the 8,977 tons processed in 1949. Purchased zinc scrap, in the form of zinc clippings, old zinc scrap, and engravers' plates, totaling 4,516 tons was melted and rolled in 1950 (3,802 tons in 1949). Production of rolled zinc from both slab zinc and purchased scrap was 70,075 tons, an increase of 21 percent over the 1949 total. Inventories of rolled zinc were 1 420 tons on December 31, 1950, compared with 2,076 tons (revised figure) on the samo date in 1949. In addition to the actual shipments of 56,253 tons of rolled zinc in 1950, the rolling mills processed 28,127 tons of rolled zinc (including that which was remelted and rerolled) in manufacturing 14,568 tons of semifabricated and finished products. zin c TABLE 12.--Rolled zinc produced and quantity ava United States, 1849-60 1949 Short tons Value Total Ave p po Production: Sheet zJd c not over 0.1 Inch fchlrJr Boiler plate and sheets over 0.1 ineb thick....................................... Strip and ribbon zinc 34,710 757 41,354 1,106 $5, 042, 609 257,855 13, 691,412 552,546 Imports................................... Exports.................... . . Available for consumption._____ Value of slob zino (all grades)___ Value added bv rolling___ 57, 987 32 6,147 *53, 919 20, 144,422 8,144 2,858,560 8 ^,nr1fgnUri^nre,?reseDt induction. In addition 8,977 tons of stri roHfnguiNh? Were rer0 e" *r0In 8craP originating In fabricating pla a Rovlsed figure. Table 13 shows the six commercial grades purchased remelt spelter consumed by the va Of the 967,134 tons offdomestic and foreign zin was Prime Western, 34 percent Special High Regular High Grade, compared with 45, 33, toyely, m 1949. All grades of zinc were used Western was the principal grade used in th higher grades being used chiefly for electroga fications in brass manufacture necessitate metal, 76 percent of the total used in this ind highest grades. TABLE 13.--Consumption of slab zino in the United S industry, in short tons 1 Industry Special High Grade Regular High Grade Inter* mediate Brass Specia OalvsnJcers................ .. ....... Brass products......................... Zinc-base allov.............. . ... . Boiled zJnc..................... .. . . ZinooxJde........................... . Other......................................... . . . Total............................................ 14,892 17,549 24,040 81,667 278.824 10,375 7,087 '21,688 1,632 2,987 1,549 2,108 9,842 2,369 05 19,583 1,243 8,476 10,754 19,059 650 212 328,024 130,274 33,102 36,150 * Excludes some small consumers. For other qualifications, see footn CONSUMPTION OF SLAB ZINC BY GEOG The geography of slab zinc consumption only since 1940. During the 11-year period th 7460*1648 KMtd on d!falJed sludy by Ransome, Alfred b7 Industr,es> Qiedos, and Geographic) Dl.Ulona, 1 1296 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1950 shifts are observable, largely tho result of conversion to war produc tion in 1940-41 and reconversion to peacetime consumption in 1945 46. The distribution of slab zinc consumption by geographic divi sions and States, both total and for individual uses, is shown in tables 14-20. Consumption of Slab Zinc for All Uses.--During the period 1940-50 Illinois ranked first among the 42 zinc-consuming States and the District of Columbia, with an annual average of 136,978 short tons. Since 1945 Ohio has been in second place. Connecticut, which aver aged second during the war period owing to the large quantities of zinc consumed in the brass plants of that State, has since dropped to fourth place. Since 1940 Pennsylvania has held either second or third placo. The greatest concentration of slab-zinc consumption is in the region comprising Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin. This area, which has consistently ranked first in zinc consumption since 1940, uses nearly half the total quantity of slab zinc consumed annually in the United States. The region of least consumption is the Mountain States, including Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah, which have accounted for less than 0.3 percent of the total. TABLE 14.--Consumption of slab zinc in the United States, 1943-47 (average) and 1948-60, by geographic divisions and States 1 Oeographic division and State 1949-47 (average) 1948 1949 1950 Sbort tons Rank Short tons Rank Short tons Rank Short tons Rant I. Now England: 104,652 13,907 724 246 Rhode Island.......................................... 