Document 2NKynzmVL56nMp4eEZnoZ465N

FILE NAME: Trade Publications (TR) DATE: 1946 Nov DOC#: TR014 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Trade Journal - Southern Power & Industry yyfi IO U O F N Q V C e t the 107 Extra C a p a c i t y in MODERN Ec 9,-146PH/CO BA7TER/ES G rinn :o m p lj any, li Islfl SALES AND SERVICE; 915-101 Marietta Street Bldg, ATLANTA, GEO RGIA BIRMINGHAM ST.LOUIS - For ' sev e n tj ;ierty. I Pjiiilto m inuous w ork, P hilco pioneered the m odern extra capacity battjfprovides 10% additional capacity w ith no increase in overall size, n e a t advantage, first made available in Philco Type XL and XVL ties, is an outstanding feature of the famous Philco "T hirty". . . the Ipyvith 30% lo n g er life. For today's heavier w o rk schedules, make sure ! capacity you can get. Specify a m odem Philco. W rite for catalogs. M O C O R P O R A T IO N , Storage Battery D ivision, T renton 7, N. J. HILCO FOR SO Y EA R S A LEAD ER IN INDUSTRIAL STORAGE BATTERY DEVELOPMENT NOM 1 w " C l B 419 7 R e l ia n c e motors for pumps are mechanfl cally engineered to meet the specific require-! ments of the service for which they afra intended. Precision-built, with highest quaj.1 ity workmanship throughout, these sturdy motors have compiled outstanding recofd|| for long, dependable performance. Availably in enclosures to suit the application--protected, open audit drip-proof; fully enclosed; and explosion-proof. Specify motors by Reliance or call your nearest Reliance! sales representative. RELIAN CE ELECTRIC 1057 Ivanhoe Road & EN G IN EERIN G C O j C le v e la n d 1 0 , OhiQjbj Appfefon, W Is. Birmingham Boslon Buffalo Chicago Cincinnati Denver DolrofJ^ G o r y G ra n d R a p id s * G re e n ville Houston K ansas C ity K n oxville Los Angclwm* M ilwaukee Minneapolis New O rleans New York Pittsburgh Portland, Or*T Rockford St, Louis San Francisco Seattle Syracuse Tam p a Tub* Washington, D. C. Sao Paulo, Brazil PL; '\ RELIAN CE 1 t.\u y > <P3 .,- rri. A fIBgSsgjft W K ffW rry -l JJBa K"ii r ^ P " t i f o M O TO R S 1 H , * f H JSH IS89Pv> a B B j f c ' ? )/ im.: ^**1 W-.v mMa&y 30UTHKILN POW U & .INDUSTRY is published m untidy by W. n , U. Sm ith l'liblhh.tfiK Company, Dalton und Alim ita, Gn., TJ, S. A, f[riJ Sulncrljitlon natesi: U n ited Sinica und Possessions, 1.00 for on it your: C anada, $Lntt per y ear; fo re ig n Countries, $2.00 per year. ' |m KnUirotl jrs garant- d a s s m atter a t Iho P o tt Oflt*, Ddimi, Go., mitici* tho Act of M arch 3, 1379. Volume 64 Number I I iam uire- ance Ohi o Detroit Angeles nd, Ore. T uJsa Naleo R esenlaBtva, Thu Flo irC Oakland, Califom ii EVELOPING successful w ater treatm ent for h ig h pressure boilers is a job for research chem ists and engineers--not salesmen. Steam and w ater in h ig h pressure systems are different--b o th in physical characteristics and in reactions involving scaling, corrosion and foaming. These differences are familiar to N aleo scientists--and are the reason that the N aleo System of Scientific W ater T reatm ent in high pressure pow er plants is as effective and econom ical as it is in thousands o f m edium and low pressure installations. Closeups o f the p eep -h ole In on* o f the N aleo La b o ra to ry last b o lla r* aro shown b elo w . A t top Is w a te r and steam a t 25 0 lbs. p. 1.1 . N ote the sharp line of w ater and steam separa* lio n , indicating high w a te r d e n s it y ; low steam density. A t bottom is a test at 7 5 0 lb s. p. 1.1. W a te r density is much lo w e r ; steom density higher, Differenl N aleo treat* menti for each pressure produced dry steam In bath tests-- N either test could b e successful without fitting th e tre a t ment to the pressure as w e ll a s the w ater and b oiler conditions present. Ask your Naleo Representative for details on a com plete Naleo Survey for your p la n t. . . O r w rite direct. The Scientific System of Water m f f /s L sW u rff JF Treatment for All Industry J NATIONAL ALUMINATE CORPORATION 6 2 2 6 W. 6 6 t h P L A C E C H I C A G O 3 8, I L L I N O I S Canadian inquiries should he addressed to Alum nate Chemicals, Ltd,, 555 Eastern Avenue, Toronto, Ontario. SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 having power GROWING M INS? MnS ni GROWING pains of industrial ei 'pansion may be straining y0power or boiler plant facilities h yond the limits of really efficiel operation. Your increasing reqi ments may necessitate mode tion or replacement of equipmei to prevent plant failure. These growing demands indicate! need for a sound analysis of yofj existing boiler or power plants.. a thorough check-up, your Consv mg Engineers will be able to sugge the methods and the modem equip ment for major improvements capacity and operating economy. | Then you will want to call in DRAVO Power Plant Specialist These men can be of real service carrying out the recommendation of your Consulting Engineer! they've had wide experience in g lieving power growing pains by sta llin g new equipm ent or b$ modernization of existing facilitiej DRAVO-built and DRAVO-equipj plants serve all industry--ste| plants, coal mines, oil refineries! chemical manufacturers, etceter Wherever you need additional boilej or power capacity DRAYO speck) ists can be of real assistance. Bulletin ifNK 50It, describes, in detail, how D R A V O power plant experience will serve you. PITTSBU RG H W ILM IN G TO N PHILADELPHIA W A SH IN G TO N * N EW YO RK * D ETRO IT C lEV ELA jj Power and Boiler Plants Yr Pumping Stations * Power Plant and Contractor's Equipment f t Direct-Fired Heaters * Industrial Heating and Wnuwfj Bridge Substructures Coal and Ore Bridges Docks Pump Houses and Intakos 6 Mill Foundations * Crones and. D,, errirck. Boatts -,fr Cr .r_a_n_er,C_Labr>C__o_oIlers - * * Locks and Dams -fr tO\_p_e_npiSjtmelel Flooring * Shafts, Slopes and Tunnels Concreto Aggregates _*A_ -fr Towboats and UInlIa.n.Jd DRiirv.resrr TTrraaTmUpOdt,fi^fj SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, l;f | Eugene W. O'Brien M onagln* D irector J Francis C. Smith, Editor Hunter R. Hughe, Jr. Associate Editor Richard L. Priesi Southw estern Editor I ju W. E. Coogler Production M anager quippeffi -- steeL. Ineries, J jtcetera,; al boiler: special-1 : 9utlnots Repreienioihtm sfjj'l* JtOffcro, 18 E a s t 4 8 th St., g.A-Boom 1004, New Y ork 17, 5S.S. Y,**--P h o n e, P l a t a 8-2305. Ain K . H o ffm an , 28 Bow doln Tat., M aplewood, N. J.-- Phone Bo. O range 2-2484. lynard L. D urham , 67 CovlngK' to n B ond, B u ffa lo 16. N. Y.-- f Phone, A m h e rst Q332. JJ& C. S m ith , 200 A u d ito riu m 'Building, C leveland 14, Ohio j --Phone, Cherry 7352. i'1,1 B Johnson, 108 North M ichigan A ve., Chicago 1, 111.---JPhone, C entral 4131. L. B. C happell, A u d ito riu m B id., 427 W est 6th St,, Loa Ange les. Calif, -- Phone, Tucker B3 8 - filUchard L. Prless, 1341 Liberty Uii B ank Bldg., D a lla s, T e x a s.-- [pj! Phone, C en tral 7078. Annual Subscription-- $1.00 C anada-- $1.30 ; F o reig n $2.(00 Published Monthly by W R. C. SMITH PUBLISHING CO. hlBO u f : C o tton , E h ioHouth. South c m H a rdw are, !T O F l,^ IPr'1 Au tom otive Jo u rn a l, Building Supplies. Rookc. P r e s id e n t; It. P. S>rm Executive Vico-Briinldent.; fi* T* M cA llister, V ic e -P re s id e n t; O 'B rien. V ice-P resident: E. C. Sm ith. V ic e-P re sid en t; Cook, V ic e -P re s id e n t; O. A. -!S5arpl B* T r e a s u re r ; A. F, Bob Secretary. eland I I: I Ventilali^di and WM-ditofiol rnc] Executive Oftie Ra n t b u i l d i n g ATLANTA, G EO RG IA BER, I94*i|i M SH i Mechanical Handling of Cross-Ties, A Good Lunch Help, by Fra ic iiC i Smith Profit* In Plant Layout, by G rogory M. Doxter Progre in Candy Making, b'f R. A. Brock and F. W. Ha yward . Hygienic Importance of Dust by N. V. H endrick........ benfrifugal Belief Feed'Pump i, by Igor J. Karassik Labor Turnover, by Philip Panfield ................. Damage by Fly Aih Erosion, by H irry M. Spring Electric Circuit Trouble, by Thoma Trail . A History of Power, by Carl J. Eckhardt, Jr. . . . . . . 46 ' "i( . 49 ' 58 . 61 65 PRACTICAL DISCUSSION Routing Operation Improved T ig h t B olt-T hrends M ngnotlo . S tre e t Qiosnor'' / . . Ladder Aids .Maintenance Simple A ir M anifold' .. r/ . Proiaxlu^ Aids R epair n , 'Reading M etern a ul Bauge taots and t r e n d s... BUYERS' INFORMATION TIMEEY COMMENTS . DEPARTMENTS IN D U ST R Y S P E A K S ----NEWS p i TUB m o n t h ; n e w Eq u ipm e n t Copyright. 10*0, by W. K. O/Siiilth rubli,Ulug Oompmiy To give you more power efficiency, Edge Moor Radiant unit design embodies all the advantages of a 3-drum boiler with a water-cooled furnace and maximum boiler tube surface exposed to radiant heat . . . all in a minimum of space. This is the result of the combination of engineering skill and expert workmanship that for over three-quarters of a century have distinguished all Edge Moor products. This arrangement provides for a large water storage, a generous steam liberation surface and quiet offtake drum. Furnace cooling is disposed for a minimum of mainte nance and the best operation for the particular fuel to be burned. The ability of these units to steam quickly and deliver high ratings is a matter of record. Edge Moor Radiant Ileat Boilers are available in a wide range of capacities, pressures and total temperature requirements. They are adap table to all fuels and can be supplied with all boiler auxiliaries. EDGE MOOR IRON WORKS, IN C Main Office and Works: Edge Moor, Del, Branch Offices and Agents* 95 River St., Hoboken, Now Jersey 7 W ater $t., Boston, Massachusetts P ,0 , Box 9, Station E., Atlanta, Georgia * 2459 W oodward Av,, Detroit, Michigan * One N. LaSalle St., Chicago, Illinois * 2 2 9 5 University A ve., Saint Paul, Minnesota 623 Aztec Building, San Antonio 5, Texas 141 Second St., San Francisco, C alif, 4 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 FOR SOUTHERN INDUSTRIAL AND POWER EXECUTIVES November 1, 1946 jfet EQUIPMENT INNOVATIONS of the past several months will be featured at !"the 17th National Power Show to be held the first week of December in. evi York. A model of a gas turbine designed for power generation in the futility field will be displayed along with new combustion equipment, Apparatus for pulverizing coal, small Diesel-electric units designed for ^portable use, "emergency" 50 to 500 hp self-contained boilers, and burn- era capable of firing coal, oil, and gas selectively or in combination. ^Machine tools, materials handling equipment, and power plant protective equipment will also be featured. 1NUM ALLOY BEARINGS are now being developed for improved score, fatigue and corrosion resistance in heavy load applications-. Numerous reported service tests of solid aluminum alloy and steel-backed aluminum bearings indicate improved performance. Self-lubricating powdered aluminum alloy bearings are still in the formulative stage. IDS TRENDS - transparent plastic machine bearing models, fed with pigment 'lored oil, afford visual 3tudy of lubrication effectiveness . . . protec Motive chemical nacki ng comcound auDlieci with spray gun has tensile strength |of 2,000 psi and el ongation of 200 pei' cent and is stable from minus 40 F plus 180 F. Bisfe ft- ft 1700 INDUSTRIAL - VOCATIONAL FILMS, available to industry on rental, purchase, free loan basis, are listed in "The Index of Training Films" distributed Ppy the Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester 4, N. Y. This classified industrial ^inventory of available braining materials covers diversified fields in the J|i!eramic and Glass Industries; Chemical Industry; Electrpnics including jpjGenerators & Motors, Electrical Measurement, Motor Maintenance & Repair, |i|^adio & Communication; Engineering; Diesel, Internal Combustion & Steam jines; Foundry and Forging Practice; Hydraulics; Machine Shop Practice; |,and in the Plastics, Refrigeration, and Wood Working Industries. PRODUCTION OF WORKING DRAWINGS on metals,, plastics, hard rubber, and other -porous materials can be economically accomplished by the use of a new :1 gun applied, light-sensitive, quick-drying; primer and coating. The irocess, carried out in ordinary room lighting conditions, consists of clear 'lacquer priming, coating, exposure to bright light of sensitized metal in contact the drawing and washing with a 2 per cent solution of ammonia dcL warm water. Complex layouts can be produced in quantity and finished "youts withstand bending, shearing, and punching without loosening. It is plicable. in the making of photo templates, wiring diagrams, instrument dials, and for general decoration of metal, wood, and plastic IBER, |9W d 5 POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 MASS-PRODUCTION of packaged heat -pump units was encouraged at a recent South eastern Electric Exchange meeting in Birmingham of representatives of southern and southwestern electric light and power companies. The reverse cycle refrigeration specifications now developed contemplate automatic electric motor driven units for hoth cooling and heating commer cial establishments. Authorities in the. field believe that application of the-principles of the heat pump to a unit designed for water heating will result in an even lower cost of electric water heating. EQUIPMENT TRENDS - 5^ lb oscilloscope, incorporating cathode ray tube, ver tical and horizontal amplifiers, linear time base oscillator, synchroniza tion means, and self-contained power supply . . . 330 amp capacity Diesel engine driven arc welder . . . 30 lb portable cast aluminum air hoist with full load rating of 17 fpm. a# PACKAGED 'SltB'-STATIONS normally include only the transforming, regulating, and switdhihj^ Shipment beyond the high voltage entrance to the transformer. I Packaged linits including transforming, regulating, relaying, metering, and protective equipment are now available in various arrangements up to 45,000 kva and materially reduce engineering, drafting, and purchasing details on I. the. part of the oustomer. THERMAL PROCESSING AND TESTING from sub-zero to high temperatures is how'an . I important-factor in the research, testing, standardization, and production of plastics, liquids, metals, instruments, and chemicals. A sub-zero processing temperature of -160 F is commercially available for expan sion fits, hardening of steel tools and jigB, and standardization of gauges a metals, Metallurgical research and relative humidity simulation units are in production with humidity controlled with temperature range of 35 F to 175 PLASTIC PARTS are now metal coated by various metal spraying and chemical re- M duction methods to increase their overall strength and dimensional stabil- . k ity and to improve corrosion, impact, and abrasion resistance. STEAM-TURBINE-BLADE DEPOSITS from any make turbine operating at a throttle pressure of 350 psi or better are sought by the steam-turbine and water- ' conditioning departments of Allis-Chalmers in order to collate data on deposits attributed to carry-over. Results of acceptable samples submitted wil i be forwarded to the sending plant operators. Full information can be secured from Dr. L. A. Burkardt, Research Laboratory, Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Mil waukee, Wis. NOTED-- high carbon aiid chromium ball bearings 1 millimeter in diameter for delicate instrument bearing applications . . , high strength rivet with alloy-steel 25 Rc cadmium plated pin head at one end and A17S-T anodized .collar which fits grooved end of pin. Has design shear strength of 75,000 psi . . . micrometer, employing electronic circuit in conjunction with micrometer screw thread. Affords accurate readings to .00005 in production testing lines . . . light weight, soil resistant, vinyl butyral coated, flex ible work gloves which can be cleaned with standard solvents . . . 5 oz vestpocket vibromoter measures m achine vibrations from 450 to 50,000 cycles per min . . . grid bearings constructed of steel backing lined with gridded silver or. copper for heavy load applications. Additional information on any of the above items will be furnished upon request. SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, I d s im b 0 S C O R E ...W E M ...C L 0 G ...L E A K 1ip i s d i o n of T ype "Bl! S aatle A ndjt |j Yarway Seatless Blow-Off Valves have become standi rd in m ore than 12,000 boiler plants because they minate a common source of trouble and expense with Conventional type blow-off valve operation. #r X ar ways have no seat to score, wear, clog a nd leak! fylThis famous seatless design, first introduced by IjjBrway m ore than 3 5 years ago, has been constantly unproved and adapted to meet m odern service requirejBl.tfnts. Mechanical and metallurgical research in Yarway's own unique Steam Laboratory anticipates changing conditions . . . assures the finest in blow-off valves for today's boiler plants. T here is a Yarway Blow-Off Valve for every pressure. For complete details of valves for pressures up to 400 psi., send for Bulletin B-424; for higher pressures ask for Bulletin B-432. YARNALL-WARING COMPANY Homo Office; 116 M orm oid A v o ., Philo. 18, Po. Sou/iiorn Rtproivntalive; RO GER A . M ARTIN , Bona A llan Building, A tlanta 3, G a , -IN D E X OF H E LPFU L B O O K L E T S , B U L L E T IN S, REFERENCE LITERATURE- Cooperating with leading manufacturers o f equipment and supplies, SPI makes available for the asking, without cosf^ or obligation, the following valuable bulletins, booklets, handbooks and catalogs. Check the list, fill in Coupon, mail to SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY. (Coupon on page 12.) This service restricted to those interested in the operation or design of Industrial, Power and Service Plants. STEAM PLANT . . . FURNACES OILERS, STOKERS, BURNERS 1 r t BOILER SEAM PROTECTORS-- BookI vJ lot 5-A-- Dyncribu tho practical way to end cracking and leaking in H ltT boilers-- by using aoam protector* -- NATIONAL B O ILE R PR O TECTO R CO,. D ayton. Ohio. I D DUST IN INDUSTRY-- B ulletin 01*6. 4 - 3 tre a tise on control and collection of duBt In In d u stry -- diacuascs con bos, n atu re, control and collection of industrial dust-- describes the Van Tongeren Bystom of handlinc--- B U E L L EN G IN EER IN G GO., INO., 4 Cedar Street, Now York, N. Y. 3 Q STO K ER S-- B ooklet, 12 pages-- ` `B u rn s coal like o il" b tho title of a new bub lotin describing tho Fyr-foador M ultiple S p rea d e r S to k e r and th e work i t la doing in various Army, N avy and tiefen ho pow er planta.-- AMERICAN GOAL BURNER COM PANY. 36-18 E. E rio St., Chicago, 111. STEAM TURBINES -- Bulletin T-118, 12 pages-- Deflcrlbefl Typo "T F * Steam Turbinoli for mechanical drive, featuring sim plicity an d ruggadnoa, w ith v a rioua re* finomon ta auch na pend changera, au to m atic ooislu control, etc., for 2 to 600 !b gauge, ingle stage. -- MURRAY IRON W ORKS CO., 116 W aln u t 8 t., B u rlin g to n , Iow a. 1 U N D ERFEED STOKER-- Booklet S9 I 478-, 20 page.---D etailed o p eratin g views and draw ings of features which add now efficiency to tim e-tested T a y lo r .Mul tiple R etort Underfeed Type " R " ntoker. Facta fo r design, in stallatio n , op eratio n , main* ten an co and cost a n aly sis, -- AMERICAN EN G IN E ER IN G CO., 2102 A ram ingo. P h ila delphia 25, Pa, T D D A M PERS---- C atalog I, 32 pages -- * J 1 Honean curtain dam per a of w idespread application, to provide reliab le o p e ra tio n ,In creased capii city, reduced m aintenance, high er effieisney and other advantages, -- THERM IK ENGINEERING 00 ., F irst Na tional Bank Bldg., Greenwich, Conn. 7 0 W ELDED BOILERS-- B ulletin 8-07, 8 O pages --- S ta n d a rd electric w elded boilera, fe a tu rin g l.hroQ-piiBu gas trav el, large liberating area and combustion cham ber, ta pered w ater legs, double section grate, acces sib ility , 1900 to 44.000 Stj f t fo r coal, oil or gnu firing, w ith com plete in sta llatio n and application d a ta ,-- T H E B RO W N EL L CO,, 304 N, F in d ley St.. D ayton 1. Ohio. n r DUST CONTROL-- Booklet-- Describes how to Increase production, reduce coffltii, safeguard workers" health th ro u g h the in stall Lition of tailored, ad eq u ate d u a l con trol ByeteinR, carefu lly deni grind to m eet your -needs.-- LIB ER T Y ENGINEERING A MEG. CO., INO., 1454 S. 15th St., Louinvillo 1. Ky PANS, PUMfS, COMPRISSOftS, HEATERS, HEAT TRANSFER ] C Q HOT W ATER HEATERS-- Catalog-- I Describes Gulfstream hot w ater heat ors. using low proftfluro and e x h au st team a t high economy, rapid. Inexpensive-- 370 to 3700 gal per hr, inntantanooun or storage type.-- MARION MACHINE, FOUNDRY & SU P P L Y CO.. M arion, Ind. UNIT -- Catalog 0-E, 32 I O U pagen-- Dertcribea and gives details and (specifications of Therm oilor u n it heatera in various Horvice, w ith engineering charts showing capacities under various con d itio n n, and diagramw showing pipe connec tion and autom atic controls,-- GM N NELL CO., INO., Providence, R. I. 9 T FE E D W A TER R EG U LA TORS--B uL le tin S-2U-D, 20 page -- Fxpkin& : i principio of autom atic fpedw ator ra gain (or* j|l and describes design and o peration -- 1he control fo r reg u latio n of di fiorentini preti urea nnd pump g n v orner. -- T H E ll SW ARTW OUT COMPANY, 18511 Fmclid A v e ,. Cleveland 12. Ohio. * j ;$ | CONTROL VALVES, TRAPS-- Bull,. ( 4LU U tin 645, 8 pages -- Control valva* url nd team trap for p a rtic u la r application la ;ir! pilawtic m olding-- heating, com pressing, aper^y'ij a ting m olding prowaa,-- W, H . NICHOLSON A 0U,, 175 Oregon 0 t,, W ilkes-Barre. Pa F E E D W A T E R C O N T R O L-- Bulieili. 4 ^ v l 423A, 10 page-- D etails on Cope,* Flom atlg, tho steam flow w ater level regu ; la to r for high du ty boilers. M ulti-colored di&n grama, chart, photOB, etc. -- NORTHERN \ EQ U IPM EN T 0 0 .. 1945 Grove D rive. Erie. M Pa. HYDRAULIC P R E 8SU EE PU M PS-- I O I Bulletin 238, 4 pages-- Describes the modern duplex hydraiilio pressure pump, w ith sp ecifications, im p o rtan t fe a tu re s, croaBnGetIon.al vlowfl and photograph, complete table as to nice, capacity, etc,-- W ARREN STEAM PU M P CO., INC., W arren, Mntm. 9 / ^ 7 L IQ U ID L E V E L INDICATOR^--BuMeA U r t,ln W ff-1821, 8 pages-- the ndvan- . | tagos of rem ote liquid level indicators. giving I a t convenient night love!, ench a* instruQient p a n d a , tho liquid levels in boilera. .H$8 boaters, tanks end o th e r vessels in power f* and in d u stria l plant--n o apecsal liquidn, no pawlung or ntuffing boxen---prrBBtmiB up to 1500 p a l--YARNALL WARING COMPANY. Clmatnut Hill, Philadelpliln IB, Pa. 1 7 9 P U M P S , COMPRESSORS, TUB- I BINES-- Catalog 1381, 24 pages-- Complete preaentation of DeLaval line of Btoftin tu rb in es, helical gear, centrifugal pump, centrifugal comprensarfi, worm gear speed reducers, and I MO oil pum ps,-- engi neering details and company background.-- DeLAVAL STEAM TURBINE 00 ., Trenton 2, N. J. 274 OPEN CHANNEL M ETERS-- Bulletin 62, 12 pages -- D escribes motor In tended prinnirlly fo r meAfinrenieTit in op ohannnln of sewage, in d u stria l w astes, ludgr irrig atio n w ater, otc.-- both d ire c t mechanic*? and electronic, telem eter typo, w ith wick wb-- leetiop of register and varoius combinat-ions of indicating, recording and in te g ra tin g .-- ,j- BA ILEY M ETE R CO., 1028 Ivanhoe Rood. Cleveland 10, Ohio. 1 7 3 D E E P W ELL PU M P3-- Bulletin 142. / J 4 pngas--Perries HI-Lift pumps de signed to pump maximum quantities of wa ter at minimum cent from small diam eter weila -- 500 to 3500 gpm. -- PEER LESS PU M P DTV,, Food M achinery Corp., 301 W est Avo. 26, Log Angelcfi 31, Onlif. 9 7 c TE M PER A TU R E CONTROLS-- Bullo- tin 650, *1 pages-- C ontrola fo r devel oping high efficiency and economy in do- greasers and mota! cleaning machines.--- _ HARCO GO., INC., 4 75 F ilth Avo., New V.l Y ork 17. N. Y. TM mtion* 9 7 Q BELLOW S CONTROLS-- B ullotin NL - I s 1300-- Complete sto ry of the design* U N IT H E A T E R S -- Oatalog 12-C-l -- tho v ariety, the application of inylphon bel* Complete w orking data on down- lows to m aking and breaking circuits, op<!Q` blow u n it heater*, featured in high in s tailulga mid closing valves, dam pers, etc.-- THE ran g in g from 15 to 45 ft above the FULTON SYLFTION CO.. K noxville 1. Tenn. w orking one, and o th e r pot location* no described -- TE D D ER S MFG. CO,. INC-. Unf falo 7. N. Y. 9 Q 4 W ATER GAGES-- B ulletin G, 6 page A 7 Spiit-gland a d ju st ahi w a ter gago, simple and nosy to lurtta!! w ithout wrench1 or tool, of Hupp.rior quality and applicability in niodernirdng y o u r pow er and itsduBtrlaF INSTRUMENTS, METERS. CONTROLS, REGULATORS plan t.-- ER N ST W A T E R COLUMN A OAflK CO., Jjivlngaton, N. J. 9^1 C FLOATS-- L iterature doecrlbing reason for 700,0DO flonta placed in, se rv ice by H ercules for nil types of in d u strie s and applications.-- HERCULES FLOAT WORKS, 200 F ran k lin St., Springfield, Muss 9 Q 1 FLOW M ETERS-- Catalog 2006, 34 L / I page"--Deacribun In dj onting, record ing and in te g ra tin g model of olocirlc tTFfl flow Bftterpi for the m easurem ent of w ater, ulr, oil, gas and o th er fluid.---TJDj BROWN IN STR U M EN T CO., 4.505 Wayr. Ave., P hiladelphia 44, P i. SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 r Right. 'motor Hl i:Vou a con fi We've R system to I (educed is passages 'fi practical]] h ji/iveve dr, P p g Pk Ki Of course SOUTHS cRuator 1 -- ali Iforontli TH] l Eclh S-- Bulli 1 vaivi catlor? U M .p * - Hullutlo on Oop&i voi rtw * lorod dia* HTIIEUH ivo. Erlty It-BuHfltfS e iidvaonf rs. g iv in g s la lBtrq*j i boilCT*^TM In posvor.j quid8, notra i?fl up lt )MPAKYf< --Bulletin.! nelora In In in. nluajci*: lech n n leal I wide e-;,' tbinntSo^fti -ratlng.-^J too Roi ,8-- Bullfor dovei- ; ,y Sm dot A) icll illI'll---'#, vo.. lletln N&y e iIcbIsPV tilion boJ$ .Its, open*; ltc. _ T s a , ,i, Tcnm. 3, 6 p*K > ur 5i wronob** ,|M plIcnbO itM o&l 2006, rooord* tric Iv* of "St ip i du -- TH j - 5 WJT 3jS Right. In A llis-C halm ers' modern JjiMor line we're now prepared to offer raila coi/ifihterange ofoutdoor weatherjlfpof, totally-enclosed motors all the toy from small, standard ratings to sizes >$2,000 hp or larger." ``Why, That M eans Then," our cus tomer exclaimed, "in larger ratings they fill the need of power plant engineers who want to install equipment like draft fans outside, and thus keep down struc ture costs per kw capacity." Right again --and they fit into other industries too! Chemical, for instance. Here cast iron motors have generally been preferred ,. . because they stand up better under acid and alkali conditions. But now these new motors, with new design im provements, promise to provide several important operating advantages , . , Looking for a Good Motor? **'ve Re-designed the heat-transfer Cfn to improve ventilation. W e've tauced maintenance by m aking air wages not only more accessible, but /'//-cleaning as well. And 'limited liquid and dirt-trappockets. In the smaller ratings we Pf.'toursc offer our standard design. Specify "Allis-Chalmers" ! For whether your job calls for a large motor like that above, or a small standard machine, you can be sure o f gettin g two things when you specify "Allis-Chalmers:" 1) Exactly the right type and size motor; 2) consistent with the finest quality work manship of which we are capable. For the full story of liberal Allis-Chal mers motor construction, call our nearby > dealer or sales office. A l l i s - C h a l m e r s , M i l w a u k e e 1, W is. A 2117 One of the Big 3 in Electric Power Equipment -- Biggest of All in Range of Industrial Products HERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 9 PLANT EQUIPMENT, TOOLS, PROCESS SPECIALTIES 3 C 2 TOOLS-- Catalog Q, 90 .pages-- Com3 3 3 plot description and illustration of a comprohonsivo lino of hand and oloctric tools for production, m alntonanco and serv ies throughout industrial, u tility and largo service p la n ta -- including su p er oorvioo eta. -- SNAP-ON TOOLS OORP., 8050-- 128th Ave., K enosha, W ia. 3 r r PO R T A B L E ELEC TR IC TOOLS-- Ont- a lag 45. 44 page---Contiens or d e scrip tio n of SkllToola-- aw, d rills, andnrs, grindord, rjhoars. nibbler, cleaners, blower, with a very helpful supplem ent on how to get the m ost from y o u r electric tool---to m ake A m erica's h an d s more p ro d u ctiv e.-- S K IL 8 AW . INC., 5035 Elston Avo., Chicago 30. III. MASONRY SAWS-- 4 page circular 3 0 0 35, 55 25A. 50-- Givo th e d ifferen t modeln, th e different, ubcs and th e d ifferen t Lapa and shapes produced b y C lipper M a sonry Hftwa in construction and fu rn ace re pair work. -- C L IP P E R MPO. CO., 4022 Chouteau S t,, St. L ouis 10. Mo. 3 7 1 CRUSHERS, GRINDERS, SHRED- 3 / I D E E S -- Illu stra te d B o o k le t--- A m eri can Rolling' Ring and Haitime rm ill crushers, g rin d ers an d ah rodder,a, for m etal tu rn bigs, soul,, sto n e and a w ide v ariety1 of friab le, nemi-sbranivo and fibrous m aterials -- size, h*repowor; speed, wolght and floor space ehurtod fo r coni, lim estone and m etal tu rn ing c ap acities.-- AMERICAN PU L V E R IZ E R CO., 1243 M uekliml Avo., S t. Louia 10. Mo. D 0 7 CONDENSATE RETURN S Y S T E M 3 0 / B ulletin 3250---Describes a now high pressura condensato return system giving higher heat tran sor rates, lower fuel cost and increased holler capacity-- for high presaura b o iler nervi co, fo r low p re ssu re process equipm ent betvice, -- COCHRANE CORF,, 3110 N. 17*h St.. Philadelphia 32, Pa. PIPING, VALVES, FITTINGS, STEAM SPECIALTIES, TRAPS A C ( \ STEAM T R A PS-- Butletln 450, 8 *t 3 U pages-- O cscrlbea the B arca lino of float and therm ostatic steam traps, com pressed air traps and liquid level controls. Dim ensions, cttpftcitiotf, other e n g in eerin g and economic d a ta . --- 3ARCO CO., INC,. 475 Fifth Avenue, New Y ork 17, N. Y. A C D TRAPS AND SPECIA LTIES-- Folder 3 3 0, 10 circular---Complete d e ta ils 00 Squire steam and air traps, redlining valves, pumps govorfiora, holler feed eo'nrollers ami o th er spcetnHiofi,-- 0. E. SQ U IR ES 0 0 ., 32. 40 th S t. and IColley Avo,, Cleveland 3, Ohio. ACTJ. VALVES FOR CORROSION -- Form i j " S-7-45, 30 pages-- D escribe and UiuBtraton a com plete lino of valve in vari ous metals and alloys for corrosion aervleo-- globe, angle, check, Y, needle, relief, etc,--with recom m endations for various applica tion*. -- T H E WM. PO W EL L CO., 2503 S pring Grove Ave., C incinnati 22, Ohio, A C C STEAM TRA PS-- Bulletin T-1739, 16 1 3 0 p a g e s-- Yarwny impulae ateam traps -- little tra p s w ith big capacltiea, diHchurglng continuously on heavy loads, intormHtent.ly on light load-- comploto dotajla on capaci ties, woichl.s, dimensions, nricos and npplicu tion.-- YARN ALL-W ARING CO., C hestnut Hill, Philadelphia, Pa. MA 7 c STEAM TRA PS-- B ooklet, " How to /3 Choose a Steam T rap*1-- Gives com pleto engineering data regarding choice and installation of team trap, particularly as to sim p lific a tlon of piping and elim ination of fittin g s and valves.-- -THE V. D . ANDER SON CO., 193*3 W est 96th St., Cloveland 2. Ohio. A Q A VALVE REPA IR AND REPLACETrO I MENT---Valve record Sheet -- Polder and reco rd formB for th e main ton m too of com plete records on the re p a ir 'and replacem ents of valves, to guard ng a in st u n d e te cte d losses and give dep0n.1l able, economical p la n t o p era tion. A simple, hnlpfnl recording procedure.--- JEN K IN S BROS. 80 White St., New York .13, N. Y. 10 STEAM TRAPS-- Catalog 07-- A now scries of Strong industrial steam Imps of the inverted bucket type, featuring a >aclon tillcl Jy deaigiiwd. orifice th ro a t which gives up to 25 % g re a te r capacity, avo Ida turbulence and minimizes the choking caused by flash stoam. Relocation of straight-through Inlet and outlet connections place trap below in jet pipe a t all tim es. T hree Bizes up to 1% in., in both standard and therm al designs.-- STRONG, C A RLISLE & HAMMOND CO., 1392 W. T hird St., Cleveland 13, Ohio. POWER TRANSMISSION, MATERIALS HANDLING /C I O SE L T LACING -- Bulletin F -lO O ^ vJ I O H andbook on the fastening of beiSft for transm ission an d conveyor use, w ith t>*S7`-a ticu lar em phasis on steel lacings and Hn t plate.-- FLEX IB LE STEEL LACING C tf-J 465 Lexington St., Chicago, t]). ``:1S MAINTENANCE, PACKING, LUBRICANTS, WELDING C C ] IRON CEM ENT-- Smooth-On Hand3 3 book, 40 pages-- Iro n cem ent In v ari ous types for repairs, for joints, for gaskets, for seams, for water-proofing, for surfaceproofing-- many practical illustrated applica tions and how they are made.-- SMOOTH-ON MFQ. CO., D ept. 35, 570 Communipaw Ave.. Jersey C ity 4, N. J. C C 7 BALL AND ROLLER LUBRICATION 3 3 ^ -- Booklet 11*44. 56 pagein-- A wealth of d a ta on tha lubrication of ball and ro ller bearings under the various melica! condi tio n s met by a low friction b ra rin g u n it.-- TH E TEXAS COMPANY, 185 East 42nd St., New Y ork 17. N. Y. C C D CLEANING COMPOUND-- Digest, 20 3 3 3 pages-- 71 different methods of clean ing, do-scaling, de-grenaing, and other opera tions related to power, Industrial and sorvice plant maintenance.-- OAKITE PRODUCTS, [NO., 23-A Thamoa St., New Y ork 6, N. Y. C C C TUBE CLEANERS FOR SMALL 3 0 0 T U B E S-- B ulletin 15, 0 pages-- S p e chi IJy designed clean era for small diam eter tubes sueh ns thbso of h e at exchangers, con* dona e r3. a ir ocoiars, a ir p re h e aters, re bo 11era and coils. -- TH E AIRETOOL MFG. 00., S p rin g field , Ohio. C ~ ] PACKING-- Bulletin P12. 4 page-- 3 0 / Servivo ehurt of G-T_ isolf-lubrleating pacicing, recpmmtmding varimi fttylea of uiftny application a --- cilso other application d a ta and eoniparison etnia of in te r e s t. to th itidu s trin i, pow er and serviico pian t . -- G REEN E. TW E E D & 0 0 ., B ronx Blvd. a t 23Blh St.. Now Y ork 66. N. Y. C 7 'I PA C K IN G --- B elm ont Catalog-- Gives 3 / I complete inform ation about a wide variety nt typsa and applications of Belmont packing for power and industrial applica tions-- com plete engineering data ami IJIubtm lo n u ,-- TH E BELMONT PACKING CO. B utler and Sepviva Sts., Philadelphia 87, Pa, q 7 C r TUBE CLEANERS -- Check Lit, 6 3 / 3 pagcf--- A re p rin t chock list- and ft two-page leldcfclon guido show how to tiavo wear and Icar and get maximum results with tubo donning equipment-- faster, more offirin n tly w ith lsa d a m a g e.-- THOM AS C. W ILSON. INC., 21-11 44th Avo., Long Island City 1, N. Y. " 7 0 LUBRICA TIO N -- Catalog 2*0, 12 3 / O pngRE---The engineering design and application dutilth; of M odel 25 fo r co-food lubricator for positive and automatic lu b ri cation of cylinders und benriofrs---wide rango largo capacity.--- MANZEL BROS. 0 0 ., 318 Babcock St.. B uffalo 10, N. Y r o o VALVE DISCS AND PACKING.-- 3 0 0 B u lletin H. 2 pages; --- ErM.it com reused valve discs for high pressures and -ti1g h tem pera turns, compressed pum p valves, gunkota, otem packing and other valve and water ecdmwi accoBaorics.-- ERNST WATER COLUMN & GAGE CO., 250 S. L ivingston Avo., L iv in g sto n , N , J . C C D MATERL4L HANDLING -- BullsU.s U 3 k L 41, 16 paga-- ld i cm , aprati c;-i veyom and bucket elevatori] a s applied Jvfl general material handling. Doacripti0n, 1 Idun o, diagram a, en g in eerin g data inciudad i` -- CHAIN BELT CO., 1600 W, Bruce Hr M ilwaukee 4. Wia. C C 4 COAL CONVEYOR--B ulletin 2008--- i ^ 3 * The new " ru n a ro u n d " boiler r06^(1 coal conveyor w ith d u st type, Sidckar-KnrricY-Y an innovation in m odern boiler room O'oAf'is handling-- little liead room, low power, unb'^WS form feed a t several points-- no dust-- rung of capacities and length.-- LIN 1\-BELT ,v| 0 0 .. 807 N. M ichigan Ave., Chicago 9, / C i : ELEC TR IC H O IST S -- B ulletin-- Dr* 0 3 3 scriplive of amooth, sturdy perforrqh^ ance of low head electric hoists, % ton l^dsL 1 2 ton capacity, ad ap tab le for operation ubjvM any Monorail system .-- AMERICAN 'ENGIjjf" NEERING C<*.. 2402 A rsm ingo Ave. Phll>{ dolphia 25, Pa. C / Z CHAIN D R IV ES. Catalog 444. 7 H* 0 3 0 pages, comploto d e ta ils on Rex tf*al chain belts and th e ir a pplication to variou#S d r Ivos-- d ifficu lt and easy, lig h t and heftvy^l loading, ponitivo. acmirnto, dopendnblo. CHAIN B ELT 0 0 .. 1724 W . B ruce fit., Mih w aukee 4, Wis. / - r n M A TER IA LS H A N D LIN G -- Applioav O U lion H andbook, 48 pages-- An excel1* le n t usable presen tatio n , largely pictorial, oL-fi many solution to common in d u stria l matofijS ria ls h andling problem s, showing the many..^ advantage in coat reduction and labor aav-r'Jjl ing of M onorall equipm ont. -- * AMERICAN^jfi MONORAIL 0 0 ., 13107 A thens Ave., ClloviW land, Ohio,, PO W ER TR A N SM ISS IO N -- Catolox O D I 40, looBe-leal binder-- Gives coinpre- | honsive presontotion of th e com plete line Ofy power transm ission equipment, including i><*it (JrivoB. fInt belt drives, pulley, gear, chains, Bprockoto m anufactured by the Jn* dUBtrial Division of CO NTINENTAL GIN' CO., 45410 F ifth AVO,, B irm ingham 2 . Ala. FL E X IB L E COUPLINGS -- B ulletin;1ili 642, 8 pages -- The Nicholson m etal, flood lub ricated iloxibja coupling; ;?j w hich m akes ue of cen trifu g al forco to scat the connecting and adapting flonting' koys, giving a strong, durable, quiet operat- 'j| in g long-lived trnnuniitfcing u n it in monyjlij ritandard and BPechil aiacs and npplicuticn.fi. -- W. H . NICHOLSON & CO., 175 Oregon,! St,. W ilke a-Barre. Pa. SP E E D B ED U C EB S. -- Cotslog MS i 144 pages-- Detail and ongifn.'riOlf da ta on a m ost completo lino of speed rnducer, w ith inform ation as to aelecting the ji typo, size and application-- design and con*^ji struct,ion---lubrication -- rating -- torque hors power-- ioAdlng und application,-- WITy, FIELD II. SM ITH, INO.. Hpringville, County, N Y. WATER TREATMENT. AIR CONDITIONING, REFRIGERATION " Q 1 TU B E CLEAN ERS -- Catalog. 32 j y 1 pages-- How to Helpat a tube cleaner-- the t.nalmieit lilies of boiler achin' and tube clait 11jng-- this eeonomy, lh e clft*c tiven ess 1nd the *a tin faction of filea lubes-- .an ovary-day m aintenance help, -- ROTO DIV ISIO N 0/ ELTJO TT 0 0 .. 145 Sussex Ave., N ewark J. SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 194*1 u lle tln * CH Ud to ptiont, .'tided. ?e 8t.. sooa-- f roej 1 lortier, | no coal ^ `i\ uni-- wide -BELT 9. III. .11-- !>*vrforro ton tobion on ENGI Phil Applica- - *"j a excel- ;i Driftl, of tl matee many . g 3o r aav- . ; IR1CAN , Cl ova- 's,s Catalog compreline of i-i ding V, geari. the InIL GTN . Ala. B ull ytin Ikon affi HI coupling force to floating I oporat- --y n many licntioni. Oregon ttloE I"*. Imicrinff ipCfiil TO' tinf ttio nnd con; filili* a**? I.*--`WIN* lie, Erie d itio n - a t m e n * 1' JjiU'O N-;i orjrftolfv serves * * I<W *', pimips, rent \ T 10 KAl*ttl P t* iterever steam, air or gas | used, Clark Fluid Con- wv Its n ot on ly g iv e your ament longer life, but y increase efficiency and mc"r1ease fuel costs. YEARS of build- g better products have fuilt a steadily rising accep- ce for fluid controls lade and backed by Clark. 0M&T The popular CLARK SERIES 70 --small inverted bucket type steam trap with Clark Patented Bucket Venting Device and other exclusive Clark features, suitable for gen eral d ra in a g e . A vailable in 3 sizes: Vi" ,Ve," an d l" . For pressures up to 200 P.S.I, and tem p eratu res up to 400F. Write for f r ee catalog of complete specifications and applications for the w ide line of Clark Fluid Controls. IE C LA R K M A N U F A C T U R IN G C O M P A N Y * DEPT. B CLEV ELA N D 14, O H IO M akers of a wide line of fluid controls including STEAM AND FLUID TRAPS STRAINERS PRESSURE REGULATORS VACUUM AND LIFTING TRAPS VALVES REDUCI NG VALVES CITHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 7 ^ 4 ICE MAKING EQUIPMENT -- B ull* * J ' tin 127-G, 82 ptgoa---11]uaira te with over 100 photographs and draw ings tho parts 0/ modern ice m aking plant of v arious types, from one-man au tom atic p lan ts up, dual* prcDHuro system s, brino race system s, group lift, etc. -- PRICK COMPANY. W aynesboro. Pennsylvania. * 7 ir r COMPRESSOR VALVES-- Leaflet-- * ** Replacem ent problems involving pis tone, comprenaor vnJves of the old stylo poppet, or out-mudod, amali area plate or ribbon type described. E ach valve io on individual design, particularly applicable to every typo and m ake of air and gas com pressori], to give rnnmrkoblo economy, relia bility ami safety of operation.-- J. H. H. VOSS CO.. 785 E. I4 4 th St., New Y ork 54, New York. MOTOR STARTERB-- Booklets 8716, O J T a641. 3804-- Starter of every type, every kind, for every machine application-- general purpose, dual type, w ater type, cor roaion re a lstan t, hazardous purpose, saving in m ounting time, w iring time, inortiaalng safety, motor protection, plan! appearance. -- GEN ERAL ELEC TR IC Ci>.. Section K fl7fl l44. Schenectady , N. Y. n r r STORAGE BATTERIES -- Catalog -- O D D More work a t low er coat by indillitria l tru c k s, tra c to rs, etc., through ufio of now, tough, more pow erful P kilco storage b a tte rie s-- It?tu m aintenance, rotluco d e p re ci ation, low er coat in hntidling umteiiuL---PH IL C O COUP.. Storage B atiory Dlv., Tren ton 7. N. J. q r / r D IESEL LUBRICATION-- " The j/ - / O brientinn of A utom otive Diesel 4 ginoji" , 48 pages-- The mdaction and caie lubricating oil, the functions of lubricati? oil, engine te sts D iesel fuels, oil eoiubu tion--- how they influence iho operation an tho economy of your plan t.-- GULP 1J OORP., 3800 Gulf B uilding, P ittsb u rg h "3^; Q 7 1 TWO CYCLE D IE S E L S -- BulloiU. y / I 33G0-F, 34 page-- An improved meclvi ol of 2-cycle units fe a tu rin g oil cooled piA tons, open heud combustion, differential hj j action valve nod buck-flow scavenging now available in ra tin g s from 500 to 20` bp. O riginal design already installed in ov,, three quarter million horsepower. -- FAIr I BANKS, M ORSE & CO., F a irb a n k s MorJS) 7 7 ^ W *B0IXT8 WATER 8 OFTENING. Bui iciin-- Gives details of the Bolcolite zeolite w hich will in crease tho cap acity of in d u strial w a ter softening up to aix Umeg tho original---an excellent m o d ern izatio n aid -- a probable solution to your particular problem of filtration, softening, ilicn rc tnoval or distilled w ater production.-- BELCO INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT D IV .r 300 Iowa Avc,, P a tte rso n 8. N, J . ELECTRICAL O i e OOBX01.ES, rA N E IiS, ENCLOSURES O -- D oscriptivo booklet ---- " C ontract M anufacturing in Sheet M etals" describes jo b -fitted control centers, hua enclosures, cu- b id on, nw itohgear housing, panel and v a ri ous o th er nheot m etal naacmblitm fo r u tility and in d u stria l p lan t control.-- TP IE KIRdC 8a BLUM M FG. CO., 2856 S p rin g Grove Ave., C incinnati, Ohio. G IT I FU SES ,-- Handbnok, 12 pagea -- O / I " F u seology"-- will holp nmintonnnce men g et tbo tnoat out of fuaea. Telia w h at to do when fufiau blow-- Whoro to look for troublo th n t caunod fuaoa to blow-- W h at to do a fte r you havo found th trouble-- How to select tlio righi, ty p e of fuaes for vurioutt c ir cuita-- How to determ ino propor hzo of fuso or Fuacjtron---nnd othor uaeful inforinatiou. ---BUSSMANN MFCL CO, U n iv ersity a t .Tefferaon, S t. Louis 7, Ilo . O C O DEAD FRONT SW ITCHGEAR-- Bul- letin B6376, 4 pagoB--- Gives d etails on m etal enclosed^ dead fro n t switchgear for low voltage d istrib u tio n circu ita -- com plete with tablea and ratinga, typea of construction and d monitions.-- 'A L L I8-0H A L M E R S MFC CO., 675, M ilw aukee 1, Wie. Q C ^ F U S E S -- B u lletin 6 -- K llplok funoa ODO guarantee good co n tact and conven ient application'--elim inating destructive tem perature, burnt funes and anviug, abutdowna and othor fuse trouble.-- TRJOO FU SE MEG. 0 0 .. M ilw aukee 12, Wi. Q /-Q W IRE AND C A BLE-- B ooklet-- A O D O w ide range of nfibestoa and iiBbestoviunished cam bric Inanlated w ire and cnhlo, called Neasbesuio, for inatollntionn where lieut, fleune, oil. m obiuro, Jp-oftae nnd co rro sive fumes make rubber, plastic and v a r nished cambric insulation unsuitable. -- NATIONAL ELECTRIC PRODUCTS CORF.. Pittnburgh, Pu. O D O W IR E AND CABLE-- " Industrial / A G W iring Guido" -- A technical hand book for tho selection and application of wire and cable in im luatriol plants, giving stepby-step analysis of tlio w iring requirem ent In. yo u r plant, -- ANACONDA W IR E & CABLE COMPANY. 26 Broadw ay. Now York. N. Y. DIESELS. GAS ENGINES. PETROLEUM PRODUCTS Q 1 A D IE SE L ENGINES. Catalog, 80 page / I U oi chart, diagrams, photographs nnd te x t Intended to help tho Dioaol englnoor and executive In tbo lubrication problem they m eet.-- T H E TEX A S COMPANY. 1B5 East 42nd Si.. Now York City. MISCELLANEOUS 1 f i f i 7 INDUSTRIAL INSULATION -- I n ^ I U U Z , sulation Catalog A91, 16 pages Eagle Pleher industrial insulation for high; ana low tem perature installation, w ith nlj# the essential data n ecessary to specify th block, blanket, plastic, fe lt and cem ent typo available. Valuablo fuel-saving c h arts aneti* engineering tables are included. -- THBnf, EAGLE P IC K E R LEAD CO., A m erican' Bldg., 01 elminti 1, Ohio. I O A 3 SA FETY GOOGLES-- Catalog-- Do; 2 I U U D scribes com plete lino of " Eye, Savors" , all-plastic nafety goggles w ithnbattm praof leriflea th a t give protection '-! ngninnt the m ajority of in d u stria l eye haar^1.1; nrds. Complete inform ation an p ro p e r Btylo$ and models Lo pro tect a g ain st flyinc ahip, Lf nplinters, dust, etc.-- W ATOIIEMOKET OP T IC A L 0 0 .. INC.. P rovidence 3. R. I. i n n / : EN G IN E ER IN G PR O D U CTS-- Com- I U U O prohensivo D irectory -- Lints monvythan IflOO pro d u ct types and the tmgineering H taraturo which deficrlboa them . Bullo-v: tins offered givo in most case operating*^ da ta charts, formula and technical infor; m ation of valuo to tho umn who specific** jr nnd buys ctjuipment.-- ALLIS CHALMERS MFG. CO,, 576, M ilw aukee 1, W is. 1 fWY7 SH E E T METAL PA N ELS, 0U- I U U /.B I C L E S . ETC.-- Doucriptivo Book-; let-- " C o n trad M nnufucturiug in Sheet J M e ta ls '' describoH job-tallorcd control con- j[ tor, bus encloHUres. cubicles, s w itc h g e a r^ housinga, panels and various other fiheot, ; m etal nanerablies for u tility and indnslrint ? p la n t appHcmtiou.-- T H E K IR K & BLUM./;'; MEG. 0 0 ., 2855 S pring Grovo Avo., Oincin-; ntttl. O hio. it j S O U T H E R N P O W E R A N D IN D U S T R Y , G ran t Bldg., Atlanta, G a . |! I Please send me, without obligation, free booklets described in the !Il I I November 1946 issue o f S O U T H E R N P O W E R A N D IN D U STR Y. in here numbers you select from the three pages) List Items ^ You Want, Tear Out and Mail Coupon Now! (Paste on Penny Postcard ii Desired) ohe nd con A good |e Sort trap, os .;S- , . out their lieadvo 'installalit ism attac 900 I Name Firm Nome l Street S' ' , Cfty a Please be sure fo fill <* your Firm's Name an d your position on fh* Coupon. This servieo ,, cannot be extended f ^ you unless this information is furnished. SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMRFR 1946 ^JiSOUTHERI- 'he l,e-3S el Ka^gfl re ( f r a 'ic n lln /l' cem hi.