Document 2RbmoK483JqmvEGbyz3RvzD26

1* M; ; |^I:, :4k ' *0<y-7 m if "'0 ^3j y -.L-i il Recognition and Contro/ of Fume and Dust Exposure By V. J. CASTROP esponsibility for employee health R is delegated by management t> and to the administrative work of his department. As a result, he has in doctor, should be informed as., where he can obtain the technical [ the medical director, while the safetsyufficient time for plant surveys. This sonnel to do the sampling and. director is charged with accident pre* is particularly true in plants where tailed study of the environment * vention activities. For the smooth functioning of either department* it is the doctor is employed on a part-time basis. engineering personnel to render sistance in the control of exposu necessary that these individuals work A safety engineer who is capable Such assistance may be obtained fo in harmony. ' of recognizing conditions which may the industrial hygiene divisions The safety engineer spirals much he detrimental to health is an excel either the health or labor departing of his time in the plant and sshaUv is lent team mate for the doctor in a of many states. Some city gover-i well informed about working eor.di* health maintenance program. The ments likewise have industrial ^ tions. The doctor, on the other hand, safety engineer need not be capable giene bureaus. must spend most of his time tending of actually sampling air in the envi In addition to these govern* ^ t f to the medical needs of the cmpiOpN' ronment or designing a ventilation agencies, many insurance carr^swS svstem for the control of toxic raa- have on their staffs men who -Tv'-: V. J. Castrcp is Assistant '..rials. He should, however, have capable of sampling and xer.W- Ffygiene Department. Ra . h - w `..'i'ores Divisiv'". Genera] "s De:ryi>, Mi<-h. Vi:;? article r.- v.- .': ''.ensad from a raver p::<-r. Au:o:.-.otive ,,v:M-chlne > knowledge of the materials which .r.-e been proved harmful, and should some understanding of basic : measures. engineering assistance. Private :v` y . sulfants are also available, or ' may {'.ml that an industrial hyp1' - . :s eir.ployc'd by your own orr' -' atn -V nai iii-r.y Car--' ; safety engineer, as well as the tie t. , fliJe ce'-'S OI1 ropar b!ast:-.j , & *** c-r.9 v-';" ='4;- "'S` <* m'if so' 3SW- &*f; ^%:: -> us/ Ygr.tUatioo of soiderinq operations. : >*v- ,v_ n 'V ' / '-Ttf % ' .;3 -J V* ^cuision will be limited '-> ^--^Irinciples of industrial hygiene rvW relate to fume and dust ex . t0 indicate what control I are available or used to , Wjf&t the employee's health, and to j t^S^uenUon to operations and ma * which are commonly used in : at the same time indicating [y accepted opinion as to their ing. For this discussion, fume may `on health. jj conditions are improved for is other than their effect upon Better products, better emrelationship, reduction in _ance of equipment may be Vas justification for manage'a decisions for such correction. & alHons be considered to be particulate matter formed by the condensation of a va por. A molten bath of lead at a high temperature causes the metal to vola tilize and form a vapor. Upon contact with the cooler surrounding atmos phere condensation occurs and the physical state changes from vapor to a solid metallic particle. While dust is also a solid particle, Ijmen frequently designate as it is formed by the disintegration of "y? any vapor, fog, gas, etc., they solid materials by grinding, crushing, Encounter. In industry, the plat- abrasion, or similar action. over a chrome tank, the va- Fume particles are generally small br gases, at a metal-cleaning in diameter, with the size dependent ion or the exhaust gases from upon the type of fume, the extent of are frequently referred to as flocculation, and other factors. Dust To the industrial hygienist, particles of hygienic significance are has a more definite mean- those beteween one and ten microns be informed as it ain ihe technical p*-, e sampling and d-j the environment onnel to render ^ control of exposure] nay be obtained fto^l ;vgiene divisions " or labor departing _ me city, jotrr ha-, e industrial " > z-t govern*5- &' ' mnuice car-* v '$ men who * > g and rende'-' J-. Private ' . ....:.!a:: '. or .' '.J- FrX Su > - Lf >*V*?3r:*5 in size, i 25.-100 microns are equiva lent to one inch'. Generally speaking, there are two means of entrance of toxic com pounds into the human body--by in gestion or via the respiratory tract through inhalation of fumes, dusts, mists or gases. Ingestion is of im portance if toxic materials which have a systemic effect are used and adequate washing facilities are not provided, or, where the employees are slovenly in personal habits. Inhalation is considered the most important portal of entry of fumes or dusts and the particle size, there fore, becomes significant in evaluat ing exposure. The particles which cause the physiological changes are those which are small enough to re main suspended in the air and not those which immediately fall to the floor. Flying particles, which may cause eye injuries are not of hygienic significance since they are not of respirable sie. To judge the serious ness of an exposure by the quantity of detritus adjacent to an operation is often misleading. This is especially true where mechanical ventilation re moves the fine material but is inade quate to trap or convey the larger particles. In evaluating an exposure it is nec essary to consider the toxicity of the material, the duration of the expo sure, the average concentration of the contaminant with special attention being paid to those operations which produce high concentrations at some phase of an operating cvcle. and the measures which have been provided M,:ws, c.r'jfuo.