174 119,602 4 57,001 14 10,476 25 78 30 o 32 c) 3 07,801 II. Middle Atlantic: 22,604 44,830 Pennsylvania......................................... 117,295 III. South Atlantic: 184,795 125 Weal Virginia.......................................... 1,607 24, 724 139 601 21,104 Total....................................................... 48. 554 IV. Eaat North Central: 137,272 04.058 Michigan.................................................. 44. 328 119,337 1 Wisconsin................................................. | 27,504 1 Total..................................................... 303.180 1 11 20,944 6 47, 202 3 130,912 2 -- -1-9--9-,-1--1-8-- 35 20 2, 738 0 24, 906 34 27 (<l)( 12 23,781 4 61,939 1 152,050 5 61,350 7 41,887 2 132,044 8 11,988 1 399,325 For footnotes, see end of tabic. 6 40.948 16 7,454 31 67 35 c) 29 c; 3 48,050 6 70,116 16 9,607 31 97 34 m 30 ( ) 4 80,014 12 19,084 6 39,619 3 106,308 12 23, 231 0 66,070 3 139,400 2 164,011 2 217,701 _ -- 1 !-= ,. 1 ..... 33 21 19 1,703 9 20,'525 32 28 267 10 25,004 32 c) 20 2,164 9 30. 649 () 27 207 11 20, 730 4 54,210 3 68,825 1 131,619 4 52,837 7 32, 206 2 123.903 14 9,162 1 349.776 1 183,957 07, 449 7 67,017 2 152.008 T5 Id, ib'Z 1 474,183 4 10 31 30 28 3 12 7 3 2 34 21 10 32 30 11 4 1 5. 0 2 1 ZINC TABLE 14.--Consumption of slab zinc in the U and 1948-60, by geographic divisions a Geographic division and State 1943-47 (average) Short tons Rank S t V. East South Central: Alabama............... Kentucky............. Tcnnesseo............ Total................... VI, West North Central: Jowa....................... Kansas.................. Minnesota............. Missouri-.............. Nebraska............... Total............... .. VII. Wost South Control: Louisiana________ Oklahoma............ . Texas...................... Total................... VIII. Mountain: Arizona.................. Colorado................ Idaho...................... Novada................... Utah........................ Total................... IX. Pacific: California............... Oregon..................... Washington............ Total.................... Grand total ___ . 16.708 . 0,350 - 1,013 - 24,071 13 22 10 9 24 1 6 32 - 0,331 - 01 - 2,701 - 13,578 1,116 17 7 30 18 4 16 17, 23 1 23,817 -- --~ 7 30 --- 292 038 2,334 29 < 26 ( 19 1 3,204 8 2, --.... -- ~' 19 1,429 197 64 38 39 21 1, 31 w 37 38 c 1,737 9 2, " 24, 247 665 1,300 10 26, 28 22 26,118 6 28, 826,147 El 4,6 1 Excludes remolt zinc and some small consumers of slab tine. ' Nominal quantity consumed Included with subtotal for divisi Consumption of Slab Zinc for Galvaniz industry is the largest consumer of slab zin nizing or rustproofing sheets, wire, tube polo-line hardware, railway-signal equipm and a multitude of other itoms. The p producing States are thus also the princi galvanizing. From 1940 through 1943, P among tho 34 States that consumed zinc f Ohio displaced Pennsylvania and retained succeeding years through 1950. The grea consumption for galvanizing is the region co Ohio, and Pennsylvania, which accounte average annual domestic consumption for th 45. In 1946 total zinc used for galvanizing percent but declined to 63 percent in 1947 1949, and 59 pcrcont in 1950. 1298 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1950 TABLE 15.--Consumption of slab zinc for galvanizing in the United States, 1943-47 (average) and 1948-50, by States 1 State Geo graphic atvision 1043-47 (average) 1048 1949 1950 Short tons Rack Short tons Rank 8hort tons Rank Short tons Rank Alabama................................ California.............................. Colorado................................ Connecticut......................... Florida................................... Illinois.......................... .-- Indiana.................................. Iowa.................... ................. Kentucky.............................. Louisiana.............................. Maine..................................... Maryland............................... Massachusetts...................... Michigan............................... Minnesota............................. Missouri................................. Nebraska........................... ~ New Hampshire................. New Jersey........................... New York............................ Ohio........................................ Oklahoma............................. Oregon................................... Pennsylvania....................... Rhode Island....................... South Carolina.................... Tennessee............................. Texas...-............................... Utah................................... . Virginia........................... Washington........................... West Virginia....................... Wisconsin.......... .................. Total. V IX VIII I III III IV IV VI V VII I III I IV VI VI VI I II II IV VII IX III III V VII VIII III IX III IV 10, M0 13,634 1,381 3,604 1,662 33, 767 22,644 163 0,320 283 682 17,688 6,889 4,306 2,097 3,710 202 6,414 6,629 71,816 623 656 67,344 162 811 1,384 1,126 19,613 2,613 314,947 7 (*) 8 16,046 20 () 16 3, 762 18 ("*> 3 47, GOO 4 20,458 30 (*) 11 '> 27 () 23 () 6 24,422 9 6,005 13 3,613 10 4,002 H 4,483 28 m 10 6.104 12 6,906 1 82,622 24 (*) 26 <) 2 73,806 20 n\ w 22 10 v(t)) (0 21 > 5 () 17 2,660 >308.790 7 25,918 8 13,493 19 (>) 16 1,843 17 (>).- 3 43,430 4 26,113 31 <9 9 S' 28 29 V (>) 6 20,106 10 4,188 16 2,698 14 <') 13 3, 472 27 C) 12 4,608 11 4,382 1 78,663 21 24 w 2 07,230 26 C) 30 22 ( > 20 ') (*) 26 23 (') 6 W. 18 1,800 < 348,983 6 30,620 8 21,208 20 c) 16 3,003 18 0) 3 65,270 0 36,376 30 80 0 0) 20 722 29 < ) 4 36,130 12 6, 400 16 4,446 14 4.250 13 4,087 27 m 10 4, 646 11 6,031 1 88, 620 21 1,201 25 229 2 79,344 28 w (i) 23 (>> 19 3, 251 24 186 22 1,041 7 29,187 17 2,506 * 439,308 4 8 19 17 20 3 0 30 9 24 29 6 n 13 14 15 27 12 10 1 21 26 2 26 31 22 16 28 23 7 18 i Excludes remelt sine. Includes sine used In elcctrogalvanizing and electroplating but excludes sberar* 'Quonttty withhold to avoid disclosure of individual company operations, i Includes States not Individually shown (footnote reference 2). Consumption of Slab Zinc for Brass Products.--From 1940 through 1950 Connecticut lias ranked first among the States consuming slab zinc for brass products; but, owing to the wartime demand for brass and the construction of new plant facilities, there has been some change in the rank of the other leading States. In 1940 Michigan was in second place, followed by Now York, Illinois, Ohio, and Penn sylvania among the top six, whereas in 1950 Illinois ranked second, with Michigan in third place, followed by Ohio, New York, and Wisconsin. ZINC TABLE 18--Consumption of slab zinc for br J Excludes remelt zinc. compa Consumption of Slab Zinc for Zinc-Bas industry is the largest user nf vino u! n parts and assemblies such as fuel nnmn al windshield wipers, and a "do iarntyo hardware. Thus the reo-inn - Ohio, and Wisconsin in8which Umaufnm 1300 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1950 TABLE 17.--Consumption of slab zinc for zinc-base alloys in the United States, 1943-47 (average) and 1948-60, by States 1 Alabama........... . California......... . Connecticut..., Florida.............. Illinois............... Indiana............. Kansas.............. Malno................. Maryland.......... Massachusetts.. Michigan........... Missouri............ New Jersey___ New York........ Ohio................... Oklahoma........ Pennsylvania.. Texas.............. Virginia............ Washington___ Wisconsin......... Total Geo graphic division 19-13-17 (aver age) Short tons Rank 10f8 Short tons Ronk 1010 Short tons Rank 1051) Short tons Rank V IinXI 8,139 3,4231 IV 35, 424 mIVVII 0,12270 1fiH3 23 VIIV 14,853 0.284 uii 4,336 10,973 iv 24,251 VII 10 ii 14,097 VII 828 hi 2 IX 8 IV ,, 2,096 cl 10, 775 8 12,901 14,717 <') 10 3,466 10 6, 635 64,602 14,958 I 48,772 6 13,082 1 75, 739 6 16,677 13 7 10 6 (*) 12,724 8, 206 28, 312 42,092 4 0) 7 (> 0 9,324 3 23,220 2 30,292 (>) 4 37, 302 9 11.944 8 12,694 3 33.356 2 52,051 26, 429 5 IK, 04)1 5 26,000 (*) 12 <') 12 ( ) oi 13 p) 13 c) ( ) 11 <>) 11 <>) 289,611 3 9 8 4 2 13 16 ! Quantity wUbbeuTto ovoid disclosure of Individual company operations. i Includes States not Individually shown (footnote reference 2). Consumption of Slab Zinc for Rolled Zinc.