^j lun nndlpi p o i J S y Bnllutln - od wotl-.M Jed pU-, J tiol ln . inpinj-- .5 to 200 <? iu qVfr >*tj - f'AIRiiS J Mora* "re FOOD DRYING !J -- In- aS --r- v'or high with all cify the ant type *ta ami - THIS _ Lmoricun i/'|j loff-- De- " Eye jb with retention ayo ha** mr Hiylo k chipa, ET OPI. S-- Oom- -s. fits mor ' mginesr* t. Bulleiporatinff "" il Infor* ,;.j,j specific!. LLMERS , 4 ; ,3, CH* o Bo ck- <[fV2 Sheet rol com* vtahjc&r ar liel mluittrinl BLM , Cinciti- No one will quarrel, with thatl Plant operators know that air and a!?'";' condensation must be removed from steam coils and lines rapidly firid completely, if the steatn is to do its work efficiently. ijjy good steam trap will do this, day after day, for years, and with minimum of maintenance or interruption. if. e Sarco Inverted Bucket Trap illustrated is such a good steam i, as testified by hundreds of users who employ them through- ns n t, ut pon g p | {out their plants. f The advanced design includes straight-through conections for easy I f l Installation; a strainer built into every trap; stainless steel mechan- jf B f ? . ism attached to the trap cover for easy inspection and cleaning. Standard types, Vi to 2" up to 250 lbs.; forged steel types to 'ostcar lbs. pressure. Ask for Catalog No. 350. LINE DRIPPING o fill ift me and on the service ided to 'n fo rm a ' R, 1946 ,< . J ,j lO U T H ER N 2 55; .- POW ER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, -Iif-- k SARCO COMPANY, INC. S A V E Sm Represented n Principal Cities W ST E AM f 475 FIFTHAVE., NEWYORK 17fN. Y. SARCO CANADA, ITD ., TORONTO 1, O N TARIO 1946 A t le ft -- Cutaway view showing section o} howlt grinding ring and roller journal. At left -- Section through m ill exhauster showing new shrouded fan wheel w ith B U 5 T I 0 It C-E PRODUCTS INCIWE AU TYPES OF BOILERS, FURNACES, PULVERIZED FUEL SYSTEMS AND STOKERS; ALSO SUPERHEATERS, ECONOMIZERS AND AIR HEATERS SO U TH ER N P O W ER & IN DUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 'll IR HEAT* In 1935 the C-E Raymond Bowl .Mill came into the steam-power field with design and operating ad vantages that revolutionized previous concepts of coal pulverization. It had a wide capacity range. It handled wet coal with great facility. It was rugged, accessible and easily maintained. The mill ran quietly and power consumption was low. In consequence, the Bowl Mill won immediate and widespread acceptance among plant engineers -- more than a million lb pr hr of grinding capacity was ordered within five years. Today, the Bowl Mill with all of its initial ad vantages, offers several new improvements, among which the following are of major importance: O Flat-Bottom Bowl --increases the response of the mill to load changes by eliminating any inactive area where coal can remain in the mill; also avoids any tendency of heavy, abrasive material such as pyrites, to accumulate in the bottom of the bowl. The Whizzer Wheel -- a new exhauster wheel design which greatly increases the life of exhauster blades. A shrouded wheel carries heavily constructed "whizzer" blades which bypass a por tion of the air-coal mixture directly to the exhauster outlet. In service this has doubled the life of exhauster blades --in some cases more than doubled it. 0 New, Wear-Resisting Materials --are now being used for ex hauster liners and deflectors, resulting in greatly increased life of these parts. O Center Feed --where conditions permit, larger Bowl Mills can now be arranged for center feed which assures a freer flow of coal to the mill and serves to equalize wear on grinding parts. Thus 1946 finds the C-E Raymond Bowl Mill, after more than 10 years at the tpp of its field, still adding refinements in design and materials that make it better than ever before. 4 0 % of all Bowl Mills purchased to date are Repeat orders POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 ng OEv A-977 Otis Maintenance for 'Otis Elevators There are 245 Otis offices* but only one Otis Maintenance Service. This service is a home town enterprise in operation, so that it may be adapted to the area it serves. It is a national enterprise in research, engineering and manufacturing so that each Otis elevator owner may have the best that concentration and quantity production can provide. Perhaps the strongest indication of the merit of this service is its growth and development. For more than a quarter of a century, in good times and bad, Otis Maintenance has proved the wisdom of one policy, one system and national service for Otis Elevator owners. Otis Maintenance provides com plete care of Otis elevator equipment by the manufacturer. It is furnished at a flat monthly rate. Complete details are available through local Otis Elevator Company offices. 30.000 28.000 26,000 24,000 22.000 20,000 -f-- 18.000 16.000 14.000 12,000 10,000 - - 9,726 8.000 -------- 6,000 4,000 2.000 *Otis offices in 245 cities have but one interest . , , to provide*.i the best and safest elevator and escalator transportatio possible. ALL PRINCIPAL CITI gfE. I f ? Witty K s in e Sk . single fe ; zontal) rollers m ThSe *m rights matica ardizat p o s sib l 1941 1946 m ^ " N u m b e r o f E l e v a t o r s u n d e r O tis M a in t e n a n c ee. T b .- || stead y in crease in th e n u m b e r of elevators f o r o w n e rs by O tis o ffers convincing; p ro o f o f th e cco n -: ,|j3 o m y a n d e ffic ie n c y o f maintenance by the manufaciuTe r* m li v SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946' nU&H of PECK CARRIER I hold handling costs down o provw sportatioj In its field, the Peck overlapping, pivoted-bucket carrier offers the lowest cost hd most dependable type of conveying . . . proved by more than fifty miles of installations handling coal, ashes and other materials. Many Peck carrier units laVO been in continuous use twenty years and longer, attesting to the depend ability, long life and economy of this equipment. Since the buckets at all times maintain their carrying position by gravity, a ngle carrier can transport coal or ashes horizontally, vertically and again horiHJtally, or on any desired path, The material is carried in buckets, supported by Rollers pf large diameter in connection with two Strands of specially constructed 'rolling chain; therefore friction and power requirements are reduced to a minimum. ST"lO materinl can be discharged at a number of points, merely by pre-setting the piper which is used for engaging the cams on both sides of buckets. Each bucket ghts itself to normal carrying position, and the dumping will continue auto;,fhatically until moved to a new location. Can be used in cramped space. Stand ardization of individual units and assemblies assures interchangeability and makes possible combinations practically limitless. For details write for Book No. 1720. LIN K-B ELT COMPANY Atlanta Plant, 1116 M urphy Ave., S.W .; Della 1 Plant, 500 Latim er St.; New Orleans 13, Baltim ore 1, H ouston 2, W ashington 5, D . C. nice, ,he ,,fu tiu rtr- * t !>c1l / M K m }B lT cDjyT COAL AND ASHES HANDLING EQUIPMENT 1ER. I944 i l M f | THERN pPW ER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, I94f> In set shows action of autom atic d u m p e r ; d i scharge is p o sitiv e and com plete. Gregg ana I are planning to take in the Power Show I wouldn't let you stay aw ay,; Biggest Power Show in years D o n 't MISS IT --don't let your associates miss it. The '46 Power Show is one of the greatest displays of technical advances ever gathered under one roof. Important manu facturers and suppliers will be there --to show you w hat they're doing and w hat !l they're planning. See the new equipment. Consult attending technicians. Bring your| self abreast of advances in the power field -- j so you can stay ahead in yours, p j The Power Show is open only to men in the power and mechanical engineering fields. .General public is not admitted. Attendance by invitation or registration only. N o mem' ber of your staff can afford to miss it. 1 17TH NATIONAL EX P O S ITIO N I 'POWER*"' MECHANICAL ! ENGINEERING : GRAND CEN TRALPALACE N.Y. Under management o f International Exposition Company i17th NATIONAL POWER SHO GRAND CENTRAL PALACE# NEW YORK SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER Anti-friction bearings not only act to minimize friction load on ma chinery; they serve long periods without lubrication and mainte nance attention. . . i f the correct lubricant is used. For maximum serviceability of bearing and lubricant, special anti-friction bearing greases are required. Such a grease must be smooth...must keep a film of lubri cant on balls or rollers and races... must not bleed or separate...must not thin out nor thicken in use. Highly developed manufactur ing techniques and high quality oils of correct body are used in making Sinclair B e a r in g G r e a s e AF. All ingredients are carefully selected and controlled to produce a lubricant of long endurance and stability through extended periods of continuous operation. Ask our engineers for specific advice. INFORMATION OR LUBRICATION COUNSEL WRITE SINCLAIR REFININO COMPANY, A3 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK 30, N. Y, POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, I94A 19 The on Boiler Water Conditioning were not found in the textbooks Digging up facts before they get in the textbooks is an old habit w ith H a ll L ab oratories-- and it is a habit th a t has been of the utmost im portance to every boiler plant operator. H all started that way tw enty-four years ago, w hen they tossed theory aside and learned by careful experim ent just what actually happens in a boiler, how scale is form ed and deposited, and how it can be prevented. Today, the facts discovered at that tim e are in the textbooks, and the basic principle o f the H all system -- maintenance in the boiler water of cer tain essential chem ical equilibria -- has met w ith practically universal acceptance. ^ T h e establishm ent o f this principle was one of the most im portant steps ever taken in boiler water conditioning, but to H all chemists it was only a starting point. Continuing their study of chem i cal reactions at the temperatures and pres sures encountered in steam boilers, they brought about th e use o f phosphates in boiler water conditioning. T h a t, too, was a great step forw ard, and: led to the creation of a new phosphate, developed from a sodium phosphate glass w hich had been neglected for nearly a century. Fundam ental research in factors pertain ing to boiler water conditioning has been continued through the war, and it will remain an integral part of the work of H all Laboratories. This continuous re search is your assurance that they will always be ready to meet new problems created by changes in operating condi tions and advances in boiler design. Every plant that generates its own steam can profitably use H all service, for Hall service keeps boilers on the line. W rite for full information. f HALL LABORATORIES, INC., HAGAN BUILDING, PITTSBURGH 30, PA. ih A subsidiary of Hagan Corporation HALL SYSTEM M fk Ce, mm HHH1 .fbo,,orwat*r: Ilk - ..program o, ^eatm enf to. maintain the required chemical E&s& Pftiias to proper functioning of, (he boiler. .ted ^ p l o y e : ,n making of eteential control , , s. S p t i J g n s jh g v e ^ o s t o b li s h e r t , they most b . n.otn- iiw-hV..: V conditions. Any boiler op erator can; a fte r instruction; follow the 4. Pm iodic chock op Oy H o U rn rylceo n g ,n o n ,, experience in hundreds o f, plants -is- brought to .your plant by', these -men,- and often enables them to detect conditions that might otherwise "h eo v ^rln fil/i& rl > o. Periodic checking of samples by Hall Laboratories.. Ip r'1,S IS >'ur assyrancc thaf S ^ iW ^ .:Ldccording tb. instructions. af ,he :ilii * being carried out mg as problems arise, g-doe^l^/Hai1 and give all possible help in correcting te a m H a ll r ! BIG MAINTENANCE JOB WITH YOUR OIL AND WATER COOLERS? il! I j THE THE ROSS " C P " A N S WE R TO D E S I G N M A Y BE YOUR PROBLEMS In any cooling system, where two fluids are involved, one fluid will normally foul more than the other. Fouling naturally cuts heat exchange efficiency and creates service interruptions. The point is that fouling tendencies, most of the time, can't be avoided . . . but shutdown periods for cleaning can be materially reduced, and are with Ross "CP" Coolers. To minimize maintenance, the fluid with the greater foul ing tendency is passed through the inside of the tubes in the Ross design. For inspection or cleaning, you merely remove the channel cover plates. This gives you quick, easy access to tube interiors without breaking any pipe connec tions. Have you any idea how many hours this takes away from maintenance and adds to production time? Bulletin 5322 covers details completely. t ROSS HEATER & MFG. CO., INC. ol AUflyRiiUISB& aaltaiscorroratmm 144S WEST AVE., BUFFALO 13, N. I ! O S S E Q U I P M E N T I S M A N U F A C T U R E D A N D S O I D I N C A N A D A BY H O R T O N S T E E L W O R K S , L T D ., F O R T E R I E . 0 1 22 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, lit on Standardization in Power Piping Equipment ^ll'ons and industrial power plants of to(Jtrow, Crane has a lot to offer. Now, ^p lan n in g to rebuild or expand, count jbi.cte Crane line to help speed and sim&>p of piping procedures--from design IMijiaintenance. get (he greater efficiency in pipe lines Iyer upkeep Costs that result with standjybefe's no limit on standardization of jfjii you w ork with Crane equipment. paild fittings, in pipe, piping spcciatICCessories, and fabricated p ip in g for plkations. Everything for the job-- ipcj from o n e lin e --secured on o n e YpXrane. e Responsibility fo r all p ip in g m atejticl ps get the best installation and ^unnecessary delays o n the job. CRANE QUALITY in every item , ej uniform d e p en d a b ility and effi'>jh p ip in g system s from e n d to end. i'j&JfJ S. Michigan Ave., Chicago 5, 111. '(iWholesalers Serving A ll Industrial Areas .SUPPLY ( R ight) NO MORE BONNET JOINT LEAKAGE -- w ith n e w C ra n e P re s sure-Seal B onnet Valves fo r high pressure-- high tem perature services. Completely elim inate bonnet jo in t m aintenance. 40% to 60% lig h te r th a n bolted bonnet valves. E a sier to install and insulate. Inside and out these valves introduce sensation a lly sim plified design a n d con struction in gate, globe, a n d angle patterns. W rite today fo r complete facts. KfV ' M EITTINGS $ . PLUMBING R X PUMPS FtN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 FOR EV ER Y PIPIN G SYSTEM M itt m m uiom - lim it TO MEET INDIVIDUAL PLANT REQUIREMENTS Exterior and interior vi&itrp ot dust control system qf(l large woodworking p/qpfBj Complete system plannedTM designed, and installed Liberty Engineers. :.'}f No two plants, even in the same industry, are ever exactly alike. That's why efficient, economi cal dust control is a project calling for tra in e d engineering experience . . . the professiona "know how" which can literally ta ilo r a system to meet the particular needs of the individual plant. This is the procedure of Liberty engineers-- not on some jobs but on a ll jobs. First, the individual dust control problem is thoroughly analyzed. Then a system is expertly planned to fit the job, including selection of the right units-- wet, dry, or centrifugal. In these plans, units and structural BSflff work are so located as to avoid interference wit(w| work processes and maneuverability. Finally, complete system is installed and guaranteed byii Liberty. Dust control is too big and important for halffci way measures. Don't take chances-- get the un4 biased facts from Liberty Engineers. For furthers, information, write to: LIBERTY b info. & 1454 So. 15th St. 4 DIVISION OF THE KIRK & BLUM MFG. CO. Louisville I , Ky. SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1 ..jl. nor view system of ng p la n t ] planned, , ifatled by 11n Mice wr -inally, < 1 nteed by; for half* f the uikI jI further. THodem fltacAm e D eew e M ORFIEX(bup/Uujw John Royle & Sons, manufacturers of extrusion equipment, use Morflex couplings in the power drives of their temperature control units, which handle extruding temperatures of 90 to 500. Morflex couplings require no lubrication, are u n affected by gas, oil, dirt or weather. The exclusive Morse-designed Neoprene biscuit cushions shock, isolates vibration and uneven impulses, prolonging machinery life. M ORSE CHAIN C O M P A N Y Ithaca, N.Y.--Detroit 8, Mich. Available in a w ide variety of stock sizes R O U tR and SILEN T CHAINS and COUPLINGS I6ER, B | I P UTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 SKILLED NGINEERING Tho difficulties encountered in th fa b ric a tion and erection of Centro! Station and Industrial Piping are many and varied. TM high degree of kill a c q u ir e d by Navco Engineers from S&8S NATIONAL VALVE & MANUFACTURING COMPANY PITTSBURGH, PA. NEW YO H K C H IC A G O C LEV ELA N D * BOSTON * A TLA N TA TU LSA * BU FFALO SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER^ H : f ] Gahlock 150 Spiral fiffljpgcltbtg, illustrated. p ,! 1, B in ffi-G A R IO C K 200 Low in maintenance cost because it gives such long, dependable service. Costly shut downs for frequent repacking are avoided. Man hours and machine hours are saved. Use G a r l o c k 150 on piston rods of engines, pumps, compres sors, etc., against steam pressures up to 300 lbs. The Garlock Packing Company, Palmyra, New York In C anada: T h e G arlock Packing C om pany of C anada L td., M ontreal, Que. .r M S I A S S I w48ER, l9^ l:| ^ UTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY tor NOVEMBER, 1946 27 MEASURING SPIRAL BIM ETA LU C METAL STRIP MEASURING { SPIRAL COMPENSATING / SPIRAL F ig .A ^1 COMPENSATING TUBING (C) MEASURING TUBING AMBIENT TEMPERATURES DEAD END WARM PR E C IS IO N Recording or Indicating of true bulb temperature is a built-in feature of Browft Thermometers. Errors due to am bient temperatures surrounding instrument case and capillary system are com pensated for at the point of fluctuation. Brown M ercury filled Thermometers (Fig. B) have two spiral actuating elements and two capillary tubes. The first, or measuring spiral is connected to the bulb through its capillary in the usual manner. The second, or compensating spiral, is connected to its capillary which is dead-ended atj the bulb. The two spirals expand in opposite directions and are connected directly to the pen shaft! Therefore, a change in tem perature within the instrument case itself or at points along the capillary tubing will affect both actuating spirals to the same dogroe and the results' will exactly neutralize each other. Thus, errors are eliminated. Am bient temperatures have a negligible effect on Brown Gos filled Thermometer*;!]! C ase compensation, all that is required for precision measurement, is accompli! by a bim etallic strip shown in (Fig. A ). W hen you install Brown Thermometers you can rely on their precision-- be confi' of their dependability. Other features are fully described in Catalog 6706 W rite for a copy, T H E B R O W N IN STR U M EN T C O M P A N Y , a division of M in n eap o lis-;.^ Honeywell Regulator Com pany, 4505 W ayne Avenue, Philadelphia 44, Pa. Offices Inyisj all principal cities. Toronto, Canada London, England Stockholm , Sweden Am sterdam , H o M iH B R O W N M I I W If THERMOMETERS INNDDIICCAATTIINNG ... .RECORDING ....C OCONNT RTROOLLLININGG SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, I ^ U "I amazed our board when I showed them a 55% savings in material handling" T TURNS OVERHEAD WTO PROFITS WE WANT LABOR TO SHARE THE BEN EFITS , dead END n are com; Let an A.T.C. Specialist do the same for you! ro capillaryfe; Yes, such savings are pos plant with easy efficiency--spare your workers n the usual CUTTING HANDLING sible. An A.T.C. Specialist gruelling w ork, make money for you where it d-ended ajjg% COSTS IS M y t-. e a s i n e s s , will show you the record formerly was costing you money. 5 --give you p ro o f that No m aterial o r product is too cumbersome to lift, pon shafkfe j along tha'] the rosilhi -'j,' |J || rm om eters, i com plished i'll e confident;*, is M ill mgk Automatic Fork Trucks bring business real profits .. . the dollar profits that 55% m aterial handling savings represent. These brawny giants of electric power have so many money-saving, energy-saving applications in -,your plant. By unit load pallet and skid principle, 'they move materials into, through and out of your move or stack. You can store your products ceiling high. One man does it, where three or four men hand stack only half as high. You add storage space, release labor for more productive, pleasant work. Product dam age is cut down, accidents lessened. Give your business this chance to turn a fixed overhead into a fixed profit, while you lighten labor's load. Let an A.T.C. Material Handling Specialist survey your m aterial handling. Mail the coupon. 4 9 670m M tinneapoliKj, mJt ' Office A utomatic Transportation C ompany DIV. OF THE YALE ATOWNE MTO. CO. A05 W. 8 7 th S treet, D opt. W , Chicago 20, 111. Please mail me, w ithout cost o r obligation, complete facts about A U TO MATIC FORK TRUCKS. ( ) H ove an A.T.C. M aterial H andling Specialist call. Company N am e.......................................................... .............................................................. B y. . ......... , , .................... .............................Position............ <*# *............ Street . Address ........ ,*.*.*............................................. City................... .. .. ............... Stati* IBER, l94^ | | ERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 2500-lb. S . P. A llo y Stool G a le V a lv e , with a il-w e ld e d By-p ass, w elded In Seat Rings, S e a l W eld ed Bonnet w ith Breech Lo ck , W elding Ends, Bevel G eor D rive, ...T h is is'Your Assuran of Highest Qualltf Long skilled in the manufacture! valves and ever responsive to industry's ne$c Lunkenheimer pioneered in the developm'|jj of Steel Valves. With the application of higher and higti temperatures and pressures, operating cone tions became increasingly severe. Lunke heimer was ready with valves fabricated fra materials that met the most exacting requir ments. And as new problems ar,ise, Lunkenheim| metallurgical research, engineering knowledjj and specialized manufacturing facilities be depended upon to aid in their satisfaetty* solution. SEE YOUR LUNKENHEIMER DISTRIBUTOR FOR BETTER VALVE SERVICE Lunkenheimer manufactures a complete line of Bronze, Iron, and Steel Valves, Boiler Mountings, Lubricating Devices and A ir Devices. Available from Distributors located in all induslrial centers. There is one near you, futly equipped to' assist with your (MRO) maintenance, repair and operating problems. THE AT THE POWER SHOW -- BOOTH See the latest Lunkenheimer design of 1500-lb. S. P, Steel Breech., Gate Valves with Seal Welded Bonnet In A ttendance: FRANK P. RMAME, President; HARRY A . BURDOj Vice-President In Charge of Sales; W M . CARSON, Sales Engn*f FRED M. HEttEMANN, Chief Engineer; JOHN W . BOLTON, Chief MiIf lurgist; ALLEN W . LANDER, Eastern Sales M anager; WM. J . ANG^Jj M anager, Now York Branch. LU N KEN H EIM ER C O . , C in cin n a ti 14, NEW YORK 1 3 , CHICAGO 6 , BOSTON 1 0 , PHILADELPHIA 7 EXPORT DEPARTMENT: 3 1 8 - 3 2 2 HUDSON 5T,, NEW YORK 1 3 , N. Y. Ohio SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, dure t 's need' elopmef w e i* af & Efficient operation of any steam plant calls for properly controlled com bustion, well-m aintained auxiliaries and low m aintenance. High on the list of im portant factors th a t affe.ct efficiency is a com plete--and continuous--program of boiler w ater conditioning. Such a service is provided by W. I I . & L. D . Betz. Betz continuing service consists of initial investigation, the establishm ent of plant control, a daily testing program for boiler room operators, periodic analyses of w ater samples in the Betz laboratories, frequent engineering reports by Betz engineers on plant operations, and a never-ending program of research. Over 20 years of experience as water specialists has made the Betz boiler water conditioning service complete . . . economical. . . continuous. Our staff of engi neers will welcome the opportunity of discussing your boiler w ater problems. WRITE TODAY FOR FREE BULLETIN giving n practical explanation oj the phenomena o f boiler metal embrittlement (intcrcryslaUine cracking)--a coticise tliscussion of causes, detection and prevention. A sk fo r Bulletin No. 104--C. IF. 11. & L. D. B E T Z . Gillingham and Worth Streets, Philadelphia 21, Pa. enheim owledg lities co itisfactof JTOR Bronze, Heating ributors or you, enance, OTH eel Breech I ! A . BUB&95 Sales N, Chief I m . j . Ae EMBER, BOUE WAtat CDNDmONINS COOLING WATER CONDITIONING INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT IN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 J*. Cover photagrapii tram tho B ett fruiicator, a tuouthJy inibisca lion sicvoteci io tho chemiairy and practical applicai ioni) of wnirr coiitliiioniitg, The Brtz Jndicalar vyill li rmiilerl witHoitl clinrtu nt your request, You, too, can crack the whip on THREE AT A TIME! One source for technical information--undivided responsibility -- less red tape when you buy all three from ABO! That's the way you can crack the whip on your problems on Mechanical Draft Fans, Fly Ash Precipitators, Variable Speed Qontrol. 1Mechanical Draft Fans of high operating efficiency and long life are standard with American Blower. Since 1881 we have built fans for many of the leading public utilities and a wide range of industrial applications. 2 Fly Ash Precipitators of simple, but effective design have resulted from our long association with power plants and power plant equipment. American Blower Precipitators have no moving parts, occupy minimum space. 3 Gyrol Fluid Drive was pionecry and introduced to industry American Blower. Here is the answe to stepless variable speed control both mechanical draft and boiler fei pump drive -- a big help to overa power plant efficiency, too! At your request, the nearest American Blower Branch Office will make a com plete presentation with technical data and prices. Phone or write today. 32 /T B C A M ER IC A N BLOW E AMERICAN BLOWER CORPORATION, DETROIT 32, MICHIGAN Division of A merican R adiato & S im u l a r c i ^ a n i t a i ^ corporate SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1*4 The little -g irls-w h o -a re n 't-th e re get the sam e pay as those you see pioneered .lyJgKgjf istry by e answer; ntrol for >iler feed -gi ] overall -, T o d a y 's w o r k e r s need today's wiring. . . . Inadequate wiring, obsolete wiring, over taxed wiring, over-extended wiring can cut operators' efficiency from 25 to 50 percent and reduce production accordingly. To visualize the importance of adequate wiring, walk down your own production lines, m entally blank out every third worker. Then, check with your plant power engineer, your consulting engineer, elec trical contractor or power salesman and make sure there's no such handicap in your plant. A wiring survey now, may save costly shut-downs and ex pensive alterations later. wx.1 ic h ig a N ' SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 B O 9LE R LEVEL HELD " l" W ITH no pressure control on the constant-speed, motor-driven centrifugal boiler feed pumps, water level is held within plus-or-minus one-half inch in this 675-psi Erie City boiler in service at an to be installed at any desired location Eastern utility plant. Load changes, over a range to the steam-flow and water-level from 6 5 ,0 0 0 to 150,000 pounds of steam per hour, pendent of all other controls and mean marked changes in differential water pressure, d e p e n d a b le as the single-element but the COPES Flowmatic Regulator a u to m a tic a lly has been setting performance standards compensates for such pressure variations. than 3 3 years. The COPES Flowmatic has The COPES Flowmatic is a two-element control, ordered for more than 1700 plants. responsive to rate of steam flow and to changes in Performance Report, Bulletin 445, tells boiler water level. It is recommended for boilers story of this utility installation of COPES subject to rapid or wide fluctuations in demands for Illustrated with a sectional drawing of steam. Direct- or relay-operated, depending on the and charts showing steam flow, feed flow service conditions, it may also be provided with level under typical conditions, it should be remote control by air, permitting the control valve reference file. Write for it. NORTHERN EQUIPMENT COMPANY 1163 GROVE DRIVE, ERIE 6, PENNSYLVANIA Feed W ater R egulators, Pump Governors, D ifferen tia l V alves, L iquid L evel Controls, R educing V alves and BRANCH PLANTS: Canada, England, France. Representatives Everywhere g ^ G ET clo ser lev el control w it h PUMP GOVERNORS In most installations, especially where the load conditions do not warrant COPES Flowmatic control, good feed water regula tion should begin at the boiler feed pumps. D ep en d a b le excess water pressure con trol for your feed system, no matter how simple or how demanding your needs, can be provided by COPES engineers. W rite-- outlining your operating conditions in de tail -for their helpful recommendations. BALANCED VALVES Many plants have savings by paying a few dollars more for COPES Balanced Valves for controlling make-up water to feed water heaters, level in open tanks, evaporator flows and other uses. Control is more accurate with the scientifically-balanced, practically-frictionless COPES. Operation continues satisfactory over a longer service life because of rugged con struction. Write for data. SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for president S W > W TENDI PURCHASING AGENT opAro respect: I In dev,' it is aay] whichji r mors7-:* w been ! illy the wmatic. boiler1 1 water in your; rhea ter3 j and real WITH A LO-HED ON THE / jght! Everybody--operator, foreman, super and the Boss re1happy with a Lo-IIed on the beam. Because they know om past experience tiiat a Lo-IIcd is built for the job and Sye on the job . . . with little or no trouble. Take, for instance, the Lo-Hed One Ton hoist. A typical jlHcd, constructed on the original low headroom principle ,`plus feature for which you pay no premium), with heavy Ity hoist motor, straight line spur gear drive, multi-rope OKblock, 1 0 0 % positive automatic stop, automatic lowerg and holding brakes, and many more dependable, low (ilntenance features. (Lo - lie d Hoists are built in capacities Jrom Vi to 12 tons.) < MOTOR DRIVEN TROLLEY TYPE HAND GEARED > TROLLEY TYPE ALSO A VA ILA BLE WITHOUT TROLLEY LO-HED ELECTRIC HOISTS *?<*4e t6e Zo<id "fyowt S io u itie M Lo-Hed R ttp re w n ta iiv w in South and Seu thw eitrrn S ta in s : A tla n ta 3, B a .. J . B , B a rto n . J r . , 2 U Mtgo. G u a r. B fd a . Birm ing ham 3. A lcu ---------H a rry G . Mount. M a rtin B ld g . Homton 2. T e x a s . ., C . G . Fo rshcy. is7 M & M B ld g . Jnckio n vlllo 2. F la ,,W a r d E n r. C o ., Jn o ,, 302 H I ' b. B ld g . L o u itv illo 2, K y . . . ....................Rohnert Equipm ent Company Na-.hvillo 3. Tonn. L . C . W inters, 1)10 T h ird M'ti r>b a n . Oklahoma C ity Okla. It. M. Hlohmond W LO-HED ONE TON PLAIN TROLLEY TYPE AMERICAN 2402 Arorningo Ave Pl0m e n d m e w ilh o of lo-Hed Electric H Name--- - Company Nam e. Address ANOTHER PRODUCT OF titanioUitSiTi'i-v'i.!$ ? ' i l l ? UTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 This1the wv G . . d S m e l l * Examine the List 9 6 0 , and note its su p erio r features. It has a bonnet fitted with a strong forged steel packing gland. This elim inates exposed th read in g on the valve yoke and provides dependable protection against rust and corrosion w hen the valves are used in exposed locations. Swivel bolts are used to hold the packing gland. T here are no gaskets to blow as in valves with flanged bonnet connections. Stems, plugs and seat rings are of heat treated stainless steel, insuring greater efficiency in w orking qualities. M ade in sizes from to 2" -- in carbon steel for pressures to 800 pounds; in alloy steel for pressures to 1 0 0 0 pounds at 750 F. For hig h er pressures, specify List 990. Seats and plugs can be superhardened for extra severe services. The Chapm an V a lv e Mfg. Co INDIAN ORCHARD, MASSACHUSETTS SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEM BER MBER. ic ly Com m ents THE obvious defense against in- R , flation is increased production. fftttio n And to get production workers m ust go to work; being on the payroll is not sufficient. Some w ill say that m aterials consti- jjjjgj the lim iting factor, but in a land of am ple re tirees, availability of m aterials depends on the corn- efforts of labor and management--no work, no rials. F or exam ple, fabricators can't w ork be- there is no steel. But there could be steel if `hers w ere m ining, if scrap yard s w ere providing rah, if smelters w ere smelting, if rollers w ere roll|g | Finding the cause and effecting a cure is a job m unions and management. They are not solely insted in their own plants. They are dependent on ivorkers, other management, ids a-plenty w ill hold prices in line, but even ling the nation is ready to go to work, we will if,get goods a-plenty in a day. There w ill be an apciable interim period. And during that period fees w ill rise, and th ere is no w ay to com pletely fphibit the rise. Complete and perfect price controls jijboth labor and commodities w ould theoretically Svent it. But who believes we could inaugurate and 'dree com plete and perfect controls? Feeble efforts, thing short of perfect, would only result i n .de lating the goal of quickly attaining goods a-plenty yoduction. During the interim period we m ust depend largely 3 forbearance. M anufacturers must resist the tempjltion to raise prices and labor m ust resist temptation 3; m ake unreasonable dem ands. j; The tools for controlling inflation are in the hands of:the people, not governm ent. And, as usual, the jlgsic desires of m anagem ent and labor are th e same, dift cooperative effort tow ard gaming these desires lacking. BOTH the Army and the Navy have been criticized by thought ful scientists for a tendency to S c ie n tists underestimate the revolutionary aspect of new weapons, includ- ing the atomic bomb. Many high M ^cers in the Army have been heard to say that even jh the next w ar it will be the infantry that really the fighting and the winning. An even greater `Jffnber of adm irals have prom ised th a t the N avy will only a few changes in design to withstand atomic capons and that the fleet, in future wars, will be as cluable as ever. Army and the Navy are not alone in this "thinking in the past." Many of the people generally do not seem to realize that, at most, a few thousand, well-guided, atomic rockets could reduce any indus trial nation to a state where further effective re sistance would be impossible. However, this truth seems to be gradually dawn ing on the Army, at least. General Eisenhower has announced a new policy for W ar Departm ent re search and development. It is designed to apply the nation's civilian scientific resources to the solution of m ilitary problems. At the moment, General Aurand, who is head of this division of the W ar D epartm ent, is bringing into this division, on an. annual rotation basis, a group of top-flight engineers and scientists recruited from the laboratories of our educational institutions, founda tions, and industries. They will assist him in the same m anner as m ilitary personnel assigned to the division. This "drafting" of scientists and engineers is much more sensible, so far as security of the nation is con cerned, than the drafting of eighteen-year-olds for general inductee training. We do, of course, need a sizable arm y for occupation and policing in Europe and Asia, b u t it is th e application of scientific devel opments rather than the infantry that will win the next w ar, if there m ust be one. Wise diplomacy and world federation could eliminate the necessity of using either scientists or youth for m ilitary pur poses, b u t it seems th at, so far, nations, if not the people in them, demand home rule. LOUISIANA, whose legislature has recently passed a number F ew er S ta te of laws to encourage the estab- B a rriers lishment of industry w ithin the state, has made permanent the liberalized w ar-tim e maximum weight for motor freight vehicles. Before the war, heavy motor freight vehicles were forced to stop at almost very state line for weighing and inspection to see that their weight was not greater than allowed by state laws. To speed highway motor freight, maxi mum weights- w ere liberalized for the duration. In making perm anent these liberalized war-time m axi mum weights for m otor freight vehicles, Louisiana has taken a big step toward breaking down state bar riers and expanding the open-door policy of re ciprocity. Tennessee, Virginia, and North Carolina, among others, have im proved th eir size and w eight lim its w ithin recent m onths. The w ay to build business is to help, not hinder, m otor carriers. More states could adopt the same attitude with profit to themselves. K gpIpUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 37 Vertical tr a n s fe r be tween floors. D isp atch m ultiple sta tio n s. D e liv e ry to fixed sia* lio n s. D e liv e ry to m u ltip lo sta* lio n s. D e liv e ry to m o vab le sta tio n s. Selective d isp atch be tween m u lti p le statio n s. Load ing and d e liv e rin g to m u ltip le ala* tiens. America taxy G< Tractor A m erican Spur Gear MonoTractor F or O verh e a d H ndlin Through, th e application of simple electric an d m echanical devices, A m erican Mon< Tractor Units perform automatic operafigi with extrem e accu racy and reliability, sa ing costly handling labor and supervisor attention. W hile u nique in m any features, such system are built m ainly from standard units. MqiK Tractors can be applied to carriers operatic on any smooth bottom track. An America- M onoR ail E n g in e e r is bS available for consulta- A 9M tion in every important industrial area. 13105 ATHENS AVENUE CLEVELAND 7 , 0 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER. P aul O. Hoffman President, Studebaker Corporation, Speaking before the Fall Meeting of A .S .M .E . in Boston, where he received the G antt Memorial Medal fo r "distinguished achievement in industrial management as a service to the community," said in part: T IS relatively simple to provide jobs for all if the citizens of a state are willing to give up their free- iS^ O ihs, ond if they are willing to make job security the one Iffipbiective of their existence." JKglpttM r. Hoffman then described the worker's goal, in ad- E^ pyitio n to job security, as being five fold, including: Employment of his own choosing, that is well-paid, [pro ductive, worthwhile and satisfying. J jP `2.' Opportunity to grow and develop materially, in- Sltellectually, socially and spiritually. 3. Political freedom, the opportunity for self-governffimrient through chosen representatives, and the attendant |p|ridividual liberties of person and of property, freedom of jpsbeech, freedom of press, freedom of worship and freeip ^ lfh c lo m of peaceful assembly. liwtaBBfe|j 4. Opportunity to live in a progressive economy that |p|yejffords an abundance of things for the worker's material emo tions ^|lwelfare, and under a government that promotes these ^^igoals for all the people and their children. S |K .:5 . Opportunity to live in a world of peace -- at home JC^ffi^hd abroad. so ry "All these objectives can be attained simultaneously em S continuously only by maintaining our American sys- ! * : ; t e m of capitalism. Under that system, and that system . ^ ^ ^ K 'fatono, is it possible to carry on the economic activities of 0n " iting ican SEND fd* ? nah'on without infringing upon the liberties of the peo- J;'9 or their rights to representative government, "The best proof of this statement is attested by the 'iti^ B > i.e.cOnomic and political progress made by the United B3U6Um- p* if S oo k ihowP- l n c e '+s founding. Not only have our free citizens produced more goods and services per capita and dis- licalioM more material benefits to more people than have i^.oRaU s^:?t.f|prj|-:'iQther men under any other system in any period of his- S^ffifflTcjlory, but in addition, an environment has prevailed that KM jH as brought about the fullest flowering of political and in- ^ij;|j|]^!fl)vtdual freedom so far known to mankind. T. "The one best way to insure the maintenance of our -capitalistic system is to adopt measures that will bring about an even better functioning of the system in the future than has prevailed heretofore. If we take full ad vantage of the potentialities of our capitalistic system, and if we remain at peace, the real income of most of our people can be doubled within the next 25 years and we also can realize largely the age-old dream of abolishing poverty. "But before we can discuss intelligently measures for improving the functioning of our economy we had best try to find out what makes it tick, what its strength is, and its weakness. The great strength of our system lies in its dynamic quality and its major weakness is its tendency toward instability. On the basis of this analysis our course of action is indicated clearly. W e should try to find measures which will enhance its dynamism and moderate its tendency toward immoderate fluctuations. "Perhaps mine is the voice of an optimist, but I believe that if we do these things, we shall see during the next 25 years an unparalleled progress toward achieving con ditions in this land of ours which will mean not only equality of opportunity for all, but also certainty of op portunity for every man, woman and child to grow and develop materially, intellectually and spiritually. Therein will lie the strength, the power and the grandeur of the America of tomorrow." vIBER, 19 ' So u t h e r n p o w e r & i n d u s t r y fo r N o v e m b e r , i ?46 i '-e l " '' 5 .(' T - ' Wilt J Numbers in the margin show where ihe special handling equipment, items 1 to 5 is used. {See tabulation on opposite page) m a n ic a i H a n d lin g o f T ie s at G eorgia Creosoting P la n t B y A . 31. D e ite rs Plant Manager Southern Wood Preserving Co. East Point, Georgia Engineers on the j o b have devised mechanical equipment that elimi nates backache for labor and re duces headache for management. of th e storage yards. Howe-Vili w hen such equipm ent reaches point of engineering developing w here excessive maintenance; not required, it usually becarog, heavy and cumbersome that it no longer easily portable. The developm ent of varjij THE subject of m echanically handling railroad cross ties at wood preserving plants has long presented a unique challenge to the m aterials handling engineer. The annt lal requirem ent of our rail roads is approxim ately fifty mil lion cross ties, therefore finding a solution to the handling problem is im portant. D uring the recent war, m anual labor to do this heavy work became almost unobtainable, so studies of the subject w ere in tensified. Cross tie seasoning yards, cover ing from ten to one hundred acres, are usually laid out w ith railroad tracks on 120 foot centers. G reen ties are received in box cars, which are spotted on a track opposite the point w here the ties are to be stacked for seasoning. Five or six men, working as a crew, carry the ties from the car and place them in ricks at distances up to sixty 40 feet from the track, Even though these cross ties weigh from 2 0 0 to 275 pounds each, it has been com mon practice for these workmen to carry them --one man to each tie. During the seasoning period, th e ties lose about 50 pounds of m oisture each, and then they are carried from the seasoning rick back to the railroad track where they are placed on flat cars or treatm ent trams for transportation to other parts of the plant for fur th e r processing. Obviously, only workmen of unusually rugged phy sique can engage in this work, and it is not surprising that the avail able supply of such labor has been constantly diminishing. Until recently, nearly all effort toward reducing the physical labor has been directed toward develop ment of portable equipment which could be easily moved to all parts SOUTHERN POWER types of special duty trucks, ever, has opened up a new of approach based on the funji m ental idea of stacking the into com plete seasoning ricks1'1( they are unloaded. EquipmentfM this purpose can be permanent? located at one central point, m eliminating the need of portabifij SPECIAL EQUIPMENT The system developed at n East Point, Georgia, plant of f S outhern Wood Preserving Coj pany, has been in operation sinC October, 1945. Development of following equipm ent was invohf 1. A machine to remove cross from cars, and place them on a <-<jt veyor immediately adjacent W3s! car. !a 2. A chain conveyor along the ties move as they are c , length. Space has also been Pr0HS to mechanically apply "anti-Cflir ing" irons. 