-y. S'?-'--, 2? Fume and Oust Exposure with resuiiant failure of the tory system. While welding in -Frnm f-;ge 21 "pen areas these toxic gases are to control the exposure. Medical rec- irdj .'{ the iduals -uhjccted to t'-.r- .-v, may be M value if the . ' it.- .3 are ; >.zh and fre- ; . > .t : . i -u-t of a ur.'ory type. It r.-.u-t he ;v.,;;e::ibered that occupa- ii'.ra! Ji-.-ases are *\`-w ia develop ment .md in ;jje ii.<t..ncc$ lasting in etTect. Slow changes may not be detected, and the mere fact that cases have not occurred does not mean that exposures to known toxic materials may be ignored. Determination of the concentration of the toxic material in the air is im portant in evaluating the exposure. Tests of this type are indicative not only of the degree of contamination hut also, in some instances, which operation is the major offender. Tlie apparatus used in collecting the contaminant and the method used The mere fact that these limits are ev.c-'ded does not necessarily mean 'hat someone will become definitely ill. Hut there is a good probability that s>--(;;e<-.ne will suffer ill effects if the limit is greatly exceeded for a considerable period. There' remains much to be learned regarding the toxicity of many substances used in industry. So much for the general picture. Now let's look 3t some specific opera tions. Wefcfinj Welding processes most commonly used can be divided into three types, arc. gas, and resistance. The safety measures pertaining to clothing, gog gles, and helmets are of common knowledge and will not be considered here. mally not present in sufficient tities to cause harmful effects. pj ever, when welding is done in lined ar-'us. the nilu.jen oxides reach a concetitrath hich wifi^ harmful. Gas welding generally is not ductive of harmful fumes. The: ' however, in brazing two potentialharmful exposures. While boric a, <>r In >rates gcnerallv are used in brib ing fluxes, some metals require flir^ Containing significant quantities ^ fluoride compounds and fumes these fluxes :.a%e been known to duce significant nasal irritation ?. Fluorides in general are looked with suspicion <ince they may duce harmful effects upon the hot*;' structure. A limit of 2.5 mg. cubic meter has been suggested fluorides, but no standard has agreed upon. Most industrial hygiq*.. in estimating the amount present in Arc welding when performed on ists attempt to keep them as low the atmosphere vary with the type of uncoated steel does not produce a practicable. material. Tests of this type are spec condition considered harmful to the Silver solder is one of the ialized in nature and are beset with welder, provided it is done in a com common alloys used in brazing, many pitfalls which can lead to er paratively large open area. The fumes ers of this type vary in composi roneous conclusions if done by in which result from welding consist es and may in some instances contain experienced personnel. sentially of the oxides of iron and cadmium which, if volatilized in oxides of metals which may comorise ficient quantities, Is considered hana-i? Permissible Limits the steel or coating of the welding ful. At present the suggested limit In a discussion pertaining to toxic rod. Some investigators have found cadmium fume in air is 1 milligram4 materials it is generally necessary to characteristic markings on chest per 10 cubic meters of air. quote permissible concentrations, or x-rays of men who have welded under Resistance, spot, or butt welding as it is sometimes expressed--maxi severe conditions for long periods of plain steel is of no concern from the mum allowable concentrations--per time. These markings are presumably physiological standpoint. The fume* missible limits, or threshold limits. due to the deposition of iron fumes arising from such operations general These terms are used extensively by within the lungs, but it has not been ly are caused by the volatilized oil industrial hygienists to indicate con demonstrated that such fumes have which has come upon the metal stod centrations of a substance in the caused physical impairment. during previous operations or bu air which are considered compatible A frequently suggested limit for been placed upon the metal as a rust with good health. The limit usually welding fume is 15 milligrams of ir^n preventive. applies to exposures of eight hours oxide per cubic meter of air. Con The preceding discussion of weld duration for a prolonged period. centrations of this magnitude existing ing operations has been ba:-cd upon The limits are, for the most part, advisory standards or bench marks which are practical to meet. In gen eral, these limits are derived from three types of evidence all of which have value and limitations. 1. Animals have been exposed at dif ferent concentrations and the effects noted. 