--During the period 1940-50, although the quantity of slab zinc consumed for rolled zinc i changed widely, the geographic pattern of consumption and rank of the consuming States varied little. Illinois and Indiana ranked runt and second, respectively, and accounted for the greater part of slab zinc consumed for rolling in tho United States. Pennsylvania held third place through 1946 but was displaced in 1947 and 1948 by Iowa, which moved up from fourth position. In 1949 New York ranked- third, but in I960, it was displaced by Pennsylvania, which moved up . to third place again. ^ f omDii Consumption of Slab Zinc for Zinc Oxide.--Because of tho small , number of companies consuming slab zinc in the manufacture of zinc, TABLE 18.--Consumption of slab zinc for rolled zinc in the United States, 1943-4(T. (average) end 1948-60, by States Connecticut.............. Illinois....... ................ Indiana............-......... lows....................... Massachusetts........... New York................. Pennsylvania............ West Virginia............ Total;.. Geo graphic division 1043-47 (aver age) 1948 Short tons Rank, Bhort tons Rank 1010 1950 Short tons Rank ,, Short tons Rank I I.G30 IV .36,010 IV 19,002 lVI 6,177 1,444 II 3,161 II 7,072 h i 1,622 77,128 (') 305,)904 a 76, 672 (0 20, 638 (') 65,200 0) 35,134 68,444 Quantity withheld to avoid disclosure of Individual company operations. ZINC Se?d be?kT? ^dividual company m m inP.SSlble t0 ?how specific quant table 19, however, gives tho relative ran lor each year. TABLE 19.--Consumption of slab zinc for zino (average) and 1948-60 State Illinois.............. Indiana........... . Pennsylvania.. Total. Geo graphic division 1043-47 (aver age) Short tons Ranki Sho ton IV 1,926 IV 1, 151 II 14,124 17,200 8 1 Quantity withheld to avoid disclosure of Individual comp Consumption of Slab Zinc for Other States oi the quantity of zinc consumed castings, wet batteries, desilverizing lea than zinc-base alloys) zinc dust, sun powder is shown in table 20. TABLE 20. Consumption of slab zinc for other (average) and 1948-60, 8 to to Geo graphic division 1913-47 (aver age ) Short tons Ran] 1 Short tons Alabama............. . Arizona................. California............. Colorado............... Connecticut........ Idaho.................... Illinois................... Indiana................. Iowa...................... Kansas.................. Kentucky............ Louisiana............. Maine.................... Massachusetts... Michigan.............. Minnesota............ Missouri................ Nebraska.............. Nevada................. New Hampshire.. New Jersey........... New York............. Ohio........................ Pennsylvania........ Tennessee.............. Texas...................... Utah....................... Virginia.................. Washington............ Wost Virginia........ Wisconsin............... Total V V VIII IX VIII I VIII IV IV VI VI V VII II V IV VI VI VI VIIII IIII IV II vvimniVr IX HI IV 10 20 620 6 10 22 268 10 197 12 90 14 259 9 40 P () <') 12 (>) 6 9 24 34 344 1 280 220 907 (') 64 10 2,011 278 719 2,181 202 107 3 G3 7 1.931 (*) 8271 8 8 20 j6 ............... 8, 039 .......... | 1)0,428 1 Excludes remolt zinc. 18,u?nj'ty "^hbeld to ToW disclosure of Individual company * Includes States not Individually shown (footnoto reference ai. 1302 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1050 STOCKS Producers' Stocks.--Inventories of slab zinc at producers' plants declined steadily throughout 1950. By tho year end they were re duced to 8,884 tons, tho lowest level for any year end sinco 1925. TABLE 21.--Stocks of zinc at zinc-reduction plants in the United States at end of year, 1948-60, in short tons 1940 175,513 760 170,209 1947 07.040 1,001 08. 047 1948 1949 19,179 1,009 20,848 - * 90,710 > 3,611 94,221 1950 7,920 964 8,884 1 Revised figure. Consumers' Stocks.--On December 31, 1950, consumers' stocks of slab zinc were 60,349 tons compared with 81,801 tons at the beginning of the year. At tho average monthly rate of consumption in 1950, consumers' stocks on hand were approximately 22 days' requirements. TABLE 22,--Consumers' stocks of slab zinc at plants at the beginning and end of 1950, by industries, in short tons Date Galvanizors Brass mUIs < Die cost ers * Zino rolling mills Oxido plants Others Total Dec. 31-- 1949............................................ 45,000 I960........................................... 