3. A spacing table where the t are assembled in layers, each prop ly spaced on stringer ties to provi'fjj A & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, I o tr <w wever, hed a pment ;e was ime so it was rious `i-! how- ; ernie !sj nda- I ne ties i icks as-ft ient for anently . it, tir n s j [ability. at the ; of theg Com*/ ,n since;, it of the.; ivolved; STyssTSbfrr'W FIG . I. DIAGRAM OF T H E BOX CAR UNLDADER AND T IE STA CKIN G EQ UIPM EN T. circulation between individual and layers. A grapple designed to pick up 'tje complete layer along with the finger tie. S. A straddle type truck of proper . jse and capacity to remove such a ^ijippleted rick from the tram car " pd deposit It in proper position on |JG tie seasoning yard. CAR UNLOADER | The car unloading device, while arily designed for the remov- of cross ties from box cars, ght readily be adapted to the handling of other heavy objects. It mounted on a three-legged ame, securely bolted to a con- i foundation. The boom, which an be extended into eith er end ipf the car, is pivotally m ounted on ihis fram e. In actu al operation, th e pX car is placed w ith the car oor centered opposite the unloadir. A fter the boom is swung into ,e car door, anchor chains are tened to hold the unloader firmin the desired position. I-An electric m otor m ounted on he side of th e m achine supplies ower for moving the boom horiAntally back and forw ard. Pow er raising and lowering the load ..provided by a m otor and cable Um m ounted on th e back end the boom. ['A grapple designed to pick up re or six ties is attached to the d of th e lift cable. The boom is rejected into th e car, tu rn in g er right or left as desired, and grapple low ered on a "lift" of t'S. As th e grapple is raised, the ks are freed by hand so they " drop into place and engage re ends of the ties. W hen th e ties raised clear, the.boom is rackback toward the machine base. Then, as a workman guides one end of the ties out the far door of the car, the boom is racked for ward. When the ties are outside the car, they are revolved through 90 degrees and low ered to a chain conveyor. As the ties come to rest on the conveyor, the grapple auto matically releases the ties. The boom is then racked back into the car and the operation is repeated. After the first forty or fifty ties are removed, work proceeds at the rate of five or six ties per minute. The tim e required to change over to another car varies from seven to ten minutes. CHAIN CONVEYOR As the ties- move along the chain conveyor, they are engaged by guides that arrange the ties in pos ition to be cut to the desired length. The cutting is controlled by a cam arrangem ent so inte grated w ith lugs on the chain that the ties are moved past the saw one at a time, about 30" apart. Ju st beyond th e saw a space of seven or eight feet is provided where "anti-checking" irons may be applied. The application of these "anti-checking" irons at a central point makes possible the use of air hammers, whereas, when the job is done on the seasoning yard, only m anual labor can be used. SPACING TABLE A rranging the ties so th a t prop er air circulation will be obtained SPECIAL HANDLING EQUIPMENT 1. A machine to remove cross ties from cars, and place them on a conveyor immediately adjacent to the car. 2. A chain conveyor along which the ties move as they are cut to length. Space has also been provided to mechanically apply "anti-checking" irons. 3. A spacing table where the ties are assembled in layers, each properly spaced on stringer ties to provide air circulation between individual ties and layers. 4. A grapple designed to pick up the complete layer along with the stringer tie. 5. A straddle type truck of proper size and capacity to remove such a completed rick from the tram car and deposit it in proper position on the lie seasoning yard. EDITORS NOTE: The principal features involved in the handling process here de scribed were developed by the author and his associates in coopera tion with materials handling equipment manufacturers, and are cov ered by patents. 'OUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 F IG . 2. B E LO W . T H E BOX CAR U N LO A D ER HAS JU S T B E E N P LA C E D IN PO SITIO N TO S T A R T UNLOADING A CAR OF C R O S S TIES . T H E MOTOR AND G EAR HED U C ER A T T H E R E A R OF T H E ROOM O P E R A T E S T H E L IF T C A B L E . T H E MOTOR AND G EA R R E D U C ER F A S T E N E D TO T H E P L A T E OF T H E MA C H IN E R A C K S T H E BOOM B A C K AND FO R TH . , 1 1 tL' ' F IG . 3. A V IE W OF T H E BOX CA B U N LO A D ER FO LD ED fu g C LEA R TH E RAILROAD TRACKS. F IG . 4. T H E BOOM IS E X T E N D E D TO P IC K UP T IE S ON T H E N EA R S ID E OF T H E CAR. T IE S W IL L T H EN B E P U S H ED THROUGH T H E O P P O S IT E CAR DOOR AND LO W ER ED TO A T R A M . NOTE T H E O P ER A TO R IN T H E FO REG RO U N D TO T H E L E F T IS F R E E TO MOVE AROUND .AND S T IL L CONTROL T H E U N LO A D ER . in the finished seasoning1 presents an unusual problem^ means of a system of gravity '!; lers, power driven chains,. and autom atic stops, this has-ty accomplished w ith a minimuni manual labor. y.i A fter a layer of ties has i)e properly assembled with ^ '3 stringer tie in position to projjt) a ir space beneath the layer, i moved as a unit from the spaitf table and placed on a small tr. car GRAPPLE It was, of course, necessar design a grapple to pick up^Sd a unit of ties and this has be$J worked out that, when the-Ml ties come to rest on the tram p the hooks automatically disent themselves. The movement 0*11 ties from the spacing table tO?| tram car is accomplished standard m onorail hoist of capacity. Im m ediately adjoining th tral unloading station thereof series of five or six tracks on vf|) the finished ricks loaded oni can be assem bled in train-l<J| This is advisable because va(M! species of cross ties are involve and ties are received from sevei| different railroads. In this "*'9 each track receives only t-leS *i|| SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER BACK TO> 3m. By ty rollguides, ss beeir (lum of is been V h the'3 provide^ r, it is J spacing '% 11 tram i? E S jifl'S . ABO VE. TH E SPACING T A B LE . NOTE P tH E STRIN G ER T IE FIN DIN G IT S WAY 5 jN O t h e g u id e b e in g p r o p e l l e d b y 'THE CHAIN SHOWN IN T H E FO REG RO U N D . iffH R E E T IE S H A V E B E E N A S S E M B L E D ON | j i | E SPACING T A B L E W ITH TH E SPA CER H flro P O B ITIO N TO R E C E IV E T H E FO URTH T IE . JJKi C ijif jO . 6. R IG H T , T H E SP A C IN G T A D L E W ITH H ffc A B T IC U L A R E M P H A S IS ON SOM E OF T H E t p l ' jyifcBHANISM FOR P LA C IN G S T R IN G E R T IE S . HSjjjivrHE S T R IN G E R T I E ON T H E E X T R E M E | | K f t j a H T IS B EIN G P U L L E D S LO W LY INTO K W .8 IT IO N UNDER T H E LA Y ER OF T IE S . AS W fp N E END OF T H IS STR IN G ER T IE DEV- i.CENDS T H E G R A V IT Y R O L L E R S SHOWN IN k I / t HE FOREGROUND, A CHAIN EN GAGES AND [7 CONVEYS TH E STRIN G ER T IE . T H IS CHAIN v ' Pi S IM IL A R TO T H E ONE SHOWN A T T H E EX TR EM E L E F T . T H E G R A P P LE SHOWN S s t ABOVE 18 R EA D Y TO D ESCEN D UPON T H E D is a s s e m b l y o f t ie s a s so o n a s it is CO M PLETE he cen- ' re is a .;| i which , ; i trams n-loads. y various 1 (Volved, ft several i;_ s way, -r*, les that s o u t h e r n p o w e r & in d u s t r y w No v e m b e r , i94t will be placed in the same season ing stack. When a suitable number of load ed tram s have been assembled, they are moved to the seasoning yard by a small gasoline locomo tive in trains of from 4 to 12 ricks of 127 ties each. CARRIER TRUCK When the tram train arrives at the proper point in the drying yard, it is then necessary to re move the ricks from the tram s and deposit them in rows perpendicu lar to the track. A straddle type carrier truck is utilized at this time. The carrier truck has a clear ance 9' wide and about 15' high. F IG . 7. L E F T , A V IEW OF AN A S S E M B L Y OF T IE S R EA D Y TO B E D E P O S IT ED ON A R IC K . AT T H E LOWER L E F T IS AN EM PTY TRAM, CAR. When a rick of ties has been plac ed on the railroad track opposite the point w here it is to be placed for seasoning, the carrier truck (moving perpendicular to the track) mounts the railroad track, astride the load, picks up the rick of ties high enough to clear the tram car, and then backs off the railroad track and proceeds to the desired point where the ties are de posited on creosoted stacking blocks. Another rick of green ties is then placed in position for the straddle truck to operate, and the procedure is repeated. To avoid necessity for cross yard roadways for the heavy car rier truck, an arrangement has been worked out whereby it mounts a special railway tram and is moved to any desired area by the locomotive. It has been found that with good ground conditions, the straddle truck with a crew consisting of the driver and two ground men can easily handle four or five thousand ties per day. During three or four rainy months last winter it was neces sary to lay treads to support the straddle truck. To alleviate this condition, the truck w ill soon be equipped with tires of larger diam- twelve ricks of dry ties has been assembled on tram cars, the switch engine moves them to the boring and adzing machine. At this point, the ties are moved from the rick to conveyors immediately in front of the machine by means of a monorail hoist and grapple similar to the one previously de scribed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS This system for handling ties has been in operation since Octo ber, 1945. Despite the fact that it involves radical departure from any previous method for handling ties, it was integrated into the overall plant operation without difficulty and all ties have been handled by this method since the first day it was used. Naturally, some minor changes Were made, but the operation has without interruption, month of March, 1946, cords were kept of the ance of this equipment, thousand, nine hundred green cross ties were from cars with the suits. Central Unloading 45.905 ties unloaded, sawed to and ricked on trams. 228 hours operation = 201 hour. 7 men involved at this = 28.9 ties per man Carrier Truck 45.905 green ties stored for 21,470 dry ties removed from ing yard. 67,375 total ties handled. 197 hours operation = 342 hour. 3 men involved in this 114 ties per man It should be mentioned ground was very wet and F IG . B. L E F T , T H E C A R R IE R SHOWN AT T H E END OF A C R O SSTIE R IC K S . T H E RAILROAD OUT OF V IEW A T T H E NEAR ROW. F IG . 9. BELO W . A CLO SE-UP VIEW C A R R IE R . W ITH A R IC K OF U P AND R E A D Y TO eter and lower pressure, and four wheel drive is being provided. Work is also being done to provide better drainage, and a small amount of crushed rock is to be placed to support the truck. HANDLING DRY TIES After the seasoning process has been completed, ricks of ties are moved back to the railroad track and placed on trams by the strad dle truck, this being simply a re versing of the process just de scribed. When a train load of six to SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for and talion to len s local hour. 12 ties s oper IT. that soft r RUCK ROW V OF TH ; :8 PICKED/E. Cost Data Operation ,,j carrier piece rates , civ method Green lies, cars to storage 3.8c 23 ties per man hr. = 3.0c Dry ties, storage io A&B Mach. 3.0c 78 ties per man hr. = 1.0c fhe period this test was made, it was necessary to lay treads I'ihe ground to support the carjfev truck. The tim e consumed for ymrk is included in the truck rating time, f ji e r e are many items entering n,;.the total cost of handling SS ties. The equipm ent discussjentirely replaces m anual carryof ties. A comparison of costs, iviced to its sim plest form , is iljulated herew ith. jjj E [The cost of gasoline, oil, and tricity is alm ost negligible, bunting to approxim ately five fts p er tie on each green and dry handled. It is too early to p re maintenance charges, but intions are th at they w ill be jt|ll. These charges, along with `rest and reserves for depreciaon should approxim ate five cents ( tie on 500,000 green and dry ties handled per year. There are a number of intangi ble but nevertheless real advan tages in operation under the new system. It has been found that in clement weather causes practically no interruption of daily operation whereas this factor caused consid erable lost time when the work was done by tie carriers. It is too early to predict w hat might be expected in the way of accidents. It is significant, how ever, that during the first eight months' operation, when the men had to familiarize themselves with the equipment, only two loss-oftime accidents occurred, neither serious. We have no records to compare w ith this, but believe the record, using machines, will be fully as good as with manual labor. Furtherm ore, a num ber-of tie handlers developed bad sacro- illiacs, injured shoulders, and other ailments due to the very heavy w ork previously involved. Since it is now practicable to carry ties much greater distances from the railroad track than with the old method, it follows th at tie yards can now be laid out with fewer tracks. In our case, we have already removed one track, mak ing room for storage of an addi tional 40,000 cross ties. The im portant thing, however, is th at the job of carrying crossties is so laborious that workers are almost unobtainable, and that this job is now being done by the use of mechanical equipm ent in such a way that ordinary work m en can be quickly trained to do an acceptable job. It should be understood that this m aterials handling equipment, ca pable of handling such heavy loads of cross-ties and bringing about the sizeable saving shown, was developed through the co operative efforts of the company's management, engineering staff, labor, and materials handling equipment manufacturers. Every one interested in these problems added something to the solution. A num ber of ideas coming directly from the yard laborers are includ ed in the design of various pieces of equipment. i f e F ie , 10, T H E RO SS C A R R IE R D E S C E N D S FROM T H E R A IL R O A D T R A C K A F T E R PLA C IN O A R IC K OF D R V T IE S (127) ON A R AILRO AD T R A N S FER CAR. NOTE T H E M IRROR T H A T IS FA STEN ED TO T H E TOP OF T H E CAR TO A S S IS T T H E OPERATOR. OUTHERN p o w e r & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 A Good Lunch Helps rcj|w i*ll M a n u fa ctu rin g V o m p a n y Is l 'ic'iis<*<f H irli l i s (Vein (' fp it'H n F o r 3 ,0 0 0 Tc.vil / o -Will E m p lo y e e s A t L in d a le . G e o r g ia y F ra n cis C. Editor ALREADY a large m ill in 1926, when purchased by its present owners, The Pepperell M anufactur ing Company plant at Lindale has developed and grown constantly. As customs and techniques in the textile industry have changed Pep perell has changed--often setting the pace through the efforts of its own active research laboratories. Much could be w ritten on these technical advances, but this story is about feeding men and women --not m achines and m aterials. M any of in d u stry 's m ost recent advances have been in connection with employee relations--attitude, comfort, and efficiency of em ployees on the job. The war emergency did much to show that many factors previously secondary or unimportant vital influence on plant Plant executives (encouraged aided by government quickly found that war could be improved by such visions as clean rest rooms, while you work", and mid-shift lunches. As proof F IG . I. G E N E R A L V IE W OF T H E D IN IN G ROOM. SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER." J&MM?faatssSaAt 300 V p |G . 2* DIAGRAM OF T H E C A F E T E R IA A R E A . T H E O V E R A L L DIM EN SIO N ? |9 316 F T . B Y 50 F T ' STO R A G E FO R CANN ED GOODS, E T C . IS TO T H E OF T H E A R E A SHOWN .AND T H E D IS H W A SH IN G D E P A R T M E N T IS FAR TO T H E R IG H T. CoofctfAO TiVrili wrjtJt/AiWrinf arnL g?T &S3H WtJA'/A'G /fr ftc/vr nsidere it exef outpuf; ged and esearcfij oducUwfj! ich proijj "musidji idequate if of thrf.3 Jjjiasis placed on such program s, I?'agencies gave high priorities Eimaterials needed for these im`ivements even during the mostrgiht stages of our conflict. The i?eppercH Cafeteria, presently to ^ 'described, was allocated the Med materials right when the jr demands were greatest. New Cafeteria PTo best m eet p la n t needs, a teria has to be located a t a cen|jj convenient point in th e m ill 'that employees can reach it jjpkly and have am ple tim e for a rely lunch w ithout overstay the allotted time. P epperell's j)je' new cafeteria located on the u, floor of the new dye house Opened to employees on March il946, and has been serving ething like 1800 hot m eals a 16ver since. ,ere is no m ore eating in the i areas or "getting someone to itch the m achine w hile you grab life". M achinery is shut down by tips on p rearran g ed schedule so it! each em ployee's lunch period of plant duties. Thus the ay-minute lunch period is one Relaxation and rest. That ariSement, alone, elim inates con%able indigestion. jTbe p lan t operates on norm al gilt-hour work shifts, and the jlfihine shut-dow ns are so sched uled that the cafeteria's comfortjgjj|| seating capacity of 300 peoB 8 never exceeded. For exami}| 900 employees of the day shift betw een 10:30 A.M. and 12:30 but they do not all shut their ||M h in e down at the same time. -^fiut 100 employees leave their places each ten m inutes-- so th a t in about two hours 900 peo ple have been fed (each having thirty minutes) w ithout exceeding the 300 lim it w hich is set by seating capacity. The three serving periods are: 10:30 A.M. to 12:30 P.M., 5:00 P.M. to 7:00 P.M., and 2:00 A.M. to 3:00 A.M.; b u t the kitchen operates con tinuously. That arrangem ent obvi ates necessity for storing cooked food, thereby giving each customer a freshly cooked meal. In fact, most of the foods are cooked in relatively small batches as required, and all foods, including breads and pastries, are prepared in the kitchen--ice cream being the only exception. E quipm enl As will be seen from the ac companying plan, the space allo cated to th e cafeteria as a whole is liberal. In fact, the'storage, prep- aration, cooking, and service space looks all out of proportion to the eating room, but when considera tion is given to the ten-m inute scheduling previously mentioned, the reason for this becomes clear. Even the most rem ote corners of storage spaces show evidence of careful design and construction, with especial emphasis on sanita tion and minimum maintenance. Walls are of ceramic tile -- red wainscot and cream above. Floors in the kitchen are ceramic tile and in th e dining room asphalt tile is used. Stainless steel is used exten sively -- sinks, serving counters, work tables, etc. Results Do the employees like it? Well, they eat there, and the expressions on their faces indicate enjoyment. Some of the girls complain of dif ficulty w ith figure control, but POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 lars and cents returns. Many of the employees been at Pepperell a long (1641 out of a total of 3000 : service buttons showing years). And the managers,' h been th ere a long time, too. of the departm ent heads an<J i utives w orked up from opera and mechanics. So you understand each other at Pepjj and that also helps make tb q j taste good. F IG . 4. H E R E IS W H E R E none have expressed a desire to go back to snack wagons, soft drinks, bicarbonate, and aspirin tablets. Prices are reasonable and the well-loaded trays show little indi cation of penny pinching. The col ored workers eat well too in their own dining room w here the same services and foods are provided. Employees are encouraged to consider the lunch hour a recrea tion period. Smoking presents no objection because the eating place is air-conditioned and th e smoke goes right out w ith the food odors. The whole plant is provided w ith music and the loudspeakers in the dining room seem especially ap preciated. It is clearly understood th at the prim ary purpose of the cafeteria is to give th e em ployees opportuni ty to eat good food in pleasant surroundings. Therefore employees who prefer to bring their own lunches are encouraged to eat in the cafeteria and use the tables, w ater service, etc., w ithout charge. A good m any exercise this privi lege. No rules have been necessary to eliminate eating at the work spaces and in the aisles. The fact that now all eating is confined to the cafeteria has greatly improved sanitation in the work areas by eliminating im proper disposal of food leavings, paper w rappers, etc. The cafeteria costs the company some money, b u t m anagem ent is not complaining. They seem to feel that it is money w ell spent and that the cost is m ore than offset by desirable results. Actually it costs the w orker an average of about forty-three cents per meal (all meats are fifteen cents) and SALADS ARE PREPARED. this is made possible by the com pany absorbing all overhead costs: equipment, lights, water, air-con ditioning, etc. Right now the prices charged do not quite pay off the food and labor expense, but the management thinks they may break even when more experience is gained. Of one th ing they are certain, however, there w ill be no letdown in quality; they will con tinue to buy the best of foods and cook and serve them properly. If you insist on talking about de tails the m anagement will point out such benefits as ten percent re duction in absenteeism, definite improvement in efficiency, better health records, and higher em ployee morale. B ut they much pre fer to simply say they are very happy about their restaurant ven ture and let it go at that. They; think the intangibles, such as smil ing faces and fellow employees en joying a good lunch, outweigh dol PRINCIPAL EQUIPMENT Cooking--Electric and Steam 3-- Open Lop electric ranges ' 7--Electric baking ovens for i 1- --Unit of four baking oveni bread 2-- Frying kctllcs (90 lb of faj 1--Three lier steam pressure er for vegetables 1--Fifty-gallon jacketed ketll soups > 1--Power mixer Salad Center 1--Salad table with cold pai 1--Salad sink 1-- Power mixer 2-- Refrigerators Service Counters Two counters, each as follows;: 2--Meat pans (steam bath) 4-- Vegetable holders (stea i --Soup server (steam) 1--Cold pan (ti ton ref.) 1--Ice cream dispenser 1--Cold drink service placed 1--Coffee urn Dish Washing: Located on opposite side of:(j space from cooking and gib Dishes never go to the kitchen^ Completely equipped with w$j garbage disposal, driers, and-' REFRIGERATION CAPA Service Air Conditioning----B a k e ry _______------Salad Room ---------- ------- *"7 Meats, Vegetables, Dairy f P r o d u c t s --------------------- Freezing R o o m ------ F IG . 5. T H E W E L L EO U IP P ED B U T C H E R SHOP. 48 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVENNE in Plant Layout B ll i' A i t article in eight secg :;. lions complete i n this isjif['"siic, discussing e v e r y Bgj&fck' phase of w ise plan t layout. es ri for mo Ivens fi if fat).' are co f Consider the P ro d u ct__________49 lettle ]1 Picking the S ite _________________50 /:111 O f f ic e a n d E m p l o y e e F a c U l t i e s _ 5 1 pans S y .manufacturing A r e a ___________ 52 K V Location of Departments______53 Cf'VI Equipment______________________ 54 Other Layout P ro b lem s_______ 55 I'll! Reference L ib ra ry _____________57 (o) Bachraoii ice of eatiifl serving hen areg wash ersi nd re els' Section I B y G regory M . Ilex ter C o nsulting In d u stria l E n g in eer on B u siness M an ag em en t P ro b lem s &CITY Toi 40,1 IC o n s u le r T h e P ro d u ct UMEROUS im portant factors ,plant layout are Y overlooked. An l i ^ culive wil1 arue a study of plant I BpSikywp t is not w orth i'(^ ^ ^ l i ^ i l e , th a t his p lan t a"'lp(M.andles such varied i that no one best |S i;^ y o u t is possible, or th at no ^.rjiiffi'&Jliinge is economically possible. A M ^jW am ary of im portant factors in- ; f^ ' 'Vy^vd' however, should show that ''IIJ P o i 'r l' "c are ^ew P^an1;s w here a carestudy of layout will not pay Profits. SKflfe1 Production vs. Sales If* 1 Approxim ate curves of produc, ' lin and m onthly sales by units of sSfepRiclnets m ade for a typical year should be compared. Ascertain the normal working d a y and week. Approximate estimates of storage space required for raw material, pur chased parts, and completed equipment or m aterial can be made from the curves. Possible storage of finished products near sales centers as a means of smooth ing production, reducing factory storage, and im proving service to customers should not be overlook ed. Uniform production is an im portant way of reducing cost of labor and equipment. It permits good labor relations. Provision for increased produc tion in five or ten years, for new products, new buildings, and new machinery should be made. Exact decisions are not possible on these points but qualitative analysis of them will usually give valuable guidance. Design of Product Elim inate poor selling items as every unnecessary product compli cates the plant layout; Redesign all products for as much standard ization as possible using standard bolts, screws, chemicals, and other components that may be bought more cheaply from large manufac turers. Redesign for increased sales appeal through better pack aging. Use welded shapes instead of castings or use plastic p arts in stead of metal, with an eye to low er costs through such changes. Change processing methods to ob tain better quality, particularly if obtainable at little or no increase in cost. The best plan t layout is not 3ER, iW ffl l&OUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 49 L I `J* m.-m . J L iiT L M. V J JL possible until these things have been done; any other plant layout should be regarded as temporary. Process Cards Prepare a manufacturing-process card for each important product or group of sim ilar products, showing each machine needed and the time required for set up and fabrica tion. Determ ine the num ber of ma chines required for the assumed output, An allowance for lost time is necessary. This w ill vary w ith company methods, but 20 per cent is not unreasonable. Some com panies have much less lost time. Such charts cannot be safely pre pared from memory; the engineer should follow e a c h product through the plant, and note in great detail w hat happens to it. Compare operations and time on a rush order with routine orders. Study each card for possible changes in process through use of new machinery or different m eth ods that w ill reduce labor costs or tim e in process! Look for simpler methods such as power-driven hand tools or for a grouping of machines that will perm it one op erator to serve several machines. Do not hesitate to operate an ex pensive m achine 24 hours daily in order to justify its use. Analyze the possibility of separate depart m ents for large quantity products. Conveyors Cut Costs The use of conveyors to move m aterial from one machine to an other w ill often reduce space and time in process. Consider such con veyors as scraper, belt, roller, plat form, bucket, monorail, screw, and elevating. Chutes are sometimes possible. Between two slightly dif ferent levels, an elevating platform may be helpful. Automatic deliv ery to different floors or to roller conveyors should not be over looked. Packing tables whose height can be quickly adjusted by push button will make bending un necessary for employees. Any long-distance travel of material should be questioned. Determine the possibility of using pallets or skid platform s w ith hand or elec tric-lift trucks. Consider the use of tote boxes that nest and are de signed to hold a given num ber of parts. Tote boxes can also be built as pallets. See that m aterial to be processed is delivered at the w ork level. It may be possible to do certain work while m aterial is in progress from one machine to another on a conveyor, s u c h as inspection, grinding, spray painting, chipping of fins, drying, or prelim inary as sembling. There are other tricks the engineer will consider. One w ay to pick up lost tim e is to make up a chart on each im p o rtan t m achine th a t 5h0| w hat is being done by f erator, the helper, and the'!, during a cycle. A help in M aration of such charts is a tifi the m achine th at shows i<n operating time. Keep an 0ye'. for bottlenecks, excessive 1w i tool sharpening, interm ediate age, lack of stock, and time to load machines. Any reducf lost m otion w ill perm it redyi in inventory. Section I I P ic k in g th e S ite TOO often, assum ed lim itations as to land available and as to location of streets, r a i l r o a d trackage, and exist ing buildings are not examined critically. Frequently, m o r e land can be obtained at reasonable cost, topography can be smoothed, streets can be closed, trackage can be moved, and build ings can be torn down or moved. The possibility of moving the plant or a p art of it to a new location should not be overlooked as labor available elsewhere may be more varied in character, b etter in quality, or cheaper. Again, freight rates may be lower, sales territory may be closer, raw m aterial may be cheaper, and larger site m ay be possible. O ther factors to be con sidered include better w ater sup ply, greater ease in waste dis posal, raw -m aterial supplies, taxes, and transit facilities. Decentraliza tion of m anufacturing is sometimes a solution to m any problems. It may be obtained by each of several small plants m aking all products or only one or a few products. Advertising Signs An im portant detail in the lay out of th e p lan t is th e locating of the buildings in order to get an a t tractive appearance from railroad, highway, and the air. The placing of the com pany's nam e on the 1'k*'1 buildings shbul|l be overlooked a| p o rtan t advertij by day and nig often possible fi the proper signj possible conflict! countered here is direction of preyil ing winds, for dust from railroads or highvfa m ight cause troubles. Roadwjj coal handling, and ash dispose sources of d irt in the plant grotj are factors in this problem t i orientation of buildings. Code Limitations In quiry should be made ofjj surance companies as well, municipal, state, and Federal^ thorities as to any codes in coof) tion w ith hazards from dust;'j explosion, fumes, corrosion,; tig midity, and electricity that, n lim it layout, force separate bll ings, or control the design of blj ings, piping, ducts, wiring,^; sim ilar items. The same con applies to any requirem ent^ toilets, lockers, wash-rooms, dru ing fountains, show er baths, exits, fire walls, enclosed so ways, cafeterias, or assembly Racial segregation in toilets sim ilar facilities is require%|] some localities. Local conditions as to fo'ffii tion limitations, hurricanes, nadoes, earthquakes, high u w ater, and extrem es of rbaK 50 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, m PLANT LAYOUT ]njd not be overlooked. Profor them is sometimes pos- ft^with little increase in capital new buildings. Records of 'f is local building dep artm en t or ^neighboring plants are often Kafpiful in the design of building or kcthnery foundations. p e s s a ry clearances and height pjiatforms and canopies for raillid service can be obtained from d railroad. Tank-car or boat Sftiinents of various liquids or fepscs such as ammonia, sulfur ' ' , gasoline, fuel oil, caustic SSpda, molasses, and sim ilar pro- involve varying require m ents as to storage, piping, earth dikes, and sim ilar safety measures that are readily determined from m anufacturers of such commodi ties, public carriers, and insurance companies. High chimneys and elevated tanks involve codes for the safety of airplanes. Safety measures in side and outside a plant are cover ed by requirem ents of insurance companies and are included in various pamphlets of the National Safety Council, Inc. Adherence to these codes are the secret of low insurance rates by the Factory Mutuals or by the Factory Insurance Association of the stock fire-insurance companies, and for w orkm en's compensation. hould ni) ;ed as ini IP fe' Section I I I dvertisin] night ( ible witi signa, J nflict eh I f Of P f' ce an d E m p lo ye e F a c ilitie s ml: STATEMENT of highw __the num ber of toadwa Pl^employees required sposa] p iS in the general offices it grout ij^ lp y flnd their desired looblem |ig s !^ a tjo n will determ ine "TfflPfyhether a separate l . I 9 ice' building is d e d. Overhead ide of iib. ip l ll'costs are frequ en tly w ell as pj!,f;?reduced and a sm oother-running ideral ad ^TO^it'organization obtained if the gener- in conni m s m . offices and the p lan t are located dust, tir,* Sgte hear each other. W hen th e tw o are sion, hU<;{ separated by miles, the paper work aat niight|:?Bp|j'.necessary is increased'. M ake a ate build* ^5^i'^`flpw-line c h a rt for th e general of- i of bu"ild-^i"j*l n^F ftees and for th e central m ail room, ring, an d f| I K described later for the plant. comment; W p i 1' Visitors to th e p la n t a re usually nents for iM ilfyost interested in contact w ith the ns, d rln k ^ ifu t t f e ales. engineering, purchasing, and aths, f i d i l i manufacturing departm ents. Their ied stair-|rjji location on the ground floor of the ibly hall9.;|: d i e t s a i i d ;; m m ire d > founda^ffitfe plant or office building is there fore an advantage. The sequence is logical as orders coming into the plaht usually do so from sales to engineering, w here they are brok mes, gh Itor rivei I en into m aterial to be purchased from outsiders and m aterial to be fProduced by the m anufacturing de- aifekPartment. Financial or accounting ffgffinti- : and general execu tive departm ents can be well placed on a floor above. T h e space required in the offices w i l l vary from 50 to 100 sq ft or more per person, depending on extent of executive staff and company policies in allotment of working space. Provision should be made for the additional space that may be needed from any in creased governmental control. The traffic departm ent for in coming and outgoing shipm ents is advantageously made a part of the purchasing department. The latter should have room for a sample cabinet and catalog file. The library should be adjacent to the engineering department. Manufacturing Dept. The manufacturing department should have space for a laboratory, visiting inspectors, night watch men and guards, janitors' closets, production control, costs, m en's smoking room, w om en's rest room, and a meeting room for foremen. Ample w all space in production i i ' SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER 1946 control for large charts is desir able. Rest Rooms A rest room for women should have couches, easy chairs, high foot-rests that can be used as stools, metal w aste-container, toil et-seat sterilizers, full-length m ir ror, shelves and plenty of hooks in toilets, and m irror and shelf over each wash basin. If the company has no cafeteria, a refrigerator, electric stove, and dinette in the rest room are worth while. Shower baths are appreciated, especially if w ork is done under hot or dirty conditions. Reception Room The vestibule and reception room are often supervised in small plants by the telephone operator, but this has the draw back that visitors while waiting can often pick up confidential data from the operator's conversations. A beauti ful front entrance to the factory is necessary and should be m ade the focal point that first attracts the visitor. The atmosphere of the reception room should be in keep ing w ith the architectural design. A lavatory and private telephone booth for visitors are desirable. Personnel and Medical Admission to the personnel and medical departm ents should be di rect in order to avoid confusion with inter-office movement of company employees. The personnel department requires private inter view rooms and, in large plants, a comfortable waiting room. The medical departm ent m ust have facilities for physical and eye examinations as well as first aid. Its location between the personnel department and the m anufactur ing floor is an advantage. Filing and Stenographic A central filing departm ent for the engineering and m anufacturing departm ents in sm all plants is often justified. The sales and pur chasing departm ents usually do better by controlling their own files. Similar arrangem ents are de sirable on stenographic service. But any central file or stenograph ic pool should be on the same floor with the departm ents it serves; 51 I FiAIVT LAYOUT | nothing is gained by chasing up and down stairs. Financial Department The various divisions of the fi nancial department present no problem. Numerous, noisy ac counting machines are extensively used in it and should be placed in a soundproof room, separate from other activities. The room should have its walls and ceiling finished with sound-insulating m aterial for the benefit of the employees w ork ing there. Conference and direc to rs' room s m ay have to be p rovid ed. Partitions probably should be avoided except for the offices of key executives. As many of the partitions as possible should be of glass in the upper half. Dimensions Office buildings with 11 or 12 ft ceilings, w ith columns 15 or 16 ft apart, and long and narrow w ith a maximum width of about 60 ft. are m ost satisfactory in p ro viding office space, daylight, and ventilation. Recreation Facilities Provision should be made for any recreational facilities that may be desirable. Even if not installed immediately, plans for their future use should be made. There is an increasing tendency in m anufac turing companies to supplem ent local recreational facilities with company-owned bowling alleys, baseball diamond, swimming pool, dance hall, movie house, boxing ring, and similar sources of good employee relations. Decision on these facilities should be made be fore starting a plant layout. A site set aside for them is desirable, and may require a building. Large plants have even gone to the extent of setting up nurseries for the children of female employ ees and shopping centers for busy workers. Decision on the latter facility should be with the expec tation that prices are to be as low as obtainable elsewhere. Section IV M a n u fa c tu rin g A re a THE most active m a n u factoring d epartm ent s h o u Id get prior considera tion in laying out a plant. This depart ment will vary with the products made and might be the ma chine shop, foundry, forge shop, wet building in a starch plant, cell building in an electro lytic plant, and so on. It m ight well be given a separate building with other departm ents grouped around it as feeders or receivers. A flow line chart should be made showing the various departments in as di rect a line as possible. Provision should be made for new buildings or extensions to old buildings. If several products are of varied na ture, a composite flow-line chart can be developed with colored pencils on a white print. Width of pencil lines can be varied as in a highway-traffic chart to bring out the dol lar value of labor in the various products. Do not be content w ith one or two layouts, a noted designer of industrial plants claims to have m ade as high as 34 lay outs for one plant before selecting the one best layout. One-Story Building The one-story building has num erous advantages in low first cost and in low operating cost through saving in supervision, in space wasted for stairways and elevators, and in operating cost of elevators. Justification, however, can found occasionally for the rn^jj story building but when usedhi heavy machinery should be pla on the ground floor. Too rni, emphasis, p articu larly w here lg; is cheap, has been given to the a' vantages of gravity flow. p0Wf required to raise m aterials is ugj| ly m ore than required to overco friction in moving horizontally.; Flow-Line Charts 2* Flow-line charts should be mff showing existing and pn movement of the various import! products. A summary for product should show distarf travelled and time and labor quired. Time studies are oftf necessary. A composite chart sbo^ ing, w ith colored pencils on w prints, the m ovem ent of all ipf portant products w ill be helpful j obtaining improvements. Wher m ore than one floor is involv isometric diagram s are desirable.!! % Templets Templets of all equipment desks, benches, and cabinets shoul be m ade of various colored calc board to the scale of 1/5 inch to o foot. Radial drills, for examp'1 can then be quickly distingus; from lathes. M ark on each terripl the serial number, type, and' a of machine, and the position of 0, erator, of belt or motor drive/Wi of starting control. These templets should be j cated correctly to scale on er/ section tracing paper, or clot equivalent to K. & E. 334W and 2823/ G, or 288 G, with divisions to the inch. They m a /' held in place w ith m ap pins, thuni tacks, Scotch tape, paper comen, or wire staples. Overhead eonv ors can be represented by pi strips of Colored, tran sp aren t papU. in place. When locations have b approved, the outlines of t tem plets can be draw n in ail w hite p rints m ade. Each divisio on the p rin t w ill represent S, inches and thus clearances avail, able are obvious at a glance. D/ th er study can be given the lay** by draw ing colored lines to sho.^ movement of material. m Types of Flow Charts Two types of flow -line char,tp should generally be tried. One tyP 52 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, t i,/ x u u * charts ie type 1, 1946 ;process layout is based on the ^ ^ o u p in g of like machines such as *|Mthes, radial drills, etc., and the M ovem ent of m aterial back and Jlfp rth among the various groups. ffpThe other type, or product layout, ttjL i based on continuous movem ent as direct a line as possible from the receiving to the shipping de ;p4rlment with machines provided Jp-aa needed in sequence to perform p ljh e various m anufacturing steps, m gom etim es a combination of the types of flow can be used to K irndvantage as w hen various parts lip - p r e manufactured in different deMpy; partments and then brought to a - J p ;1,conveyor assem bly line. A g reat "Tup^variety of products w ill usually ' require the grouping of like machines. Machine Location Aisles should be wide enough for two trucks to pass. W idths of 6 to 14 feet are commonly used. . Corners should be curved so trucks Bj-J may go around them easily. M ake E rs u re that any extension of a maJi, chine such as a milling-machine JJJjjfi. table w ill not in terfere w ith pas.'sage in the aisle. Allow space for hand tools, tool boxes, and for additional equip ment to meet the demand for in. creased production. A study of *' reasons for idle-tim e of existing I , equipment may give clues as to improvements needed in the new lay- V: OUt. Space will be needed at each machine for four tote boxes or equivalent. One tote box will contain m aterial being processed and another m aterial waiting to be processed. Two more tote boxes will be needed to care for th e processed material, as sometimes . ...... m aterial is not m oved as soon as it v 'WSR't is processed. Instead of tote boxes, space might be needed for skid platforms or trucks. The use of skid platforms for the storage of heavy tools or m aterial w ill elim i nate handling and reduce costs. Further Requirements Leave space on the floor for the assembly of complicated or heavy machinery. Clearances around each machine should be large enough to permit operators to work comfortably and to handle the longest piece of m aterial coming to them. With steel and lumber, required clearances become great and may be as much as 20 ft. in a woodworking plant. Space for m a chine repairs may be necessary. Bulky or heavy m aterial may re quire hand-operated hoists or cranes beside various machines. Overhead travelling cranes may be needed for an entire shop. Floor space should also be set aside where m aterial and tools for vari ous shop orders m ay be assembled for issuance to operators. This space should be enclosed by wire netting so its contents cannot be used as a source of supply for jobs already in the shop. Benches and Tables Benches should be at right angles to a building wall w ith w in dows, preferably the north wall. Revolving tables m ay be used to reduce space needed for assembly operations. Such tables and all as sembly tables should be designed w ith clear space under them so fe male workers will not snag their stockings. Table tops might well be fitted with fiber board or linoleum in order to avoid chilling operators' arms. Foot rests are sometimes provided. A standard height of about 37 inches should be adopted, depending on work per formed. Machine Operation By the proper use of tote boxes, skids, conveyors, and sim ilar helps, the picking up and putting down of articles can be avoided. Make sure that operators do not do the w ork of laborers. Individual motor drives for ma chines are usually preferable but machines w ith small motors may s o m e t i m e s be advantageously grouped for line-shaft drive. Consult key operators and fore men as to possible improvements in layout of machines, process charts, and flow lines. They will often have good ideas. Regrouping of machines and changes in se quence or kind of operations should in particular be discussed. Section V Lo ca tin g D e p a rtm e n ts TRY to put noisy departments in closed rooms and thus p r o t e c t the workmen in quieter departments. Shops should be located in reasonable order in relation to each oth er, such as pattern shop, foundry, machine shop, and welding shop; or wet building, dryer building, pulverizer building, scale house, and warehouse for a starch plant. Pattern shop should be near pattern storage. The en gineering departm ent should be near the pattern shop and machine shop. The welding plant should be near the power plant in order to reduce length of power cables. The shop for spray painting, lacquer ing, or dipping should generally be gineering betw een the point of final assembly and the shipping depart m ent. Fireproof vault for storage of duplicates of engineering draw ings and of pattern records might well be placed in the en departm ent. Materials Handling The ideal plant has its receiving department with trackage and roadway at the opposite end of the plant site from the shipping de partm ent with its trackage and roadway. W here only one track and roadway are possible, the re ceiving and shipping departm ents are side by side. Raw m aterial stores should be near the receiving SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 53 rJLA N r L A V U U I departm ent. A separate stores de partm ent for purchased-finished or semifinished parts such as bolts and screws, may be desirable. Space for the storage of spare mo tors, belting, and miscellaneous re pair parts should be provided. Its location near the maintenance de partm ent is desirable. The finished store room should be near the ship ping departm ent. Small plants will consolidate some store rooms in order to reduce operating over head. A rrange to stock and ship m aterial in as large units as pos sible in order to reduce handling. Maintenance, Tool, and Inspection Departments The maintenance department should be near that factory sec tion where most repair work may be anticipated. It should be used by electricians, pipe fitters, and m illw rights. The tool room should be located, if possible, to serve more than one departm ent, but more than one tool room m ay be necessary; cost of attendance should be balanced against the waiting and walking time of employees in determining the num ber of tool rooms. Location of inspection depart ments w ill depend on product made and extent of inspection necessary. Inspection in transit from m achine to machine is pos sible. The raw -m aterial inspection and testing should be near the re ceiving departm ent and raw-m a terial stores.. The final testing de partm ent should be near the finish ed stores and the shipping room. Balconies F orem en's and production m an ager's offices should be so located that shops may be supervised w ith out th e appearance of doing so. Balconies m ay be used for offices, light m anufacturing, training of new employees, research on new products, or even storage. The best use of a balcony, or mezzanine floor is frequently for toilets, wash rooms, and lockers. Such facilities should be distrib uted about a p lan t so employees can reach them easily. Lockers should be so set on concrete curbs that refuse cannot accumulate under them or behind them and the rooms should be provided with benches. Forced ventilation for lockers is desirable. Section V I SCALES, measur ing devices, m e ters, hand or electriclift trucks, portable roller - conveyors, hand-operated hoists and trolleys, and even t r a v e l l i n g cranes are necessary equipment for re ceiving and shipping departments. The exact equipment selected will depend on m aterials to be handled. Many carload shipments will make a track scale desirable. Electriclift trucks are frequently advan tageous in loading and unloading freight cars, particularly where the use of skid platforms and pal lets has been standardized. Space m ust be provided for the storage of the trucks when not in use and for their charging station. Ramps instead of elevators are desirable for trucks and possible trailers but the angle of inclination should not exceed 6 to 7V6, or possibly 10 per cent. The route used by them should be as direct as possible. Efficient Packing Cartons, shredded paper, glue, and labels should be arranged for the convenience of the packer in reaching them w ithout moving from position. M aterial to be pack ed should reach the packer by trucks, on conveyors, or through chutes. Several lines of parallel roller conveyors at right angle to th e p ack er's table and behind him are valuable in prelim inary sorting and delivery of m aterial to be packed. Stencils should be filed in cabi nets in order departm ent or ship ping room and, where repeat cus tomers are involved, should reach the packer with the order. Crating m aterial on incoming supplies can often be reclaimed ad vantageously and reused. Provision for reclaim ing should be made in the receiving department, and the reclaimed mate, should be stored! $ w idth and lengtlf* racks in the shlpB departm ent. Cut'M, and rip saws and gle - spindle bo? may be requirgjiti crating lum bei. .