2. A few experiments have been made on human sub/eef* for short period* in the workroom would materially re duce visibility and thereby hecome a nuisance or an unsafe condition re quiring correction. Welding within confined areas such as tanks, inside machinery or equip ment, or in small rooms presents a condition which can be of concern. The concentration of fume is materi ally higher under these conditions as there is little opportunity for dilution the assumption that the metals being welded are of plain steel. The per formance of welding operations, ei ther arc, gas, or resistance, upoa metals which have been coated with such toxic materials as lead, cadmi um, or mercury may cause harmful exposures. The heat of the flame or of the arc causes volatilization of these metals. Welding or cutting terne plate or other metals containi of time. by natural air currents normally pres significant quantities of lead can rfr. 3. Safe limits have been arrived at by ent in a large shop. Nitrogen oxides suit in the volatilization of lead fuaie, f measuring the concentrations of sub stance in the workroom air and cor relating this information with results of medical examinations of workmen. formed by the electric arc when in haled in sufficient quantities causes fluids to form in the lung--edema-- which if inhaled for a sufficient peri od of time, may result in lead absorp- --To page 11 52 National Safety News, February, Burlington Mills Carp. U :. m Co.. i'oo:. --Jamiarv l1*. !rihi. t.. !<, `1 plovees; 6.2C'. 1 ai "..lii-h.-ur- .1- of Dec'mhT IT. i "I? \ pla.ju- and are a,, i: ! d f.-r m-!i n nian-h.' :: - lit a di-il-lin Z in jvit'V. d'.i; ,<V MM i . _;IES i- .. The Firestone Tire and Rub>v -i O o .Hrnn W- \ '.'Hi* ber 12, 19 hi, to <.late; 2.1'* M .' Ml man- hours as "t P-' mi-.-r 22. I'HT New Orleans Public Service Inc. \eu Crl,:r->. hi. M< < h.lid1 a! Operation >-. ti* 11. Po\M-r Piv i<i"H. Electric Dcp.trtm rut Mav 17. pm. to date: 51 i-mpi' u,r-: 5IHI.IH30 manhours as <f [)<< <mhrr dl. 1917 - t.j-- : \ Min- : f Fume and Dust \. --From page 52 . v. b M.vr{> Oin .!. Bv l. R* V4T. ? km v Thomas h .i^-:ncnt aa` \\.< . ROLL ,9 500,000 /T tion and ultimate poisoning. The cut- ; luting or welding of surfaces which ! ^..have been coated with paint contain- . Jng lead has caused lead poisoning. ; gelding of cadmium plated mater* | i-.-^was attributed as the cause of ill* . 7 ness and even death to a number of ; r-'individuals during the war. The re* : Parted cases indicated that death oc* furred in a comparatively short time Rafter the cposure. \ Welding of galvanized metal causes r; volatilization of the zinc coating. ;jr:. Temporary discomfort associated irV!$k metal fume fever may result '** .from such exposure. Where warranted, control of weld* i iiti? ^Urnes `s ?p,>eraltv accomplished -r-oyproviding a mechanical ventilation *yrtem. The type of ventilation used '^f^P^ndent upon the nature of the ^ object to be weld . 18 positioned in a fixture or jig it possible to obtain effective control tomes he use of a grill, hood, or hie duct near the of fum- i neces # from a I' he parts are large weld more than uint. it is difficult good itrol of the fume reasonable : volumes through 111 using flexible ducts. .Ce tbe effective range of most 'k ducts is approximately eight from the dust opening, it is tor the welder to move the CneVer the arc is outside this _ The Dractieal result i that ebruary ELIMINATE THIS Whenever there's a slipping hazard there's a possible tune lost accident a possible compensa tion claim and a need for sure-grip easy-to-wear SKID- MASTERS. StaSafe SHIPMASTERS assure safe footing on oil-slick floors or other slippery surfaces. Indoors or out SK1DMASTERS offer economical protection against slipping hazards. Write lot Bulletin No. 104 STANDARD SAFETY EQUIPMENT COMPANY 232 West Ontario Street. Chicago 10, Illinois NIWARK - - CltVtlANO - LOS ANGEIIS KEEP IT CLEAN Specialists in Powdered Hand Cleaners 0 O SOPAC--beaded soaps and vegetable scrubber O STEROPAC--ph 7.0 O LANOPAC--contains lanolin O BOROPAC--borai scrubbor "A We* Bit Goes a Lotiq Way" WE INVITE AN OPPORTUNITY TO SERVE YOU SKOTCH PRODUCTS CORPORATION 2710-12 Detroit Ave. Cleveland 13, Ohio 73 t t > - -I most ducts are nTm.i1!', r; t :::< . >.-d and the ventilation system doe* not remove the fumes. Accordhug to re ports, this type of system has been effectively usoj h ;p..t.'Js for th control of vw.-Uin., in eonfl- . -,i areas, f n v jew of ;- 'perierve -i should t!;-;.f.,re 1- .a. -a t i - f r means of c>mtr>>l for w in tanks. Hi-wev.-r. *;: education a:e ur-c.-'-arv systems effective. Where the r> :n volun 0 per Welder is large, nat.ird ventilation within the plant is usually efficient to pre vent accumulate!! of excessive con- ventration of fumes from plain *tevl welding. Ciriulatic.g fans directed from, the side help to dilute the fume which may be concentrated in the breathing zone of the welder. Another means of contr-d is the use of p-rsonal respiratory equip ment. Air line respirator* and fume reypirut r? ha'-e been develops! shah will provide adequate protec- ti'.n. >nn;e manufu.tu h.ue on the market welders' h-lmets with fa cilities tor proviiling fre-h air to the wearer. l'*e of (hi* type: of equip ment has been limited. Since the welder is already burdened with hel met, goggles, and protective ilnthing he probably will not be r-- . .tv- '.> SAFE-HI has straight ridges of mixed card and rubber In the Tread For smooth, dry surfaces, you must hove rubber . . . because rubber holds firmly on DRV surfaces, but would slip on wet surfaces. For wet, slippery surfaces, you. must hovo cord . . . because cord * holds securely on wet surfaces. For greasy, soopy surfaces, you must hove straight ridges . . . because ridges cut thru and scrape f off foreign matter, and grip the surface itself. a rt.-'pir.itor. It is sufficient in m- -t welding for the employee to 'wear an ordinary helmet and to arrmge the position of the work so as to prevent the concentrated fume from fluwir., under the helmet. wheel? u.