34,191 10,307 8, 549 ' 18,833 13,051 9 5, 202 3,190. 803 1996 l81.801 390 978 * 00,349 i Includes brass mills, brass Ingot makers, and brass product producers. ' Includes producers of zinc-base die costings, zinc-alloy dies, and zinc-alloy rods. * Revised figure. * Stocks on Dec. 31,1049 and 1960, exclude 103 (revised figure) and 612 tons, respectively, of remelt spelter. ' PRICES The market price for Prime Western grade slab zinc at East St, Louis opened in 1950 at 9.87% cents per pound, then dropped to 9.75 cents on January 17. On March 14 the quotation advanced to 10.00 cents and thereafter continued to rise in %- and %-cent intervals until May 29, when it stood at 13.00 cents. On June 2 a midwestem producer raised its quotation to 14.50 cents; other sellers followed on June 5. On June 12 the price advanced to 15.00 cents and was unchanged until September 7. On that date the quotation was es tablished at 17.50 cents per pound, where it remained the rest of the year. On December 30, 1949, the British Ministry of Supply established the price of zinc at London at 87 10s. per long ton (equivalent to 10.93 cents per pound computed on the basis of equals $2.7975). This price continued until January 25, when it was reduced to 85 10s., (10.68 cents). Tho uninterrupted uptrend in prices that charac-' terized the remaining months of 1950 began on March 15. On that day the quotation was advanced to 87 10s. (10.93 cents). It was subsequently increased on March 28 to 89 10s. (11.18 cents), April 4 to 91 10s. (11.43 cents), April 20 to 95 10s. (11.93 cents), May 2 to 97 10s. (12.18 cents), May 5 to 99 10s. (12.43 cents), May 10 to ZINC TABLE 23 ~Price 0{ zi" concentra }P plim 1 ?lno concentrates: i rrice por short ton........ Average price common tfnoa't-- St. Louis (spot) i New York ......................... London ............................. Prl1z im'n 'e`i: Lead (New York) ....................... Copper (Now York)....................... Nonforrous metals ..................... All commodities i ..................... [Meta! Statistics, 1951. ' -dollars. -cents per pound. ....................... do___ ....................... do___ 1949-50 . m (Prmpt deWy 1949 Month 60-percent zino con centrates in the Jop lin region (dollars por ton) Motalilc zinc (coo per pound) St. Louis Londo January... February.. March......... April.......... May............ June............ July............ . August.___ September.. October....... November.. December.. Average for year. nn.oo 110.00 108.61 91.79 75.83 66.63 61.00 67.00 67.69 62.64 66.62 66.30 9 72.28 17.60 17.60 17.06 14.06 11.88 9.65 9.30 10.00 10.06 9.32 9.77 9.77 12.16 19 19 19 18 16. 14. 11. 11. 11. 10. 10. 10.7 14.4 and'l^)ner'alMM?rlft?.tlSltl<S' 1M1' P' 588' 8t- Lou,: Metal Statist Fedal R^e BEoafd3h American money baaed Represents average prloe realised on total shipments for year. TABLE 25, price received by producers cents per pound 1 Grade Grade A: Special High Grade ' Regular High Grade.'.'................................. Grade B: Intermediate ........................... Grades O and D: ........................................ Brass Special.......... Selectod....................... *..................................... Grade E: Prime Western .................................... Allgrados.............................. .......*.................... Prime Wostorn; spot quotation at'etl LouisV ' ; made "y 1 9 8 9 8 8 8 o 1304 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1950 103 10s. (12.93 cents), May 25 to 107 10s. (13.43 cents), and May 30 to 111 10s. (13.93 cents). On Juno 5 the price was raised to 123 10s. (15.44 cents per pound on the new basis of equals $2.80, estab lished on June 1). Further increases took place on June 16, with the new price at 127 10s. (15.94 cents), and September 8, when the price was placed at 147 10s. (18.44 cents). The final official London price, fixed on October 4, was 151 (18.88 cents). FOREIGN TRADE 3 Imports.--Total imports (general imports) of zinc in ores and concentrates in 1950 increased 13 percent over 1949. Of the 272,538 tons of contained zinc imported, 55 percent came frbm Mexico, 29 percent from Canada, 7 percent from Spain, and 6 percent from Peru. The remaining 3 percent was largely from the Union of South Africa, Australia, ana Bolivia. Slab-zinc imports totaled 155,974 tons, an increase of 23 percent over the quantity imported in 1949. Canada supplied 70 percent, Mexico 17 percent, Norway 5 percent, Bclgium-Luxcrnbourg 2 percent, and Italy 2 percent. The remaining 4 percent camo principally from the Netherlands, Germany and Peru. TABLE 26.