$5 Store Rooms Scales, m easuring devices, pqjfi able conveyors, hand and eleciri lift trucks, hand-operated and similar, equipment are n e i| in store rooms, depending oniL, terial to be handled. Cut-off say and shears are also necessary,^ order that only exact quantities^ metals requisitioned may be paa ed out. Desks and filing cabin for storeroom clerks are, of cow* necessary as well as doors 8 spring locks and counters which m aterial m ay be passed qii Storage Facilities Shelving and bins should. b( rig h t angles to wall, in paraUj rows, and of equal length in ora to conserve space. Main aisj should be w ide enough for true, and sub-aisles should be t enough for two m en to pass,,v bins should be m ultiples of a ,tji size and spacing between shely should be some m ultiple of aii* sumed unit distance. Racks steel rods and piping are necess, in such num ber that classifies^ is possible by length or size kind. Paint, oil, solvents, and si dangerous products should be in a special store room that* separated from the rest of the i$; tory by fire w alls and fire door* separate building is frequently d sirable. Lum ber should be stored ; racks to prevent warping. T, racks should be located so t"l lum ber can be p u t in them throUi doors from outside the facto! 54 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER. PLANT LAYOUT Pping t-off sinlorers d for port;ctricloists, eeded i masaws ry in ies of passainets aurse, with over d out. be at irallel order aisles rucks, wide s. All 1 unit elves in ass for :ssary ration 2 and milar : kept lat is e fac- ,`d in The that rough ictory I9A6 m the necessity of rehandl^xom trucks or railroad car. A and rip saw are the minrequirement at the lumber Waste Storage Pjpvision t r storage of w aste 'jr shipping departm ent w here it ['be moved easily by truck or Oad is desirable. Various re[iing devices such as sieves, jS^ijrSi and filters re available, filie Inexpensive care in reclaim 'waste will often increase its } value materially. Collection f'lvaste by conveyors or blowers jead of trucks is sometimes pos- Tool Room The equipm ent needed for a tool m will depend upon the elabiteness of the w ork to be done, sgpathe, milling machine, and mfider are certainly the minimum iqiiitement. A woodworking g i t , for example, will need a fge am ount of special saw-sharpg and cutter equipment. Racks 'Lshelving fo r tools, dies, and lu res so they can be easily find, as w ell as draw ing and filggj cabinets for the storage of enm^ering drawings and standard oStruction sheets, are obviously necessary. Here, also, doors w ith "bring locks and counters w here 8()is m ay be issued should be pro filed. erating equipment should be sta tioned here. Roadways and Parking The separation of incoming from outgoing traffic on roadw ays is desirable. Provide the roadways with easy curves and ample width for passing. It should be easy for trucks to back up to loading and unloading platform s. -An enclosed shed over such platforms will re duce labor costs in inclement w eather. Where trucks have to un load heavy m aterial at a machine shop or foundry, an air lock with two sets of doors will protect w orkm en in the shops in cold w eather. Parking lots should be well drained and not too big. The drive ways in them should be hard sur faced and wide. All parking spaces should be well gravelled and clearly marked. Several parking lots are often desirable in order to reduce the distance employees have to w alk between factory and automobile in bad weather. An underground or overhead passage at railroad trackage between park ing lots and factory is desirable as a safety measure. Sheds are some tim es provided for the cars of executives but may cause some ill feeling among subordinates. Garage space for company trucks and automobiles w ith repair shop and gasoline pumps should be located between or near the ship ping and receiving departments. Entrance to the roadways and parking lots should be past a w atchm an's booth. Do not forget to heat the booth with electricity or steam. Time clocks are some times located there advantageous ly. A telephone connection from the booth to the central sw itch board and, in large plants, a direct connection to the office of the cap tain of the guards are desirable. Armed guards and wire fences were necessary during the w ar but are repugnant to most Americans; insist on results by vigilance of guards coupled with courtesy in order that fences and side arm s may be dispensed with. An emerg ency-alarm connection to police headquarters is to be preferred to the atmosphere of a prison. Comfort and Beauty Platforms with covering sheds and windbreaks are desirable where employees have to w ait for buses or trolleys. They should be well lighted at night. Covered walks between buildings where traffic is heavy are worth while. Landscaping necessary to m ake the factory appear attractive should not be overlooked. It is astonishing what beautiful results can be obtained for a small ex penditure by a competent land scape architect. Beauty at a fac tory has a definitely favorable ef fect on employees' morale. jwfei M aintenance D epartm ent --E m ilie equipm ent in the m ainten- j^!aiice d epartm ent should include a ^ |th e ; milling machine; pipe- ra^Pjieading machine; cut-off saw; ]|i|M<j!ar; some w ood-w orking tools as a variety saw, planer, and ; spray-painting equipment; jgifflders; an d benches. The exact again will depend on the Jfl||uze of plant and extent of main- ||i'l}^nance w ork contemplated. Sev- M L trucks and storage space for should be provided. Each should be completely equip ts ' with the hand tools needed by 'j trade such as millwright, pipe iw* w l l P 'e r' electrician. There is no I I pjnomy in mechanics chasing ^ and forth for tools and m a- needed for a repair job. ijjllfefjPhe oil tru c k w ith tanks to serv- various machine tools and op- Section VII O th e r L a y o u t P ro b le m s A PLANT n e e d j f v not be u g l y . Lines can be put into the brick or concrete at little or no expense that will carry the eye w ith them to create an impression of beauty and style. The location of sash and doors can be such as to add to the impression. Build the plant around the de sired layout only af ter thorough study of it has been com pleted. Never try to put equipment into a plant the size of l i p U T H E R N POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 55 a fiP r! j r j j r t i i a Mi:m xymj * I w hich has been determ ined by a sion as well as for possible larger story buildings so changes j fiat decision or an appropriation. m otors on some m achines. D ucts m ade easily. A nother POssjhfe If a com pany cannot erect th e are available w here connections to cation is in a tunnel down complete plant at one time, spread m achinery can be taken off at al ter of building, but arran the building program over a period most any point. These ducts per draining of the tunnel. of years on a definite plan. mit, at small expense, the re Sound reduction is desirable arrangem ent of m achinery th a t is Heating even in the shops. M achinery may be mounted on pads, and walls and ceilings may be covered with sound-insulating material. Power Cost A n analysis is usually necessary to determine whether power shall be purchased or generated. It is be yond the scope of this article, b u t possibilities can be indicated. W here no large amount of proc ess steam is required, power can be generated w ith Diesels. The certain to be required in time by changing business conditions. Numerous panel boxes will be helpful. Each machine should have its own sto'p-and-start push bu t ton. The distribution circuits should be split up so the en tire shop will not be down for one short. Provide for high intensity of illumination, at least as much as 50 foot candles, on fine m achine work, fine assembly, and drafting. Intensity as high as 500 foot can dles m ay be required for color If air conditioning is ei),j plated at some future date, building for its eventual ins tion at m inim um cost. Coii possible use of glass blocjj building walls w ith windows for light and not ventilation can be supplied by forced v? tion w ith use of air filters; ' ing can be by blast unit htii supplem ented by low - pre steam for small plants ana 2 hot w ater for large plants, .ij ; I cooling w ater and exhaust gases m atching. Remember th at produc Roof and Floors from them can be used in connec tion w ith a w aste-heat boiler to de velop steam for process and for heating the plant. Peak demands for steam can be met with the qse of supplementary fuel on the boil er. A bout 3000 B tu per b rak e hp can be usually recovered from the Diesels b u t as high as 5000 B tu are possible by raising the tem per ature of the cooling w ater. A m an ufacturing plant in a cool climate, as an approximation, is likely to require for heating, assuming one shift daily, about 0.8 lb. of steam per degree day per 1000 cu. ft. W here considerable process steam is needed, the use of back pressure or condensing and bleed ing steam turbines is usually a possibility. Steam from the turbine goes to process and heating, and power can be developed frequent ly for about V6 or V\ cent p er kw. hr. The size of the pow er p lan t re quired in relation to the proposed factory will indicate w hether a separate building to house it is de sirable. The power plant, in any case, should be located centrally to the loads upon it for steam, com pressed air, high-pressure w ater for fire protection, and electricity in order that the transmission lines required may be short. Con sideration is necessary as to de livery of fuel and its storage and to the disposal of ashes. tion will be considerably higher with good illumination. Consider the use of glass block in addition to steel sash in increasing daylight illumination. Consider also the use of heat-ray-rem oving glass in south, east, and west walls. Paint walls and ceilings a light color or w hite to increase reflection. Paint equipm ent w ith soft colors such as yellow and green for eye-ease. Building Details A nnunciator and call stations, as well as time clocks, are required for convenience of employees. Soundproof telephone booths are needed in the shops. Drinking fountains should be iced and lo cated w ithin short walking dis tance of groups of employees. Provide for fire protection with high-pressure w ater lines, hose, reels, hose carts, fire extinguish ers, autom atic COj tanks, fire pump, elevated w ater tank, sprink lers, fire-alarm boxes, and similar facilities to the satisfaction of the fire insurance company. W atchm en's key stations should cover the entire plant with a m inim um of walking and with the approval of the fire insurance company. Windows in any monitors should be electrically operated. Outlets for cleaning and washing m achinery should be not over 50 ft apart. Compressed-air, steam, The roof should be in; reduction of heat in siirpnaK of h eat loss in w inter. Qo` floors should be sloped to. and coves built at base o || fo r ease in cleaning w ith wai steam hose. Wood blocks ru b b er m ats over the concrej easy on employee's feet..,;;, floors on top of concrete possible for light and clean facturing. W atch out fori special floor requirements by acids or alkalies. A heatT] ing room, for example, wl quire special flooring. Surfaj concrete floors should he special treatm ent to reduce, and dusting. Steel floor plat used w here trucking is hea frequent. Choice of Building Typ^ij Industrial plants should twL. few columns as costs and PI layout perm it. Spans shovi^ be less th an 20-25 ft. and m; as great as 150-300 ft. A 'floor is a big help in rearraj machinery for economy b f| and movement. Steel oC-j forced-concrete structural w ith brick or concrete walla usual specification for a I building. Skill in design ofr forced concrete will usually, costs about as low as stru steel and brick. Mill-build^!j struction with wooden beari Light and Power w ater, vacuum, oxy-acetylene, columns and brick walls is J Light and power lines should be designed for possible plant expan hydrogen, and gas-fuel lines should be placed in roof trusses of one- the cheapest and, with for some types of m anU .,-^ 56 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for PLANT LAYOUT jjj commands low insurance travelled, time and labor required, volume of building space, cost of IS CQ] ate, d, al ms(: Coi}; blocg idows.i lat.iorjj ed vej^j ters. ait beate - Pi and for its. ft su lately, owner . Cone 1 to drglj e of w h water, ks or tl me rete, eet. Wi fe - w'gluccess in getting low costs in J& iu factu rin g depends on the Sjgafne question th a t scientists use in Byesearch, nam ely "W hy?" It should 'asked concerning every operajlifohi m ovem ent, delay, storage, G ro u p in g of machines, lack of ma^P in es, type of machine, and other |w |feps involved in the m anufacture [)( each product. The question ty p i fies the inquiring mind. engineer, however, should SPiitot be content with his ability in Ij^'sking that question. He should iiljjtearn from m achinery salesm en fy'fand technical articles w h a t other i'rnanufacturers are doing. His preslie n e e in the library for hours ''hould be considered in his favor. w ill soon learn th at there is an ^ asto n ish in g amount of data availto the seeker that will help Iffgreatly in the formulation of a ^program for the rehabilitation or layout of a plant. Recommendations |*jjr A com parison of the sum m aries buildings and equipment, extent of backtracking, and num ber of times flow lines cross will help to de term ine the best layout. Even then it w ill be necessary to know whether the necessary expenditure m ust be paid for from earnings in six months or other periods rang ing up to five years. It is generally desirable to keep plant investment low. Some decisions can be made only on the basis of w hat is good policy in relations w ith labor. Even the question of return on invest m ent must be viewed w ith caution. A company sometimes has to pay for improvements out of obsoles cent reserves w ithout regard to re turn on investment if competitors are getting lower costs w ith more m odern equipment. A newcomer in an industry has the advantage fre quently of purchasing new and more efficient equipment at little or no m ore cost, even less cost, than equipment generally in use by established manufacturers. It is th e new com er's methods th a t have to be watched closely by the icrete nrf for various layouts as to distances established m anufacturer. .ean map! for ani Jffk 1 ,1 _________________________________ nts for heat-trep; i, will rm Surface be giyijj Section V I I I duce weal plates aiffiMpHS1.;.*'. heavy n Research Library NY executive or engineer who is engage in the lay- carrangijj ing out of a plant will find his work y f easier by familiarity f or '-CJ*'* ! w*i*t*h* th e bWoVoVkiWs lJ.iUsWteVVd iral fram || , below. Many excel- walls is / J f f i :'1'le n t books are avail- a J a c to ^ jijljy ^ . abie but those listed in of re'^ | will give m aterial help on the ally ;.p..r.o...b..l.e..m....s .i.n..v..o...l.v..e. .d. . T..h..e......m...e..t.h...ods structufWi.jjfeg-?- outlined in them are the guides to hliding con.., b_e_am_s a s is usuali sprinkle*! ufacturinSl jj-:' big profits in plant layout. Ramsey, G. R. and Sleeper, H. R. Architectural Graphic Standards. New York, N. Y: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1941 Dimension sheets on details such as radiat ors, telephone booths, windows, r a i l r o a d clearances, stair pro portions, driveways, k i t c h e n equipment, toilets, shower baths, and requirements for sports such as tennis courts, bowling alleys, and sim ilar facilities. Seelye, Elwyn E. Data Book for Civil Engineers. New York, N. Y: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1945. Voi. 1, Design. Dimension sheets on foundations, floors, roads, coal trestles, drain age, water-treatment plants, and similar subjects. Strock, Clifford, and Hotchkiss, C.H.B. Air Conditioning Engineers' Atlas. New York, N. Y: The Indus trial Press, 1939. Extensive climatic data for about 100 cities and maps covering th country. Muther, Richard. Production Line Technique. New York, N. Y: Mc Graw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1944. Concise, popular presentation of industrial methods, including plant layout, conveyors, assem bly, and similar problems. Wiren, Alexis R. and Heyel, Carl. Practical Management Research. New York, N. Y: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1945. The approach needed by the executive who would lay out a new plant or rehabilitate an old plant. Knoeppel, E. E. and Seybold, Edgar R. Managing for Profit. New York, N. Y: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1937. Simple methods for determining sales to justify a new plant, re ductions in cost to earn a speci fied profit, and similar financial engineering problems. Cuno, Charles W. "Economic Factors in Chemical Plant Location", Chemical Engineers' Handbook, edited by John H. Perry. New York, N. Y: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1941. Methods outlined are applicable to any kind of plant. Hudson, Wilbur R. Conveyors and Related Equipment. New York, N. Y: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1944. Concise discussion of material handling methods with engineer ing data. No data on lift trucks and similar equipment. Stocker, Harry E. Materials Handling. New York, N. Y: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1943. Data on lift trucks, pallets, and similar equipment. Discussion on warehouse design. Barnes, Ralph M. Motion and Time Study. New York, N. Y: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1937. Numerous suggestions on ways of obtaining motion economy. Barnes, Ralph M. Work Methods Manual. New York, N. Y: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1944. Summarizes preparation of proc ess charts, flow diagrams, man and machine charts, and similar data needed for a plant layout. Vilbrandt, Frank C. Chemical Engi neering Plant Desigli. New York, N. Y: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1942. Chapters on plant location to supplement Cuno, above, and on Ilow diagrams for the chemical plant. Alford, L. P. and Bangs, John R. Pro duction Handbook. New York, N. Y: The Ronald Press Co., 1944. The reference manual before consulting more specialized books and 'articles. vIBER, i m # ! SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 57 D B . F . W. HAYW AHD OF T H E IN D U S TR IA L R ESEA R C H IN S T IT U T E OF T H E UNIV E R S IT Y OF CHATTAN O O GA C H E C K S P R O G R ES S ON CA N D Y IM P R O V EM E N T . Progress In Candy Making It. A. Itrock B rock C andy C om pany By and F. W. Hayward In d u strial R esearch In stitu te THE Brock Candy Company Chattanooga, which has b in continuous operation since tem ber 1,1909, has grow n to bb$ South's largest candy manufac er and one of the leaders in thq-' dustry. A t present, this comp serves over 3,000 jobbing in seventeen states. A t the outset, the Brock prodii5 were principally high grade chocolates and a few bulk g '' L ater on, the line was expande include assorted penny go Easter and Christinas special and packaged marshmallows, til w ar conditions forced their, continuance, great quantities chocolate cordial cherries wer< so m anufactured, At the beginning of World ' I I when conservation of raw i terials was m andatory and' ' arm ed forces needed large qua ties of candy bars, the Brock C" dy Company cooperated with! W ar Food A dm inistration and verted its production to five a ten cents packages. A large jj portion of its allotted raw terials was used for manufact" . of chocolate covered nut rolls; chocolate covered fudge bars. 1 present, these bars, hard candl gum drops, and marsltmallows the principal products of the CC pany. Since the beginning of Wjjj W ar II, the supply of sugar, sirup, and chocolate has been V short. On th e other hand, art1 m ost unprecedented demand8, candy has developed. ConseqU ly, candy production has beert trolled by the supply of raw terials rather than by plant city or consumer demand. P this time every effort was m , m aintain the quality of the fia ed products. During this post war while production was still h by m aterial shortages, the B Candy Company has u n d e n t an extensive m odernization1, gram . Thus, the Company wfl prepared for planned exp __.ji a W. 8. R E IL L Y , VIC E PRESID EN T (Vf AND R. A. BRO CK, SECR ETA R Y T H E BROCK CANDY COMPANY O PERATION OF COM PRESSING U N ITjjli A IR CONDITIONING SYSTEM! SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER* I jrodbraj ide big z eopdjjj mdedff go| cialtirfj WS. U l | eir dia ities ij] vere ai rid Waraw ma^l nd ou quanti-$ ck Can-tj /ith the' md cont-ltj ive nnd';i ge pro-pj iw m a | jfactu oils and? >ars. Aral candies; f OWS "'H: he coni'll World 4 ar, cor en ver , an al-T and forj :equent-.; sen con aw ma lt capaA During] m ade to.'; ; finish- ] period, limited i ; Brock ; ertaken | in p ro -'' w ill be pansion (LE F T ) G H T ) OF D ISC U SS N IT FOR * j- TM J : -:r , 1946 iit&iihinltrm in terference w ith production when raw ma- ffihjje again unlim ited. 3 'jfhodernization program in c o m p le te factory renovaNroduction line revision, in|on of air conditioning, in i'mechanization, and conj;oi a quality control laborIjCpmpletion of the program estilt in b etter w orking conjgiigreater production capacmore uniform products of fquality. l | Air Conditioning Jffiw mfigeration of certain rooms mytays been necessary for the Enhance of some operations in manufacture of candy. Appli- in of chocolate coatings would wise be im possible at sum m er M atures in the South. How- ife. control of both tem perature |.:humi(iiiy (a ir conditioning) is M atively recent innovation in Idy factories in this region, id Brock Com pany has ju st H*:. t. the installation of jUipment for th e a ir conditioning ;?Sts offices and rooms used for fffig, storage, w rapping, pack- W dnd shipping its candy proiffir.y:/ D 0 X E 8 OF CAN D Y A R E PA 8SED TH RO UG H X -R A Y U N IT FOR FIN A L IN SPEC TIO N . jV c i c a p p lic a tio n o f a i r c o n d itio n in g and X -ray inspection assure qu ality o f produ ct and ease of handling. PRO D U CT IS T R A N S FE R R E D D IR E C T L Y FROM A IR CO N D ITIO N ED S H IP P IN G ROOM TO R E F R IG E R A T E D BO X C A R S. ducts. Already evident are its beneficial effects on personnel, product handling, and machine ef ficiency. The effects on the well being and efficiency of the personnel are re markable. Previously, fatigue was so great during the hot sum m er weather that by the end of the day the workers were nearing physical exhaustion. Since the installation of the air conditioning system, the employees show very little fatigue and are nearly as fresh at the end of the day as in the morning. W orking efficiency is greatly in creased, and the morale of the workers vastly improved. Equally important are the ef fects of air conditioning upon product quality and ease of handl ing. U ntil its installation, hard candies, gum drops, and other items of this nature were subject to "sweating" on hot, humid sum m er days. They could not be handl ed at all until a cooler, drier day allowed them to dry out. Since the introduction of air conditioning in SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 59 the packing rooms, no troubles of this type have been observed. The candy may be quickly packaged in its original fresh condition and shows no tendency towards stick ing. Prior to the conditioning of the shipping room, m any chocolate products had to be sent to cold storage until cars were available. It is now possible to keep them in the shipping room until they can be placed in refrigerator cars In this way, the expense of cold storage and ex tra handling costs is avoided. The most surprising result of air conditioning is the im provem ent in machine efficiency which has been noted. In hot, humid w eather, sticky candy stuck to the w rap ping and packaging machines until they would not function properly. Production line shutdowns of an hour or more occurred while the m achines w ere cleaned so they could be used again. Since the in stallation of air conditioning, these delays no longer occur, and these same machines run without inter ruption from morning to night. A ir conditioning has already proven its value to the Southern candy m anufacturer by increasing production efficiency, promoting worker morale, and improving product quality. X-Ray Inspection Foreign m aterial of any kind is always objectionable in food pro ducts. Every possible precaution is taken during the process of m anu facture to prevent contamination of the finished product. Each de fective piece of candy constitutes a potential consumer complaint against the producer w ith its at tendant unfavorable publicity. Peanuts, as a result of the m eth ods used in their cultivation and harvesting, usually contain rela tively large amounts of small stones and pellets of clay. The g reater portion of this m aterial is removed by screens, mechanical separators, and hand picking but, in spite of the utmost precautions, certain stones which resemble pea nuts in size, density, and appear ance escape detection and are con sequently included in the finished product. The X-Ray equipment re cently installed by the Brock Can dy Company is of great value in the detection of such defective can- dy bars. In this process, the wrapped can dy bars, in trays of twelve, are con veyed through a darkened booth where they are observed by the in spector as they pass over an X-Ray source. The pieces of stone or clay appear as black spots in the bars. Any tray containing a stone is m e chanically rejected from the pro duction line by means of a lever operated by the inspector. At the end of the day, these bars are in dividually inspected, the defective bars throw n out. Since the installation of X-Ray inspection, an appreciable number of stones have been detected daily, and by their removal the consumer is assured of receiving a product of highest quality. Control Laboratory Until quite recently, most candy factories have operated with little or no technical control. Chemical laboratories were formerly un known to the industry, an operations w ere ru n by [[{3 thum b m ethods. The candy ufacturer depended entirely^ reliability of his supplier fei quality and uniform ity of rav terials, and process control based on the judgment anM niques of skilled candy mjj Q uality was m easured mosijf consumer reactions as reflect sales volume. This method, fc eration w orks only when raini terials of uniform qualify; available and when there i$ tu rn o v er in experienced art! However, it takes years of pfa for an inexperienced candy! qj to develop into a skilled crafts! and such m en are difficult jfi place. Today, w hen few are j. ested in spending years to dgi the techniques required byj skilled candy m aker and whet uniform ity of raw materials'.: (C ontinued on page 8 Q)i (Tit* O P ER A T O R IN S P E C T S B O X E S OF CANDY B A R S IN X -R A Y BUOTH 60 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER anti-g y riit ndy gj dy sr fori >f ravc`1 ntroliii and' J Y mate mostljjj iccttj lod o i| a ravvi lality- .1 re is.Jif i artijj of pratj idy mg| craftsrhj cult ta l are intj to deve! d by t l wheni.t srials ea e 80) -ti MBER, Industrial Hygiene Importance of Dust B y N.- V . l l e m l r i c k s Chief Engineer Industrial Hygiene Service, Georgia Department of Public Health N early all typ es of m odern industry a r e concerned icith dust and Its con trol. -urlcay a l, A. A . Co V I , T H E M ID G ET IM P IN G E R U SED FO R C O LLEC T IN G ATM OS tiate between the P H ER IC DUST SA M PLES o r i g i n of these materials, a defi nition of them is in order. iJIflE annual cost to industry pironi u n c o n t r o l l e d dust mints to a staggering figure. In (5y cases the problem of dust is missed by m anagem ent as only misance. In other plants, the every of certain dusts is eco||cdlly sound, especially where sparticulate m atter may conjrjji`ecious m etals or m ay carry atyo processing stock. Aside jh.- 'any nuisance or economic resulting from th e escape of Jt'vthere are certain dust exguires which m ay resu lt in acute j jp hazards. This is especialicde of dusts containing a high Centage of free silica, asbestos, fiflier toxic m aterials. W here r considerations are involv1 such exposures, legal aspects Sent themselves. In most states gere occupational diseases are DUSTS are formed by the re duction of earthy materials and are usually produced by such ope rations as crushing, grinding, buffing, etc. The particle size of dusts may vary considerably, ranging from sub-microscopic to visible. FUMES are formed by conden sation and sublimation. Chemi cally, they are metallic and are usually the oxides of such metals as zinc, and lead. The particle size is usually below one micron. Smoke comes from the burning of organic m aterial and its par ticle size is usually less than onehalf micron. Mists and Fogs result from the condensation of w ater vapor on suitable nuclei, and the particle size will vary w ith given con ditions. pj?ensable, specific coverage is Ml to those disabilities resultf from the inhalation of silica Definitions ,,July tim es tru e dusts are confS.d w ith fumes, smokes, mists, te-.iOgs. In order to d ifferen General Properties As a substance is reduced in particle size, th ere are certain general properties of the material which are changed. On breaking up a solid into finely divided par ticles, the surface area is greatly enlarged and therefore the space occupied is greatly increased. As an example, a piece of quartz one centimeter on each side when crushed to w here the particles of one micron in size will present a system containing 10" num ber of particles. The total surface area will be 6 square meters. If these dust particles are dispersed onto the atmosphere in such manner that the concentration will be 100 million par-tides per cubic foot, the space occupied by this dis persed system will be 10 thousand cubic feet. The chemical activity of a solid is considerably increased by a reduction in particle size. Thus the ra te of oxidation is increased as is evidenced by occasional dis astrous dust explosions. The phe nom ena of adsorption becomes more im portant as gases are more easily adsorbed on the surface of the smaller particle. From the standpoint of health hazards resulting from dust ex posures, the physiological proper ties of dust vary somewhat with the particle size. It is an accepted fact th at with exposures to silica dust, th e sm aller the particle size, the greater the hazard. Physiological Response D rinker has summarized the re actions resulting from the inhala- ITHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER. 1946 tion of dust by classifying the re sponse into four groups. These are: (a) Pneumoconiosis--The dusts producing this type reaction are harm ful only when inhaled. The principal materials producing this type reaction are free silica and body oy inhalation is m ore im portant mode of entry than the same m aterial taken by mouth. This is prim arily due to th e fact that when such materials are tak en into the body by inhalation, the m ajor portion is taken into the blood stream, whereas, a consider This is also a problem in to\j$ w here the pouring of bra done. (d) A llergy--This type re is in general produced by p and certain organic dusts i Common Industrial Dust asbestos dust. On inhalation, these two m aterials produce specific lung pathology and from the standpoint of disability, present the most important of the dust ex posures. (b) Toxic Reaction--(As poison ing by lead, cadmium or radium) These m aterials produce harm ful effects w hen taken into the body both by inhalation and ingestion. W ith reference to lead and its compounds which m ay be present in the atmosphere as particulate m atter, it has been fairly well established that entrance into the able part of that taken by mouth is rem oved by certain organs of Carbonates are usually c the body. ed w ith either calcium or:; (c) Metal Fume Fevers--Thesenesium. T hey n o rm ally o> conditions result from the inhala nature as calcite and mag tion of finely divided fum e p a r or as dolomite, w hich ccj ticles. The im portance of m etal both m agnesium and calci fume fever has been brought to the carbonate. Limestone the attention of industry by the m arble c o n t a i n consid great amount of welding which amounts of these carbonat has been an im p o rtan t in d u strial do the m aterials from whic tool for the past few years. W here ment is made. burning or w elding is done on su r Due to th e solubility in. faces which have been galvanized, fluids, these m aterials are r th e problem of m etal fum es b e ed w hen taken into th e bod comes immediately important. inhalation. The presence o bon dioxide in such fluids, important factor influencing:' F IG . 2. T H E E L E C T R O S T A T IC P R E C IP IT A T O H A S U SED FOR C O L L E C T IN G A TM OS solubility. The sam e thing al P H E R IC SA M PLES OF DU8T AND FUMES. IN SERT SHOWS RATE OF SETTLIN G OF DUST. to the presence of carbon di in w ater which comes into c w ith these materials. In the ence of carbon dioxide the' bonate is converted to the soluble bicarbonate, thus ad to the ease w ith w hich it is re; ed by solution. Experimental and practical servations on carbonate dus dicate that these m aterials ar# harm ful when taken into the by inhalation. This is prop due to the fact that they are j ly removed due to th eir solub Sulfates are common indu., materials and this general may be illustrated by gyp" which is calcium sulfate, a common m aterial and is w used in m any industrial o tions. It is generally consi th at this type m aterial is non io and does n o t present any; ticular problem from a n standpoint. Oxides vary considerab! their physiological reaction general th e n a tu re of the req w ill be dependent on the I;.! metal from which the oxide ! rived. W here such mei specifically toxic, as would case w ith arsenic or lead, flt cific toxic' reaction could b pected from the inhalation 0 oxide. However, other oxid pear to be relatively har . particularly w here the nreRJ of a non-specific type. This 13 of iron oxide. The mining of results in the exposure of & num ber of m en to the oxid & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, \ aldil tone;! asideiti anatea; which: :e o f lids ia| cing ng appi in diora to coni the pt the the md is add is remj leticai dusti ils are : the probajjj ' are ea, solubili^ industr eral cl gyps 3. ThiSrJj is wide al oper :onsid a non-toi| any a heal? jrably ction. e react the ride is dj tetals aid be ad, a sjflj Id be " ion of oxides hanhU metal 'his is ng of Mj of a g*% oxides ,- 1BER, 1$ g f ^ G E D R G .A KAOLIN DUST MAGNIFICA MB TION I30X. Bffi!1; ;is:;metai. However, it appears ^ exposure to the dust of iron |||ij)o t produce pathology unV such exposure is accompanied fiithe pressure of free silica, ft mining of coal results in .sure to coal dust which con| a high percentage of carbon. led studies of exposure to i'dust have been made by the |}f!Public H ealth Service and tier agencies. It has been found iat> 'in general, coal dust is re ed in the lungs only when p p id u st contains a high perhtage of free silica. Although _1 dust m ay be deposited in the "jtj of exposed individuals, the idition resulting is usually not fosidered disabling unless silica Ipr'esent. (Silicates make up an im portant tfss of industrial m aterials and ' used principally in th e pro.ction of ceram ics and sim ilar Ijerials. Talc, kaolin, mica, tys, etc., are chem ically silicates d their widespread industrial ap- I(cation results in a g reat num ber m employees being exposed to type dust. W ith the excep- m of asbestos, w hich is a silicate, IS;general class of m aterials does it 'appear to produce a disabling ^Bdition, except in isolated cases, ken taken into the body by inIpiO n. Asbestos is the only silicate RWh at. th e p resen t tim e w hich ?|0$uccs a lung pathology comabie w ith th a t resulting from 'Osure to silica dust. all the dust found in indusIfjvprobably th e most im portant ;.;free silica or silicon dioxide. It jffijtFS in the form of quartz, flint, ^ ^ ^ jid sto n e , and chert; and is as- F I G . 4. Q U A R T Z DUST (SI 0.,) TION I30X, MAGNIFICA- sociated with many other m iner als and ores. The disabling con dition resulting from the inhala tion of free silica is know n as silicosis and has long been a problem with industries such as stone cutting, granite, foundry, abrasive, and the like, w here sili ca is used in processing. There are relatively few industrial ope rations which m ight result in di rect exposure to pure silica dust. The importance of silica lies in its association w ith other materials. As an example, in foundry opera tions the dust generally w ill con tain clay and m aterials of a nonsilicious character, so th at the ac tual percentage of free silica may be relatively low. This is also true in exposures to coal, iron oxide, and the mining of ores. When hard rock or silica is present, these dusts become im portant mainly due to the presence of silica rather than to the inherent properties of the parent material. Factors Influencing Hazards In evaluating the exposure to a dust there are several factors which should be taken into con sideration. The duration of ex posure is im portant, as it w ill in dicate in a general w ay the total amount of dust which m ight be expected to have entered the body. Obviously other factors enter into such an evaluation of total dusti ness, and these will be discussed later. H istory of past exposure is important. This is particularly true where an individual is ex posed to silica dust. This point is of extrem e importance to industry due to the fact that a w orker may have contracted silicosis under a F I G . 3. C A L C I U M C A R B O N A T E D U S T M A G N IF IC A T IO N I30X previous employment. Where such a condition exists, the desirability of preem ploym ent exam ination is obvious. The c o n c e n t r a t i o n of dust breathed is im portant as this, within certain limits, will deter mine the possibility of develop ment of dust diseases. Consider able research and practical obser vations have been made in the field of dust exposures to corre late clinical findings w ith atmos pheric concentrations. For free silica, asbestos, and some of the other materials, fairly definite standards have been established. The nature of dust is im portant prim arily from the standpoint of free silica content. This is par ticularly true of mixed dusts which constitute the m ajority of industrial exposures. The volume of air breathed enters into the picture as it directly influenc es the amount of dust w hich will be taken into the body. The rate of respiration or amount of air breathed in general will be de termined by the physical effort required on the particu lar job. Where heavy w ork is being done, naturally an individual will re quire more ventilation than where less physical effort is involved. Dust Measurements In addition to the factors in fluencing dust hazards, it is neces sary to make direct dust m easure ments in order to obtain a true evaluation of any dust exposure. Such measurements are m ade by the actual collection of dust sam ples, the counting of the dust p ar ticles, and by the identification of the m aterials m aking up the dis- fltfTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 63 persed system . For the collection w h eth er it be m erely a nuisance two 15-foot fans are ins of d u st samples, several in stru value or h ealth consideration. To w hich handle 500 thousand m ents m ay be employed. m ost in d u strial hygienists, 50 m il feet p er m inute each. ActuM Much of the early work done on the control of silicosis in the m ining areas of South Africa was carried out with the Konimeter. This instrum ent has been used some in this country, however, it has not m et with the popularity which is enjoyed by certain other m ethods. F rom the standpoint of collecting efficiency, the electro lion particles per cubic foot is the maximum atmospheric concentra tion of dust under which an em ployee should work. It should be pointed out th a t the only w ay of determ ining both the nature of the dust and the actual concentration is by direct sampling and sim ilar procedures for the counting of dust. the m aterial removed by these is m ade up principally of stpy rather than true dust. Two electric arc furnaces operated and these are equipr, w ith roof fans located immediate above the units. These fans 60 thousand cubic feet p e r mini each. Again, the m ajor portion-; static precipitator is probably the choice instrum ent, however, most Case History the m aterial coming from the * furnaces is smoke rath er tlxant M of th e w ork done on correlating ANY industries having prob dust, and comes from the al atm ospheric dust concentrations lem s of dust control recog and flux m aterial charged inttii w ith medical findings has been nize the existence of such problems furnaces. based on sam ples collected and to varied degrees. Some take pass A problem of dust control iq t. I counted by the Greenburg-Smith ive attitudes, w hile others apply foundry is th e shakeout operation I technique. The collecting device s o u n d engineering procedures This is particularly tru e w If em ployed is an im pinger unit w hich resu lt in a real job of dust s h a k e o u t is mechanical w hich sam ples at the rate of one control. Such m odern engineering handled on a vibrating screen.(] cubic foot per minute. methods are used by the Le- grate. Here, a line conveyor'; '1 C ounting by this technique is T ourneau Company of Toccoa, tern is used to bring the casting done under light field. The per Georgia. directly to the shakeout grat^i centage of free silica in a dust This particular plant manufac canopy type hood is installed j| seaitmh eprle cihs emusiucaalllyordetpeertmroignreadphbiyc tu re s heavy road grading equip m ediately over the grate itse lfj methods. m en t and its m ajor dust problem addition to canopy, side enclosin' P erm issible concentrations of lies in operation of a foundry for a re provided w hich prevent If d u st h av been established for th e protection of basic steel parts. leakage. The fan serving this h<j free .silica, asbestos, and other m a It is interesting to note th a t this delivers 35 thousand cubic feet ; terials. For both silica and asbes Company considers the control of m inute, which results in a tos, 5 million particles per cubic dust as a p a rt of the general over capturing velocity at the' entra foot is considered as m axim um all production schedule and as a and discharge ports. An excel] w orking concentx-ation. The U. S. re su lt has its control m ethods inte job of dust control results on Public H ealth Service has suggest ed a procedure by which the total dust concentration in millions of p articles per cubic foot is m ulti plied by a percentage of free sili ca. If th e resulting figure is more than 5 million particles per cubic foot, the condition is considered unsafe. If less than 5 million, the condition is considered safe. There should be considered certain limits of dustiness for any type of dust, grated into general plant opera tions. Although there are several methods which can be used for control of dust, ventilation, both in the form of general and local exhaust, probably offers the most satisfactory m ethod and it is this approach which has been used by the LeTourneau Company. For general ventilation in the foundry, particular operation. Sand conditioning in mS foundries is a dusty job. With; LeTourneau Company handled by m eans of local ventilation and th ree bag type ters handling 6 thousand cubic,| p er m inute each. Tumbling opoj tions for cast cleaning are also tji]) vided w ith local exhaust vent (C ontinued on page 80) F I G , 6. L O C A L E X H A U S T ON T U M B L E R S F O R C A S T C L E A N I N G . F IG . 7. BAG HOUSE AND SAND B L A S T U N IT FOR CA ST CLEA N IM ^ Courtesy SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER,! al B o ile r F e e il l*uni| ai ion. O p eratio n and M ain ten ance ces ail jwjc; ; Pf Ig or J . K a ra ssik JSSi''':' K ,; applications Engineer ^'orlbingion Pum p & M achinery C orporation jI in any ieratico, where cal arid creen oi yor castingf] grate, lied inj^ itself. Is idosura^l vent aii his he feel ] a higi entranc ixcellenfi 3 on thisll ifffpipcrature Rise pt^e.v.viwt' Temperature fjiliim u m Capacity irranycmettl of By-Puss j i i P a s s on Standby Pumps H&tr tttiomatic Controls 'tlff'Pass Losses i many With ttiSH this i$pT l exhaus| type i'iM :ubic fe$!