-rd f. j.-jrarv in comp. 'ri0us types of .. ' components, lint and lil.-.-, the essential Dry Grinding ** home Just. T; Dust resulting from the grh.dba of [!'in.t*>\i'c metals which ar>* f:-e of *au d is generally considered a uni sauce and is ;wt harmful p-r De-pite this fact >ot:m state law* re >ipcn the tvp. ' ventilation is housekeepif* > of 'omplaint.haa J to h- ' quire grinding operations to be ven tilated. This requirement h * : :.b- ably been a h M-i\er {Join (he dais when siw,d.?,,ne who-!.* were preva lent and also to prevent the n-aticn ot 3 nidsaiK-; condition, (mind:.": wheels in use in industry have arti filing at . not been at'i J exposure. A- i fumes and ficial abrasives, *u`,'h as aluminum ov ide or silicon carbide. Fmierv. a nat ural product compo-ed e>^entia!ly of. aluminum and magnetic oxide of little is km mch material* Physical abiior:: Machining iron, tnav also be u*ed. \ ti**; ui-;iblf _ ^f-e large chi; limit of 50 millin'; ^urtiJes per cubic y; *^i"en(ly, dust ; foot of air for aluminum oxide aad ( involvi,- silicon carbide was recently accepted i.'tjBh lead alloy* by the members of the "c-rican significant q Conference of Governmental Indus have not be trial Hygienists. Such a limit is lib graphite whiV eral and concentrations of su-h tnaf '^ying the math: niftide are normally not encounteredWhen lead, silica, or some simile; toxic material comes in contact the grinding wheel the exposure j the abrasive matter may be ignore^, and the exposure evaluated on t^j basis of the toxic material, ff ^ latter material is controlled, the sance will also be eliminated. Ventilation systems for grindi^J ijgtcansidered ph therefo Spfpe dust, { Considers i fe:Tentilation are prodi 33 graphite ?n <tnd surrou ,cive to nian wheels have been fairly well ardized and generally are satisfad^j ^Cleani E*? is to prevent a nuisance. Hoods JMarmful 0f enclose the wheel as completely 8*' practicable. Air volumes should 1 ventilatif ^Provided at sufficient to cause an inward flo*] fe?* cornmer the hood when using the sms Shipment. wheel. This is especially true toxic materials are involved. For snowy, icy surfaces, you must have a spike -- end a sharp one . . . because dull spikes ore a haiord. The SAFE-HI spike is selfsharpening . . . olwoys sharp. Ask your safety deafer or write us ROSE MANUFACTURING CO. 173! Aropohoe St. Denver 2, Colo. Wet Grinding Baffles, hoods, and guards are ; erally located near wet gri* wheels to prevent dispersion liquid used as a coolant. Th^ vices are usually sufficient to the dust if it is nontoxic in & If the dust liberated is toxic* ^ chanical exhaust ventilation required. Buffing and Polishing Buffing compounds appl**^! 74 u . .< e -4-i u..... t -V- nrVi .I, .r Hi.i i' >r . e:.l . contp1 ii'- i'!''< : i>b;' *iintaiid ;;!>er- fr>wu ;f.- -v?:-=!, .ice jtfie^escenti.il ingr-!i--:it' * (!:-. .ticr* home dust. !!'.< t '.! \iy i? ib'p'TiiIt'nt pr upon the l\ :>- f .i: r:-i>e. Cen-'r >I!y :: . ! ! to itnpo.>, ^ ; : : of C'.unpl.! t n --t th" hazar-l to i ii maf iiterei Machining $m<-ke fi'i- U p.ll t; :s the pic \ ailinii << >ti i ' ai,r i <int.tO!indth-:i . .it::xi.ii "p'-roti' ci'. (tine's Ini' not been attri*to this type of .i. exposure. As is the ra.-e with it'<>'t fumes and du'ts of tie* nui'.tn<v vari- f^'ety, little is kiwwu as to what effect f~* such materials have on existing physical abnormalities. Machining operations on steel pro- duce large chips or turnings; con sequently, dust is not a problem. Op erations involving the machining of Aigb lead alloys have been studied, _tnd significant quantities of airborne feed have not been demonstrated. . graphite which becomes airborne the machining of cast iron is ^considered physiologically signifi- and therefore, is classified as a ^^?*4nce dust. Frequently manage rs! considers it advisable to pro ventilation for the machines are productive of the most . . 88 graphite on the clothing and surrounding machinery is ^tondoeive (0 many complaints. ^tiv# Cleaning Help re'du Precis i o n"* his figu^^y^ith a r i n g Teffijig Audiometer The 16,500 occupational death, toll reported in 1946 by the National Safety Council is in dustry's challenge to provide greater safety for its employees. Working hand in hand with science, industry can reduce this staggering figure. New scientific techniques for checking physical fitness of employees now include periodic hearing tests with a pure tone audiometer. Avoid Occidents caused by faulty hearing in your plant. Check your employees hearing regularly with a precision ADC Audiometer. Hearing test? with a.precision ADC Audiometer will furnish yoy with valuable data for permanent records. Give pre employment hearing tests to determine applicant's fitness for specific jobs and periodic tests to detect need for occupation re-adjustments. EQUIP your doctor, nurse or clinic with the latest development in scientific hearing testing -- an ADC Audiometer. Operof/on is easy with factoryprovided instructions. WRITE TODAY for informotrve Bulletin 0-100. s4udi4 'Devzl&fa &e 'pCnett v .?