--Zinc imported into the United States, in ores, blocks, pies, or slabs, by countries, 1948^50, in short tons 1 (U. 8. Department of Commerce] , Country 1948 1940 1950 Ores (zino content): Canad a-Newfoundl and-Labrador......................................................... "Kcui i 77. 495 4,515 65,124 11,288 6,018 1,002 142, 1.74 22.475 9,101 2,035 39 264,203 4.050 3,520 01,314 108 ' 144, 101 14,001 4,880 6.608 705 < 241,179 8 2.377 2,196 77,685 473 (>> 150, 412 17,314 17,738 3,794 641 272,638 Blocks, pigs, or slabs: Canode-Nowfoundland-Labrador......................................................... 75 1.145 77,660 4. G80 6,737 Netherlands................................................................................................. ..........2,240" Poland-Dantl,........................................................................................... ..............iio" 103 1,033 100. 708 ................. i* 14.101 ............. wo' 3.617 108,037 1,637 2,079 ..........20*293 2,005 7.939 1,205 368 655 4H6 204 Total blocks, pigs, or slabs................................................................ 93,232 120.025 166,974 Data are general Imports which comprlso zinc Imported for immcdInto consumption plii.s motcrblontor* log oountry under bona. * Ias s then 0.6 ton. Revised figure. * 1 * Figure! on Imports and exports oompllod by M. 13. l'rlce and IS. D, I'ogc, of the Bureau of Mines, from record* of tbe U. 8. Department of Commerce. ZINC TABLE 27.--Zinc imported for consumption in the - classes 1 IU, S. Department of Oommoro Year Ores (zino content) Blocks pigs, slabs Short tons Valuo Short tons Valuo Sbeots Old, sk Short tons Valuo Shor tons 1040.......... 106,885 $8,122,471 104.005 $10,481,904 1947.......... 194.822 12,105,163 72.063 14,822.407 1048.......... 133,814 11,737,624 62,496 24,911,454 1949........... 109,536 11.748,199 125,564 29,340,020 1960........... 237.081 23,743,502 155,304 38,741,797 (0 $10 4.08 l 457 5,10 120 32,871 10, 2 32 8. 144 3,73 211 92,802 2,83 Excludes Imports tor manufacture til bond and eiport, which are d by the U. 8. Department of Oommerco. * Includes dross and sklmmlnes as follows: 1045--2,801 tons, *1S1,9IB tons, 1873,099; 1949--2,608 tons, *336,283; 1950--1,229 tons, *186,748. 194W2 6M-1960^ll42 369Ut** ` n WWe lmport8d U follow,: 194 < Less than 0.6 ton. ' ' Exports.--The value of exports of zinc manufactured articles containing zinc of fore (excluding galvanized products, alloys, and $7,414,904 in 1950 compared with $23,159,25 to the itoms shown in tables 28 and 29, cons each year in brass, pigments, chemicals, and g Export data on zinc pigments and chemicals a Zinc Pigments and Zinc Salts chapter of this Exports of slab zinc in 1950 totaled 12,917 under the quantity exported in 1949. India percent of the total) and the United Kingdom the major importers. Table 29 contains de slab and sheet. TABLE 28.--Zinc ore and manufactures of zino expo 1946-60 (U, 8. Deportment of Commerce Year Zinc ore, concen trates, and dross (zinc content) Slabs, pigs, or blocks Short tons Value Short tons Valuo Sheets, plates, strips, or other forms, n. e. s, Short tons Value 1946.............. 1917.............. 1948.............. 1940.............. 1050.............. 89 1.404 3. 647 2,925 *1.140 $15,440 216,123 422,314 >477,718 >264,907 47,224 106,069 65,537 58.709 12,917 $8,222,940 22,817.004 16,852,819 18,690,507 3,967,056 13,846 10,893 7,344 7,466 4,810 $4, 408.328 4,234.300 3,200,410 3.490,100 2,327,150 1 Not separately classified before Jan. 1,1949: formerly Includod with ffiffectfvo Jan. I, 1949 "dross" fncludod with "scrap," 232204--53--------83 1306 MINElRAILS YEARBOOK, 195U TABLE 29.--Slab and sheet zinc exported from the United States, by destinations, 1947-60,1 in short tons (U. S. Department of Commerce] Destination Slabs, pigs, and blocks 1 Sheets, plates, strips, or other forms. n. e. s. 1947 1048 1049 I960 1947 1048 1640 1060 Country: 6,809 Cenada-Newfoundland-Labrodor. Chile................................................... 