|i tg o p e ra j also prdw ventilaitjtKiii .EANING. cTourneiu J ^ BER, fTT can no longer be said th a t the /problems arising from the op tion of centrifugal boiler feed ps at reduced capacities have peived insufficient attention in e : technical and professional jerature. Contrasted to the situaion a short ten years ago, when 'neither quantitative nor even [(lUalitative inform ation was avail able to th e steam pow er p lan t op erator, formulas, charts, and entire Idealises have been devoted, w ithjwMthe last decade, to the subject IPIalter of protection against over.. g of boiler feed pumps. ||j|j;The first phase of the education- program on this subject conrned itself w ith introducing fac i a l , information to the designer of ,P*-*w steam pow er plants to insure inclusion of suitable protecmeasures. This program is now ifjady to en ter a secondary phase |{Bhat of disseminating the inforgjfetion even f a r t h e r , partly rough repetitive tactics, partly total h e a p in f e e t I. CHART FOR D ETERM IN IN G T E M P E R A T U R E R ISE IN A C E N T R IFU G A L PUMP. KNOWING TOTAL HEAD AND E F F IC IE N C Y . through devoting more attention to older plants operating at lower pressures. TEMPERATURE RISE In a centrifugal boiler feed pump, the difference between the brake horsepower consumed and the w ater horsepower developed represents the pow er losses w ith in the pump itself, all this power loss being transform ed into heat. F or practical reasons it is accurate enough to assume that all this heat is transferred to the feedw ater passing through the pump. The actual amount of tem perature rise in degrees F at any given op erating condition can, therefore, be easily determined from the fol- lowing formula: (BHP -- W HP) 2545 d T = ---------------- -------- -- - W Where dT is the tem perature rise, BHP is brake horsepower, WHP is water horsepower, and W is the pump capacity in pounds per hour. This formula may also be expressed as: H d T = ----- 778 H being the total head in feet and e being the efficiency. This latter form is more readily used in con nection with the conventional pump performance curve. The chart reproduced as Fig. 1 offers a graphical representation of this SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY Tor NOVEMBER, 1946 65 P.200 , 2,0 0 0 4- t 8C -(.BOO o 5 70 1 1,600 CL _ >o60 +"1,4 00 is S 50 1.200 :o & 40 O lii ^30 -MOO 20 -200 10 00 0 25 u . 20 8* I5 u t 10 ^ S a. J 200 300 400 500 600 700 C a p a city' g p m F I G . 2. P E R F O R M A N C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S O F A 500 G P M , 1800 F T H E A D , B O I L E R F E E D P U M P . formula and permits, in addition, the determination of the minimum permissible capacity, once the maximum permissible tem perature rise has been selected. The chart can be used to plot a tem perature rise curve directly on the performance curve of a cen trifugal boiler feed pump, as shown on Fig. 2, w hich represen ts the characteristics of a boiler feed pum p designed to h andle 550 gpm of 250F feedw ater against a total head of 1800 feet. I t w ill be seen that the tem perature rise in creases very rapidly with a re duction in flow, for the losses at low deliveries are greater, while the total flow which must absorb the developed heat, is low. Thus, it will be seen from Fig. 2 th at for a capacity of 50 gpm, the tem pera tu re rise is 18F while, at the full capacity of 550 gpm, it is less th an one degree. If the boiler feed pum p is of a type which is fitted with a balanc ing device such as a balancing disc or drum, a certain portion of the suction capacity is returned to the pum p suction or to the direct con tact heater at the pump suction. The discharge capacity of such pumps does not represent the true flow taking place through the pump. The formula and the chart F I G . 3. A R R A N G E M E N T OF M U L T I P L E P R E S S U R E R E D U C I N G O R I F I C E B A S E D ON M A N U A L CONTROL OF BY-PASS. on Fig. 1 can still be used ever, provided th a t a corr value is used for the effiej This correction automatically: care of the discrepancy bet the apparent capacity (disch capacity) and the tru e flow. t Q-|-Qo e = fjH W here e is the corrected efficie ep is the pum p efficiency, Q capacity at pump discharge, Qj is the capacity of the b disc leak-off. EXCESSIVE TEMPERA Since boiler feed pumpg generally called upon to in a very wide load range, way from practically shut-d full load, the problem s inv in the operation of a feed piji light loads are of an extreme portant nature and must be1 ed w ith this in mind. It is almost common kno that a pump operated at would soon over-heat ai Specifically, the various eff an excessive tem perature r' boiler feed pump are as 1. Excessive expansion at t ning joints and ultimate and seizing of adjacent the pum p w hich are desi, operate w ith a definite ance. 2. U ltim ate decrease in sure margin over fiashin first stage impellers ap sequent cavitation and* binding. 3. In the event th at the pU corporates a balancing) the vapor pressure of th heated w ater in I chamber at the exit balancing device may r the pressure existing w ith consequent flas relief chamber and even in the balancing, self. All of these effects: shorten the life of the vari ponent p arts of the bp. pump if allowed to be an extreme. Therefore, the pum p from the dam, dental to an excessive tejD rise, precaution must be avoid operation of the abnorm ally low flows. 1 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY -for NOVEM .Tl nps oper4 i, all involv pump melyi be trejfi lowled'g shut^l nd seii iffects's rise ift| illows;,! the ; binding ; parts i signed, jj te clea the pr ng in and sul id pump g devic the over$ ie relit} from til ise ab : ther ng in tli<| possibi ; disc unite to ious con dler ie carried ;o prote mge inc: nperat taken pump ismuch i BER, ffiijacity of the boiler feed i|js solely governed by the jjer regulator which is conS'by the m ain turbine load L' r e s u l t i n g rise or fall of the ftlevel, some specific m eans be applied to m aintain p re y e d minimum flow through Bjfjfr feed pum p regardless of ,e load. js achieved by installing a itol in the discharge line from feed pump. This by!|g. located on the pum p side "K. discharge gate valve and jjfValve an<^ leads to some re lower pressure in the boilcycle. The capacity of the jss is such th a t should the deIp a t the boiler fall to zero, or lid one of the valves become sed while the pum p is running fri speed, the flow through th e will not fall below the pref'niined permissible minimum, ^operation of th e by-pass is Regulated by means of either inually or autom atically con- jged valve. MINIMUM CAPACITY 'asmuch as th e tem perature IjVyithin a boiler feed pum p w ith capacity, it is obvious JJythe m inim um permissible Tacity w ill eventually depend on maximum perm issible tem p er ed rise. The factors which de fine this are quite numerous .include such variables as the tillable and required net positive ijibn heads and th e operating perature. This precludes the .lability of establishing a rigid for these factors themselves |y ary with each installation. It fecessary to consider each factor ljvidually, determ ine the maxih tem perature rise dictated by lfactor, and finally select the est of these separate m axim um s i|Ke m axim um perm issible tem ture rise for the installation in ion. fortunately, it is never neces- to establish the value of the irrnnn permissible capacity accurately. The difference in rgr consum ption is negligible in. if this capacity w ere to be blished m ore or less em pirical,*and on the safe side. On the Isis of past experience, it can be id . that where the maximum 1250 1000 fU-J uLli 750 z UJ 5 0 0 X < 2 5 0 ORIFICE DIAMETER ni/hai lzx |r 11 i "f ; 1 L / 17 7 / V . 3 / F / / r 1 J 7F- A7 I . - Z/ / rA- 7 T*2 z / h r y 2>1 jf -d. WOAfMlitFuicca *painless 5TL1La00 . $___ OFF BOWNO G.P.M. F IG . 4. P E R F O R M A N C E C H A R T FOR S IN G L E B Y P A S S O R IF IC E . tem perature rise is held to 15F, no danger of overheating the pump or of flashing in the first stage im peller exists. It is recommended that the tem perature rise be held to this maximum, unless some special reason exists in an ex ceptional installation to w arrant a greater or a lower maximum permissible rise. Fig. 1 can be used to determ ine the minimum capacity, as the pump total head curve is fairly flat near the shut-off conditions. The intersection of the head curve at low flow and the curve corres ponding to 15F rise will yield the pump efficiency at minimum recommended capacity. A glance at the pump performance curve T E E OR P IP E COUPLING TO HEATER OR SOURCE OF SUPPLY ^COUPLING OR FLANGE CONNECTION APPROX. 4 'FOR APPROX, / / V ORIFICE a if- HOLE % y , s t a in l e s s STEELROO FROM DISCHARGE LINEOFPUM P f i g . 5. D E T A I L S OF RECO M M EN DED P R A C T IC E FOR IN S T A L L A T IO N o f O R IF IC E in b y -p a s s l i n e . -UTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 F IG . G.A. C O R R EC T IN ST A LLA TIO N OF BY P A S S E S F O R A GROUP OF 3 BO ILER FEED PUMPS. FIG. 6-B. INCORRECT A R RANGEMENT. THIS BY PASS INSTALLATION DOES NOT PROVIDE PROPER PROTECTION. Oftincc will do the rest. As a sh o rt cut, it may be also stated th at the minimum capacity should be held to approxim ately 30 gpm for each 100 bhp at shut off. Thus, on Fig. 2, the brake horsepow er at shut-off is 200 hp and the minimum permissible capacity becomes 200 3 0 X ------ = 60 gpm. 100 ARRANGEMENT OF BY-PASS In the event th at the boiler feed pum p takes its suction from a di rect contact heater, it is necessary to return the by-pass recirculating line back to the heater rather than directly to the suction line of the feed pump. This avoids a cumula tive effect of the tem perature rise and allows the recirculated feedw ater to mix w ith the feedwater held in the storage space of the heater. Thus, the heat increment received in the boiler feed pum p is passed into the heater, and the tem perature of the feedwater en tering the pump suction cannot ex ceed the saturation tem perature corresponding to the heater pres sure. The recommended arrange m ent is show n in Fig. 3. It w ill be seen that the by-pass line origi nates ahead of the discharge gate valves and check valves. Normally, it should be introduced into the 3$ heater storage space at a point low the m inim um w ater level, is done in order to reduce the noi caused by the flashing of the k tu rn s to steam. However, if f feedw ater is w ithdraw n from |: interm ediate stage of the puni] passed through a closed heat;: and re-adm itted to the pump, by-pass re tu rn should be admittfii into the steam space above m axim um w ater level. With t) arrangem ent, the entrance into: heater should be adequately b$; fled. 'if Since the feedw ater in the circulation line is under a pressUH corresponding to the pump di! charge pressure, it is necessary locate a throttling orifice in il line, the physical dimensions ' this orifice determining am ount of recirculation throui the by-pass. The orifice must t: designed on the basis of the min m um flow through the pump. .CctII The arrangement illustrated Fig. 3 is based on a m anual contra of the by-pass. Two valves aS used, one on each side of the dijs fice. One of these valves usua rem ains open and is closed ontjj to isolate the orifice during spection or renewal while pump and heater are in open The second valve is the conh'jQlj valve and should always remain.- ,, eith er a wide open or complete}! closed position to avoid unnecesr sary wear. When the discharge pressure SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY lor NOVEMBER, (AT RIGHT) p-' of WHS No. 4 V2 BDV in drive assem bly. (BELOW) "UDYLITE" Automatic Plating Machine with superstructure raised. Joint b vel. T the from a im p, t id m itt) love t /ith tt into t the r$j pressur| u p di:! ssary t ions 0 througl nust b ip ated i ies arei ;he ing id le the ;ratioi>|; control. nain ih im pnliettesv5 unneces- :ssure e#; BER, I 9 ^ | | ; PROBLEM . A smooth-operating transfer mech- ! artism which advances the objects to be plated from one tank to the next . . . without jerking or swinging of the work. SO LU TIO N . The incorporation into the drive of a W H S W orm G e a r Speed Reducer No. 4 ,/ 2BDV (312:1 ratio) with a m agnetic'brake on the high speed shaft extension. W H S had the "work-horse" dependability, the assurance of unvarying ^ quality and faithful adherence to standards . . . all of which were required by U D Y LIT E . 5 SOUTHERN STATES REPRESENTATIVES CARRYIN G STOCK Atlanta 3, Ga. ROBERT FULGH UM C O ., 245 G arn et Tampa I, Fla SOUTHERN PUMP & SUPPLY C O ., 902 Dallas I, Texas TURNER C H A IN & BELTING C O ,. 2913 St., S.W. Twigg St. Canton St. Charlotte 3. N. C . M. R. SNYDER CO M PAN Y, 1715 liberty Life Bldg. Greenville, S. C . J. W. VAUGHAN COMPANY Atlanta, Ga, H. E. GARNER CO M PAN Y, 1851 #S. Gordon St., S.W. fA labam a-Chat tanooga-Knosvi lie Territory} WINFIELD H. SMITH CORPORATION 5 5 5 SPRING ST____ S P R I N G V I L L E . . E R I E C O U N T Y . - N E W Y O R K ^SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 CO&iWflttAcCi* HJ.TW I I CLO910 L^ K > - ^ - S 5 Z 3 - F I G . 8. IN S Y S T E M S O F T H I S T Y P E , B O TH B O O S T E R AND M A IN F E E D PUMPS REQ UIRE IN D IVID U AL BY-PASS PROTECTION, F I G . 9, W H E N BO O S T E R AND MAIN F E E D P U M P S A R E . J UNITS, A SIN G LE BY -PA SS MAY BE USER'S ceeds approxim ately 300 psi, a m anifolded in order to reduce pip by-pass m ust then be retO th ro ttlin g device com prised of a ing, as show n on Fig. 7. It m ay be the condenser itself series of orifices is advisable for unnecessary to w arn th e pow er m ay be possible to ac& the double purpose of reducing plant operator against m anifolding the by-pass at the w ear of the individual orifices and these lines ahead of the pressure pump suction, provided i elim inating the excessive noise in reducing orifice. Such procedure changer is located in the:; cidental to the high pressure drop would lead to complete failure of tion line to lower the ten through a single orifice. the pump immediately upon open of the by-pass to that at ( F or low pressure application, the ing th e by-pass control valve, since suction. Since, in such-; l orifice can be m an u factu red from this arran g em en t w ould impose there is generally a clip a stainless steel rod, bored to size, pum p discharge p ressu re on the betw een th e condensate] and placed in the by-pass line. Fig. balancing device relief chamber, the boiler feed pump 4 shows th e perform ance of such an d the balancing device w ould fore, the condensate is'* an orifice, and the recommended become inoperative. perature appreciably installation is illu stra te d on Fig. 5. Theoretically, w hen tw o pum ps th a t of the recirculatioti The length of pipe to be installed are operated in series, only a the cooling medium in 1 beyond th e orifice itself is intended single by-pass is necessary, pro changer m ay w ell be tH to allow for a gradual dissipation vided the recirculation is returned sate itself. Thus, the heat;! of the velocity energy in the flow to a point in th e boiler feed cycle by-pass is regained just t issuing from the orifice, while the located ahead of the first, or pri by-pass w ere discharged pipe plug at the end of the length m ary pump. The amount of the by rect contact heater. of pipe permits renewal of a part which ultimately w ears as a result of the jetting action of the high velocity flow. When an installation involves several boiler feed pumps, each of these m ust be provided w ith its own by-pass ahead of its check and gate valve, as shown in Fig. 6-A. The use of a single by-pass orifice, starting from the common dis charge header as shown in Fig. 6-B, would provide no protection if the total flow was reduced, and one of the pumps developed a high enough discharge pressure in excess of another p u m p 's to close its discharge check valve. Of course, the individual lines m ay be manifolded on the downstream side of the pressure reducing ori fice. If the boiler feed pump is pro pass is determ ined by the operat ing conditions of the m ain or sec ondary feed pump, since the latter is generally developing a greater pressure than the prim ary feed pump and requires m ore heat dis sipation at low flows. However, a certain amount of care m ust be exercised when several prim ary pum ps are operated in parallel so th a t no condition m ay arise so that the check valve or gate valve of one of the prim ary pumps be comes closed w hile the pum p it self is running. For this reason, it is generally recommended that, unless the prim ary and m ain feed pumps always operate as an in tegral unit, the prim ary feed pumps be provided w ith their own by-pass protection. Certain difficulties m ay arise in connection w ith the disposal of the In determ ining the sizi heat exchanger required;,^ be remembered that the feedw ater is throttled iron charge pressure down sure approxim ately equa suction pressure and perature rise accompanje drop of pressure through tjb sure reducing orifice. This- ti atu re rise in degrees F ca pressed as: H dT = ------ , 776 .i,| Where I i is th e total head ip .$ The tem perature at the < the orifice is equivalent to ^ tion tem perature, plus the ' ature rise in the pump itse the rise through the throttl! fice. vided with a balancing device, the leak-off from this is generally re turned to the direct contact heat recirculation feedwater from the pump by-pass w hen the boiler feed cycle is such th a t the feedw ater is BY-PASS ON STANDBY P] ' i. Under normal conditions^ er at th e pum p suction. T he leak- deaerated in th e condenser, and no w ith the boiler feed purnf>ij off and recirculating lines m ay be direct contact heater is used. The ating at average loads, the ) 70 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER! qfs why industry relies on J-M Insulations applied by J-M Applicators! lijusukmon alone is no guarantee of top [Kings. T o cut dow n beat waste and to M: Cutting it dow n th ro u g h years of sjhjjpsulation m ust be properly applied. gV'i where Johns-M anville can help you. |pSlflation Engineers, and the facilities iiijrM Insulation Research Laboratory, ^tillable to help you w ith specific prob.p a tnatter how simple or complex. T he mdustrial insulation line offers a carc$fjf6*.9eered m aterial for every service .. for every tem perature from 400 F below zero to 2800 F above. And you have positive assurance of proper application because J-M Insulation Applica tors know exactly w hich m aterial is right for each service.. ,,know how to apply it for great est econom ies at installation and throughout years of service. For details, write your nearest J-M Insula tion Applicator, or Johns-Manville, Box 290, New Y ork 16, New York. & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 su lirio n s 71 lines in th e discharge of the in tion retu rn s to th e ' condenser so en until the total flow has dividual feed pumps are held that the pressure differential ed to a value above the closed. H ow ever, w henever th ere across the th ro ttlin g orifice is the first contact. The exists th e possibility th a t th e pum p about 1390 psi. In order to lim it m ade to operate a solenoidbftg m ay be operating at light flows or the tem p eratu re rise to 15F, the adm itting air pressure to the ' w hen the pum p m ay operate size of the orifice w ill be such that trol diaphragm of the byjf against a closed check valve, the w ith a differential pressure of valve itself. iaa by-pass valv e should definitely be 1390 psi it w ill pass approxim ately Because the orifice used to m l open. T he recirculating lines 45,000 lbs p er hour. If the pum p is ure the flow induces an ^ should be opened on all th e pum ps standing idle and the by-pass preciable pressure drop, andijffl involved w henever it is expected valve is open, th e differential p res cated in the pum p suction wo to switch from one of the main sure across th e orifice is reduced act to reduce the av a ila b le ^ feed pum ps to th e standby pump. to 90 psi, u n der w hich conditions positive suction head, it is riwT If th e sw itching operation is th e to tal flow w hich takes place is m ended th a t this orifice ahvayaj carried out manually, the operator should open the by-pass valve on the pum ps prior to bringing the standby pump on the line. A fter norm al conditions have been re established, the by-pass is closed. If, on the other hand, the standby pum p is operated automatically, provision m ust be made for the by-pass to be open at the proper time. approxim ately 10,000 lbs per hour, which is a relatively sm all flow. Incidentally, this flow can readily fulfill the functions of the w arm up flow generally recommended for standby pumps. In the event that the recircula tion by-pass is operated auto matically, the problem disappears altogether, as the by-pass remains open as long as the pum p is idle located on the discharge slffiS the pump. BY-PASS LOSSES There frequently arises the ifi conception that the excesiijj| penditure of pow er resulting ifijf operating the pum p w ith the;!; pass open is equivalent to thijij; pass capacity expressed ifi: This can be achieved by leaving the by-pass valve open on all pum ps while they stand idle. If and is not closed until the flow through the pum p reaches the de sirable minimum. centage of the full load This is entirely incorrect, asjJ analysis of Fig. 2 w ill disclosefjj the by-pass leads to the direct as it has been stated, the by-p i contact heater from which the AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF flow fo r this pum p should b$jj pump takes its suction, no flow BY-PASS gpm, it corresponds to 10.9: takes place through th e by-pass, W ithin the last few years, pow er the full load capacity of 550;' since no pressure differences exist plant operators have indicated a A t the sam e time, the increase in the circuit to cause this flow. If growing interest in autom atic con pow er consumption between^ th e by-pass leads to a low er pres trol of the by-pass, especially in capacity of 100 gpm w ith by-pa sure point in th e feed cycle be high pressure installations w here closed and 160 gpm w ith by-p| cause of th e absence of a direct th e tren d is tow ards autom atic open is only 15 hp, or less thanJj contact h eater, th e flow w hich will- control of all th e phases of opera of the full load horsepower. take place is very small, as a re sult of the lower differential, com tion. This involves some sort of actuating mechanism which will dition, it m ust be realized th | direct com parison of the jjqW pared to the flow which takes open and close the by-pass at the place under norm al operating con .proper time. The mechanism itself ditions. In order to understand m ust be subjected to an impulse consum ption at two flows do'eM provide a correct evaluation ot loss incidental to the operatic this clearly, it is necessary to re m em ber th a t a th ro ttlin g orifice is always located in the by-pass line, governed by the flow through the boiler feed pump, a great number of impulses being available for the by-pass. In order to estab the real am ount by which thffljj of a by-pass decreases the n e t); the physical dimensions of this ori fice determ ining the am ount of re this purpose. The most frequently used autom atic arrangem ent is ductivity of a steam power pla! it is necessary to determine;^ circulation through the by-pass. A num erical example will best illustrate the effect of the prevail ing pressure differential on the by pass flow. It will be assumed that based on a flow m eter control. The operation of the flow meter control is quite simple. A flow m eter elem ent is located in the pum p suction or discharge line to am ount of heat w asted aM capacity corresponding to the'ff of the original capacity and the c pass flow. The differentiation: | tween "power consumption" the pump in question is designed to h andle 300,000 lbs p er h our of operate two m ercury switches. The contacts are so adjusted th at "heat w asted " is based on the cept of the "therm odynam ic^ 300F feedw ater against a dis charge pressure of 1200 psi. I t w ill be further assumed that the suc tion pressure, including the vapor pressure, is 75 psi gage, and th at the first contact completes the cir cuit on a decreasing flow but per mits no by-pass until the second contact has been made at a still lower flow. This provides an over ficiency" of a boiler feed pdjjLcontrasted w ith the norninal-M straight pow er consumptionjjj ficiency. The form er concept1 its th e boiler feed pum p with Jj the pump discharge pressure at lap to prevent hunting as the in heat generated w ithin the shut-off is approxim ately 1375 psi. terv al betw een the tw o contacts after correcting this heat There is no direct contact heater in exceeds the am ount of the by-pass basis of the therm al efficieb^i| the feed cycle, and the recircula flow and as the circuit is not brok (C ontinued on page 123):.| 72 SOUTHERN ROWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER. J increasjj point'(| rc u it.J d vai -he cot reconi' ways tji side 1 the :ess ejomf ;ng frornfj the byfcj the byplj in pety| capacity, t, as a h | close, liy'l by-pas^l Id be 6fti| .0.9% o f| i50 gpuut trease irel ween alt by-pass^ . by-pass| than 5%:| ;r. In ad5j* d th at f(i| e power'-, does not ;: on of the'* ration of? establish'; 1 the use . net pro- t e r plant,-; at any i p the sumt I d the by-'i I ation b e p | ion" aI)d| | i| 1 the con- j lamic ef- g ' ed pumPli. H e 's m o v ed u p s ta irs . . , th is Southern Railway yardmasterl Y esterday he ran his legs off in 1 59 all kinds of w eather trying to be all over his yard at once. Today he sits in a glass-enclosed, air-conditioned tow er sixty feet above the ground... acres of tracks spread out before him. l/\ 'Sh a Ii Through the magic of electronics he gives orders and instructions to switching crew s and others throughout the yard . and the men can report back to him over this two-way communicating system ...thus speeding the "making u p " into trains of as many as 5.000 freight cars a day. Progress? You bet! A lways on the alert for new m ethods , . . never taking anything for granted . . . w e're doing our best to provide the kind of m ass transportation service that is so vital to the continued growth and prosperity of the South. W h eth er it's pioneering with the first Diesel freight locomotive or building a tower for the "man w ith a 32-track m ind,''the Southern Railway is . . . and will continue to be . . . a railway that is alw ays looking for, and finding, better w ays to "Serve the South." ciency S O U T H E R N RAILWAY SYSTEM 123) SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 Lab o r T u rn o v e r % P hilip Panfield ! IEMPLOYMENT office /I f e w s im p le r u le s , i n te l li g e n tl y a p - plied, w ill decrease L abor T urnover and im prove in du strial relation s. LABOR turnover is one of the most serious problems facing American business and industry today. The importance of labor turnover is to be seen in the cost involved. Every new employee in troduced into an establishm ent represents a definite cost, w hether or not he develops into a skilled and profitable worker. If he proves to be a "flo ater" or h as been p u t on the wrong job and has to be re trained or replaced, his cost to the company increases still further. The cost of labor turnover has not been worked out for all lines of industry, but these figures, for the ladies' apparel industry, will give some idea of w hat it costs an em ployer to break in a new em ployee: A d v e rtisin g .................... $ 0.40 H iring and clerical w ork 0.60 Instruction ......................... 2.50 Wear and tear on m a c h in e s..................... 5.00 Loss in production.......... 20.00 Spoiled work and m istakes ....... 10.00 Accidents ..............................2,00 $40.50 Thus, before a new employee has any value to a plant engaged in the ladies' apparel industry, he represents an outlay of $40.50. Which, of course, is m oney lost un less th a t employee stays on. How can a m anufacturer de- term ine what his tu rn o v er is and check it against the average for his industry? One simple form ula is as fol lows: Let R = replacements. L et M = the average num ber of employees at work during the period. . . Then, the turnover, T. can be determ ined as R T= -- M It is preferable that turnover figures be stated in term s of caus es, and then the form ula should be modified as follows: Let Q = quits. Let D = discharges. Let L = layoffs. Then, turnover can be deter mined as: Q D L T -- -- ; or = -- ; or = -- M M M N et labor turnover, which is a term commonly used in discussing average labor turnovers in differ ent lines of business and industry, is determ ined as follows: 100 R NLT = --------- M Net labor turnover can be ex pressed on a monthly or an annual basis by letting S = total separations. A = unavoidable separati M = average w orking tjjj the period. Then (S-A ) 100 NLT = --------------- m M Armed w ith such defini the employer may know where he stands on the over situation, and, if his jti proves too high, he can tak dial measures. Sometimes it is not enp, classify labor turnover or for the business as Turnover figures m ust oil termined by departments: Then the analysis may sho departm ent head does np how to handle his employe In general, high labor,, occurs among w orkers flf short service records. Il stance, a survey showed employees having service? of two years or more, the was 11%, while in the;: those having records of le, month, the turnover was Frequent absences are 74 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMt lEVUS ationa. force,; life data / exacts b o r tu turnove >ke renjja nougb1 >y cab a wli31 ten be < ; as ow thaf rot knjj ees. turnov*^ who hay i one that, wifi e rccob| , turnoy^ > case ess thaty$ i 10629^ often th BER, M-I ! rubber B S s f l E ^ ^ ^ V u,,hutv^ir'r>u>ernsl, pp aa nnee ll m uiituy- d fm h tf i inm n i fvfi iNnir.aTnn forerunner of "quits" and should be noted and investigated. W ithout going into the question of tim e out accidents and occupa tional diseases, let us consider some of the less-often-mentioned but none-the-less definite causes for labor turnover. These causes are as varied as they are interest ing. Among them may be cited: I. Monotony. ' 2. Long hours. 3. Excessive overtim e. 4. Unwholesom e environm ent, caused by fumes, dust, or poisonous substances. 5. C ram ped and strained posisitions of work. 6. A ssignm ent of w orkers to jobs for which they are not phys ically or mentally qualified. 7. L ack of suitable luncheon fa cilities. 8. U nscrupulous foremen. 9. L ack of an efficient piece w ork system. 10. L ack of a tran sfer and pro m otional plan. II. Lack of cooperation. 12. Insufficient compensation. Sometimes the real reason for a "quit" cannot be determined, but at other times, if patience is used, valuable information may. be se cured. At any rate, if intelligent handl ing is to be given the problem of turnover, at least as much care should be taken in interviewing the employee when he quits as was taken when he was employed. Such a procedure will pay for it self m any times over in promoting employees' goodwill and efficiency and reducing th e firm 's tu rn o v er to-- or below-- a normal. New Employees A new w orker should receive an adequate explanation of the aims and policies of the company. And company labor policies should always be stated specifical ly and issued to all new employees in printed form. All employees, w h eth er new or old, should be con tacted along these lines, either through folders in their pay en velopes or through a house organ published once each week or at least once each month. Maintaining the right relations w ith employees is fundam ental to the success of any company and m ust be based on the spirit of hon esty and justice. The following policies may form the basis for better industrial re lations: 1. To pay all em ployees a ju st wage for services rendered. 2. To m aintain reasonable hours of work and safe working conditions. 3. To provide continuous em ployment consistent with business conditions. 4. To place employees in th e sort of w ork best suited to their abilities. 5. To help each employee to progress in th e com pany's service. 6. To aid employees in tim e of need; 7. To encourage th rift by the establishment of an employ- ees' credit union. 8. To cooperate w ith employees in social, athletic, and recre ational activities. 9. To accord to each employee the right to discuss freely with executives any m atter concerning his own or the com pany's interest. M anagement is prim arily inter ested in profits through maximum production. The principal aims of the employee are security and in creased earnings. A basic policy such as outlined above is in -the interest of both parties concerned and is the only sort of a policy which, in the long run, w ill lead to agreeable relations, teamwork between employer and employees, and profits for the company con cerned. Morale Industrial morale has sometimes been defined as "an attitude of feeling toward the organization and fellow-workers". But morale really results from making just and reasonable demands upon employ ees-- demands which, while pro ducing profits for the employer, never-the-less enable them to win the rew ards of achievement; to gain a certain indescribable per sonal satisfaction; to acquire a feeling of contentm ent while at the same time gaining for themselves a living wage. Bad m orale is reflected in high labor turnover. It might b e '^ the therm om eter of health. Proper selection of ees; proper placem ent in (39 they are best qualified to f iip l er training in the jobs }f they are fitted, and period io jl ups to see how employees aa ting along on the job all ai hold turnover down. i-M L But if your surveys slffi high a labor turnover, ihe ing procedure will help ]$ down to norm al: . . M 1. Assist m arranging of workers to other^j ments. SB 2. Inform the personnel de m ent of any propose] offs. 3. Hold special jobs in jS for slack seasons, i '! 4. Use dull periods to shut* the plant for vacatrioiSHj 5. T rain w orkers on severa, so they may be more ir assigned to other wor| 6. Spread overtim e a t w orkers equitably. >'jS 7. F ill supervisory and othi vanced positions b y p[ tion from w ithin the pi; zation. Em ploym ent "j0j . i-ijS It goes w ithout saying essential for a successful of tion today to centralize theif of employees in an employ! partm ent rather than p be done by forem en or depfij heads. The employment depi m anager m ust not only have vision and a pleasant perso) he m ust also have good pow analysis, a knowledge of;.; nature, and a first-hand standing of the jobs to bfl^ and the necessary re q u ire ^ '1 the men and women hire them. L earn Causes ;$ B ut em ploym ent is only 0? in the building of a success ganization. Knowledge of;-., determine labor turnover; :|| check it against known st||i in different lines of indust^ how to get at th e undfc causes of turnover and be 30 check too high a turnover, equally essential. 76 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBERal m o vtr pronai organ: j hiring len t dq> ait it' fe artmeni artm eni e broa ;onalit|jj w ers 0* huma$J| nnder-fif e fille aents Q 1 to fil lerlying^l able to' rate is- [ \ > M I if'MX*v^ l.i i'it M'Gt give you safe, uniform power over entire range On the testing floor . , . in maintenance operations , . . wherever there is a need for gear pullers, Snap-ons are favored by men who know good tools. There are four definite reasons for this popularity: (1) Snap-ons have more "locking power" for added safety. (2) They give you a "tip-less" pull that prevents binding, (3) You enjoy smooth uniform power for easy pulling over the entire range. (4) Suap-on pullers are available in a wide range of types and sizes. You'll like Lhe comfortable, well-balanced feel of Snap-on pullers. They have the ruggedness and stamina that makes easy jobs out of the tough ones. Ask the Snap-on man who calls at your plant for full details on Snap-on gear pullers or write for catalog of 3,000 Snap-on tools for industrial production and maintenance. SNAP-ON TOOLS CORPORATION 0056-K 2B lh AVENUE KENOSHA, WISCONSIN P U T H E R N POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 D am age b y F ly A sh E ro sio n I B A F F L E S i- fP F E P DotV/V //E /f H a r ry M . Sp rin g TWO recent occurrences n early resulting in serious accidents are described so engineers m ay be better prepared to prevent forced fI shut-downs in their plants and avoid the possibility of serious ac cident, A b en t tube, two drum 475 psi, w atertube boiler, in which gases are directed through three passes in a horizontal plane, was fired by pulverized coal. It was equipped also for firing with other suspen sion fuels. The usual d raft fans were installed. In less than fourteen months from the date the boiler first went on the line, inspection revealed severe w asting of a num ber of tubes. The wasting occurred on the external surfaces, and the tubes affected w ere all in a localized area in the third pass w here high velocity of gas flow existed. De terioration penetrated 80% of the w all thickness in the tubes. Study of the baffling, the loca tion of the wasted areas, and the nature of the defects left no doubt th at the action was the result of abrasion by'fly-ash and unburned particles of combustible. The second instance of abrasive damage was even more serious. Here, a bent tube watertube boiler o perating in the 400 pound range was fired by pulverized anthracite coal, the abrasive qualities which are particularly severe. Investigation was underway determine the cause of tube FIG . 2 age when the erosion was covered. In the course of tion, a suspended baffle was settled so th a t a gap Vi in. to 1 in width resulted between the of the baffle and the bottom of m iddle steam drum. (Fig. 1.) ferential in draft pressures in two passes caused gases with trained fly ash and particles of to sweep through the gap at velocity. This sand blast effect worn a groove in the drum, groove extending over 12 ft in longitudinal direction and for depth of Vi in. in places. Tubes, were cut by the erosive some being reduced in thickness SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, es of e. ay to leak5 disminafound ) 1 in. le top of the ) Difin the 1946 Expanded tube condenser design, intro duced 20 years ago by Foster Wheeler and considered a highlight of condenser development, is used by modern con denser manufacturers. The design com pletely eliminates leakage of circulating water into the condensate. Condensate contamination became a m ajor problem with the advent of higher pressure and tem perature steam gener ators. Slight impurity of feed water, un noticed for years in plants operating at 300 or 400 psi, quickly forms heavy scale at higher pressures and tem pera tures. Modern steam generators need almost chemically pure feed water -- purer than drinking water. Foster W heeler anticipated this P O W ER & IN D U STR Y for N O V EM BER, 1946 . I V lem by designing tfie first expanded tube condenser for stationary power plants. The condensers illustrated, first prac tical application of this design, were built in 1925 by Foster W heeler for the Trinidad, Texas, station of the Texas Power 85 Light Company. T est data proved that expanded tube condensers provide feed water purer than all pre vious types. Foster W heeler offers industry prac tical engineering ability and experience plus foresight necessary for progress. foster Wheeler Corporation * 165 Broadway, N .Y.6,N.Y. at least 7>%, F ig u re 2 shoves the condition of th e tube th a t JEailed: Other tubes were found eroded adjacent to U bolts holding baffle tiles. The U bolts prqvided suf ficient interruption in as flow to cause eddy currents arja localized im pingem ent. (Fig. 3.) Erosion by particles* of fly ash and unburned fuel has also been in the plant. if.j found in stoker-fired boilers. The modernization prJg At the time of each shutdown for the Brock Candy Comp; cleaning and preventitive main ing place at a time wheni tenance (at least once every four any product, regardless m onths), all areas vulnerable to or cost, can be sold. Tne erosive attack should be examined. tlenecks today are shortage^ Areas mo$t susceptible are\ m aterials and skilled j 1. Whore- flow of gascis ipakes a However, progressive bus;"' ' turn, throwing out pardiclesof V solids. ; r ' know th at these condltS only tem porary and that ^ 2. Behind any cracks, breaks, or few years, companies y gapsi in a gas b a ffl .-, not guarantee quality wilf! 31 A djacent to any! projection ablq tp sell their produ th at might divert normal flow Brock Candy Company |tj of gases. tinue to be a leader in its . Should th e boiler be provided cause it has refused to '% w ith an induced d raft fan, observe quality of its products Jjfj the condition of the blading. Ab days w hen consumer dnia norm al w ear m ay be indicative of greater th an the supply of erosive attack in the boiler. terials and because it has'! C areful attention by all engi inaugurated a program ofS neers to the. problem, of erosion and research which will may well''prevent a serious acci constant improvements. ----- dent. D u st m w C an d y M akin g project on improvement, of the (C ontinued from page (jf q u ality of candy has been sponsor tion and dust arrestors as is,'j ! (Continued from p ipe 60) ed by the Brock Candy Company in th e photograph. Note 'tHls at the Industrial Research Institute haust is applied through^ not be taken for granted, a chemi of the U niversity of Chattanooga. trunnion of the tumbler. cal lab o rato ry is essential. Since all raw m aterials w ill be In foundry operations or'.*!| .. The B rock Candy Company is analyzed and tested in the com other industrial type p ro c e ss now in the process of constructing pany laboratory, variation in prop housekeeping is an im p o rtan t^ a m odern chem ical laboratory and erties w ill be detected before the tor influencing the generatiorj training a technician to perform m aterial is used. This procedure dust. This foundry employs control analyses. The laboratory, w ill assure products of uniform five horsepow er vaouum cleaii w hich is located in a large air con quality, since inferior raw m a for floor m aintenance. By this i ditioned room ' near the candy' terials w ill be discarded and form cedure loose dust, sand, and cooking operations, is equipped ulations w ill be based on the ac like, is rem oved from the floor J j w ith m odern stone-topped labora tual analysis of high grade raw is not projected into the at? tory benches, the latest chemical m aterials rather than on standard phere by the movement glassw are, and such special an aly t procedure w hich do not m ake al chinery, scuffing of feet, and.;i|| ical instrum ents . : a s .: balances, lowance for variation in the in like, This is one impressive vacuum oven, refractom eter, and gredients. Analysis and testing will in the operation of this partit|| pH m eter. P rovision h as been made assure high quality of finished foundry. Excellent housekepJT for such analyses as m oisture, in products and perm it any difference is com bined w ith a good procedflsj vert sugar, viscosity, pH, melting in quality to be detected. In this for m aterials handled. - ,:'i0 point, and refractive index. Many way, any unavoidable errors in In all of the attem pts at dust $ of the control tests have been de m anufacture can be corrected and trol at th e LeTourneau Compijffli veloped specifically for the Brock adequate controls in stitu te d to pre employee cooperation is obtaWyHa Candy Company, and new pro vent their reoccurrence. Employee c o o p e r a t i o n rob cedures will be added from time to tim e as th e need arises. The Industrial Research Institute of the U niversity of Chattanooga The facilities of the control lab oratory will also be available for the evaluation of research and de velopment w ork being carried out through planned program o.fjf||S ployee education and emploi participation in affairs the health of the worker, has cooperated . w ith the Brock in the factory. In addition to m ain Periodic dust samples Candy Company in selecting the taining the production of uniform in the LeTourneau foundry equipment, outlining and develop high quality products, the person cate atmospheric concentration ing. analytical procedures, and nel and equipm ent of the control various operations well training a technician to operate the laboratory w ill be available for w hat is considered as inaxiMjMS control laboratory. A research many other technical, assignments safe working limits. $3 80 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for N O V E M B E R ^ w ii|| aiding a ni w iu l fieiffij sactjj in tfj lands?] s alr f con| result vt;*ctty V or anw*H ocessingp] tant fatsigag ation oW M oys two-cleaners>Jfi this pro--jai| and the-Sloor a n d 1,i atmos-Mgg of and Ihejij p ve point| | | | irticu lar keeping a| ocedurei fa lust con- j',j ampany, g Jj btained. 'jj n com es-? of e m - 4 f mployee J : .j volving ;*!