^ica is recognized as the oarmful of mineral dusts, an ate ventilation system is norprovided at the time of instal- f commercially built sand 'Ve<^QlPment- Continuous usage f maintenance result in a ?'P of adequate control. Visiof dust is the best evidence &Mtas occurred and it is ad^~0rrect suc^ a condition is^oe delay. * who are stationed^ in are dependent upon per^ratory equipment. Devices , vpe are of the supplied-air ! rnui is necessary that the ht*. ^ree harmful con` A compressors should be an area free of contaminak,. fWlse the contaminant will utd to the helmet. FIRE HOSE DRYING MADE EASY WITH <S<UJ Tie Air Conditioning Note Dryer Saves time --saves space--eliminates man hours -- leaps all hose In service -- hose dries in a few hours. Matas good hose last longer -- prevents mildaw and rot. USE0 BY MOST OF AMERICA'S LARGEST INDUSTRIES THE CORPORATION S7S East Milwaukee Ave. Detroit 8, Michigan Mews, febreary, 194$ 75 5*4 tew? Ml w* Normally, ventilation- within the ruoni is provided s<> as t< improve visibility and to help prevent the esape of dust to the surrounding areas, .ot to reduce the concentration of ica dust to a safe level. Tumblast or rotating table type of sand blast units should be provided with sufficient ventilation to prevent the escape of silica dust. Leakage due to excessive wear should be remedied. Small sandblast cabinets, where the operator controls the blast nozzles from outside the cabinet, frequently have faulty seals around the doors or the rubber gauntlets are loose or torn. The dust which escapes from the cabinet through these openings is in close proximity to the breathing zone of the employee and in many instances exceeds the permissible lim it for silica. This leakage should' be corrected and the men should not be required to use respirators. If the articles being blasted are free of silica or other toxic material, the dust resulting from grit or shot blast ing 13 classified in the nuisance cate gory. It follows that the maintenance of ventilating systems for grit blast ing, although desirable, is not always so necessary as for sand blasting. The use of steel grit or shot in blasting rooms produces excessively high concentrations of dust within the enclosure. It is therefore, necessary to protect the worker within the room. The remarks concerning sand blasting rooms are therefore, perti nent when considering rooms in which steel grit or shot are used as the abrasive. Vapor blasting, a variation sand blasting, is a comparatively rsj cent development. This procedure io-i volves the use of fine silica and wate under pressure. The silica used vapor blast units varies in size and may even be as small as 1250 mes^ (approximately 10 microns). It generally believed that airborne silica' particles below 5 microns are most significant in causing silicosis, hi then follows that operations involving the use of silica abrasive whose ioi-j tial particle size approaches that] order of magnitude are more hazard ous, and, require.continuai vigilance] in maintaining good control. It is. therefore, essential that the vapor blast cabinets be maintained so that leakage of mist does not occur. Cood housekeeping is also essen-j tial as spillage of the sand and water] sludge upon the floor will create source for dust dissemination wbo3 the water evaporates. Likewise, coaj tainers of the dried sludge should be allowed to stand in the facto where they can be influenced by currents of high velocity. Practically all industrial pi have operations which involve use of lead base bearing metal Abrasive dusts irritate workmen and slow production. Eliminate them with ^pa DUST COLLECTORS TOMT Dust Collectors are completely self-con tained units that are attached at the machine. Abrasive dusts pass through spark-proof filters and the deaned air is redreulated. , TOftfT Dust Collectors are easy to install, eco>, nomicai to operate, and may be moved as production layouts are changed. Sizes ranging from VS HP to 3 HP, and fitting all standard grind ing, cut-off and polishing wheels are available for immediate de livery. For details and latest TORIT catalog writes TORIT MANUFACTURING CO. 231 WALNUT IT. ST. PAUL!, MINN. 74 Netleeaf Safety Newt, Febrvtrf [. Babbitt bearing proximately 75 n encountered if solder rnetal i lent upon the it is used, wit( containing a sreentage of let ling that the : a significant -tion then arisr< employees wo lal will become be given by a hygienist after i ion and conside ^temperature to 1, the method er, the leng< effectiveness es provided, a well knowr iess if absor and there td is used ha study. Out practice excessive ex tctices have i tfuL It is it excessive lull from o ^applied by n Ving iron. 1 small am cornpar. S3?1* fat iron is h furnace, the iter conse ins on tl ^ with the for volat ft solder dre hot floor :** readily v \<jxidized r jrne due .the flame A* soldei the us( . heatec <fependei -fith hi ` Ration ` the ty Newt, I soldet f> sbi-i!! : :: 1 c r T-! jllg .11' j i ` V 1' *1 [' 1 V , > Iff lewd have fv'-f'ii em -I.-I. I'b-- ;;;[-) don of ?"!'!<" in a! > v md dependent upt-n the p-.rp -e tor which it ii Uj.'d, w ith .rdinary -.>ft solder eieitaining a n: par.iti-. b. hish per1.outage . j , l Assuming ; ' c. i* - Me: , t f` \f, , ( | h'gke i' ; :. j..-. I-. :-fli! > ,Md,/.-| < tii' _ .d a lead \Mhi!k-'. M!!;e d pCutv.tiv e M'.tli: a tili/at i'.Vil of tlie ' turba.la e of du a:i <-\ al e. A- a ;-u `.i! i. a <lrj o d pf.vidra reduce tbe \ .< Li 1: t:<*<_*r-r. di~a':: a will ..n-ate r . v'bb-i' -t the iimbm li. Ue : ::as-` ln'^n made to t:' iia'.'.i:.il <Ir.fft von- [ilutiuil -v 'trill- ( > <_ eiti ! ibr -0 funirj ami in th<>3e in.-tancr} wb- i> lh- !11< t- were nut of sutficienl diameter the system was inadequate. A preferable method is (lie use of me.-h.miral s\>- trills. 1 he removal of eve-.- -dder with pi.w. rdriveu (.Is. -mb as -ai'indiioa (he qr:o.