7,071 1,735 3 000 611 182 3,347 2.330 5,263 392 10, 748 903 64 2,609 1 200 2, 464 1,492 333 60, 280 Other countries.....................-......... 384 Total............................................... 100,609 213 6, 132 1,270 604 080 44 3 303 2,205 3,473 11,650 1 68 112 61 280 2 1,273 o 37, 209 48 05,637 1, 172 1,081 2, 280 10 425 30 40 110 2.794 112 4,840 4,293 12,008 2 19 319 131 4,028 3 1,432 22,811 167 68, 709 07 830 24 190 3 274 G41 4,688 105 224 349 4 il2 4,041 605 12,017 890 13 028 2, 670 201 431 143 91 720 19 763 140 7 7 628 398 36 339 370 241 119 210 03 05 1,030 10,898 Continent: 202 8,153 80,601 11,003 872 3.034 40,000 11,002 207 2. 700 42,904 12, G87 I 052 1,020 0.036 6,204 3.441 2.194 2,333 % 131 440 353 478 1 17 100 3, 684 162 106 134 103 0 648 242 137 668 74 42 243 8 38 22 60 100 640 7,344 4,374 1,032 677 1,200 94 1 0 10 85 2,058 00 12 214 71 3 0) 49 1,743 60 54 375 776 230 63 25 00 2 76 40 413 7,456 3,858 605 615 2, 406 104 0 21 74 2. 778 18 12 322 131 (> 420 9 70 676 1 64 10 n 4 37 08 165 4,810 3,644 481 164 691 40 Changes In 1048 data (Minerals Yearbook, 1040, p. 1201): Slabs, pigs, and blocks--France, 112 tons; other countries, 02 tons, * Less than 0.6 too. Tariff,--The import duty on zinc-bearing ores in 1950 remained at Yt cent per pound (zinc content) and on zinc in blocks, pigs, slabs, and dust at % cent per pound. Congressional action (H. R. 5327) during the latter part of the year suspended the % cent per pound duty on zinc scrap from October 2 until June 30, 1951. WORLD PRODUCTION World mine and smelter production of zinc in recent years, insofar as data are available, are shown in tables 30 and 31. ZINC TABLE 30.--World mine production of reco * in metric to [Compllod by Viola M Country 1 1944 1045 1 Algeria............................................. Argentina........................................ Australlo......................................... Austria............................................ 1,010 18, 946 177, 160 3,991 1,900 13,134 162, 720 1,071 Belgian Congo............................... 16. 405 24,848 Bolivia (exports)........................... 16,319 20,976 Canada............................................ 249,848 234.603 Newfoundland........................... Finland *......................................... Franco............................._............... French-Equatorial Africa.......... 63.962 2,900 2,636 600 61,409 1, 600 3,346 021 French Indoobina......................... 1, 405 380 French Morocco..*........................ Germany: 1,170 980 Federal Republic.................. } 260,000 / 24.386 Soviet Zone............................. l (4) Greece.............................................. 685 747 Italy.................................................. 21,284 10,207 Japan.......... ..................................... 74,208 22,080 Korea, South.................................. 8,195 2,880 Mexico.............................................. 218,906 209,940 Nigeria........... _............................... Northern Rbodclsia *... 14, 712 15. 486 Norway............................................ 6,064 Pern.......... ....................................... 66,781 1,835 61,164 Poland ........................................... 36,386 1 17 3 1 21 4 2 i 2 2 13 1 4 5 50 Spain.............................................. Sweden............................................ Tunisia............................................ U. B. 8. K.<.................................. United Kingdom.......................... United States............ .................... Yugoslavia...................................... 34.000 32,909 742 84.000 8,802 051,038 16,257 31.000 33,600 767 89.000 3,619 567,333 7,711 38 37 1 00 621 22 Total (estimate) *.............. 2,060,000 1,616,000 1,582 1 Data derived from the Unltod Nations Statistical Ye Metal Statistics, and othor sources. * In addition to the oountrles listed, Czechoslovakia, No zinc,'but no estimates for tbem are Included In the totals. ' estimate. 1 Data not yet available; estimate by author of chapter In 1 Smolter production. * Zinc content of lead-copper ore sortod from dumps, plus 1308 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1950 TABLE 31.