$! ;ollected ry indi ti ons on below iximurn FOR low D iesels operating cost, lubricate your w ith Texaco Ursa Oils. Y ou 'll save on fu e l, save on maiyitenance. Texaco Ursa Oils stand up in the severest service . . . keep engines clean . . . assure longer life for bearings, liners, rings and pistons. Ursa Oils prom ote maximum engine efficiency . . . dependable, full-power output . . . minimum expense main tenance. There are Ursa Oils to assure these advan tages and savings in D iesels o f every type and size. They are approved by all leading D iesel manufacturers and used by operators the world over. In fact, because of their effectiveness-- M ore sta tio n a ry D iesel hp. hi the U.S. is l u b r i c a t e d w ith Texaco than with any other brand. For Texaco Products and Lubrication En gineering Service, call the nearest of the more than 2300 Texaco distributing plants in the 48 States, or write The Texas Com pany, 135 E. 42nd St., N ew York 1 7 .N .Y . TEXACO Ursa Oils w ijjft u T E X A C O STAR THEATRE presents Hie NEW EDDIE BRACKEN SHO W every Sunday night, See newspapers for time and station POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 Measure Protection OF SMALL MOTORS in terms of Production and you'll install u ss F u setr o n throughout your electrical system to protect all of them Here's Proof.. Fusetrons Eliminate A v era g e o f Two M otor Burnouts per Month on Fan Motors, "Steam is exhausted from the rooms where we empty' our bone char by exhaust fans of two types---a 36 inch fan operated by 1. p. motor and a 24 inch fan operated by % h. p, 3 phase--220 volt motor. The grilles or louvers open to the northeast right over the Delaware River. High winds will therefore sometimes stall the motors and in a very severe storm, the wind may even reverse the direction of the motor while it is running. Also, Lite starting current is increased greatly when the blades are revolving in the opposite direction, due to high wind. "Prior Lo 19-12, at least two of these fan motors were replaced every month, due to burnout. Replacement was very difficult and expensive due to the fact that the fans are mounted right below the ceiling and above steam pipes. " Early in the summer of 1942 we installed 8 ampere Fusetrons for the l-i h. p. motors and 64 ampere Fuse trons for the }4 h. p. motors. Up to August of 19-15 we had not had to replace a single fan motor protected by Fusetrons.'' David J. Coles, Electrical Engineer, McCahan Sugar Refining Co., Philadelphia, Pa. M o to r Repair Co. Won't Guarantee M otor R ew in J Job Unless M otor is Protected by Fusetrons " We have found Fusetrons and Fustats (Fusetrons with a tamper resisting base for 125v. circuits) so satisfactory for the protection of small motors that for a number of years we have refused to give a warranty with a rewound motor job unless tbe owner installed a Fusetron or Fustat to protect the motor. We saw lo it that the size used would give burnout protec tion. " We are convinced that this policy of installing a Fusetron or Fustat to protect all rewound motors has saved us a lot of un justified complaints---and no One knows how much expense taking care of motors within the warranty period.'' A. H. Wolf, Superintendent of Motor Repair Dept. Swanson-Nunn Electric Co. Evansville, Ind. BUSS FUSETRON SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for [ET SMALL MOTOR PROTECTION Sim ply andInexpensivel B urnout of motors from lack of oil, worn fjjjbearings, tig h t belt, overloading--or anything .th at causes a dangerous excess of current through the motor--can, on normal installations, be pre sented by Fusetrons. Just install a Fusetron of motor-running pro- i tection size, anywhere in the circuit to handle j ionly the m otor current. T hat's All. s a Jl , I f m otor is on a separate circuit, install the pj Fusetron in the switch or panelboard. Then the 'motor as well as th e circuit wiring is protected. I f the motor is on a general use circuit or a circuit feeding more than one motor, protect reach ji, o r a motor individually fuse block with the by installing a switch proper size Fusetron. I I t Is ,4s Simple ,4s That. Protect Against Cost of Replacing a Motor-- and Against Production or Operating Losses W hen pumps, fans, air compressors, blowers, conveyors, mixers, stokers, oil burners, grinders --or any of the hundreds of other circuits on which small motors are used--are out of service because of a motor burnout the losses incurred generally make the cost of Fusetron protection seem mighty small. You not only have the cost and trouble of removing and replacing the destroyed motor-- bu t all the time the m otor is down, production or operating losses pile up. I t 's guarding against these double losses th a t m akes it pay you so well, to go to the little expense and trouble necessary to install Fuse trons for the protection of all small motors used throughout your plant or building. FUSETRONS GIVE MANY OTHER KINDS OF PROTECTION HERETOFORE NOT AVAILABLE Fusetrons do everything fuses do, as is confirmed by the Underwriters' Laboratories' Label, and in addition. . . Provide simplest way to stop burnouts from single phasing. Entirely wipe out needless blows caused by m otor starting currents or other harmless overloads. Give therm al protection to panelboards and switches. Prevent needless blows caused by heating in panels and switches. Perm it use of larger m otor or adding more m otors on circuit w ithout installing larger switch or panel. On new installations proper size switches and panels can be used instead of oversize. P rotect m otors against burn out. Give double burnout protection to large motors. What is m ftg ' ! the FUSETRON ? The Fusetron is a DUAL element device--a Fuse to which is added a Thermal cutout, The result is a fuse with tremendous time-lag and much less electrical resistance. Fusetrons have the same degree of Underwriter's Laboratory approval for both motor-running and circuit protection as the most expensive devices made. Made to the same dimensions as ordinary fuses, Fusetrons fit all standard fuse holders. Obtainable in all sizes from l/lO to 600 ampere in both 250 and 600 volt types. Also in tamper-resisting type (Fustots) for 125 volt circuits. Their cost is surprisingly low. ( e t /H C H ie 0p-< tc0i Get Better Protection--Send the Coupon Now Even one lost, hard-to-replace motor, or one needless shutdown or destroyed panel may cost you far more than replacing every fuse with a FUSETRON. Don't risk such losses--protect your pro duction schedules by changing over your entire electrical system to FUSETRONS. BUSSMANN M FC. COMPANY U niversity a t Jefferson St. Louis 7, Mo (Division McGraw Electric Co.) 11 1 BUSSMANN MFG. CO., University at Jefferson 1 1 St. Louis 7, M o. (Division McGraw Electric Co.) 1 1 Please send me com plete facts about BUSS Fusetrons. Name 1 "Title._____ 1p F r\mnilnv 11 Address___ 11 C~*!ly SraiP 1 1Ir)6 1 mmmsll ITHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER. 1946 Electric Circuit Troubles B y Thom as T ra il A little sm art investigatin g w ill sa ve a lo t of g rief in lo cating electric circu it troubles. W hen trouble develops in an electric circuit, it is wise to do a little investigating before dis m antling fixtures and disconnect ing wiring. Such procedure can save both time and energy. First, check for current at var ious locations w ith a test lamp. If the fuses prove to be all right, and yet no current indication can be found in the defective circuit, make a careful checkup to determ ine if there are any switches or other types of control devices in the cir cuit anywhere. If no switches or control devices are found, then it :is tim e to exam ine w iring or open splices a t probable sources of trouble. There have been a num ber of instances w here defective circuits and devices caused needless waste of much time and work before the troubles were cleared up. In each instance the cause of the trouble turned out to be sim plicity itself. Several lighting fixtures in the service corridor of a large hotel refused to light. New bulbs were tried but to no avail. The electrici an then proceeded to disconnect fixtures and check splices. The lamps w ere located at a consider able height and this further de layed the work. Hour after hour went by while the workmen la bored and perspired but still did not find the trouble. Finally he could think of no other check to make. Discouraged, he stepped from the ladder and his eyes fell upon a tum bler switch on one wall of the corridor. He walked over and flipped it and immediately the lights blazed on. He had spent nearly a half day finding out, that, someone had merely snapped off the switch. An electrician was called to a shoe store one day to find out why part- of the shoe window lights would not light: The store m anager reported that the lights; h a d ' worked perfectly on the preceding business day. The electrician tried fuses, fuse cabinet switches, new lamp bulbs, removed the face from the fuse cabinet, opened wire junctions, removed fixtures and canopies, but still the lights did not light. This had taken more than five hours of .discouraging work. Finally, in rechecking the wires leaving the fuse cabinet, he noticed that an unusually large num ber of them left the cabinet through a large conduit, yet he reasoned that it was unnecessary to have so many w ires to feed so few lamps. Thinking that the wires might lead to switches he searched the rear of the store carefully but no switches could be found. The m an ager insisted that the only switches he used to light the lamps were the branch circuit switches in the fuse cabinet. He also had explained that a time switch controlled all his lights when the store was closed. The electrician then decided to take a look in the public corridor at the rear of the store. The build ing in which the store was located contained a num ber of shops and each had an entrance on this cor ridor. Right outside the door he found a gang installation of key switches. Drawing a key from his pocket he began to try the switches. Only one switq^i gang clicked and the "d f lamps flashed on brightly..: It developed th a t sotn know n to the shoe store rp had tripped this long-disu forgotten switch, thus cut| the circuit to his window On an o th er occasion *% trician spent considerable :1' checking starters, fuses, 3 and pressure controls on|? conditioning system. He fip ' covered th a t the failure jfe simply to the fact th a t the t`:*` ture of the outdoor air at t was low er than the syste ' perature setting, consequent therm ostat contacts were 0 they should have been. i; A sim ilar instance be when an air conditioning fab to start. A checkup was mad splices on the m otor open''' still no current indication tained. F inally it was disci) that an unnoticed m ercury1 intended to shut down the s in the event of fire, knocked from its normal in some m anner, thus tU m ercury tube and opening;,1 circuit. 'M L All these instances show?, time can be wasted when: a c investigation of all possible: # of trouble is not first carrF before dism antling equipmen* though these exam ples ref,^ unfavorably upon the elect?-, involved, they still were n am using as an incident inv2 a m aintenance m echanic wh .befen entrusted w ith the jo b , stalling new lighting fixtuje hotel guest rooms. A fter th fixture was in place, the c was tu rn ed on but the lamp glowed faintly. The maintei, man suggested that perhaps! lamps w ere needed. But an? trician, noting the dimness^ lamps, checked the fixture v; He found th a t the two sockg the fix tu re had been conned^ series. W hen questioned abo|| the m aintenance m an reph lV he had connected them to the notice on a label inriiV. fixtures. This label turned P. be a union sticker signify!, the fixtures had been , union workm en. The labelj?? num ber and the words "S?. 84 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER,?! tchifl def y. aeon ! maqa susedj cutting ow : an-ij le th . swit on - waa e temp1! it the | stem tj uentlyv e open. ,rf 5 \ m r 9at VtVs s o1 e qui Vm6n' ' m fa made!; pened m wag , discov$ try swij ;he sysi had h al posit tiltin g , ng the show hoi n a careful ble sourcij arried oil >ment. BjJ t reflect^ ;lec tricing re not aj involvitSjj c who h(i i job of 1ft iuxtures r the fir he current lamps only aintenanoj laps larggj it an eftS less of thS are wiring sockets <51 mnectcd ft about thfa eplied accord inside lied o u tjl ifying t l || made pi tbel b r ^ "Series . . for better heating ^ vantages O ffered by Arm strong Traps - If; Whether you use law pressure or high pressure r h i t heaters, application of Armstrong traps gives ifou these important advantages: T R A P P IN G j. FULL H EATER CAPACITY. Heaters drained by jluArmstrong traps are kept dry! N o waiting for condensate to T IP S * j; cool before trap opens. N o cooling leg is necessary. Install trap below m j i . AUTOMATIC AIR VENTING . No separate air vent ond clot* to unit H required. Both air and condensate pass out through same heater. e. Minimum maintenance, minimum repair cost. JJK:3, PRO TECTIO N A G A IN ST CORROSION. Prompt ||removal of air and condensate from heater minimizes danger | `of CO, or oxygen causing corrosion. KjS 4. LONG VALVE LIFE. All internal mechanism is pttainless steel. Valves are same quality as used for 2400 p.s.i. If trap discharges to overhead return, use a check valve. Use a separate trap for eoch unit heofer. rFor complete information on Armstrong traps for heating ffik fev ice, see your local Armstrong representative or write a Use a trap Safety factor of 3 to 1. Ife^R M ST R O N G MACHINE WORKS, 806 Maple Street, JHtf-Three Rivers, Michigan, U. S. A. BffliP1" See our exhibit a t lire 17th N ational Ehposit Ion of Power e n d G ra n d C e n tral Palace, New Yorli Decem bi >r 2 M echanical Engineering, la 2_SM_______ _ a If heater operate on variab le pressure, order trap for highest pressure. a Use ample size supply and drain pipe lines. Keep supply mains drained with proper traps. Com plete d u ta , d b giam i, Voblii, tnptui' tie* In 36-peg* CATA* tO G H. ovo lfub l* on request. J ARMSTRONG STEAM TRAPS O w i a 'W tc C C io * Ck V i c e . . . p o * PJTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 w , 'P ia c e te . . A H isto ry of P o w o r H y C a r l V. E c k h a r d t , I r . CARL GUSTAF PATRIK RE LAVAL 1845 - 1913 T he Use of H igh P re ssu re an d H igh T em p era tu re Steam For T urbines Is In itia ted , C ARL GustaX Patrik De Laval was bora in Blosenberg in the Prov ince of Dalecarlia, Sweden, on May 8, 1845. He was the son oi a captain in the Swedish army. As his surname indicates, de Laval's forebears were of French origin. They had, however, been residing in Sweden for a con siderable time. Early members of the family had served Gustavus Adol phus. De Laval's military heritage seems to have been a very rich one. Information with regard to de Laval's boyhood experiences does not appear to abound. From his early youth he demonstrated that he possessed courage and endurance. He was intellectually alert and he pos sessed the capacity for making close observations. By a peculiar paradox, de Laval sought no military great ness. He yearned to carry on cam paigns in the field of science. His in tellect was keen. His choice of a life's work was, therefore, a wise one. In 1863, de Laval entered the Uni versity of Upsala at the age of eight een. His work as a student was characterized by his inherent desire to delve into the fundamental truths of the laws of nature and the de velopments of the science. He thrust himself wholeheartedly into his work. Regular rates of progress were not sufficient to satisfy him. He applied himself to his work with such zeal and enthusiasm that he was gradu ated from college in three years. Virtue was re warded for de Laval completed his work with distinction. He CARL GUSTAR PA TRIK DE LAVAL was, as a matter of fact, at the head of his class in all of his studies. After a short period of servib De Laval recognized the virtue Laval resigned from this positio which attended an effort to comple order to enter business for i'Hi ment his technical training with prac He undertook to establish a gla tical experience. After graduation he tory. Unfortunately, howeye entered the employ of the Stora Kop- ability as a business man was l parberg Company of Bergslad, but his sufficient order to keep this p$ work as a draftsman confined him operation. The failure left da3! more than he wished to be confined, heavily in debt. He realized 1 and with the passage of time, he was under compulsion to seeMj realized that he could hope to profit in the ranks of other business.,.# from graduate work. He returned to prises. In 1875, he entered school and registered for graduate ploy of the Klosterverken Iron ' courses in physics and mathematics. where he served in the capacity In the year 1872, the degree of Doctor mechanical engineer. His ere of Philosophy was conferred upon ability now began to assert | him. During this period of service,.! Having thus finished his formal ented two of his ideas. One Q^y education, de Laval returned to the was a device to effect a mor^,/' employ of Stora Kopparberg Com factory distribution of air in pany. Since he did not like continu mer converters. The second inj ous indoor activity, he was assigned involved a crucible for galyag to the task of doing chemical research purposes. work. I-Ie was soon sent to the Hartz Even though de Laval's worJJ mining district in Germany to make volved few applications of C observations which would be useful devices, he became very m to his employer in the erection and terested in them. A crude operation of a manufacturing estab centrifugal device had come Ji lishment to be constructed at Falun, possession. He employed his J In this instance the production of sul time In refining this piece of pf phur and sulphuric acid were of ment and in tlvinking of a mans# primary importance. which it could be applied in a 86 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER,- OR today's TOUGHER JO B S, HERE'S a NEW TOUGHER MOTOR WHERE IT'S WET Wet weather doesn't both er the new totally-en closed Tri-Clad m o tor. Neither do fre quent "washdowns" in food, plants. WHERE IT'S CORROSIVE Acids, alkalis, and fumes arc kepi out of these new Tri-Clads. Cast-iron enclosures are corrosion-resist ant, extra strong. WHERE IT'S DIRTY D irt and dust can't get into these Tri-Clads to shorten their life. Smooth surfaces are convenient to clean. service,'4 position'! or hirnselj a glass od vever, hi /as not ofs lis plant fj t de Lav? :ed that 1 seek wot ness enfai :d the elt Iron Worl .pacity of is creatlw .serf itseJJ ice he paj ne of the* more sang in Bess! d invenijoj galvanizloj s work eentrifujm much- JH ie Genera rie inti^'^ g his spS)^ a of eqM m anner^ in a WHERE IRON DUST FLIES Harmful iron dust and metal filings can't get past the in ner wall. Bearings are protected from dust. WHERE QUARTERS ARE CLOSE When space is limited for a totally enclosed motor, you'll like these trim, com pact new Tri-Clads. i^ - l7 K i]ClADTOTALLY ENCLOSED MOTOR (1 TO 1000 HP) ;940 you welcomed the Tri-Clad open motor with it's if protection features. More Tri-Clads have since gone into 'Ice than any other integral-horsepower motor. Now is ready with a new line of tough, totally enclosed Clad motors for use in adverse atmospheres. We believe ,are industry's most dependable motors. Their longer life jlpwer maintenance will make them a sound investment almost every job. Apparatus Dept., General Electric . Schenectady 5 , N. Y. WHERE EXPLOSI ON HAZARDS EXIST The new Tri-Clad motors are available in explo sion-proof construc tions where needed. M ppi.cl.lhvn.otordrvcd dd pt>`fur^Ml,liifV3r.0d0B;*i ' 1 :>oru.a,';\vi>ruRd . ^ FOR THE COMPLETE STORY Apporohm Deport**, Section p 750-2780, oral Eldtrie Company ; tjf Schonctody 5, N. Y. ^ Q Pletjte send m, GEA-440); vdrldr i dotcrib*^ new Trl-CJod totally enclosed motor. V Picote sond me GEA-4 V3 Vf "Motor* and Codili for Hazardous location*.'1 ; NAME COMPANY ADDRESS . GENERAL P lT H E R N POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 ELECTRIC D E L A V A L 'S STEA M T U R B IN E OF IUH3 useful fashion. It then occurred to him that it might be employed to separate cream from milk. When his efforts to enlist the enthusiastic sup port of his employer in this venture failed, de Laval decided to give up his position. He resigned and returned to Stockholm. He began in 1877 to try to raise a sufficient sum of money to construct a factory in which his separating de vice might be manufactured. Success did not at once attend his efforts. The indifference with which de Laval's predecessors h a d b e e n plagued likewise harassed him. His lasting qualities were, however, sub stantial. His faith in the usefulness of the device which he had refined before leaving the employ of the Klosterverken Iron Works remained unshaken. In the ultimate, a modest sum of money was raised. With these funds The Separator Company, Ltd., was created. From the outset it was successful. The length of time re quired to develop this enterprise into a going concern was not long. The value of his product was readily ap parent. It was accepted immediately by the agencies for which it was in tended. De Laval's interest in the flow of elastic media was aroused as early as 1870, He determined to improve the character of the flow of steam used for sand blasting devices. He was, at the same time, concerned with the task of finding an appropriate prime mover for his separating device. De vices possessing high rotative speeds were essential to the satisfactory op eration of the separator. Inasmuch as the steam turbine was inherently a high speed apparatus, de Laval con structed a very small and simple tur bine in 1882. The principle of opera tion involved was an old one. It had originally been demonstrated by Hero of Alexandria in the first century A.D. As might be supposed, the de sign of the steam flow path was crude. This circumstance accounted for the poor economy with which it operated. The improvement in performance depended upon the design of noz zles which possessed passages of an ap propriate order. De Laval then began to devote his thoughts to nozzle design. His S- shaped rotor was de veloped in 1883. The function of the nozzle which de Laval now attempted to de sign was to convert heat energy to kinetic energy. The nature of the design needed to be such as to impart con siderable velocities to the working substance. In accomplishing this task the physical prop erties of steam had to be taken into consider ation. De Laval de termined t h at t h e weight of the steam discharged by a nozzle in a given period of time depended upon the cross sectional area of its smallest section. BRANCA He realized that the power which could be developed depended upon the weight of the steam flowing and the "spout ing" velocity. Under such circum stances the greatest amount of power could be expected for a given rate of flow with the highest "spouting" ve locities. De Laval's efforts to find an ex pedient means for converting heat energy into kinetic energy resulted in the development of the de Laval nozzle. It was designed to take into consideration the fact that as the steam was expanded, the velocity first increased more rapidly than the specific volume. As the steam then flowed from the throat, outward, the specific volume of the steam increas ed with more rapid reductions in pressure than velocity. The shape of the nozzlt from the throat outward needed, for that reason, to be diver gent. The path or approach to the throat of de Laval's nozzle consisted of a more or less rounded entrance which converged to the throat. This well known nozzle form was develop ed in 1888. In 1889 he applied for American patent rights. The U. S. Patent Office apparently did not share with de Laval his enthusiasm for the usefulness of his device. It did not at once grant the patent which he sought. TURBIN E WHICH DE LA V A L IMPROVED. The velocities with which steamtl sued from the de Laval nozzle y extremely high. To use this kin energy gainfully he was under! ligation to employ rotative which embodied h i g h per velocities. The principle of oper originally employed by Hero of I andria was now discarded, stead, de Laval attempted to us principle of operation suggest Branca in 1629, namely, the it turbine. In order to secure a able relationship between the vi of the issuing, jet and the p velocity of his rotors, it was i ly necessary for de Laval to rotative speeds ranging from;, to 30,000 revolutions per minut* In 1893, de Laval exhibit! nozzle at the Chicago World's^ The claims which he made for it!) substantiated. In the following1^ his request for an American :f| was granted. High rotative speeds in tu rotors introduced lubrication-: lems. He sought to elim inate troubles by resorting to the J introduced into the bearings^ centrifugal force. Although t aratlng devices needed high speeds, they could not be op at speeds as high as 25,000 revoluv per minute. The worm and 88 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, |om e New Angles on INDUSTRIAL and COMMERCIAL HEATING Sb.'1'- ; VED. i steam, j jzzle wft iis kinei under ol ve spa periphef operat o of Al) id. In 1 to use if tgested e implf e a favol ae velocli peripli l frequeoj o rcsorUj om 10,$ linute. ;|( libited hJ rld's Fj for it wdj wing =an pat$ in turbi; tion [nate s j use of .9 ngs u n i h the ;h ro ta tif operate re vo lutici) and wb IBER, M1*' v:Tle Dravo Heater offers today's highest possible Jeffieienc.y for open space heating. It recirculates $ warm air in the working level, thus minimizing Ihe tendency of the heated air to rise and cause fv.excessive heat losses through the roof. Under the iVDravo method warm air is discharged above the Khpads of the workers and cool air is taken off P the floor. This provides a thermostatically con- trolled comfort zone in the working level with no annoyance to workers. In addition to saving fuel through low roof `heat loss, the Dravo Heater is extremely econ- [: omical in these respects. . . Sustained efficiency 3 of 8 0 to 8 5 % b y constantly getting more Btus j l from each gallon of oil or cubic foot of gas **'; burned. -- Low er initial cost compared with W ; Indirect heating systems. -- Ease of installation it is n ecessary only to provide power Actual tests with balloon*suspended thermometers In a building with 2 00,00 0 square foot of roof showed temperature differentia! between roof ond working area to be only 9 dog roes with Dravo Hooters, This Is a big fuel-saving advantage whericompored with other molhods inwhich roof orea tempera tore* ore often 35 degrees higher than those at the working level. line, fuel line and stack. --No stand-by heat or specialized atten dan t is n ecessary. H eater operates only when thermostat dictates your req u irem en ts. Dravo Ileatera aro available in capacities ranging from 400,000 to 2,000,000 DTUs per hour output. The money-saving angles for Industrial and Commercial Healing with d r a v o COUNt e r f l o DIRECT f i s e d HEATERS are more fully described in Bulletin N F 516. Write Heating Section, DRAVO CORPORATION, 300 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh 22, Pa. D rovo Counforflo Direc* Fired H ea le r* a re product* o f the M achinery Divider*. DRAVO CORPORATION PITTSBURGH WILMINGTON PHILADELPHIA W ASHINGTON NEW YORK CLEVELAND * DETROIT pOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 were, therefore, Introduced into de Laval's power trans mitting system. De Laval's ideas with ref erence to the impulse turbine constituted a splendid suc cess. It is to de Laval that the world is indebted for de veloping the impulse turbine, a "grotesque" idea of Branca, into a device of great use fulness. His arrangement of the rotating disc and the manner of fastening the blades to it were ingenious and praiseworthy. In the ab sence of proper balancing ; devices, de Laval reduced the rotor shaft to a very small diameter to make it flexible. Thus the turbine rotor was permitted to ro tate about its center of grav ity which was not coincident with the central axis of the turbine shaft. Unfortunately, de Laval's business acumen was not of the same high order as his technical skill. The Sep arator Company, Ltd., was nqw mak ing very satisfactory progress, but de Laval could not bring himself to be satisfied with results achieved by a f^oing concern which depended upon the fruits of his previous labors. The inquisitive character of his mind ap peared td thwart all hopes which he may have possessed for financial suc cess. The enlargement of knowledge, however, seemed more important to him than the accumulation of ma terial wealth. In the years which fol lowed he was to engage in numerous researches. In some phases of this work he was indeed a pioneer. In this early stage in the develop ment of the steam turbine, de Laval sought to introduce the use of high steam pressures and temperatures. The size of the units designed ranged from five to one' ' hundred horse power. Pressures of the order of 1400 to 2800 pounds per square inch were involved. The systems which he en visaged consisted of a steam gen erating unit, a turbine generator, and a condenser together with their ac cessories and auxiliaries. Since no steam generating system had there tofore been operated at such pres sures, de Laval applied himself to the task of preparing suitable designs. Six such units were installed in Stockholm in 1897 for the purpose of supplying power for the Stockholm Exhibition. The manufacturing estab lishment in which these devices had been constructed was located at Jarla, IMPROVED DE LAVAL TURBIN E Sweden. In that same year, units designed by de Laval were actually employed to generate power while provided with steam at a pressure which be gan to approach the critical pressure for steam, 2800 pounds per square inch. Conventional boiler designs were unsatisfactory for such operat ing conditions, for steam tempera tures of the order of 700 to 750 F were likewise involved. The heat ab sorbing surface of the boiler consisted of a tube arranged in a helical fash ion. De Laval exercised the care to subject this tube to a test pressure twice as great as that at which he wished to operate. This power gen erating unit was arranged In such a fashion that a pinion on the turbine spindle was used to rotate two gear ed generator shafts at reduced speeds. De Laval had learned from ex perience that it was not always pos sible to employ rotative speeds which provided peripheral velocities which bore the right relationship to the velocity of the steam issuing from the nozzles. He continued, however, to ar range his devices so that the entire pressure drop occurred in a single nozzle or single set of nozzles all of which operated under the same con ditions. To eliminate the inefficiency which would otherwise have resulted from the high residual velocities of the steam issuing from the blades of a rotor possessing a single row of blades, he resorted to the use of velocity staging. Two rows of rotating blades were employed. A row of sta tionary blades was placed between the two rows of rotating blades. The fKH steam departed iroigg first r o t a t i n g blades at a con^M velocity in a directi| posite to that at whieipij entered. It was, ttief the function of the sta row of blades to roveS direction of the streja: so that the Steam enter the second rg, row of blades in the s; rection as that in wKli entered the first row. manner, the impulsive exerted by the stean^ iij| employed in a more gi fashion. Important features djjH newly designed prime '.x were numerous. A fei them may be enumejl] here: 1. Hydraulically opet'3] steam admission vajfif 2. Automatic pressure conii? achieved by regulating the ft sition of a blast gate betweijf the boiler furnace and ttiS draft fan. 3. Over-fuel-bed air injection improve combustion condl_ tions. 4. Pre-heated air supplied to thf furnace for combustion by qj system which simultaneously cooled the furnace walls. 'V 5. Hemoval of the air and non-t* condensable gases from thtfr condenser by the use of ejec*?|S tors, 0. Special devices for cooling the'i boiler by the introduction of|S air externally in the event otsg sudden reductions in load. ;f|j De Laval was destined to expw|[ ience many difficulties because hi was a pioneer. As such, his thinkiiii processes were far ahead of the Hot in which he lived. His courage in Ufji; dertaklng research in the high prf" sure and high temperature field it the generation of power deserved ,i$j be admired. He could not, howevw| extricate himself from the inhereijfj difficulties which a lack of knowl-i^., edge imposed. The greatest amoun^j of trouble was experienced in hj* steam generating system. Boiler tufcf|j failures constituted the most ' J problem. De Laval had foreseen lh?S possibility of this difficulty. In orij|8 der to minimize the consequences o5aa such tube failures, the boiler had bt designed to possess the smallest fcasli^M ble water storage capacity. Such ( Continued on page 122) SOUTHERN POWER & IN D U STR Y for N OVEM BER, 1' 44 j $ operaU a vayt .'on troll he pa* tweh' id the. Mon to, j cond- ? to the . i by a leously, DIAMETERS EXTRA YEARS OF MAXIMUM Dm / re w Because of Buell's exclusive feature--the patented van Tongeren "shave-off"--the cyclones in Buell Dust Recovery Systems do not have to he made with small diame ters in order to achieve high recovery effi ciency. On the contrary, diameters o f Buell cyclones can be in excess of four feet with out loss in efficiency. These large diameters make possible operation with low centrifugal force and consequent reduction in abrasive wear; and permit one-piece construction of extra-thick steel, with large duct outlets, that makes clogging virtually impossible. All these are prime factors in the troublefree operation, low maintenance cost, and high efficiency of custom built Buell Dust Recovery Systems--as established from actual records of installations in service for three, four, five or more years. Buell's book--"The van Tongeren System, of Industrial Dust Recovery"--illustrates and explains the patented van Tongeren principle and its many applications to in dustry. We will be pleased to send you a copy without charge. Write for it today. ) exppj :ause hjfej thinkings the time* >e in un- j gh pprreeSs-->ij eld Ipi; ved to. ivevef,1^ herent^ :nowli| mounts n btel r tuWpi ILL EN G IN EERIN G CO M PAN Y, INC. 4 C edar Street, N ew York 5, N. Y. Sales R e p re se n ta tiv e s in P rin c ip a l C ities jfH E R N P O W ER & IN D U STRY for N O V EM BER. 1946 Six Exclusive Buell Features THE "SHAVE-OFF" IARGE DIAMETERS EXTRA-STURDY NSTRUCTION SPLIT-DUCT MANIFOLDING INNER WELDS GROUND SMOOTH DUST RECOVERY SYSTE/X W jiZ p in fy . MANINTHE PLANT A Sectio n o i P ra c tic a l D iscu ssio n Readers are Invited to tend in kinks, idem , and suggestions. Payment it made tor each contribution published. Routing Operation Improved IT is necessary in perform ing in tricate flat routing operations to reduce the vibration of the head and arm of the router to a mini mum. H arold P eterson, of the Bem is B ro. B ag C o.'s K ansas Cit y P lant, suggested this simple adjustable spring and turnbuckle assembly which is attached to the arm on the flat router. By removing the dead weight of the router head and arm from the supporting bar along the edge of the table, this assembly af fords a smoother and easier rout ing operation. Magnetic Street Cleaner OUR streets and alleys had a lot of old nails and tacks in them as is usual. We w anted a m agnet to pick them up and the local Army Base gave us one. It was wound for 120 volts DC and has 12 coils ROUTING AID < ------------------ AIR MANIFOLD on it. We could not find able DC generator anywheri finally reconnected the ritf coils in 3 sets of 4 coils each s could Use our portable engine, en w elding set for current surf We set the welding set in alt and hung the magnet out thaf With this m akeshift "Sww we picked up nearly 800 pound nails, bits of w ire and tacks jflj day. W hile the outfit is heavyi cumbersome it works per and the only added expense i^ sm all am ount of additional'g line th e w elding engine burrij E. A. r o b : City Clerk, Carlsbad, Sim ple A ir Manifold * tM Here is a simple air c o o lin g vice originally designed lT the cooling of tank cars that hi been steam ed for cleaning oir`| pairs b u t applicable to many s'"* lar operations. Two 3 /4 " nipples w ere we into a 2" x 6" nipple at angle. A short 3/4" nipple-si welded into the top of a 2" nip for the air hose connection and t u n it w elded to a 4" x IVz" be$ which serves as a base. A attached to the beam and half can be used to raise and lowec i apparatus. J. R. R ucker H um ble Oil & ,:jj Refining Co: Ingleside, Taxasjg O rd in a ry A ir d o a and C o rn e e i ^ j rNififi/mT WnkMdlnS Z'Nippies ardS' A TTA C H M EN r fio * fCOirC/MG W&c m t CW fio o r e A H e a d Am o A n rt SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, avy ise ral fold cling gned hat ig or my at a >ple 2" l and h." A id ower KER il & 5 Co. Texas OF W ELDING PROCEDURES AVAILABLE ONLY THROUGH PRECISE welding control is a major reason wiry shop labrication by Pittsburgh Pip* ing and Equipment Company results in a thoroughly dependable piping installation. The illustration shows how a welding oper ation on 14" high pressure, high tempera ture piping is performed. The area adjacent to the weld is induction preheated to a tem perature ol 500F.min. This temperature is accurately maintained during the entire electric arc-welding operation by means of indicating and control instruments. When the weld is finished, stress-relieving is ac- complished by similar procedure. Better welding contributes to the safer, more satisfactory prefabricated piping in stallations produced by Pittsburgh Piping and Equipment Company. ANO EQUIPMENT COMPANY 10 Forty-Third Street-- Pittsburgh, Penna. Woo/worth B M in g , Now Ydik Chambt o f Commerce Bldg.; Indfanopolit . Booir Towe/,'Detroit 525 Marial Slrtatr `5an Frantho 63d S. Gtomtfcy Place, lo i A n g d i P tcp lei Gai BvUdbg, Chicago PiJBlie Square 'Building, Clarafond 10 Hifjh S u e d , Boilon Hefghfi Stato finfc BMir., MoaifoW Wh'tihrtadBlklMg, Allanlo POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 L oosening Tight B olt* Threads Sometimes on a rep air job the thread on a bolt or stud will be found a trifle too full, so th a t perfectly threaded nut cannot be run on. If the bolt or stud is inac cessible for reducing the thread with a stock-and-die and the tool room does not afford a di-nut of the requisite size, a taper tap of the right size may be used to loosen the thread in the nut. To do this cut a strip of thin sheet tin a trifle wider than a set of teeth on the tap and long enough to extend a little over the end, as shown in the sketch, and bend it a t right angles lengthw ise so th a t it will straddle the row of teeth. Then ae n te r th e tap in the n u t and drive it through with the wrench. A little coaxing may be necessary in getting it started, but the tin strip will follow through and loosen the thread. Only the first tap of the set of three-- the taper tap--can be used. The job could not be done with either the plug or bottom ing tap. O. C. P owey (K an.) 1 S p e c ia l ILad ler A id s M a in te n a n c e lO m aintain th e high lighting | levels of small fluorescent in stallations in plants, offices, and in stitutions, engineers of Eylvania Electric Products Inc, have devel oped this "all-purpose" m ainte nance ladder, which is easy and in- lution and the other for rinse wa ter. A systematic plan of fluorescent m aintenance insures continuous peak perform ance of fluorescent lamps and fixtures w ith minimum dimunition of light output. In one case d irt caused a 27 % loss. Freezing F acilitates System Repairs W hen repairs must be i branch w ater lines,,<3 in shutting off th e flow of (3 quite frequently experienced^ may be the result of faulty y obstructions u n der valve surfaces th a t interfere wittyaj plete closure, or the m abjll close th e sectionalizing v al l signed to isolate the affectea tion without interfering wit tinuity of some essential prd| In th e event such a p rob loi* arise, it is very often posajSI stop the flow of w ater for all enough period to enable tho'd form ance of needed mainte)] by the sim ple expedient of fire the liquid in a short section pij pipe ju st ahead of the point;! repairs are needed. This-i very easily done by surrou the exterior surface of thffiF w ith d ry ice (solidified CO,) enough w a te r is frozen to s the line and effectively wliL the pressure. Freezing should be done on a straig h t section of pipe, freq valves, sags, and fittings, the freezing process, the iso| end of the line should be pr against excessive pressures; bleeding off a small amour} liquid continuously. W. N. H udson (Aia | | expensive to build. By theaddition of sheet m etal or wood racks to any ladder, spaces are provided for burned-out lamps, new lamps, starters, cleaning cloths, and two buckets, one for th e cleaning so- The cleaning agent to be used depends on the type of reflecting surface. Reflectors which are only slightly dirty can be rubbed with a damp cloth, but to remove hard ened dirt on a porcelain enamel surface, an efficient and concen trated "soapless" soap will do a thorough job with a minimum amount of effort and leave the sur face clean and sparkling. Synthetic enamel surfaces, however, require a green soap solution briskly ap plied. On an aluminum reflector, the solution m ust be as neutral as possible, since even mild alkalinity or acidity will destroy the reflec tivity of the m etal finish. A green soap solution or one of the special wax or wax emulsion cleaners which have been specifically de veloped for cleaning aluminum are recommended. Glass surfaces of lamps and diffusers are best clean ed with trisodium phosphate, and no rinsing is necessary. ! GAUGE HAGGLE CLASS R eading M eters and ( Ganges A magnifying glass mounted, a wood handle, will ;&|g helpful in reading meters, g^Vifl therm om eters, etc. in out o tjt way places. By holding the Fjfflj at a proper distance from tliwS strum ent, the reading will be nified sufficiently to be easily from a distance. The drajffli shows how the glass is fastened the handle. Thomas P erkins (M^ffl 94 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, | | nadfj (fj3| liq u id a i 2d. Tms| v a lv M s c a tta i th comH lit ftl ilve d u | ted s|jj ith coitS 'ocess^gj em dosl sible tqa a long^ he per tenancy `reezirifil 1 of th'! t where*; can b | jundingj; ie pipei.' i) U nta seal offy| thstandi# isolated.^ otected., res by >unt of ' \XA.) prove | f j of the 2 glass i5* the in- jig e magly seen rawing ned to 5 Users applaud the high Rust-1 i*H.' __ >f Eagle Super " 6 6 " Insulating Cement njwho have used Eagle Super "66" Bating Cement are enthusiastic not / about its great fuel-saving ability jiey applaud the w ay Super 66" illy inhibits rust on heated metal ijpment! This unique rust-inhibitive quality I'Soeen concl.usively proved by labofry tests, and in actual use. It's an ortant factor in prolonging the life tilers, ovens, tanks, tow ers, heat angers, etc. Bail'* "Springy Ball" structure gives rem arkable efficiency ytiurc T h e trem endous insulating aCiency of Super "66" comes from its Tfingy Ball" pellets of Eagle Mineral Wool. Each pellet is a maze of dead air cells --one of N atu re's m ost effective barriers against passage of heat. "Springy Ball" structure is permanent --lasts as long as the insulation. Eagle Super "66" w ithstands a full range of tem peratures up to 1800 F, If not subjected to tem peratures above 1200 F., it can be rem o ved , re m ix e d and re-vsed ! An all-purpose insula tion, it can be troweled w ith little effort on almost any size or shape surface. W et coverage is as high as 65 sq. ft. per 100 lbs., 1 in. thick . . . and shrinkage is less than 15%. Send for d ata sheets. T h e y con tain co-rnpfefe te c h n ic a l in fo rm a tio n a b o u t Engle S u per 6 6 . Available on request. Other Eagle Industrial Products include; Eagle Insulseal. A protective coating for insulation. Trowels on--dries to o hard finish. Withstands temperatures up- to 450 F. ' t Eag/e Swelchek (black). A prepared, asphaltic base, ruslinhibitive anti-condensation compound. Eagle "4 3 " Finishing Cement.A hard white.finish coating, for all types of indoor insu lation within a range from 70 F. to 800 F. THE EAGLE-P1CHER COMPANY CINCINNATI ( l) ,O H I O Eagle Super "6 6 " Insulating Cement Eagle L-T and M-2 Felt Eagle Supertemp Block * Eagle Blankets * Eagle Pipe Covoring Eagle Insulseal Eagle Loose Wool * Eagle Insulstic Eagle Swetchek HERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 N ew s o f tlie M outh . i!. Active Power Market Reflected In Demand For Power Show Space Continued reorganization and ex pansion of industries everywhere will sustain a heavy demand for power equipment during many months to come, forecasting a period of steady employment and more settled busi ness confidence. First reports from the list of almost 400 exhibitors booked for the 17th National Expo. sition of P ower and Mechanical Engineering reveal a firm market for their products now with an increase in prospect when they can show their new lines. Some of these will be announced during the fall, but many will be unveiled at the Exposition, which is to be held in Grand Central Palace, New York, December 2 to 7. All industries are power consum- S&f'W** if FUTURE EVENTS . O f Engineering Inferes' ` 'ill American W elding Socioty, 33 Woat ! New York, N. Y. Nov. :T7-22-- Annua] Mooting, Atlaft National Metal Congrcati, Wm. H * MunagiuK Dir., 7301 ISuclt Ohtengo. 