-ti--ri . or not empi- - w - i k :. .. .1 f% material w iil t...... . . < ill . 1 : ,i : ; could be g'.vt-n by .1 ' [ 1! .thln-'l iiiclu'- trial hygienbt ,ift< be had m;c;i the r b M itt are VVSvr.r. - r b"-'enJ.oe i b- p-( ... -jil-le an< 1 }>| e.!'!nine 1 ..-.I!-, \til..:<,1. b.i-.ible to ly a- > it ail voI. mil e!).- ts whc-U. discs. or wiie who-!-. i r-at.'s hi borne dust whi<!t mav n-.iminate Luge area5 if the ..|.rrdii.-!i i- ex trn-ivc. Diligent u-r of ah: a-ive loth will al'.i result in ev.men. operation ami mm.-i d sm h fa. ( as the temp, raturr to whi. h (lie metal U heated, the ua-tlmd .,f miwwii: ex cess solder, the length of expo-un-. WHEN DANGER TIPS THE SC :LE. and the elY*-. tivne?.- of the control measures provided. It is a well known fact that lead causes illness if absor bed in excessive amounts, and therefore operations where lead is used have received con* siderable studv. Out of this experi ence certain practices are known to WORKERS ARE SAFER IN STAMMS PROTECTIVE GARMENTS produce excessive exposure whereas fother practices have been proved not j to be harmful. It is generally con ceded that excessive concentrations jj&. do not result from operations where !' *?* solder is applied by means of an elec tric soldering iron. This is probably r due.to the small amounts of solder Dermititis, burns and injuries threaten workers not properly protected from the materials they use. StaSafe Pro* tective Garments are designed to give the worker maximum protection. & used and the comparatively low heat of the metal. When the iron is heated in a small ?a$*fired furnace, the exposure may he of greater consequence. Solder vhich remains on the iron coming Into contact with the flame or heat is t> NIdoeTable for volatilization. Small amounts of solder drop from the iron *>nto the hot floor of the furnace *tare it is readily volatilized or oxi- The oxidized material may be* ,*'rtute airborne due to disturbances by the flame or by removing Oils and Grease Acids and Caustics Tars and Creosote Paints and Lacquers Naphtha and Solvents Flame. Each of these represents a potential lost time accident. Protect your workers against these hazards by standardizing on StaSafe Protective y Pacing the soldering iron in the Garments. krnace. Stock models solve many problems; Standard*s f*juently industrial hygienists that ventilation be pro* free design service will develop a new model heating units of this type,or modify an existing one to solve your special removing lead fumes and safety problem. env`ronment. This is ^*2?- y true in small rooms or AtoJ****0^ units are in use. g^*pheric contamination occa- Write for Bulletin No. 106 StaSafe Products are manufactured by y the use of either gas or wicafly heated pots containing ?. to dependent on a number of .to. With higher temperatures STANDARD SAFETY EQUIPMENT COMPANY 232 West Ontario Street, Chicago 10, Illinois Ht*!? at*^zal>n will occur and the NIWAUK - - CltVIl AND - LO* ANOtllS 82&L " the exposure. With the Hews, February, 1?4# 77 tratious.of lead dust. hill: is not pi'.'Jnetive of small and is prefer:'.'-] over tin* uer-druea to--!?, If filing is v-t p; ; ,e no.e>saf. t r>r.- . ' me J \ d .. '-M-t re.Tt-o .d '-he u,e of p........ : ^ mi-.-iMc 'amt g--:,-rd!v .'I f--r lead IA rniihu.-a.i.s p--r I" . ;d-ic meter- ..f air 1 `>od *i<; feet1 it will he no- y to have an effective sys tem to pr.-vid** ad'O-a.ite -ontrol. Ensince;-; '\ jir-i i-l in de-isiM'ivr ven tilation -y-terns to coutnd to\i.; ma t-rial- should ho consulted, otherwise a eo-tly system might be ere< ted and later found rntif'lv ineffective. Frequently sold- r removal operati -- r.quire the u-<; of portable to<-lu large .,!]'< ts a;;-! a lo-al exhau-t stem vv'iM riot he ctT---live, as i. th- rase in the fabric ttbm of aut--noddle h"di' ("..n-ral cmitaiuiu.uh-n of tlie fa- tmy with lead dii't has hern eliminated hy r nT<.iri' the entire op eration in a large hoo'h am! exhaust ing a suihoieiit quantity of air fr-.in the eneh'.ure t<> in-ure a constant in- rf.-i THIS IS THE NEW ANTI-SKID TOE CUP w.lld !li;w ->f dir fl-011 lilt- i.l- tofV it J th<- booth. I rider these c:.uu.-tam es no practical amount of dir could be removed from the booth to reduce the lead i.otii.eiitrali'-n to a safe level. ami therefore it is nco-s.-ary that the men working tli'-rein be pi ov id'-d is ith ad','[ij.ite pi;r->r.a! pr-'t- - ti\>* de- \ ices. ' t^idation. A duces thc ile the bat' effect ;v!ii! [Adequate vent p[ be provided to complete an for the op-r u advisable with Heat Treating High temp'-ralurfj arc a fr-qm ai -ource >'f 1.uitipl.lint ft-:. - m: fi-v-' in heat treat departm-mt- hut c onditi-ms and their - iitr> 1I .11-.- .*'t w ithin 'he subj' i t nmlci .In u-si- a. humes from cyanide p*-t.? are often a>-ociated w ith c\ anivle- used as ent up->n if-.- . To prevent r, .from volatih,- latiug in the .the pro.Jm.;- ; fired ie.ul . tjr Aiutdoors and m pate into the w fumigants or as the lethal agent in Asbestos death chambers, and supervision as I .Asbestos u.-i.well as the employee becomes ap I. >of brake lining i prehensive. Eun.cs from smli a source ra/j ''ompound. are irritating and because of this- fcj *Stc' agent property should be adequately ven S8 lung ailment tilated. The irritant nature of the ^ harmful eff- fume is caused by alkali formed upon of silica an. decomposition of the cyanide. 