--World smelter production of zinc, by countries, 1944-50, in metric tons (Compiled by Viola May Haslacker] Country * 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1049 1950 Argentina........................................ 975 Australia......................................... 79,079 Belgium........................................... 8.600 Canada............................................ 152,876 China................................ ............. 331 Chechoslovakia....... ..................... France.............................................. (?) 8,793 Germany: * Federal Ropabllc.................. } 259,000 Soviet Zone........................ >622 Italy.................................................. 6,100 Japan..................... ................ * 60,550 Mexico............................................ 49,248 Netherlands............... .................... 2,105 Northern Rhodesia...................... 14,712 Norway........................................... 11,777 Peru................................................. 1,447 Poland............................................. Spain..................... ......................... (> 18,054 1,790 U.8. 8. R..................................... 84,000 United Kingdom.......................... 72,192 United States................................ 788,613 983 85,118 11,712 166,302 328 3,300 8,414 1.814 77, 541 79.325 168,448 () 31,014 2.631: 70, 635 > 133,011 161,367. 320 1,964 46,007 1,602 82,617 > 153,928 178, 329 330 () 66,067 2,648 82, 255 176,566 186, 920 8 60, 597 (<> f *14,855 * 20,723 *41.352 * 86, 916 \ (> (*$ oi (<) 1,517 30,000 48, 985 16,485 9,223 1,583 36,385 17,310 2,929 89,000 63,024 093, 594 15,706 11,253 41,982 2,011 17, 460 30.210 936 50,614 17,568 90,000 06, SCO 600,005 22.849 14.849 66.749 9, 532 21,479 34,580 1,013. 71.750 19,826 106.000 69, 392 728,007 26,397 21,200 48.323 13,588 22,626 42,000 1,464 87,089 21,203 110,000 73,138 714,644 26,612 32.318 53, 496 15, 614 23.217 41,040 1,261 A 19, 651 iio, boo 65,124 739,154 Total (estimate) .............. 1,022,000 1,302,000 1,380,000 1,695,000 1,698,000 1,811,000 >7, 630 86,146 * 177,326 185, 935 8 71,531 112,791 (0 38,119 49,008 53,492 19,762 23,080 44,000 1,262 0) 21,264 128,700 71,418 765,176 1,943,000 i in addition to the countries listed, Rumania and Yugoslavia produce tine, but no estimates for them are Included In tbe totals. Rumania produced about 2,300 metric tons In 1047, and Yugoslavia about 5,000 tons annually prewar. * Estimated. 1 Includes production from reclaimed scrap. ,. ., * Data not available: estimate by senior author of chapter Included in total. * Data for Austria, Chechoslovakia and Poland in 1944 Included with Germany. * American and British tones only. ' Yearbook of AmorJcan Bureau of Metal Statistics, 1950. Minor M By Jack W BARIUM AND , .# OMESTIC producers of barium D getter-alloys during 1950 were. & Carbon Corp., Cleveland, Oh Syracuse, N..Y. Production of pounds annually; strontium output and strontium minerals and chomica Barite and Minor Nonmet.als chapte Uses.--Barium and, occasionally, exclusively in getter-alloys used f or other devices requiring vacuum unstable, hence is ordinarily alloyed the former giving a lower flashing stability. A composition commonl tube production contains the afore-m mate weight ratio of lBa:lAl:2M having the highest practical barium of gotter-alloys, may range up to types may contain other elements to copper, iron, nickel, calcium, and be Prices.--During 1949 and 1950 a at $6 per pound in lots of more th at $10 in 500-pound lots. The foreg with extruded rods $1 per pound hig Technology.--Procedures were pu its alloys 2 and for vaporizing the ele Canada.--Dominion Magnesium, tawa, Ontario, reported production o which compared with 10,652 pounds strontium was produced in 1949. D tion of barium and strontium are not Associates, Cleveland, Ohio, distribu and strontium in the United States. Deceased. Figures on Imports and exports complied Mines, from records of the U. 8. Department of Commer closed in parenthesos are translations from the language * Compagnle de Prodults et Elcctromotallurglque AJa French Patent 935,324, Juno 16, 1949. 1 N. V. Philips OloeUampenfabrleken (Coating of Va Patent 03,039, May 15. 1940. Jenkins, R. 0.,and Newton, R. H. O., Elemental Bari Apr. 9, 1949, p.672.