111. Nov. 18-22'-- E xhibition, A tlantic A m erican Society of M echanical Unir E. Davies, Secretary, 29 New York 18. N. Y. Dec. 2-f-- A nnual Mooting, Moti sylvanIp:, NmV York, N. Y. American In stituto of Electrical I E . E . H enline, Secretary, 29 S i., New Y uck, i\ , . ' Jan. 27-31-- W inter Convention:'N N. Y. - Ingenious New j Technical Methods To Help You with Your jf t A . Reconversion Problems 12 ,0 0 0 H oles per H o u r! W ith N ew Gearless Multiple Spindle Drillhead! The Z a g a r G earie$s D rillhead can accom m odate up to 4 0 0 d rills a o n e h e a d --d rill u p to 4 0 0 h o le s a t o n e tim e! T h is re v o lu tio n a ry u n it ru n s n o iselessly a n d v i b ratio n -free o n needle, tap ered ro lle r an d p recision b all b earin g s, an d is lubricated by a p aten ted au to m atic o ilin g system to in su re tro u b le-free o p e ra tio n . W ith th is u n it a ll h o le s a re d rille d a t o n e p a ss, a n d v a lu a b le tim e is sa v e d by th e e lim in a tio n o f in d e x in g an d extra h an d lin g . It m ay be used o n stan d a rd drill presses, o r furnished as a com plete h y d rau lic m a chine by th e factory. A n o th er tim e saver, as w ell as a help o n a tedious jo b , is ch ew in g gum . T h e sim p le act o f chew ing seem s to m ak e the w o rk g o faster, e a sie r--h elp in g to relieve w o rk e r's fa tig u e --so th a t a b etter piece o f w o r k c a n b e t u r n e d o u t w ith g r e a t e r s a f e ty . W r i g l c y 's Spearm int G um m ay be used even w hen bo th h an d s a rc b u sy --rig h t w h e re th e w o rk is b e in g p ro d u c e d . You can get complete information from 'Zagar Tool, Inc. 23SSI Lakeland Bivd., Cleveland 17, Ohio Zagar 220 Spindlo Guarais Drillhead AA-98 ----------------------------------------* ers, and therefore preparatlb the Exposition clearly indicate titude and purposes of Inti planners as interpreted by th whom they must rely for mat! and manufacturing equipme requirement starts with th plant and various means t power to production and c6 through to numerous produc plications. Lists of exhibits compiled constitute an ex; catalog covering all kinds en tries from the standpoint o power needs and also such pi' services as fuel, heat, steam, it water supplies, materials lia and others. A great majority?! hibitors have participated in-? Power Shows at two-year lb and are returning with the their post-war products, will also see a good number exhibitors. New designs will be feat most of the exhibitors, with e; on the use of specially select terials including a number new special alloys, and, where saving is an object, corabinati light pressed steel shapes'; aluminum and occasionally ium. Makers of many items;. valves, will offer interch parts of various metals in o' standard units, affording sol according to the type of flip handled and the temperat pressure requirements invol Though highly diversify principal influence of the ljjj is in developing a wider kno\V the economical transform ation energy in fuel into power, an key classifications of exhibit?; w ith pumps and conveyors fbr SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER,L A simple of the w rist... antic 0 C ity, jj flneort'l 3 0 th g] it i rem En ' luci W0Bt 0 New Yo ions e the a ndustri those nchiner nt. Till 3 pOWt o appi ontinu five already xtensiye f induiaS of thejj ocessing air andj taniiUiqj) f of Wi4 t formel; interval# first q ured bi emphasis :ted of thc-.j e weight, liions off ;s witl magnefi'i such a?ii nngeabl^ UterwisR^ ilectivity id to, Lire ved. ed, cpositiC rledghtd ,n of theS and the- its start|i 1- handles ...a n d pressure is under control Here are two Fulton Sylphon regulators . . . job-proved by engineers and contractors in your industry . . . for solving pressure problems in steam, air, water or oil lines. On the left is the No. 1253 with pnckless, all-metal construction. Single-seated valve for dead-end service-may be held in wide open position. Requires no "feeler" pipe. Reduced pressure ranges--20 to 100 lbs. and 30 to 150 lbs. Shown with it is the No. 952 which is used as an automatic pressure regulator for reduc ing from high to low pressure--or to hisure a constant delivery pressure when supply fluctuates. Equipped with direct-acting type valve (closes with rising pressure). Maximum initial pressure--150 lbs.; maximum con trolled pressure--100 lbs. Botli are handwheel, spring adjusted . . . equipped witli Sylphon metal bellows . . . rugged, reliable, long-lasting. Both are backed by 45 years of specialized experience. For complete information, write today for Catalog VL-100. p \ f t S S T WITH BEUOWS n s lpho C<tnad inn R e p re sen ta tives, Durlinr, B rothers, M o n ire.il SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER 1946 n NEWS-- C ontinued from page 114 mg liquid and solid fuels and run on through boilers, turbines, burners and stokers, blowers and exhaust fans, valves and piping, traps, blow downs, liquid level indicators and controls, as well as auxiliaries of many kinds to turbine generators. All these range from the compact little "packaged" boiler to the scale of the huge steam generator in the public utility field. Electrical Engineering Exposition Widespread interest in the forth coming E lectrical E ngineering E x position has already been demon strated by the variety of exhibits al ready enrolled for the display, which is to be held in the 71st Regiment Armory, in New York City concur rently with the Winter Convention of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, next January 27-31. Factors making the Exposition especially timely are the new de mands for exhibitors' products cre ated by reconversion of industries, PEERLESS PUMPS V e rtic a l a n d H o rizo n ta l T y p e s A FULL RANGE O F SIZES AND CAPACITIES Built to serve Exacting Condi tions in Ice Plants, Refrigeration, Air-Conditioning, Packing Indus tries, Industrial Water Services. W ORLDS of WATER fo r INDUSTRIAL USES u U t/ l PEERLESS VERTICAL TURBINE PUMPS Developing capacities from 15 to 30,000 g.p.m'., against heads up to 1,000 feet, Peerless Vertical Deep Well Tur bine Pumps assure a constant and clean water supply. Many exclusive engineering features, such as Double Seal-Double Bearing Bowl Construction, give added assurance of long life and maintenance of efficiencies. Peerless Deep Well Turbine Pumps are available in both oil or water lubricated types (water lubricated illlustrated) and arc adaptable to all forms of drive. P e e n ie M h o r iz o n t a l c e n t r if u g a l p u m p s (Formerly DAYTON-DOWD) PEERLESS UTILIZES NEW PRINCIPLES OF HYDRO-DYNAMIC DESIGN! Capable of continuous low-cost service and maintained efficiencies, Peerless Hori zontal Pumps are available for practically every variety of general pumping service. Peerless Engineers are available to recom mend the proper pump size and drive to meet your requirements. T ype"A" Capacities to 6 0 ,0 0 0 fi.p.m. Single Stane; Double Suction; S p lit Case. launching of new m a n itf^ plants, especially sfilali ones; 'i# new and converted; retail store service establishments. This U movement involves changes 1* character of demand, especialiy'S er and appliances; expansion o f works; new installations, shortages and strikes have production, creating confusini, many dislocations at present, do ing projections and planning. J of the engineering aspects *JJ1 clarified by the first of thiiSs when the Exposition is held'?! when a great deal of matn now available will be place view, a considerable number of'lf being exclusive to this display A qualified audience is assifh the method which has been: 1 of admitting visitors by and registration only, excludlf general public. The pattern p;` for an interchange of infort, establishes liaison and provimi conferences between financial management interests, consp engineers, designers and ninri facturers of all types of equipm Honeywell Promotes Koch A lfred H. K och, who became known throughout the southern tile industry while regional 8 manager of the Minneapolis-! well R egulator Com pany i lanta, has been promoted to^ delphia branch manager of 'Tit pany. Koch, who started with Hffi well's Brown Instrument Divijio 1929, later served in Chicago, apolis, Honolulu and Cleveland sales department of that division. (1 was made Atlanta branch managers 1938 and was promoted to region manager, with headquarters in ^08 lanta, in 1942. Koch became widely k n 0 V throughout the southern textilevilS .iBS PEERLESS PUMP DIVISION FOOD M A C H IN E R Y CORPORATION Los Angele 31, California Quincy, Illinois Canton 6, Ohio Distributors in all Principal Cities SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER,1, h e M an in th e F ie ld K N O W S flie n P re - F a b ric a te d P ip in g is R ig h t rial no: ced | af itemj lay. ' ured 5 adoptj vitntlot ling thi arovidi! m atioli ides idi ial ant lultantsjj .anulari' nent. me wilj' :rn tex-l branch H onetS B IN ; A T i| > Phila| le com3 H o n e y -rt ision Minno-';'; d in theY non. He 'j nager itt;jj in At- . n o w ng ile field tin th e field who erect piping know w hen shop S tation is well done . . . they know if the subjjnblies lit correctly, line up easily and have all field 6 or Hanged joints in accessible positions. When is the case, the erecting job is easier . . . saves time and money. (west has a Construction D epartm ent w hich has jited piping of all kinds fo r 46 years. T he critical tude of this departm ent is the best stim ulant to F(four pipe-fabricating plants. T he Construction partnient also frequently contributes useful and " ileal suggestions for improving pipe fabrication. [IS situation has n powerful effect in keeping the Ip lc organization alert . . . and in encouraging eonJjipua im provem ent. It is one o f m any reasons why *itet the best when you buy M idwest Pro-Fabricated ijng . . . either as m aterials furnished or piping ifi^plctely installed. R BW S CONTIUITUG DEPARTI! KIT MIDWEST PIPING QUALITY 8lPlN fi & SUI MAIN OFFICE: 1450 SOUTH SECOND ST., ST. LOUIS 4, MO. P l i D l t t S i. L o u l t . l 'i iH a lo , l4>* A n g e le i n t i K u n t h D t m n $(;* O ITlee NV.w Y o r k 7 -- 3 0 C h u rc h St* C hicago 3 Mi t r i | i t l l n P l i t g . Lon A n g e lc n 3 3 -- 5 2 ( \ A m t c r * o u S i. * U c i i t l n n S -- 2 2 9 S h u ll B ld g . T u liti 3 -- 5 3 3 M u y p B ld g . A tla n ti 3 -- R rtJ H o c k l l ld g . S o u t h H c u lo ii 2 7 -- 1 2 6 B r a t S t. EgrHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 it's yourboiler SC ALEY'S a fte vuiye and small industries are safeguarding their boilers from scale, corrosion, pitting, and caustic embrittlement by using ALKEN CERTIFIED SCALOFF. Individual formulas to correct your condition. Complete analytic reports and service. Write for free check-up of your conditions. NEWS--Continued Ii --------------------------- through his activity in helpjn velop the Brown Moist-Qifw i allied slasher room equip" | introducing it to the industry 1 so worked with mills in Hi? tion of complete automat* ment for continuous bleae : and the application of tenj and humidity control for d tioning in textile field. Koch will succeed J . c f who has been acting mana Philadelphia office, and 1 continue his work in the tef Dorsey has been placed! of all manufacturers' bpi Philadelphia and, hencefq' supervise all such activity!? 5 southern part of Honeywell') it sales zone. He joined Milt'" Honeywell in 1920 in the re 1 department of the Philade| ; fice. Since that time, he has' the service and wholesale;., ments in Philadelphia and \y acting branch manager in 1` IA $ Nichols Appointments P. H. Nichols &Company^ Ga., announce the appoiij) J ames G. Nichols as Sales who will promote the sale# various products as hand! ) r! company. They also wish to announ polntment of Mn. H. G. T~ Superintendent of Erection a ice Engineer. Mr. Lequin wilt vise the installation of stok)' various types of Fuel Burning! I ment, together with the Co 1 I Control Equipment, and he "if, ; act as Service Engineer on * of equipment. This company represents tji Stoker Corporation, 'Worcester^ I The Swartwout Company, Cl Ohio; Schutte & Koerting Cq I Philadelphia, Pa.; Brooke Engl. Company, Philadelphia, Paf burgh Piping & Equipment C Pittsburgh, Pa.; Jerguson V . , Gage Co., Somerville, Mas$j$ '% ALKEN CERTIFIED SCALOFF*-- W ater Treatments A guaranteed product of A L K E N M U R R A Y 1841 Broadway, New SSoouutthheerrnn RReepprreesseennttsa!t!ivYesorikn 23,, .N. Your Y. R*s. u. s. Poi on, in Your Area CORP. Canton Stoker Appointment,-1 The Canton Stoker Corf Canton, Ohio, announces thqi;; ment of the Dillon Soi1^ Raleigh, N. C., as sales rejf tives in central North Ca , large heavy-duty industrial), mercial stokers. The Dill;) pany is one of the oldest ^lj experienced equipment reRs, area. 100 Kpeeffl lUl'Sfl in fl s in e s |` '^1 y iroi 's edffl mea^j -ta il t iln h ia servai r, Alla itn ie n t Engli es ofrj :d by 1 and Scf r ill supe [liters ai ng Equi om bustjj : w ill aj the R ter, Mi Cle v e li Comp ngineei Com pai V a lve % it aronATO|j e appolj :ppr.Y epresen| iro lin a 'i 1 and lion Co a n d inflj epresent* IBER. IT MAY S A V E Y O U R L IF E The rupture diaphragm of the B. S. & B. SAFETY HEAD is the "pressure fuse" which will prevent your pressure vessels from blowing up. It starts life as a flat blank of almost any metal --Aluminum, copper, silver, stainless steel, platinum and a dozen others are used. Then it is given the spherical form which in great meas ure accounts for its ability to withstand fatigue in service and to burst at the right pressure in time of need. Specimen discs are regularly burst to assure consistent per formance. The specified bursting pressure of each SAFETY HEAD diaphragm is the average of bursting pressures of two or more specimen discs from an adjacent section of the same sheet of metal. The bursting pressure of the SAFETY HEAD Diaphragn is marked on a permanently attached metal tab. A lot of care goes into turning this little piece of metal into a "life preserver" for your life and properly. We believe this function deserves the full measure of our fifteen years of research and know-how--and the success of our efforts is proven by the fact that no pressure vessel equipped with a SAFETY' HEAD has ever burst from over pressure. BOOTH 564--NATIONAL POWER SHOW NEW YORK CITY, DEC. 2-7 WRITE FOR CATALOG So u t h e r n p o w e r & in d u s t r y for No v e m b e r , 1946 NEWS--Continued :'H TWO BRONZE SEATS GROUND TO A TRUE BALL JOINT PERMIT EASY UNCOUPLING T. C . I. Expansion A two year constructiotj | l provement program in prol' ` steel-making, aimed at Su\it| Southwestern needs, wag by T ennessee Coal, Iron I s road Com pa ny. 3 The company is a sublgg United States Steel ~ ' the South's greatest steel prpri The construction programs undertaken at the Fairfiei Mill, of the T.C.I. company ingham. The main objective of the j is to modernize and improvefl for the production of sheets-' a conversion from the Tejj company's present hot-rolled to the cold-reduced method1,if ducing sheets. Another nuijil provement will be the instaUatjS equipment for the production.pl vanized sheet metal in colffil making Fairfield one of the iew j mills in the country capable pjT viding such material. Included in this moder-ijl program are the installationiM inch four-high, four-stand cqJi duction mill; 48-inch eont" pickling and cleaning lines; twi tinuous galvanizing lines, one'- ing material In widths rangiiij 20 to 30 inches and the otj widths of 20 to 48 inches: affl nealing and shearing facilities `; latest design. W henever you wish lo move a Dart Union to a new location, you'll find no trouble in uncoupling it. Because of its two bronze seats which have been ground to form a true ball oint, it closes to a drop-tight connection without excessive wrenching. Thus, undam aged, it will open easily whenever needed elsewhere. Body and nut are of high-test air-refined malleable iron-- are prac tically unbreakable. Ask your supplier to send Darts-- the most economical unions in length of service. Memphis Industrial Expansion tg The 261 acre National Fircv Inc. plant near Cordova, TENtjg| has been purchased by Mr. Frji G. Hickman, editor and publish?! The Cotton Tirade Journal. 1 The newly organized Cordova^ dustrial Development Co. jjlfl establish an industrial communH. the site of the wartime shell load and incendiary bomb plant and,^ lease or sell tracts for manufacty or distributing businesses. ^ Mr. Hickman stated that ariKM dustry which requires fairly open areas of floor space and/J needing more than the average head clearance will find the focturing buildings adaptable to uses. E. M. DART MANUFACTURING CO. Providence, R. I. ONI SOUTHERN PO W ER Union Electric Has New Depart^ A new department In the ;i Production Division known jtffi "Steam-Electric Plants Departlfi1 & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, ibsidiffi o ra tior Pronti am w| field iy a t be profit! ive facijR ets throjj Tenn| lied me8j tod m a jo r'"y jtallatio ^ tio n of? 5 coils, ft le f e w sit? ib le o f jm idernlaMfl ion o f a ;S id c p ld |0 continuali s; t w o 3 o n e 11a rid n g i n g fr<j] e olherv' l :s: a n d llties o f tt Fircwoj tir. Frani lu b lis h e r? lO RD O V A II n m u n l t y :q| l e l l loadiffl n t a n d vfj) n u fa c tu rjtli Materials Handling and Power Transmission Equipment 1 SERVING -- C o a l M in e s -- S t e e l M ills -- P a p e r [(i M i l l s -- T e x t i l e M i l l s -- C e m e n t M i l l s -- C h e m i c a l P lan ts -- S an d and G rav el P la n ts -- Q u arries -- y P o w e r P l a n t s - -- P u b l i c U t i l i t i e s -- R a i l r o a d s -- G r a i n * E l e v a t o r s -- C o t t o n s e e d O il M i l l s -- C o t t o n G i n s -- A lu m in u m an d M ag n esiu m P la n ts -- C an n eries -- i P h o sp h ate an d P o tash M ines-- F e rtilize r P la n ts-- Ship Y a r d s . PRODUCTS -- B o lt C o n v e y o r s -- S c r e w C o n v e y o rs -- B u ck et an d S crew E lev a to rs -- V -B eli D r i v e s -- P u l l e y s --- B e a r i n g s -- S p r o c k e t s -- C h a i n -- G ears -- B u ck ets -- C lu tch es -- R ed u cers -- H o ists -- A p ro n , V ane a n d R ecip ro catin g F eed ers. ThO eihcienoy and lo * rntm um siicc til U u n lm in tu l tulom ha lu iiy Justified the many REPEAT ordure from latlefied operator*. !"r. Probl"n Mine Fan V-BeJt Drive from Elostrio Motor with Auxiliary Drive from Dleiol Motor for emergency. Detigned and manufactured by Continental. C ontinental is equipped to handle any mechani cal power transmission or materials handling problem. Send your inquiries to our nearest sales office. e p a r+mTljt ^. yij the wn as . r 'S ,; ' epartm ^j..!|ij (BER, m I^O UTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 NEWS-- C o n tin u ed DEAERATORS Indianapolis Power & Light ONE of the most progressive utilities in the coun try is the Indianapolis Power & Light Com pany of Indianapolis, Indiana. Ten years ago, 1936, the Cochrane Corporation furnished a 650,000 lb/hr. Deaerator, for Section "K" of the C. C. Perry plant. This Cochrane Deaerator heated the entire boiler feed in Section "K" and completely removed dissolved oxygen. Again in 1940 a 400,000 lb/hr. Deaerator was installed in the Harding Street Plant for Unit No. 3. Now, as indicated by the architect's drawing shown at the top of the page, the Perry "K" Station is being expanded and another Cochrane Deaerator of 700,000 lb/hr. shown in the illustration below, is being installed. At the same time another 400,000 lb/hr. Cochrane Deaerator is being installed in the Harding Street station for Unit No. 4. Cochrane Water Conditioning Apparatus has been a part of Indianapolis Power & Light Com pany equipment since 1917. in THE RECORD COCHRANE 3110 N. 17th Street CORPORATION Philadelphia 32, Pa. C. C. PERRY STATION SECTION "IT* One 650,000 lb/hr. Cochrane Deaerator Two 400,000 lb/hr. Cochrane Open Heaters MILL STREET STATION Two 300,000 Cochrane Heaters One 500,000 Cochrane Heater lb/hr. Open lb/hr. Open HARDING STREET STATION Two 350,000 lb/hr. C oeh r an e Op en Type Heaters One 400,000 lb/hr. Cochrane Deaerating Heater has been established^;^ E lectric C o m pa n y , St.. Lqjj bines the functions of Power Plants, Electric Steam Operation Engine Mound and Granite City p^ partments. "This move," said Gamble, Superintendent, duction, "was made In reodg the larger administrative? which increased size and plex personnel relation imp necessary. The larger nuniiji supervisory jobs make it pft better carry on simultamit aspects of operating lap plants safely, efficiently andij regard to the rights and the people who run thera/it'jf Under the new set-up, ney, Chief Engineer--Steamy Generation, will be consult! matters relating to steam o construction and maintenaiii special emphasis on current templated major constructio) ice, Ashley Street, and Ca major turbine overhaul..;. Luxemberg, Assistant to Ch neer--Steam Electric Genera; continue to report to Mr. T i specialize in turbine overhai ters. H. O. Duetscher, Electric Mi lng Superintendent, and Gy, liamson, Steam Engineering tendent, will have charge, res ly, of all technical matters electrical and mechanical, o construction and maintenance steam-electric plants and w.Uj technical direction of other ai general matters as assigned,', The following General tendents will be responsible', to the Superintendent PowerjJ tion for all matters of persQ general administration in spective plants, and to him the Engineering Superintend all matters delegated to th< erintendents: J. B. Wheeler, L. L. Kraft, Venice; M. D.; Ashley Street; and H. W. Mound and Granite City PI Wheeler will also act as cpf of personnel policy matter:^: the four general super!?! named. jtjI G , E. Purchases Plant Fractional-horsepower tnolOTjf duction facilities at G k n e r a jF " " have been increased w ith't SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER. ggsg; era ier 1 El int or opera] nee, i ondi n at T iok)a, lief ation, :nney laul I Engim elatin' operati ice will hi and ael their n thro' adente e si ahoi laws Butt 'la u te , o o rd ii s be*' s t a r t e d o u r n e w t u r b in e out r ig h t - soys this Superintendent The power plant Superintendent (left) consults with a Gulf Lubrica tion Engineer on the lubrication of this 30,000 kw. unit just in stalled in the new station of a prominent utility in New York State. REPORTS by associated stations on the out standing performance of Gulfcrest Oil iide our choice of the lubricant for this new tur tle an easy one," says this Superintendent. "We |1 that Gulfcrest Oil is the best insurance w e can for our big investment." j;Extra refining makes the difference! Gulfcrest ail1is not only refined by conventional methods, it is super-refined by the Alchlor Process, which eeds out the sludge formers-- the undesirable hydrocarbons---in oil. The Alchlor Process also imparts to Gulfcrest Oil greater ability to benefit from the addition of special inhibitors which con trol oxidation, lengthen the induction period of the oil, and maintain low neutralization number. Call in a Gulf Lubrication Engineer today and ask him to recommend the proper grade of Gulf crest Oil to provide the best lubrication for your turbines. Write, wire, or phone your nearest Gulf office today. fu/f 0/7 Corporation Gulf Refining Company Division Sales Offices: Boston New York Philadelphia Pittsburgh Atlanta New Orleans Houston Louisville Toledo If SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 I NDUSTRI AL in u m i! N EW S-- Continued chase from the ReconstriB nance Corporation of the'? Wayne (Ind.) plant where.jin any manufactured t u r b o [' chargers during the war. Q $5,000,000 for the plant, accoi the Company's announcer:! It Is expected that more persons will be employed J j l cation as soon as installation duction lines is com pleted1;" past several months the been in lim ited operation, m upwards of 700 persons. Taylor Elected Executive Vico . President of Lincoln Electric 1 C. M. Taylor has executive vice president otjf coln Electric Company b g g of directors. Soft metal volutions which bulge toward the rod under gland pres sure make Belmont's No. 865 SemiMetallic Packing the ideal seal for high-pressure steam rods, valve stems and air compressor rods. I t 's a tight, metal-to-metal, practically friction-less seal. The unique, spirally-wound metal is encased in a stitched asbestos channel. The packing is so flexible that it can be formed around small diameters. Have your Belmont distributor furnish you with Belmont's 865 106 (ring form) or 866 (spiral form). For low pressure steam, hot and cold water rods and plungers and ammonia rods, specify Belmont 860 (ring) or 861 (spiral)--same as 865, with stitched rubber-and-duck channel on three sides. IN THE BIUE-ANO-ORANOE BOX THERE IS A BEIMONT PACKING FOR EVERY SERVICE . . . Balmont distributors ora located in ever/ largo Industrial center, ready to give you prompt delivery from local slocks. Mr. Taylor has been with Tb|j. coin Electric Company sih.ii| having been granted a leavft$j sence for service in World War/ enlisted in the Air Corps in;,! returned at the end of the he became a foreman. Latar it), placed in charge of the cOi time study and methods depa advanced to assistant and then superintendent. In '.jf was appointed vice presIdfljM charge of sales and has seryq board of directors since 1527,{ Mr. Taylor is a membhi|j American W elding Society,, Chamber of Commerce,, Country Club, the Union Alpha Delta Phi fraternity. JB educated at Prospect School in East Cleveland, Siv^ljjj School, and Western versity. SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER 0 s i* 2nt. on of ice ric Co, :en el f T ims y the I TVrCH CM OKET AVERS with new, stronger molded frame; th The LJ since if) eave d War E ' in 1917$ j war, wi ater hGiw ! compaj (tepartui aerintenw In 19M| r e s i d e n t '; jrved on , 927. J iber ot"7i y, Clev^J 5, May*! a Club,"j ity. 0 f t Element! , Shaw B eserve 9 & O'1 & cO- ^THERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 Stronger than ever, improved Model 1-N Eye Savers are now made with a new, all-molded plastic frame that resists breakage at all points. More than that, they're better looking, better fitting. . . plenty roomy and comfortable for wear directly over many types o f prescrip tion glasses. All Eye Savers give extra protection against injury from top, sides and bottom. The Impax metha crylate lens is tough: stops flying chips, splinters, and hot metal.-.. .w ill not splinter even under heavy impact. And it's free o f distortion as finest optical glass! Eye Savers exceed all Federal specifications for impact resisting gog gles. A nd they're so light in weight your workers will keep them on. See your Eye Savers dealer today, or write us. 107 I Y"/V/> .. ...... NEWS--Continued Perrmitit Washington Appointmg' J ohn C. Tracey, former Lt. Coi' of the U. S. Army Engineers, has named Sales Engineer of the ington, D. C. office of the Per Company. _ ie WORKof a & IA H T * W ithin these walls a giant stands ready to work for you. G iving him no thought a t all, you touch the control button. At your com m and his mighty muscles go intoaction a n d the load moves. T he operating mechanism of Shepard Niles hoists is com pletely enclosed, assuring per- lanent alignment--more durible, trouble-free, efficient serv ice. W hatever yom lifting or handling requirements m ay be, th ere's a Shepard N iles h o ist for th e jo b --m ore th a n 5,000 ty p es and sizes. p z a r" P o w e rfu l a n d rugged, S h ep a rd N ile s C ra n es are availab le in a n y desired ca p a city a n d span-- de s ig n e d to h a n d le g re a tly v a ryin g loads w ith p re cisio n , safety a n d e co n o m y . S h e p a rd N ile s C ranes have th e sam e s o u n d , progressive features as do the S h ep ard N ile s H oists. A request w ill p ro m p tly b rin g illu s tra te d b u lle tin s. Shepard Niles CRANE HOIST CORPORATION T h e experience an d facilities o f S hepard N iles engineers arc a t y o u r service. P lan ahead now for th e rig h t m aterial handling e q u ip m en t. Y o u r in q u iry w ill receive p ro m p t atten tio n . 455 108 SCHUYLER AVENUE M O N T O U R F AL L S . N.Y. I SOUTHERN POWER Mr. Tracey, whose experiences In-' elude eighteen months of road an. airfield construction and maintenance on the Ledo Road in the China-Bur^ ma-lndia theater, left the St. LojjjlK office of The Permutit Company 1941 to join the army. He was hen of the Water & Sewers Section of th i' Repairs and Utilities Branch, O.CJl^v for 2 years in Washington before go* ing overseas in 1944. f U. S. Rubber Purchases Two Southern Plants United States Robber C ompa* has purchased the combed yarn plan? of Ruby Cotton Mills, I nc., Ga tonia, N. C., in a move to furthe.* diversify its production of textili!;;^ products. 'i|y The plant, employing 300 men anfffiF women, has 19,000 spindlers. TM|l purchase price was $1,300,000 for tMsfc buildings, equipment, and land plU$ an additional sum to be determine^' by audit for raw materials and other', assets. .ip l The plant will continue to operate|![| under the present management, with Don Maddox in charge as superin-|S; tendent. Production of 20's and 50'#{|j: combed yarn will continue witho^jyp interruption. United States Rubber Company ahjfjjii purchased from the War Assets Adfij ministration the modern manufacture . ^ ing buildings at Milan, TenN. new facilities will be used for & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, l9# GRAND CE NT R A L PALACE NE W Y OR K CITY' lences road a( intonati^ lina-Bui St. Loiii mpany was hea ion of tb h, O.CJ! >efore gc For the first tim e since the w a r, Therpiix Products w ilt be . . on d isp lay at the N ew -York P ow er Show. . ':;r ' M an y n ew developm ents are to be seen and you are co rd ially invited to drop in at booths 50 and 51 ill control flow and qf| C OMPAIj iam pia n c ., Gai :o furtbi A text! ' men andlers. Tfa; 00 for ttjfe land etermin^i; and other. Our engineers w ill p and answ er any inquiries. the draft; Sides of the to w elcom e to operate sent, with ; superin-' i and 51u[ c without npany atj! assets Ad? m ufactufij lENN- TOf d for 1 Project and Sales Engineers for PRAT -DANIEL C O R P O R A T IO N AEROTEC COMPANY HEAC O N l^ O U T H E R N POW ER & INDUSTRY tor NOVEMBER, 1946 WINDERS SHREDDERS AC SHREDDER RING CRUSHER r e q u ir e m e n t TYPE S CRUSHER N E W S -- Continued manufacture of fabric rubber* casual shoes. The buildings bought by the t company were units of Creek Ordnance plant, an iim shell loading plant during the: Installation of heavy mat; such as mills, calenders, and izers will be started by Un Rubber Company at once. Ma turiiig operations are scheduled ! gin in the fall. Oakite Sales Manager Announcement is made by^ij P roducts, Inc., New York, offl pointment of J. C. L eonard Manager of its Industrial Mark Division. Associated with the' ( organization in the servicing !':< specialized cleaning m at No matter what your crushing problem requires, whether it's speed-- heavy-duty use -- severe continuous usege -- flexible operation -- low operating cost -- wide range of reduction-- rapid, uniform crushing or high capacity output, you'll find an American Crusher especially suited to your particular needs. lerieans are not "all-purpose" crushers 1 are custom-built to fit specific shlilg requirements and are built in ny different sixes and many different dels, with capacities as high as 500 HAMMERMILL and HOG 24 SERIES RING OR HAMMER TYPE In manufacturing plant, quarry, coal mine, power plant, laboratory-- wherever eo efficient crushing operation is needed, you'll find Americans fulfilling every re quirement. Americens offer e wide range of uniform reduction and crush a large veriety of friable and fibrous materials. Writa us about your spoetile crushIng problem and receive compiate crushing data and specifications. LABORATORY MILL O ciaiH aW TZt Jim ir U M T T J T T T i 1 ; and 1243 MACKUND AVE. ST. LOUIS 10. MO. equipment for over 22 years, 16 years of which was in the < of Manager of the Company'] Division, Mr. Leonard ass new duties on September 1, i| will direct the marketing and, ing . activities of Oakite's Indj field staff from the general o f | the company in New York. Tucker U Lindsay RepreseniatO The Lindsay Corporation, S' Park, Illinois, announces the ?*J ment of Thomas B. Tucker a Southern regional representatives Tucker's offices will be Candler Building, Atlanta 3, A .S .R .E. Atlanta Chapter The American Society of j erating Engineers announces Atlanta section has been to increase the activities of t ciety in this area. The first meeting was held ber 20 at the Biltmore Hotel. ,, SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, I "When you want this valve to work . . . it works S t ic k - P r o o f y Oa >f the < as lariceti re Oa ng of. rials because LEVER-SEALD 5, the ' i capacity 's Chicag umed , 1946. ad ser indus offices < ative j, Me,, oppolufrtjj r as the ative. at llftf , Geor >1 ;s thatif orga f the 'M i Septi il. jjHOMESTEAD LEVER-SEALD VALVES operate instantly only a Quarter-Turn . . . at all times and under all nditions . . . in services where extremes of temperature, jressure, or the corrosive action of line fluids would cause Minory valves to stick or "seize." I; That's why they have been favorites with industry for re than 15 years in all sorts of difficult applications. Thy're stick-proof, because built right into each valve is jpowerful lever and screw device that relieves seating fissure between plug and body just enough to overcome friction and permit easy turning. [ This stick-proof construction is only one of many HOME STEAD LEVER-SEALD VALVE features assuring long, ecoomicol, trouble-free service. ! You may order HOMESTEAD LEVER-SEALD VALVES in Olis and alloys to meet service requirements, in sizes 1Vl" to 12" with regular or wedge gate valve face Kiface dimensions, for pressures from vacuum to 1500 Ounds. Complete technical details and Valve Reference ok No. 38 are yours for the asking. CHECK THESE OUTSTANDING LEVER-SEALD VALVE FEATURES 1. In s ta n t stick -p ro o f o p e ra tio n . 2. Q u arter-tu rn fully opens or closes. 3. Positive m echanical seal. 4 . S e a tin g su rfaces alw ay s p r o te c te d in both open and closed positions. Cor rosion practically elim inated. 5. U nobstructed straight-line fluid flow. 6 . All o p e ra tin g p a rts p ro te c te d from dam aging effects of service condi tions and w eather. OMESTEAD VALVE MANUFACTURING COMPANY P. O. BOX 70 CORAOPOLIS, PA. HJTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 NEWS-- C ontinued C arrier Sales Manager Appointment of A hte l i n a s Vice President A1 Sales Manager of Ca t i o n is announced by Edw phy, Senior Vice Preside' Effective November j, Shanklin will be in char| Carrier's domestic sales a - '-m.tI A vice president ot poration since 1941, has been associated withv pany since his graduation J University of Kentucky in ing this period he has serv$ sales and executive capaci present is Vice President. Dealer Sales. T he N EW m o ld ed e n g in e e rs h a v e * V e e " been ty p e pack in g lo o k in g fo r Palmetto Pyramid is an all-purpose molded " Vee" type packing that seals firmly by mere finger-tightening. It is designed according to recently developed and thoroughly proven $ * Aboutit.' principles, ' Performance of this much-talked-about pack ing is entirely automatic. Its sealing action is effected by internal pressure. The g reater the internal pressure-- the lighter the seal! Q&f The unique " arrowhead reservoir"--onii of the features of Palmetto Pyramid-- actually -.o r:1 stores and distributes the lubricant. Friction and wear are thereby appreciably reduced; packing and equipment life are substantially length ened. A n d ---look at the heavy wall construction! Palmetto Pyramid is used for reciprocating as well as rotary motion. It is recommended for all types of hydraulic and pneumatic equipment handling hot or cold water, steam, oil, gasoline and most types of solvents and acids. gjgff&pji ' " Il py lo know your Palm ello Packing D lilrlfiu lorl" ,nrv-1t "r_- GREENE,TWEED & CO. Manufacturers of PALMETTO Pack! ; . BRONX BLVD. AT 238th ST. NEW YORK Plants at New York, N. Y. and North W ales, KHk*- iv V-*&*!'. T hl coupon I) for your convenience. Moll ir eodoyl GREENE. TWEED & CO. New York 66, N .Y. Send me descriptive litcra* lure covering PALMET Send a PALMET TO repMiscnlDtive TO Pyramid Packings to discuss p a ck in g N am e ................................................................... Company .............................................. S treet - ......................... ........................... .-- C ity .......................................................... S ta te . 1 STATEMENT, of the ownership, management etc., req u ired by the Acta of (Job gust 24. 1912, find March . SOU TH ERN PO W E R AND IND linked m onthly a t D alton, On,. I, 1946. S tato of G eorgia, County of B efore mo, a N otary P u b lic;' State and County aforesaid, peared IS. W. O'B rien, who lift worn according to law, doththat he is tho Managing Direct ERN POW ER AND INDUSTRY, following in to the beat of hia kfi bolief, a truo statem en t of 4 m anagem ent, etc., of the for* tion for the dato shown in the ii. required by tho Act of August am ended by tho Act of M arch 3J?r bodied in section 637, P ostal Ln.wpTo' lntionn, p rinted on tho rovorvo ofL to-w it: , f >vjW 1. T h at tho names und address publisher, editor, managing editor,! neaa managers are: Publisher, Sm ith P ublish in g Co., Atlanta,- U F ran cis C. Sm ith, A tlanta, Ga-b} D irector, Eugene W. O 'B rien, Atlaif 2. T hat the owner are W. R,'Publishing Co.: E state of W. R. ' A tlanta, G o.; O. A. Sharpleas, At J. C. Cook. A tlanta, On.; W. J. Uoo la. O n., T. W. M cAllister, Atlantal W. O 'B rien, A tlanta, O a.; Mjrs. ,H" pot, Atlanta, G a.; Richard P. i lantn, Ga. '*jU 3. That tho known bondholoafft gees and o ther security h old or* j ft holding 1 per cent or more of total of bonds, mortgagee, or any pthc^ holders nro, Nono. '' 4. T hat tho two paragraph;,ft giving the names of the owner?,, or, and security holder, if antfy only the liat of stockhohlorfl and' holders ns they appear upon the the company, bu t also in crises ^ itockholuora or security holders hp the hooka of the company as Uuattji any o ther fiduciary relation, tbp. nath person or corporation for whom, Slip in actin g Ja given; also that th o 1' paragraphs contain statements fio n t's full knowledge and bwiA circum stances and conditions upa otockholdora a n d necurily hold or? appear upon tho books of tho toy trustees, hold Block and hocuritle! pacity other than that of a bona and this a ffia n t lias no reaaon to aei auy o th e r person, association or C lias any in te re s t dire c t or *! said stock, bonds, or other sccurlt stated by him. . ,, Tr,vr m B. W. O 'BRIEN, ft* Sworn to and subscribed befoT^ 25th day of October, 1946. j- " HEBA J . JONHS, Notorg My commission oxpiros Fob. *9. ? SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER YOU to 4/ m / Z B bpei| a nd or 80 wid t. jwlofig own iid pu ove $1 . 54, 1913, , 1933, f a anti f i this ion 8808 0 fi|U r, and fcfer*1 W. r ; ^ 3b.; KdUl ; Mnusnui Irintfl, {Ja !|p i. o. _ ;a . 0 . SmU tlonto. 'Uf ooko, Atli ita ,r Cln.j : E. L. Pb Smith* jrs, m ortj owning!' otal ampjBp, le r flocurii; next , ulockholl contftin-nO ud BMiurltj ,e books^b where 1$ ip p ra r np istees Ltm mid icinf 'I i tOj r W R-,-. O do Jwk pany ea. iin an; fbiodlooTooww5 corpori reefc u* ties , Mgr. Pi >r mp ry PublJ I960. Saille ^fcf Loa Angeles on a N a tio n -w id e B asis Alert to the fact that engineers the country over are anxious to modernize their pumping equipment as soon as possible, W arren is making an all-out effort to cooperate. Our engineering and manufacturing facilities have been enlarged . . . our nation-wide network of agencies increased. These agencies are staffed by trained, expe rienced men . . . ready to give you on-the-spot service. Warren engineers are pump specialists, having spent many years in this field exclusively, and they are in a position to give you expert, cooperative advice. WRITE DIRECT to our home office, Warren, Massachusetts, giving all possible information as to operating condi tions and desired results. Minneapolis Donvor HOME O FFlC f^s A N D FACTO& y w a rren ,mass Detroit *jlkv. 139O^ , JA*4?Boston Hartford r C ' Now York land -^r Philadelphia Richmond Atlanta Houston ^ New Orleans V A R RE N. S T E A M P U M P C O M P A N Y , I N C . W A R R E N, M A S S A C H U S E T T S is ife v ." W a rre n P um ps CENTRIFUGAL AND RECIPROCATING S3;rVa/.r` If e fpr: Power Plants-- Chemical Plants -- Paper Mills -- Food Industries --- M etal Working -- O il and Mining Services SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 N e w Eq u ip m e n t Flexible Polishing Wheel The Manhattan Rubber Division of Raybestos - Manhattan, I nc., Passaic, N. J., announces its latest addition to its line of polishing and finishing wheels. The new wheel is the most flexible of this series of soft neoprene bonded polishing wheels. The wheel is bonded with a specially modified compound of neoprene im pregnated with abrasive grain. This neoprene wheel can be varied over a wide range of densities dej.pending on its ultimate application. ' This Manhattan wheel has already found its place for finishing on stain less steel, glass, non-ferrous and pre cious metals. I t is supplied in the finer abrasive grain sizes or with pumice, rottenstone, or other mild abrasives and is very effective in blocks and rubbing pads as well as in wheel form. Industrial Oil The Texas Company announces three additions to the line of Re gal Oils, which are designed for tu r bines and hydraulic and circulating systems. The new lubricants are classified as Regal Oils AZ, F, and G. The first of these is suitable for use in hydraulic equipment in sub zero temperatures, and the latter two are developed for use in mills where rust and oxidation inhibited oils of corresponding viscosity are needed. These oils are rust and oxidation in hibited oils which prevent clogging of oil lines, scoring of journals, and sticking of governors in marine and stationary turbine installations as well as rusting and sludging in hy draulic and circulating systems at both idle and operating temperatures. The oils separate easily from wa ter, do not foam, and are non-corro sive to bearings. Tests have that the new oils are many more resistant to oxidation th bine oils not containing inhibit W elding Timers The Control Division op Electric Company, Schenec Y., announces the red esig n complete line of sequence quence-weld timers for re welding. The new design quick change of the weld quence, easy inspection and ; tenance, and remote operation.5 eludes an unproved electronic*; circuit which makes possible .'tf" sistent welding speed high-production welding wit timing intervals. I t coordinates the mechani eration of an air- or fluid-jj spot or projection welderj iv flo'jy of welding current! terbiined by a synchronous^; weld timer. For less exactii cations, the sequence-weld vides the necessary control1?; mechanical sequence of or and non-synchronous control time. m W ater Filter Bowser, Inc., Fort W diana, announces a new water filters for industrial ) tration. Known as the Flgf;;l ies. Bowser filters range in from 15 to 500 gpm with . BUFFALO /. N. Y. SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEM&f ve shown iny timi than tur, hlbitors Genera: ictady, N, D Of i1 t: and resistan i permil iding nd main ion, It in utile timer e the contential to fith short mical opl-operated. with the : as cie-precision; tag appllImer pro-; 1 of both;; operation., il oi weld.t lyne, In-S series of; water 611 Ser- : i capacity; 7 to 248 The real wealth of a nation lies in its power to produce. And the greater the production, the greater the pros perity of its people. Production depends on many things. Not the least of these is the efficiency of the equipment that controls the flow of the innumerable media that constitute the lifeblood of Industry. Powell's contribution to national prosperity is a line of valves that is so complete that today there are Powell Valves adapted to every,service in every branch of modem industry. The Powell Line of Valves for Power Plants includes Bronze and Iron Valves of all required types, sizes, and designs and all types of Cast Steel Valves {in cluding an outstanding line of Non-retums) avail able in pressure classes from 150 to 2500 pounds. Where quick, positive'operation by remote control is desirable, electric motor operators can be furnished. The Wm. Powell Co., Cincinnati 22, Ohio DISTRIBUTORS AND STOCKS IN ALL PRINCIPAL CITIES Catalogs furnished on request. Kindly state whether you are chiefly Interested in Bronze, Iron, or C ast Steel Valves. F ig . 375-- 200-pound Bronze Goto V alvo w ith crow ed end, inaldo crow rising tom, union bonnet and renew able, w ear-roslstlng " Pow ellium 0 niekol-bronzo taper wedge olid d isc in aizos K * to >', in clu eivo ; taper wodgo doublo d isc in s iz e s 1 ' to S'*# in c lu siv e . I t 1793-- 175-pound Iron Body Bronze Unfed Q u o Vo lvo lo r 125 poundo W . a d h 'iiie o 2* lo 3 0 ', In cl. Ha Hanged ' l , boltod llangod yo ke, outside screw ite m and laper wedge solid disc, fed per wodge doublo disc ca n be proIn sizes 2 ' to 1 2 ', In cl. Seat rings J .-.Irm a re in bronze. D isc la bronze 4 * and am aller sizo va lv e s; bronze ;W in tho larger size s. Also evaltabte AH Iro n . 1 |eZ41-- 125-pound Iro n Body Bro nze u v .n Globe Valve, M ade In sizes 2 ' I t ' , in cl. H a s Hanged ends, outside flfWl risin g s te m , bolted Hanged yoke 1 regrin dab l !, renew ab le bronze seat !fdlsp. Also availab le in A ll Iron. Flo - 1708-- 200-pound Bronxo Glob Vatvo with icrow od ond, union bon net, ronowable stainle ss stool out and roorindablo, renew able, w ear- resisting "P o w o lllu m " nlekol-bronzo aomi-cono pluo typo dioc. M ad e In alio s to 3 ' , Incluolvo. F ig . 3003 W .E .-- C la ss 300-pound C ast Stool Qato Valvo w ith welding ends, outsido screw risin g stom and boltod flanged yoke. F ig .559-- 125-pound Iron Body Bronze M ounted Sw lno Cho ck V alvo . M ade in siz e s 2* to 16#t In cl. H a s llangod ends boltod flanged cap and rogrindablo, ronewablo bronze seat and disc. D isc, whan wido open perm its fu ll unob structed flow through tho valvo body. Also available in A ll Iron. vac: JTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1944 NEWS-- Continued square feet of filtering area. These filters occupy much less space than is needed for conventional sand fil ters. Filter elements are tubular, plastic impregnated cartridges which sup port the filtering medium. Diatomaceous earth is deposited evenly on these cartridges from the pre-coat pot and removes particles as small as Vi micron. Remotely Adjusted Valves The L eslie Company, 261 Grant Ayenue, Lyndhurst, N. J., announces a now single-seated, internal pilot, piston operated reducing valve de signed to be remotely adjusted from a conveniently located air loading panel. Known as Class LT-3, this reduc ing valve with the Type ARP air loading panel is especially adaptable to process piping arrangements that require hazardous or inconvenient re adjustments of inaccessibly located valves. In operation, the reducing valve is adjusted to the desired pressure set ting by air pressure supplied by the air loading panel. The constant load ing force on the upper diaphragm of the reducing valve opens the con trolling valve and is balanced by a constant reduced pressure propor tional to the loading force. Furnished in high pressure bronze or cast steel body with flanged or screwed ends, these valves have com- ' 5 rain pletely interchangeable reniblffij parts, stellited seat rings, and ji' ened stainless steel main va -'f v * Automatic Water Feed CdnbblH Combustion Control Corpqb/ 77 Broadway, Cambridge, MasJij nounces the Fire-eye Boiler ;i water Control; Type 15GK;;t:';js is an automatic control for njaiT ing desired boiler water level: j stantly turning off fuel suppf sounding an alarm at a dahget! low water level. The equipment? tains nb moving parts, no flo'1" bellows seals, no vacuum tu quiring replacement. It is an.f Dating current control that coinbl a probe circuit and transformeHfi operate a direct current relay thrd) a rectifier. Direct current is ui<j| the relay circuit to eliminate chtl increase contact pressure, and niL-, possible the use of 'low alternatif" current voltages in the probe circuit T- he probe fitting is mounted pa-finjjil llel to the water column and wh to the control. There are three profe within the fitting. The top and mij die probes determine the high ,; low water level at which the bpjtl U RRAY STEAM TURBINE G E N E R A T li UNITS The unit shown was one of thirtyjijtj signed to deliver 500 KW altemqh current on steam at 285 lb. Gauge ?" * pressure,* 700 degrees F. total tempi ture and 27 inches vacuum. Provid e with a rigid structural steel baseplate and with all service connections cxcej; generator leads above the floor line, tb machine can be handled as a unit ' installed with a minimum of preparation! 500 KW -- PACKAGE TYPE M U R R A Y also produces M echanical Drive Turbines -Horizontal and Vertical Reduction Gears Steam Boilers While "Package Type" units were nished for export for installation (h remote areas not previously suj with power, the design can be utilizi For small industrial plants for inain.-^ standby power supply. MURRAY BUILDERS OF STEAM IRON WORKS COMPANY B U R L I N G T O N , IOWA P O WE R E Q U I P M E N T FOR T H R E E - Q U A R T E R S OF A CENTU S O U TH E R N PO W ER & IN D U STR Y For NOVEMBER mentir hardis? S . RAVITY WATER PRESSURE I ATIONj s-. al Feedij Whlcl, intaia$n ind iaJ; y and"; rou3)y:; it con-rl iats >es re i nbin.sTMS#S ner to trough _;H ised in (jjjs hatter, ;,1 make mating '/|f ircuit. i para- JJ wired '5= probes d midjh and boiler NG ition, : fur iti in -plied ilized in or * For general w ater service or for fire protection, you can depend on gravity w ater pressure, as pro vided by Horton elevated storage tanks, to furnish w ater at a mom eiit's notice! Horton all-w elded elevated tanks are widely used throughout the South for this pur pose. The 75,000-gal. cylindrical-col umn tank at the right is a typical elevated w ater tank installation. It was erected at the T. R. M iller Mill Company, Inc. at Brewton, Alabama, and is used to supply w ater -to the saw mill, planing mill, shop, veneer mill and box factory. The tank is filled twice each day, early in the morning and again in the late afternoon, with a 1,000-gal. per min. electricallydriven pum p. About 150,000 gais. of w ater are used per day for boiler feed and other uses. Ac cording to th e T. R. M iller Mill Company, the w ater supply from the tank is "os near 100% perfect as w e could expect." Investigate Horton all-welded elevated storage tanks when con sidering a gravity w ater supply for general service or fire IHviV protection. S' ' X & >V Wi s hfi.