000.000 part Molten lead is sometimes used as r. cubic foot a hardening medium for metals. Fre tized. quently charcoal or some similar ma exposur* terial is placed on the surface of the Ingredients metal to conserve heat and prevent when the ^-d and empt JP.. ihe subseq l8s grinding, ^ of lead a [fake linings. . ihis source Local exh. dy designed used to "SANKEY" Fool Guards are now available with a rubber anti-skid toe clip %-inch longer than formerly used. "SANKEY" FOOT GUARDS consist essentially of a metal shield to be worn over the shoe whenever the foot is in danger of being either crushed or cut. The-, metal shield is designed to furnish a maximum amount of pro tection to the entire front of the foot--not merely the toes alone, but also to the instep against hazards from falling, rolling or flying, objects, or from accidental tool blows. Write for literature or a trial pair. ELLWOOD SAFETY APPLIANCE COMPANY 219 SIXTH STREET ELLWOOD CITY, PENNA. Comblnatl*# Fot-Skin Gaard Nw Ant-Skta Full St Flbr* Ski# Guard Handy-Jack STIIR STlMj is th answsr to climbing problmJ. spd$ up work, reduces costs, work is mor* fficinf wi'fft no f#r 4* filling or strain. Stand is idal j cleaning, servicing, reaching, Handling stock in and out of bins an\? shelving. T Faaturos induda strangth, light w#i9^, amplo platform spaca, waist h'9* guard rail, stability, plus HAN0* JACKS for a rigid stand. 8u!lt <* steel tubing and salactad w4" painted with two coats mahn* anamal, with naoprana whaals, if * availabta in various modals. Writa ^ furthar information. *Fataots *ppiU4 tor R. W. FIEROH CO., iHj 3401 S. Kayaa Ava., Ckicaje , Nit** -5! prmc ai oxidation. .' <. os er nz of this t\ reduces the volati i/ation of I* ad while the b. th is q iic-o-t! . but 1 as no effect w ale the bath s in u -e. Adequate ve itilution shouh theref- re be provided tor bath - of th s type. \* complete an rrad. < : re as i practi a! for the open it'a-n b> Kr formed !s advisable wi h air ; < dep-r ent upon the open .i >' d. To prevent C'lnt.a:'. ! :f i.-iilti from vulatil /.i-inji A !-v l- i.UU Idling in th ; I'uiiil U'ti> -n chemh the prodm ts of rem Mist!' Mi from a us fired lead p" * -haul, be \ented to the outdoors an. ru.'t he all'-Mo d to dis si- pate into the u-jrkf' i MU. Asbestos Asbestos used in the formulation of brake lining is a potentially harm ful compound. This material is the offending agent in the prodintion of the lung ailment known as asbestosis. TTie harmful effect is comparable to 7 that of silica and a permissible limit of 5,000,000 particles of asbestos dust per cubic foot of air is generally recognized. Dost exposures to asbestos and -mother ingredients of the brake lining :jexist^.when the dry materials are and emptied into the mixers -a^and.-iit'-the subsequent operations of uislitting; grinding, or surfacing. Com- i pounds of lead are sometimes used .... brake linings, and contamination ^fro^_ this source-should not be ig;aoreo.- Local exhaust systems with Improperly designed hoods or enclo- used to remove the dust operations. If*foundries iwjbp principal ingredients -of foun- wrT are silica, sea coal, clays, .Parting compounds. The pre material will be dependent phase of the foundry opIs being studied and what ia being performed. The dust is the major problem, is of secondary impor'Vi.-^sion of all the aspects of hygiene problems in - Would require a separate JS tlje present discussion it t. Sufficient to state that all ''jpbirces of dust dispersion to a minimum by -V^^ized exhaust systems, .panized foundry such places L'ffiiQ*- conditioning and mix- ^?len`> Ambling mills, shake- ^removal and knockout sta- t.ons. tr.m-fer po nU ..f dr , 5and. abras ivo blu-t: ng c perati-ms. and all .r:::d '.'*g Op'U atm ts perforr >e<J on t. a -1 r us contai -mg a p preciub e quan- lit lei of sand. Ma intrnar.ee of ventilation equiprs-'-nt is a ma or ten in { urulries ;-v.u e ,>f the abr tshe action of the d'l-t. It is in per. the that a good ; r i r am K> m lint ir.-d o, to k-'- p Juipnvnt f-.K tnaimj a t rnavim .m effirir,.,-. Be. au-e of t at as.- ia ed withi larze scale fo. min j.-tiv itios it is a count on siuht o - r pedt -'al fans or whirl) interfere with the efficient re moval of dust. Better placement of tlie>e fans or ducts will go far in re ducing dust concentrations in the areas where they are used. Respiratory Protective Device* After the obvious has been correct- oil. it is jiKi-alle that a survey of the fouinlrs h-- u:.'.-l<- l-v an industrial hygh-ni-t so that an a< curat'' evaluati"ii of (lie exposure may be ob tained. As ha- been t.iP-d. die atmospheric Safe-T-vis: the goggles No purse? because they're No drawer? No back pocket? No, the glamor gal's catch all and the upper right hand cache may be full with the accumulation of years, the pocket may bulge--but you won't find lightweight SafeT-vis there. Not during work ing hours you won't! The weight of tzco Safe-T-vis lenses, made from a new ally! cast ing resin, is approximately the same as that of one case hardened glass lens of the same size. 8-HOUR Comfort Workers find Safe-T-vis light weight, attractive and comfort able. What a change from old type goggles whose weight causes work ers to remove them chancing ex posure to hazard! 8-HOUR Protection Real protection comes only when goggles are worn throughout the period of exposure. And complete protection is the only function of any safety goggle. And they ore SAFE Standard drop-ball tests prove Safe-T-vis' superiority over ordi nary eye protection. Safe-T-vis offers greater resistance to abrasion than do other plastic lenses. It re sists the stresses of high velocity im pact, corrosion and other causes of industrial eye injury to the most exacting specifications. Write for booklet giving com plete details. kn SafeTvis lighfw*igM protective tpeefode* A it THf UNIV1J ttHi COMPANY, 0*j+*" '< Wtw*. February, 7? WHERE* ccmcenli aliun of duit and fume and such equipment must be d_ oilier materials may be reduced to a and constructed for safety as y* safe level by adequate exhaust ven for processing requirements.' TO GET THE PROTECTIVE AP PAREL DESIGNED to PIT THE tilation. In wine cases it is possible to correct the condition by substitut tective equipment should be prajj for use in case of power failj] MAH AS-WELL AS THE NEED ing a less 1>>MC material. If these faulty combustion conditions. it. WHEN you WANT IT-- measures are not practical, respira tory protective devices may be used. They may also prove valuable in giving protection during an emergen 6. It is hardly necessary to-*3] that moving parts of should be guarded. Wherever ticable. such guards should WHEELER PROTECTIVE APPAREL cy or to provide protection for in termittent exposures or to supplement other methods of control. They should, however. not be considered in to me machinery. ' 7. In general, building straclJ and equipment used in the industry are subjected to rigd Write or 'phone: Baltimore CAREY MCHY. & SUPPLY CO. BIRMINGHAM js the desirable means of controlling h .health hazard. Ceramic Plant use. Fumes, heat, dust and loads create problems: consequ^j^ a relatively high factor of safety ^ factor of uncertainty should bei SAFETY ENG. A SUPPLY CO. --From, page 37 corporated in the design. BUFFALO THE ELWOOD COMPANY CAMBRIDGE, MASS. CUTTER, WOOD & SANOERSON CO. CHARLESTON, W. VA. SAFETY FIRST SUPPLY CO. CHICAGO PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT INC. CINCINNATI THE E. A. KINSEY CO- CLEVELAND SAFETY FIRST SUPPLY COMPANY COLUMBUS, O. THE E. A. KINSEY CO. DAYTON THE E. A. KINSEY CO. DENVER . D. BULLARD COMPANY HOUSTON Handling materials is recognized as a prolific source of accidents in in dustry; consequently it is a funda mental that handling should be kept at a minimum to avoid accidents as well as to keep down operating costs. 3. Nearly every ceramic plant must store large quantities of finely ground material. Many storage sys tems are of the deep bin type. Some of the materials do not flow freely, and because of forces developed in deep granular materia!, arching takes place. Often devices are not provided to keep material moving to the bot The solution of many of $ problems will require the coopers^ of the safety, production and eering departments. Compromises,.-] required, should be those necessSS for process reasons, since it is^ knowledged that the process is prime reason for the plant. Planning the original desigffr-jg| layout and selecting equipment' the safety angle in mind will jj| guard the investment as well duce the accident risks. allied safety equipment co. INDIANAPOLIS THE E. A. KINSEY CO. LOS ANGELES E. 0. BULLARD COMPANY MILWAUKEE PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT INC. NEW YORK CITY W. S. WILSON CORP. tom of the bin. As a result, a worker must enter the bin from the top to get the material moving. This is a dan gerous operation but when necessary safety harness and life lines should be used and attendants stationed where they can help in an emergency. PHILADELPHIA 4. Silicates and silica or quart* INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS COMPANY PITTSBURGH SAFETY FIRST SUPPLY COMPANY are primary materials in nearly all of (he ceramic industries. Also, these ROCHESTER ! materials are generally used in a THE ELWOOD COMPANY ST. LOUIS SAFETY INCORPORATED finely ground state. As a result ihere are many dust problems. When the SALT LAKE CITY fpee silica iu these dusts is finely di UNIVERSAL SAFETY APPLIANCE CO SAN FRANCISCO E. D. BULLARD COMPANY SEATTLE E. 0. BULLARD COMPANY SYRACUSE ' SYRACUSE SUPPLY COMPANY WHEELING I vided, workers exposed to them are ; potential victims of silicosis. Either . workers must wear respirators or ! dust must be removed from the work place by exhaust ventilation with a ' system of dust collectors. Safety first supply company Control of dust should be a major WHEELER PROTECTIVE APPAREL, Inc. * Formerly Inown at F. H. Wheeler Mfg. Co. consideration in the ceramic plant. Not only is dust injurious to workers, but it is also harmful to machinery, 224 W. Huron St Chicago 10, III. complicates housekeeping, and pro duces generally unsatisfactory work IT'S TOO LATE WHEN.. DERMATITIS NEEDS MEDICAL CARE! I Strike t tfc* Cans# with S?UH-DE*MA-C Head C/earner Spun-Dermo-C gets into those tiny cuts end abrasions to thoroughly cleanse . . . removes dirt, oil, greets, point, Nr, ink, and grit of oil kinds without M'Rvv the most dellcete hands. It'* o chop-fret pcdr>4 e'eantec carefully blended of 7 elements each 1 Specific function: scrubbing without a'orat'** skin, combating dormotitii, restoring natural ib>< oils, "fluffing" to lost up to 1/3 longer. Madfj Federal and State requirements for pcwdirrVo hand soap. Pastel vtry test in over ISO m*i* industrial plants. Available in 100, 3W-lb. dnaCcartons of twenty-four S-lb. bo*es. Writ* Information. "Guarding the Hands of Industry*V'l ing conditions. 5. Operation of kilns, tanks and furnaces presents other hazards. Oft en there is the possibility of explo sions and refractory failures. All SO? S. GROVE AVE. OAK PARK. IU-; National Safety News, February, fW