- w if. Hi .a* \ pr : J .-I m /y' 1, m The Horton cylindrical-column tank shown above provides a gravity supply of water for general service. It holds 75,000 gals, and is 100 ft. to bottom. IH IC ARO B R ID G E A tla n ta , 3 . . . . . . 2130 H e ale y Bldg, Birm ingham , 1 . ,, . . 1500 N , Fiftie th S t. C h ic a g o , 4 .............................. ..... M c C o rm ic k B ld g . San Fran cisco , M . . 2 2 B a tte ry t. Bldg. Clevelondl. IS . . . . . . * G u ild h all Bldg. T u lsa , 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . Hunt Bldg. Plants at B IR M IN G H A M , C H IC A G O & IR O N CO M Los A n g e le s, 14 * ..................... W m* Fo* B ld g , N e w Y o r k , 6 .................... 165 B ro a d w a y B ld g , Philad elp hia. 3 . , . 1700 W alnut S t. Bldg. W a sh in g to n , 4 ..................... 703 A tla n tic B ld g . Houston, 1 5600 Clinton D rive D e tro it , 26 . . . ....................L a fa y e t t e B ld g . ond G REEN V ILLE, PEN N SYLVAN IA PAN Y JTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 N E W E Q U IP M E N T --Continued feedwater pump is turned off and on to maintain constant w ater level. The lowest probe defines the danger point below which water must not fall. These feedwater controls are sup plied for every make, type, and size oi steam boiler, with any method of firing, and for any pressure to 300 lb p er square inch. Switch Board Switch W estinghouse E lectric Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa., announces a new test switch for rapid, accurate testing of switchboard instruments, meters, and relays from the front of the board. Designed with up to ten elements and rated at 250 v, 30 amp, combinations of current and po tential switches are included as re quired for the various types of in struments to be tested. Individual switches are of the knife blade type and are separated COAL PRI CES ARE UP! 4 * KE E P POWER COSTS DOWN W W E IG H all coal accurately on Richardson automatic scales &oufhitm textile mill inifollolion of two tiehordson Corrbinoiion Elongated Scala-Conveyon boding pulvtriiort to 150,000-lb. boiler. Three other Richardson Scales load eotomollc ileken of three amali botten . The R ichardson C oal-W eighing, C onveying, a n d Feeding System gives you up-to-the-m inute, continuous re a d in g s -- at sight -- of w eights of coal co n su m ed b y in d iv id u al bo ilers. You d o n 't h av e to g u e ss -- you c a n in stan tly determ ine the am ount of steam g e n erated p e r p o und of co al by e a c h b o ile r, c o m p a r e e v a p o r a t i o n r a t e s a n d k .w .h . p r o d u c e d --th u s s p o t ting possible losses a t the source. R ichardson provides you w ith a com plete bunker-to-boiler w eighing a n d feed in g system . It is a d a p ta b le to la rg e a n d sm all p la n ts b e ca u se th ere a re statio n ary an d p o rta b le scales a s w ell a s the conveyor-scale com bi n atio n illu strated , for eith er p u lv erizer o r stokerdired boilers. E lim in a te g u e s s w o rk o n b o ile r e ffic ie n c y -- c h e c k it r ig h t . . . by weightt W rite for B ulletin No. 1143. RICHARDSON HEW YORK OMAHA PHILADELPHIA SCALE COMPANY, Clifton, N. J. ATLANTA BOSTON BUFFALO ' CHICAGO MINNEAPOLIS WICHITA SAN FRANCISCO DETROIT - PITTSBURGH MONTREAL - TORONTO by barriers. Moldarta switch are recessed for inserting cation cards. Each switch hah drilled for insertion of an intfjSi ing bar to tie together any thrsi jacent handles. The right q switch, when used for a trip TM is provided with a red handle to identification. Autom atic Welding Studs N elso n S ales C orporation,$! Street at Toledo Avenue, to] Ohio, has recently develop Nelson staybolt studs for use otij pressure heating boilers and pressure jacketed vessels. The Nelson studs are automa welded to the inner plate tit] holes drilled or punched in thi shell. Welding is accomplished! the Nelson stud welding gun I ating from a d-c welding gene After the staybolt stud is matically welded, the pro] stud end is broken off with hammer blow at the groove prd| leaving the stud end flush witL outer plate surface. A flat wasf" then dropped over the stud e&j is positioned in line with the]>| surface of the plate by the sh provided on the stud. The acts as a back-up for the plug fS ing operation which compleb staybolt installation. No problem fit-up are encountered. Guard in Boiler R oom s Since 1910 The NATIONAL BoiU; G i r t h S e a m PROTECTI For 28 years plants who want to play safe have boon turning to National Boiler G irth Seam Protectors for effi- .j cient protection against fire-crackng and pressura age and their accompanying dangers. Investigato this in* >? expensive, easily installed boiler protection system today, in. G* NATIONAL BOILER PROTECTOR DAYTON. OHIO (Write tor Bulletl SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER!'!,] P Asmi Jlown Hop por chutoi. nato pt si itch hand ng identi :h handle n interior ay three ; right ha trip curct; idle for ns ATION, 2 ue, Lof? 'eloped use on lo and lo nomatici ite throii n the ou: lished W, gun opj generati d is auj project! nth a li| e provide h withL.tj t washef/ id end a i the ini! le should^ 'he washj plug welj ipletes 1 roblemsti 3n CO. BER. D A V IE S S A L E S & E N G IN E E R IN G C O . Maritime Building New Orleans 11, La. are pleased to announce that they now represent B E N IA M IN F. SH A W C O M P A N Y Piping Contractors & Fabricators 2nd and Lombard Sts., Wilmington 99, Delaware Knoivn for Dependability Since 1 8 9 3 NCREASE PRODUCTION w ith S V A /T A K j A / k ,Pulsating M agnet* 'ELECTRIC VIBRATORS "Vibra-Flow" VIBRATING FEEDERS , Assure free5'V flowing bins, ' hoppors and %i- j, chutes. Elimi[)2 naie pounding |M and sledging. Smooth, ef fortless f I o w of bulk mate rials, instantly co n tro llab le by turning the rheostat. IO M OVIN G, W EA R IN G M EC H A N IC A L PARTS Write for free, illustrated folders ^SYNTRON C O ., 118 Lexington, Homer C it y , Pa. -- --------- --------------- ------------------------------------------ lUTHERN P O W E R & IN D U STR Y for N O V EM BER , 1946 LET S U P E R - S IL V E R T O P p u ll the plu g on loggy unit heaters W ater-logged unit h e a te rs p o u r o n th e h e a t w hen you get the w ater out and keep it out. Super-Silvertops p u ll th e p lu g a n d th ro w ir away! H ow ? By operating on the presence of w ater instead of its tem perature. Presence of w ater, hot o r cold, causes the A nderson SuperSilvertop to discharge. S u p e r-S ilv e rto p is th e in v e rte d b u c k e t tra p th a t gives sim plified piping w ithout cored passages o r split (pierced) g a sk e ts. It's d ie tr a p w ith guided bucket, easy-co-remove valve and scat, increased capacity p er d o lla r an d a proved record of trouble-free operation. A copy o f the 40-page book, ,lIIo w To C hoose A Steam T rap ", is yours fo r the asking. W ould you like to have a copy? E lb o i.0 THE V. D. ANDERSON COMPANY 1936 W est 96th Street Cleveland 2, Ohio : NEW EQUIPMENT--Continued S Interlocking Refaining Rings I ' Waldes KoHiNoon, Inc., Long Is land City 1, N. Y., announces the Truarc Interlocking Ring, Type 5107, which may be fitted over a shift in a radial direction so that the ring forms a complete annular shoulder of uniform section height around the circumference of the shaft. This eliminates the wide gap characteristic typical of conventional open type I "C" rings. This feature substantially Ir increases the normal thrust capacity of the ring. measuring rotating speeds frdiw'l to 50,000 rpm. Weighing o n l y j ^ the new tachometer is useful if production testing of equipment? stanteously without the necesfcltw permanent attachment. It used to indicate the speeds of elecf motors, machine tools, autoinj}| and aircraft engines, pumps blowers, and other types of tali equipment. The electronic tachometer of a small pick-up head, 6 ft oi. flk ble cable, and a measuring unit i a panel-mounted indicating reading directly in rpm. Either a J* speed or high-speed head can be:I with the instrument. The picker heads consist of a light in te rru p t disk and a phototube. Light sh upon the phototube through the < ings in the rotating disk produces'] put signals which are then trkiij ferred to the measuring unit wlifi indicates rpm. Powers Type D Mixer gives you hot, worm or cold water at any temperature you want. Heots w ater in most eco nomical w ay . . . mixes steam with cold or hot w ater. Heats only what you need when you need it. Easy to install. Can be used wherever a supply of steam and water is availab le atIO folOO lbs. pressure.W rite for Circular 3013-B or phone our nearest office. OFFICES IN 47 CITIES Atlanta. 135 Luoklo St. N.W. Birmingham, Box 27, Homowcod Sbtion Greensboro, 1034 Jofferson Stand- orti Blilfl. New OiInani, 309 Vincent Btiig. THE POWERS REGULATOR CO. OVER 50 YEARS OF WATER TEMPERATURE CONTROL 120 Consisting of two mating halves that interlock, the ring is of dy namically balanced design and par ticularly suitable for equipment in volving high rates of rpm such as spindles of textile machinery. Be cause of its positive interlocking ac tion, the ring cannot be lifted out of its groove by high centrifugal forces or by linear expansion caused by friction with abutting parts or sur i faces. Disassembly of the ring re quires nothing more than a prying action with a screw driver. i Electronic Tachometer ! S pec ia l P roducts D iv isio n of the G eneral E lectric Co m pany, Sche nectady, N. Y., announces a new electronic tachometer designed for I 1I Machine Tool Coolant System Inject-A -Flow P u m p Company, North Willow Street, Montclair, J., has developed a self-contained ] tering system designed to remoy, S e rv ic e m am FLOATS Established in 1894, Herculesi| Float Works now has bBO.OM'ii unit* in operation in the industry^; and ships of the world. Not of these floats has been return during the one-year g u a ra n ty .! >eriod, except by reason of f,a u lty or non-understandabl*! specifications. \riL Hercules Float Works are th*-J|j originators of Seamless Copper Floats- ,,,$1 "Quality First" is the Hercules J m o tto . It p a y s to sp ecify fU HERCULES Floats. 1* SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, EjQUII Ejld" coo l ;! y'stem hngul nco st ijecW |b n t bp ope J;The fri casi pump I j an e: Sd loi P kl,- H syster bt, W iijd a b: with jectric, ftlj jyHonAl tSquar ir'i com pg mac ndard indu` |Vy, sol ||r , 6- rough Th engi or- He jjgine t E 'jbe d ri " ,'moto i free 3 automa [li. Induci Spj20/44( 10 is fu land a !jj|as drlv 1$ weld' tft powei or or jo such a Se of tl 'UTHERh fro m jjj nly g { fui fo t pm ent eessity } t can ' of eie lutomoj "P S , fai )f rotati ir cor ft Of Q | u n lt w jfj t in g ut. h e r a lo * a n be i _ e p lck -m | ite rru p ttb j ht shln i th op oduces te n tra m it w h iejj f 'EOUIPMENT--C ontinued ^ |e ta llic particles in suspension *' i coolants used on machine ONE! .system consists of a seven galtangular steel tank in which Ejjpco strainer unit is mounted. SyWject-A-FIow pump unit is 'fed on the lid of the tank with imp operating inside the strainj|,i The pump unit consists of a jjdn cast, non-corrosive, centritpum p connected to the motor p i an extended shaft. Provision 'ade for recirculating coolant si K system is equipped with a ffdot., Wheelock flexible metal |Md a bronze flow control cock, ;er with necessary wiring and !ches. COMPLETE POWER TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENT FROM ONE SOURCE SCORES . . . . IN EFFICIENCY! ; Lei Modaxt's 60 years'engineering experience help you on your iransmis- I sion problems. Recommendalions are unbiased because Medart engi- i neers can choose from lhe entire field of power transmission equipment. am MPANY, 67.Jitelair, N-| tabled filo remove ^Electric A rc W elder Sk life H obaht Brothers Com pany, Brairt Square, Troy, Ohio, announces g j|W , combination drive Hobart Mg machine which consists of 'standard 300 amp generator and [lip induction motor mounted on |avy, solid shaft coupled to a feler, 6-cylinder industrial en|tJirough an over-running clutch jig. This coupling allows the jjljne engine to drive the welding or. However, should the gaso&ngine be stopped and the genpj be driven by the electric in,ion motor, the clutch will overI 'io r free wheel. This action is en- automatic. ; f HercuWl fll 660.000; industry ,i Not Oll ;.`j a;j returned v; ; | uerante ;f son of tandabla ;$i are the .!I Copper < :-;! Hercule specify,^ ' ho induction motor is wound for lP.220/440 voltage. The gasoline yfifte is furnished with an idling fjee and all other features that are fed by the Standard Hobart, 300 S)ygas drive. Is Welder is ideal for locations fere power may fail and the confetor or job welding shop operator ,,such a unit is able to take adJtage of the cheapest power avail- Shaft H angers Bicycle Type S h eav es V -B elt D riv es Cast Iron Pulleys Sleel Rim P ulleys Ring O iling B earings o W ick O iling B earings Bell T ighteners 4BER ^UTI-IERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 9| " P a te riU *M4&e a d ' C h ain Drives < Set Collars H ercules Pulleys s W ood Pulleys Shafting Friction C lutches Sprockets Pattern W ork Rigid Shall C ouplings s Flexible Shall C ouplings U niversal Shall Couplings M edart-Tlm ken-B oarlngs Iron & Sem i-Steel C astings W ire Rope S heaves C ut Tooth G earing M olded Tooth G earing EDART Strip Insulation From Motor Windings This Low-Cost Way! Whenever you are faced with the problem of stripping insulation and varnish from copper windings or coils before reconditioning elec trical equipment try doing this work the fast, effective Oakite way. A brief immersion of units in a tank charged with that heavy-duty alkaline cleaner . . . OAKITE TEST X . . . quickly, thoroughly, safely re moves varnish, lacquer, dried-on oil and dirt. Insulating tape is so thoroughly softened that it can be easily unwound without resorting to time-consuming knife-scraping. Use Oakite Test X also for strip ping paint from motor housings and other painted metal surfaces. For further details on this and many other maintenance jobs send for a copy of the new Oakite Power P la n t, Digest. It's yours FREE on request! OAKITE PRODUCTS, INC. 33A Thames Street, New York 6, N. Y. TocW cet/ Service Hoprr^r. I.'aii'v , In cu tcd In A ll P rin c ip a l Citfot o f |/m U nitoJ Sfatas a w f Conatfa OAKITE Special CLEANING MATERIALS METHODS SERVICE 122 History of Power This undertaking failed jnM vicissitude left de Laydf (Continued from page 90) financial resources. At thh Separator Company, L td.4| ruptures were, for that reason, rarely de Laval was now no longa ; accompanied by great violence. They ecutive, was a thriving coho, did, however, thwart de Laval's pur board of its directors realized poses. Laval could have lived a ! The cause of this trouble was in after having developed reality seated in the qualities of the ment which it now mahM feed water, As the water was evap but that he had not felt ui orated, scale forming materials were virtuous course of action; deposited upon the interior tube sur pany felt the urge to reward^ faces. This Incrustation served as an this character, and it awM insulating medium. The tube lost its Laval a pension of 12,000 Kttfi Ii capacity to transmit heat os rapidly L De Laval's death oceiif 5 to the water as it was being absorb Stockholm on February 2;^ij| ed by radiation and convection from career was an important and I) the furnace. As a result of this cir sive one. From a financial cumstance, tile tube was over-heat view he had made no substdij ed. When it was subjected to high mate, progress, for his faU&j temperatures it no longer possessed rendered nil the effects of.'ji the physical properties whicii were cessful undertakings. Frond,,( essential to withstand the extremely tific point of view lie left "jjjf high pressure involved. Tube fail endowment for those whdvi| ures were inevitable. follow in his footsteps. Ilis $ Experimental work of this char periences were chnracterizedfiii] acter requires the expenditures of significant circumstances. Ha;j considerable sums of money. Sweden afraid to try to make prog was at the same time in the throes of a depression. This circumstance com plicated de Laval's problems very taking bold strokes. His insatH sire to make progress was,:'aft. such that he could not bribfiwfl materially. He could not restrain to spend long periods of tiriiqlffl himself from engaging in bold ven his ideas. Instead of carrying, tures. With the passage of the years tensive development work;:, he was compelled to relinquish the chose to put his ideas to U important financial position which test." vjjji he had held in The Separator Com The character of his nhij pany, Ltd. was rare. He regarded In an effort to recoup his financial completed successfully as a'icjji losses, de Laval engaged in several to do more and better thin enterprises which were not concern people of his time lacked, in;] ed with the construction of steam ure, the capacity to app^ffl| turbines. One of these ventures hod as work with propriety becih its object the development and man "lived far ahead of his tlmqj$ ufacture of milking machines. This course of his career he wa effort was unsuccessful. He devoted member of the Swedish Hj^jj hoth his energy and his resources to Lords. Many years were to PS a project in which he hoped to de fore the full implication of. (ji| velop an advantageous means of re was to be appreciated iri .-'h! fining low grade Swedish zinc ores. manner. A World Standard for Efficiency Write Today for Information Vulcan SOOT BLOWERS VULCAN SOOT BLOWER CORP., DUBOIS, PA. Southern Representatives: John A. Dodd Co., Atlanta, Ga. Esholman & Pottor, Birmingham, Ala. Power Equipment Co., Jacksonville, Fla. j SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for N OVEM B|| I 19Q8J al is tirrig > 'Ser-i nice zed 1 life'.# thef< inufgi*fl this ,C liffl id vifr ward kron ccur 2, 19(3 and injjj ial poii stantlai 'ailuresl of hls^j im a,; a veryi ho wer [is life's^ ized b y l He wa " progre is a lia b i : s, mof ring hlij me co ying oil k, de ;o the phllosojj each ! a challe_ things. '|| I, in a ni$ predate! because-; ime". In. was mag h Housed to pass?! of his in a pr MBER, H f Feed Pumps i*i. (Continued from page 72) "Steal*1 p lan t- In addition, it is gary to credit the boiler feed 'with the heat generated in ,,.by-pass orifice through th e ' Ration of pressure energy. :;jp all, it can be stated th a t Iincidental to the operation Oiler feed pum p w ith by-pass are almost negligible and are red in order to avoid possible ffge to the installed equipm ent fgerious interruption of the Jjjjb provided by the steam er plant. When considered in Might, these losses become a 't reasonable prem ium to pay the assurance of continuity of I'Ice of the boiler feeding equip- ich an evaluation of the by-,losses leads to the recom TSdtion th at should th e size of installation dictate against the (of automatic by-pass controls " iy-pass should be left open at 6ws. It will become necessary Close the by-pass valve only ib the full load capacity of th e pump less the by-pass capaci$jo longer suffices to fill th e debd from the boiler. As a m atter act, in very small installations Ewith low pressure operating [ditions, the by-pass require$s are so low th a t they can be led to the required capacity establishing the design caity of th e feed pum p, and no sion ever arises to close the jjpass, For example, if the boil- pum p is originally selected Randle 100,000 lbs per h our of if w ater against a n et p ressure 300 psi, the required by-pass |c ity is approxim ately 5,000 lbs hour, and if the pum p is de ed for 105,000 lbs p er hour, by-pass may be left open under Editions. fj'is readily recognized th a t in /installations, this additional gn capacity will add little to (bat of he insallation, and is ('worth the investment. L arger [Ps should have autom atic con i'if possible, and, in any event, Wd have by-passes arranged in jordance with the good practices oated in this article. SUPERIOR SPUR GEARED CHAIN HOIST Standard, spur-geared type, capacity V* to 40 tons. Ball bearing equipped. Pressure lubricated. Effici ency 80%. HOISTING EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURED BY ON . CLEVELAND 5, OHI :: 'a s s o c ia t e s : the c u m X N D c h a ih .&* Mm. ccoo.; caarveE.tAM'o s,'ohio . tDe ,Bridget* l CHAIN fi MFLO^-JC.OO."/ BRIDGEPORTiMCOMSON.,*.S'.-A.tSNe.ETaA5trATrU^sJ CcHI AiwiaO S cg^ w rc. iU S co ., seaiT u 8 ,,w a : A N g E ST., CAT ' > *W $.S8. mraft i.V* SOLD THROUGH M ILL SUPPLY DISTRIBUTORS CHAIN HOISTS ROUND AUTO-BLOC Patented special type 2-goai hoist. Efficiency 90%. W eighs 20% to 35% le ss th a n o th er sp u r g eared hoists. Precision constructed throughout. Alloy Steel cut gears. TROLLEYS Steel-plate, ball-bearing trolleys designod for u se on straight or curved T-beams. Plain or g eared types. CRANES HAND TRAVELING OR ELECTRIC CRANES Built to specification. Tirnkon Soaring equipped. Blueprints supplied w ith quotations. WINCHES ROUND.No. 99 W INCH C ap acity 5 tons. A ll-steel con struction. Tw o speeds, one for ra p id lifting, Ihe o th er for h e a v y duty loads. W eight 135 lbs. No. 99 Junior 2-Ion all-steel w inch sam e design but sm aller sice. W e ig h t 61 lb n .^ _ IPUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 123 C A T A L O G S AVD B U L L E T I N S ! (Continued from page 12 ) This Is MARION, INDIANA Another 100% Layne City -- Morion, a busy, progressiva and forward looting eify of east central Indiana gets its entire water supply from Layne W ell W ater Systems. And taking a tip from tho city ore a brewery, a food processing plant, a radio and television station, two meat packers, a military Lome, & wire and rubber manufac turer, a glass company, a laundry and a wire and cable company-- all of whom hove their own individual Layne W ater System plants# -- Seldom does on industrial product enjoy such dominating preference as Is ecccrdod to Layne W ell W ater Systems by Marion City and Factory executives. Such preference was earn ad through recognized reputation of su perior quality and basically sound operation economy. -- Layne W ell W ater Systems are known to be the best that specialized engineering re search can produce-- and the best that Amer ican dollars can buy. For late catalogs and illustrated literature address Layne St Bowlor, Inc*, General O ffices, Memphis 8, Tenn. HIGHEST EFFICIENCY L ayne Vertical T u rb in e p um ps ate available in iifes to produce from IQ to 1 6 ,0 0 0 s a llo w o f water per m inute, H ig h efficiency saves hundred* o f dollars on power cost per year. A F P IL IA T C D C O M P A N IE S : L aynC -A T fennuai C o ., (itu U K a rt, A rk , * L a yum 'A ta n n ile C o ,, N o rfo lk , V n , n L u y n c -C o n tra l C o ., M ira p b la , T oni, + i J i y n c . C t n t r i i l C o . , M l n h a w i l t a , 1 m l . * JLu j t io l.o u lB ia n ft C o ., L akrr C har!*,!*, L a , * L o u liU o n n W e ll C o ,. M o n r n o . L n , * Lyne-N fW Y o rk C o ., N e w Yrn-lt C i ty * L a ^ io - N o ittiw e M C o ., M il w a u k e e , w in , * L ay n v -U h lo C o .. C o lu m l.u ii, O M a * Lnyn* P a c irle . In c .. S e n tile , W ash . * L ayneT e s a * C o ,. fT o u ato n , T e x a s * I^ y n a -W rB tc rn C o .. K n iisa o C ity , M o . * T .a y ru fW e ifle rn C o , o f M liuu;* n o t a . f>; ! 11u i-iip in Ll ji'. M i r a i , * J n t * m a t t o n a t W a t e r S u p p l y L t d . , L o n d o n . O n t a r i o , C-'t m n t l a * L a y m r IIIJ,p a n o A m e ric a n a . S , A ,, M e x ic o , U , P . (U V N E) ________ ' WELL WATER SYSTEMS VERTICAL TURBINE PUMPS 3 0 9 4 DUST COLLECTORS-- Bulletin 310 m j\J/ T ,-- D escribes in te g ra l d u s t collccto u specifically Applicable to tho grinding and b u ffin g m dnutry, Alao il 111nlrntc-J in n *'p ack iig ed ' ' ele ctrica l p re c ip ita to r which m ay be ntm ehed d ire c tly to the S^fner"1 "`it wbero higher efficiency is required. TH EEM IX I5N01NKERIN0 COMPANY, Greenwich, Conn, 3 A Q C SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR CON- J S j y J Titvlij--ttOuKiuM, *0 pugreti-- ` T .u AiiQ of Syncliroivouo M otor C o n tro l" tolln the HOW and W H Y and W HEN and W HAT of modern nynchronous motor control. Contains 45 diflgromB and photograph. ELEC TR IC MANUFACTURING COMPANY. Minneapolia 13, Minn. 3 f l Q / ^ TOOLS-- B ooklet, 24 page'-- " E n rineering D ata on the Caro and Op eration o f Culfor D rills' ' prPHonts facts of a technical no ture th a t will aid In selecting p ro p e r tools, rnivinittmSug p ro p e r bnlanco be tween tool capacity and job requiramont, and indicate the correct m ethodh of tool m ain tenance and rehabilitation. CELFOR TOOLS, diviflion of C lark E quipm ent Company, Buchanan, Michigan. trie generating plants. ELECTRIC ftPPnri TY COMPANY, Stam ford, Connoeticut; 3 0 9 8 SILIC 0N E FLUID - I'am phill pages-- C ontains a table of p h /Jf properties, vapor presaure curvo, a pumping Mpedfl, an d a dem onstratloa Qf> inherent stab ility of organo-silicon polymers. DOW CORNING GOEPOR^Ji Midland, Michigan. 3 0 9 9 PIPE AND r iT T I N & M ATB l. D K j y y -- C hart, 4 pages-- " C h a rt'o f!1' and FiLting Ma tori ala ' deals with1*"S-f in term ed late Alloy, tainJe.ia and gn analysia ntcels, and envera A.S.TAf, nations, chom H try, acry ice lmUailohaj? w elding procedure!, TU B E TURNS#!,tcL , Loulnvillo 1, Ky. 4 0 0 0 LDCATE SEINE -- Pamphlifl Describes operating conomisai tho Lixftto Rock S alt D issolver proddOr^ re g e n eratin g soal Ito w ater softeners. lit NATIONAL SA LT COMPANY, INO., f ton, Pa. 3 0 Q 7 EL E C T R IC A L E Q U IP M E N T -- CtttnJ U 7 / log No. 40-1, 8 pagN---Deaeri bua "R o ta tin g E lectrical E q u ip m en t" mnnuiactunad by the Company, luchiden general dcA criptian of a-c, d c, and U niversal motor for application not met by standard motors; rtynamotoFB and co n v erters, m otor-generator nets, n-e and d*e genera tora, gas rind eloc- 4 0 0 1 CONTROLLER -- Bulletin $fA i U U I D escribes Model 40 C o n tro llb i^ F eat addition to I^oxboro lino instrqnjii for proccr control, Largo illunlrntio'ii plain m any feature of donign whichrjju this model a wholly now IniRrumeno^L FOXBORO COMPANY, Foxbo ro, -M ftiffiS in INSTANTANEOUS SERVICE MARION Gulf Stream Hot Water Heater U tiU i* lo w p re v tu r* o r llv * ilt a m lo our# ab u n d a n t hot w o lr r . GULF STREAM h eats s w iftly thro ug h 1 four concentric tube, including outer hell, providing Intim ate steam and w ater contact. Steam fill* central tubs and onnulor pace between two middle tube*. W ater enter! through pipe at eetreme U lt, till* annular space between central tubo and one surrounding ll and between shell and neel Inner tubo. Slidable packing glands a) shell ends rlh: ARIO MKS SEE YOUR DEALER OR WRI T E US provide for Rponslon and contraction, prevent sraln* u (4ty Condensate moves to irop and returns to system, tist+fv|*{j^ heat value. Here is ECON O M Y and DEPENDABILITY. HM'fj from A " to 0" In diameter, 4 ` to 12' In length. Capodty. fl with steam at 23 lbs. w e tj& jjj " 4,335 OPH with te** 1?,S9H from 50" la 160* f . U s requires little spare. Hoar line, c e llin g Standard design pilaw* Ibt, working preatara. milled f o r an y For Any Fluid --Any Apparatus, Allpa x THE PACKING THAT "PACKS ALL" y O U don't h a ve to rem ove old p ackin g to re p a ck w ith A L L F ^ ;? |jj square cross section makes A L L P A X easy-filling in any siuffingsjp T r y it once and you, too, w ill be e n thu siastic o ver its easy app^ca light efficiency and long wear. W rite us tor full details. Distributors Everywhere THE ALLPAX CO., INC., MAMARONLCK, l$ | SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY ior NOVEM BEf|| PRECOOL 3PE0IA cut. ftmphlot, "`g of Phyal^f a graph Q'f Hon of tltfi eon oi j oratiom; ateuiai# ,rt of p ith cerbei ad opecWTL .M. itiona, " w ins, mo: mphJet lomleB tWjFjj prodncea ia x jj'-. re. IT B t T NO,, Scran '^ i `W tin 3-81 iroller, turar,... i rations afp-L ivhich ment, Maas. Packaging Frozen Foods There's no secret about Foods Entering Frick-Freezer Almost everybody is now interested in frosted foods-- and in the method of freezing them. In the next few years, quick-freezing plants will be built in hundreds, if not thousands, of towns and rural districts throughout the country. This trend will affect you, and possibly your business. If you want to be "in the know" on the latest quick-freezing methods, write for Frick Bulletins 147 and J48. They tell how to freeze either large or small quantities of foods most profitably-- show how the most successful plants now do it. W rite uuS mi s e e s 1882 U .5 .A . nverdng oN Un ans Kty rofaftl or* 370 M MroKir* rh* Aoy be n*or >r on oL ,h W1 for 150 Mo* wb* olion. :o. / i t s ' '-e UPAX-- i|| [fing b o * l i c a l i o n . -/ MBER, TO BE SURE S p e c ify PEABODY BURNERS Oil -- Gas -- Pulverized Coal -- Either Singly or in Any Combination Natural or Forced Draft And Direct Fired Air Heaters Blast Furnace Gas Burners Fuel Oil Pump and Heater Sets Complete Combustion Systems Gas Scrubbers and Coolers PEABODY ENGINEERING CORPORATION MWW 560 Fifth A ven u * New York 19, N. Y. Atlanta: Rittlemeyer A Co., Bona Allen Building Houston; The Tennant Co., Gulf Building New Orleans: Allan J . Horri* Co., Bailor Building SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 TRIPLE FUSE SERVICE with this COMBINATION! KLIPLOK CLAMPS Supply needed pressure for easy flow of current! Increase fuse life , Prevonf burnt fuses and clips. Stop unnecessary shutdowns. Save power. Reduce fire and accident hazards. TRICO "Powder-Packed" RENEWABLE FUSE This "different" fuse gives maximum protection and THREE TIMES the SERVICE at no added cost. Custom-built renewal ele ment, "powder-packed" feature, and rugged construction make possible the following advantages , . . Tamper proof protection. Link support, N on-ifitorchengQ ablo link. Life-time outer parts. Safe time-lag. Guaranteed results. WRITE for Catalog! TRICO FUSE MFC. CO. MILWAUKEE WISCONSIN EVERY VALVE BEAT IS A SAVING WITH "Voss Va l v e s U EO . U .S.P A X O ff, 2/500,000,000 VALVE BEATS IN 4 VALVES PROVE A G A IN THAT `W 1W A L V E S MAKE CO M PRESSO R S RUN BETTER THAN W HEN THEY WERE NEW . T h is L e f t e C ., , ** * ** . a. t. ** . s lr ' Jun. 15. . v>*Y V " ' 'V .tr., S S > < f '55 ''n' 1 ^^SS SS^25- ll^ V I le J . so ... *4tl0 0" oW" ` 1T TMr i ~~ THIS IS THE * W WI s.UVIUAMLVE -------------------------------------------------------------- y AS G O O D AS NEW AFTER 18,000 HOURS OPERATION AT 2 5 7 R. P. M. Write us today for estimates -- send sketches or samples of your old valves to J . H . H . V O S S C O . 785 E.144TM St. Corner WALES Ave. N ew York, N.Y. NRfEffr One piwit fliHiatrueilon hoe'lar rated) of high iwt oast iron thjtfJii it or siurci up it> 2$n Itn, No solderod, brazed, welded er neot one to become loose or develop ^. j, i; No eleotrolysli to eause wtroiloa, i f S foaki, or hee.ing failures. I t's tho m aterial th at makes lho /dljjjgj G R ID Unit Ueatcru. T h at's why from m alntonon, expense. Manjr u n llii tlnuous operation over Ifl y e a n wjfgjj m aintenance. Complete Lafurnuiloti tpa? tabled from any of our tmuthi'm r e p ^ IIBled below. Aafc them for now booklet; ^ In U nit H eaters". '-M m SAFETY ENGINEERING COMPANY 1031 Oakdale Rd. Box 4791 AtfrmM Mr. W. F. Moerllni jiS GATHMANN INDUSTRIAL CORPORA? Stock Exchange Building Baltimore 7, Kf. Mr. Emil Gathmann jSf * . iiS s4 k j4 c 6 e v e * n e K t{ . MAGNOTRON1C DUAL SILVER POINT ELECTRODYNAMIC FLUORESCENT STARTER A fully automatic Thermal Relay (fluoros- ;.? cent starter) scientifically made to assure';!* maximum economy of operation, greater re- !; liability and moro consistent porformanca. ; : A thermostatic switch equipped with silver ;v| contacts, carbon resistor and nichromeji heater coil, bonded in a ceramic insulatingfyjjj} material of high dielectric, strength. Licensed under U. S. Pat, No. 2341520. Others Pending You'll find Industrial Electronics Corporation products in factories, office buildings,;^ stores, railroad terminals, shipyards, school-^ rooms . . . everywhere contributing to comforts of American Life. The {SP-I5-2Q} for use with either 15 ar 20 watt lampl The (SP-30-40) for use with either 30 or 40 watt The (SP-100) for use with 100 watt lamps 126 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, I9 | l&THERI h i [MEASURE^* ACCURATELY! j "rak. Mffan?ri,[ ht*y aro ftii >nita In egq without an may be ,v; cpr&MtiiaiJm ANY lanfa 2. >RATION 2. Maiyli lo re t- ssure r re flvor romo ting >ora- in q s tool- mps imps USE BUILDERS METERS Builders Shuntflo Meters are "tailor m ade" to tell you where and how much steam is beind used. This meter gives an accu rate total of steam consumed by individ ual departments, tenants and processes. It measures all steam flow . . . provides a precise check and an accurate total of main line flow -- eliminates waste and trims steam costs. The Shuntflo is selfcontained -- requires no electricity, mer cury or clocks. It reads directly in pounds, cubic feet or other units, and gives years of trouble-free service; Readily installed in any line from 2" to 12". For Bulletin 349, address BuildersProvidence, Inc., (Division of Builders Iron F oundry), 53 C odding S tre e t, Providence 1, R. I. U ILD ERS^PRO VID EN CE M O C C A S IN Bushings require but 2 to 4 oilings 3 year, at a cost of about 75c. Compare this to $5.20-- the approximate oil cost for lubricating ordinary bearings-- and you'll see why Moccasin Bushings easily pay their wayl And there are many other advantages: Moccasin Bushings are long-wearing-- actual experience shows them good for 20 years plusl They prevent grit or abrasive substances from reaching the bearing surface . . . eliminate improper and in sufficient lubrication, the cause of 75% of all bushing failures. Moccasin Bushings are used by hundreds of lead ing manufacturers. Try one on your most trouble some bearing. W rite today! jL- Moccasin Bush^ ings t u b r ic a t c from a leak - proof oil reservo ir. J L Place a continu" ous, u n b r o k e n iilm of oil on bear ing surface. J L No oil drippago ^ or flying grease to damage f l o o r s , belts, m aterials. j L Satisfactory per- ! ^ formance abso 3 lutely guaranteed. f t, 1946 f SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER. 1946 127 MANZEL LUBRICATORS assure PERFECT CYLINDER LUBRICATION for FULTON DIESELS BELT LACING and FASTENERS for transmission and conveyor belts W orld lam ed in ge n eral serv ice lor utrengih a n d long lilo. A flexible steel-hinged joint, smooth on both sid es, 12 sizes, M ade in For conveyor and elevator belts of all thicknesses, m akes a tight butt loinl oi great strength and Manzel Lubricators have proved their depend ability and efficiency in the exacting service of Diesel lubrication. As a result, the Fulton Iron Works and other leading engine manufacturers rely on Manzels. Manzel Model 94 Lubricators pump against any pressure usually found in Diesel engines. They deliver the oil drop by drop exactly as needed. The clear view liquid sight feed shows exactly the amount delivered to each friction point on each pump stroke. Write for Catalog 94-B. MANZEL B R O T H E R S CO. Subsidiary o f FRONTIER INDUSTRIES, INC. 3.18 BABCOCK ST., BUFFALO 10, N. Y. Builders o f H I G H P R E S S U R E for half M E T E R I N G P U M P S a cenhiry 128 and Guards for Boilers Tanks, etc. all Pressures Stito your mods C f a t V it WATER COLUMN &GAGECO Livingston, N. J, Livingston 6 - 1 4 0 0 f ilili SOUTHERN P O W ER & IN D U STR Y for NOVEMBER, \ W S fosia|in<j : tip Flotes,;: ing con bo f seivico, s a Song,, or patch.'/ ?laro Toop , complet^ ask io?' fy /touic i tere ngton 9 4 4 , III. M me IMS. e aires Co, re e t and \vanuo I 3, O. eolafg* cut maintenance costs with AIRETOOL tube cleaners The simplicity o f construction in ell Airetool Tube Cleaners assures lower maintenance costs . . . and cleaner tubes in power plants. A ll vital wearing parts in Airetool Cleaners aro easily replaceable on the job. Airetool's New Form cutters eliminate tracking and give tubes a clean, smooth, undamaged surface. Airetool's motors, with Balanced Rotor and Power Seal, deliver more power-- they make hard jobs easy. The motors are air and steam or water driven. There's an Airetool C leaner for every type of water tube and fire tube boiler, con denser, heat exchanger, and all other tubular construction-- straight or curved-- in sizes from l/ , ' r to 24" I.D . Illustrated is the forwardly swing arm head with universal joint mounted on a "4000" series motor, air or steam driven. It is designed for bent tubes of I to 12" I. D. AIRETOOL EXPANDERS Airetool manufactures a complete line of tube expanders -- meeting evory requirement of the modern power plant. Special heat-treated alloy steels assure a uniform grain and hardness. UIIETOOI MANUFACTURING COMPANY SPRIN GFIELD, O H IO Write Dept. S/> lor h u liv i In i on tu b o choners ond lube expanders eipc-cfally dosigned for use fn power plants. SMOKE METER | For the Determination of Smoke Density in Stack Gas The principle of this instrument is a photo electric soot density comparator designed for oil-fired appliances. The unit is completely contained in a small metal case. Write for Bulletin THE REFINERY SUPPLY CO. 621 East 4th St., T U L S A 3, O K L A . |UTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 HOW TO REPAIR LEAKS " CRACKS PROMPTLY, EFFECTIVELY When boilers, radiators, tanks, piping fixtures develop leaks, cracks or loosened parts, get Smooth-On No. I Iron Repair Cement. For more than fifty years the ropeir man's standby. To apply you simply mix Smooth-On with water. No heat re quired. It hardens like metal and stays tight. Maintenance man and mechanics everywhere keep $moofh-On handy for both emergency and routine repairs. You can buy ft in economical 7-oz,, I*, 5-, 2S-lb. sizes at your supply house. If they haven't Smooth-On, contact us direct. P R F P REPAIR " ^ HANDBOOK C lear instructions for practical, tested, short-cut repairs on equipment of countless kinds. Shows how to save time and money. 40 pages. 170 diagrams. Pocket size-- should be in YO U R pocket. SMOOTH-ON MFG. CO.. Dpt. 35 570 Communipaw Ave., Jersey City 4. N. J. ftoituMSM00TH0N Makes "Inaccessible" Valves ACCESSIBLE! Babbitt Sprocket Rims can be quick ly and inexpensive ly installed on any m a k e or size of valve to give in stant, handy control of out-of-reach valves. No more ladder climbing--fewer ac cidents -- less time lostl . . . Babbitt Rims will save you time, steam and man - power. Write today for complete information. Jenkins Brothers of Atlanta have a complete Stock for Your Convenience -- z /)a j u s t a b l e ---- SPR O CKET R IM with Chain Guide BABBITT STEAM SPEC IALT Y CO. New Bedford, Mast., U. S. A. A V D ELS P O W E R P L A N T E N G IN E E R S G U ID E W ITH Q U E S T IO N S A N D A N S W E R S CSgrtTi,. NEW p o f0 FROM COVER TO COVER! JU ST P U B L IS H E D --rFor All Engineers* Firemen .W ater T end ers. Oilers. Operators. Repair Men and Applicants for Engi neers License Examinations, A C o mLUojlTeitiory5int *'O* mnoCDnogolnkefo r * *% 1 5 0 0 P A C E S --6 5 C H A P T E R * 1 7 0 0 ILLU ST R A T IO N S.FU LL INDEX m m FACTS AT YOUR I l M J I FIN GER ENDS! PRACTICAL INFORMATION COMPLETE IN HANDY FORM FEATURING: Basic principles of Steam Englnecrlng, Including Boiler Con struction, Operation and Repairs. Gives practical Information on: Bolter Calculations. fucl3, feed pump, water heaters, economisers, water treatm ent. Injectors, traps, draught, safety valves, oil burners, stokers, condensers, ejectors, cooling towers, evaporators, steam and hot w ater heating, pipe llttlng & tubing. C ontains complete d a ta on all types of S team Engines and Turbines. In dicators, Valve gear, Valve aettlng, Air Compressors, Holsts. Ons and IJIesel Engine O peration. Lubrication. PAY SI A G at th is inform ation for y o u rself-- ONLY I MO. A S K TO S E E I T --M ail coupon to d ay! A U D EL. Publishers: 4 9 W . 23 St.. New York 10.N .Y. 7 (Mlayasll .f.r.Ae-e,U.tDriEalL. SIf POo.w--Ke. r.I PwliallnrtreemmEinistgSXinI)eIIennrs77 Guide (Pnee t ) on days and $1 m onthly until 5 1 Is paid. Otherwise, " will -r-e-t--u rn It. N a m e _____________________ Address___ O ccu p atio n .. Employed by_ SP 130 N IC H O LS O N C y lin d e r Control VAU set a new high in slow wearing Specially treated, o*ira hard malt that don't cut out. Stalnles* stoel where It counts. Trouble-free ilmpllclty- For air, gas, water, ail and other liquids. Cata log S44. W. H. NICHOLSON & CO. 175 Ohi60M! W IU ES-tA Rl fo r REPAIRING LINING PLA STIC LIN IN G USED I PLACE OF FIRE BRICK FU RN A C Boiler furnaces lined wj C A R E C O last two to f J times longer than tK lined with fire brick. W rit for quotations. CAROLINA REFRACTORIES COMP HARTSVILLE. J. C. THE NEW EDITION OF SOUTHERN POWER AND INDUSTRY'S "T* HANDBOOK OF AIR CONDITIOMI An easily understood manual of instruction for th who wish to learn the essentials of modern air-cop Honing, and an authoritative, handy reference bj for engineers, maintenance men and others who wo with air-conditioning equipment. Pocket-siie, 2 pages, 148 illustrations, !8 pages of tables, conve sion factors, and other data. " HANDBOOK OF AIR CONDITIONING" may,' obtained w ith a new or renewal 3-year su b scrip tio n SOUTHERN POWER AND INDUSTRY for $3.00. ------------ C U T O U T A N D M A IL N O W !--------$ l't' SOUTHERN POW ER & INDUSTRY, Grant Bldg., Atlanta 3. [ Please my 3-year subscription and send me ''HandB^ of A ir Conditioning." Enclosed is $3.00. N am e__ Mailing Address- C it y _________________________ Cbm ps ny_____ .______ ____ Products Manufactured or Nature of Businesi____ _ Stato____ -- -- .Position.-- - JHir ' ' E' SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER;!. mm Above -- No. 110 E x h a u s t Relief ,*$ Va I ve f o r c o n denser protection service. Left --No. 80 "Noiseless" semi- jifj b a l a n c e d Back Pressure Valve for (if Exhaust lines. Right -- No. 265 Turbine Bleeder Raj and High Pres sum Relief Yalve. Mit? may rlpfon 3.00 anta 3, "Hndbool :MBER, L-H large v o lu m e o f filling g iv es m axim um re ta rd to falling diops w ith m in im u m resistance to air-flow. W rite fo r C atalog 4 4 0 -4 POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 In 69 y ears of specialization on p o w e r p la n t a u to m atic valve specialties, D avis has brought the atm os p heric ex haust relief valve to a high point of p erfec tion, w ith a com bination of engin eerin g featu res not found elsew here. L e t 's l o o k i n s i d e t h e N o . 1 1 0 : T h e h r o n z e - t o - b r o n z e co n tact valve is w ater-sealed th ro u g h inlet an d o v e r flow pipe conn ectio n s in the body. V alve action is cushioned by a closed-top internal dash pot elim inat ing sticking of valve due to foreign m atter. F lap p er valve perm its quick opening, slow closing m ovem ent. T h e re is full pipe area th ro u g h the p o rt and all body passages. T h e valve holds tight u n d er high vacuum , an d relieves to a tm o sp h ere a t a frac tio n of a pound p re ssu re w h e n v acu u m is lost. H an d lifts, to p o r bottom , o r perm it testing the action and w hen desired. H ydraulic cylinders holding valve open Angle design available as w ell as horizontal and vertical, also valve that will function as a relief valve p art of the lim e nnd back p ressu re valve at other tim es, o r w ith hold-open a tta ch m e n t so th at valve m ust be closed m anually once it has relieved. Let us help you on automatic valve problems for steam . . . air . . . gas . . . w ater . . . and oil, DAVIS REGULATOR COMPANY, 2507 S. W ashtenaw Ave.. Chicago, 111. Ask for ENGINEERING BULLETIN No. 101A D A V I S AUTOMATIC VALVE SPECIALTIES (31 -l'EJJ CLASSIFIED ADS BUSINESS-- EMPLOYMENT--EQUIPMENT-- PROFESSIONAL CARDS--OPPORTUNE RATES DISPLAYED "F o r Sal/* Agents W anted, an d all o ther advertiuemeiita aalog bold face typ or otherw ise cilwplnyed, $6.00 per column Inch per Jnaertlon. Rate* /o r larger paces fu rnish ed on application. WITHOUT DISPLAY "Position W anted" advertisem ents. 5 cent* per In sertio n . M inim um charge $1.00 Payable In advance, (W hen re p lic a a r e to be received in o u r c are ai] words for the box address. WESTINGHOUSE AIR COMPRESSORS -- From Stock Vi H P . to 10 H.P. C om pletely A utom atic T ank Units--m ost sizes now available from stock. Westinghouse Industrial Compressors T hree cylinder air-cooled, tw o stage, 150 lb. m ax., 61 to 218 C.F.M. Also Two Cylinder W ater Cooled--Steam Driven Compressors. Joyce Industrial Elevators and Lifts All types of special jacks--Complete H ydraulic Loading Ramps. Steam Cleaners -- All Types of Pumps W fT t TO SOUTHERN SUPPLY AND EQUIPMENT CO. 54-S A U B U R N A V E., N .E. A T LA N T A 3, G A . Telephon: Cypress 1515 POSITION WANTED C o m p eten t an<l coneclentloun E nfrineer deeiree position as STEAM POW ER P L A N T SUPERINTENDENT or eq u iv alen t. A*re 43. Two yoara T e c h n i cal College. O ver 10 yeara diversified experience mostly supervisory capacity en Efficient Operation, M aintenance and Overhaul of modern steam Instal la tio n s fro m low to 1400 lb. preaeure. P o w d ered Coal. Gaa, OH an d S to k er fired, together w ith all auxiliaries, D o H lre change after lengthy service with present employer. Available on reaso n a b le n o tice. W rite Box Vyl . c /o SOUTHERN POW ER & INDUSTRY, G ra n t B ldg., A tla n ta S. Oa. POSITION WANTED Expediter available, Have widu experi ence following production and shipm ent electrical-- other equipm ent. W rite Box 799, c/o SOUTHERN POW ER & INDUSTHY, O m n i B ld g , -Atlanta 1, Oa. POSITION WANTED ami of I mutl- Mi'C'httiiJuni I'iiigliiEor with IS yoara aiiwKieitcih ah Coiubuat Ion and lu st rumen i m an. tent engineer, Chief Ensriiimr m atntonnncc in htku frn ntrmn pewur p la n t divdrea position an MASTER MECHANIC. BUFBIUNTKNDENT or P Ij ANT EN GINEER. M inimum .Sulary HS0 per month, W rite Box 71>3, c /o KOUTOKUN LOW ER & IND USTR Y, G rant B uilding, A tla n ta 3. Go. NEEDED NOW | Experienced and Appreij ties D ESIGN ERS ANC DRAFTSM EN (Civil, M i chanical and ElecfrfajT for work in Birmingheifl, Alabam a, for steam o|^tt trie power plant design work. Excellent workjrir conditions and good pS with one of the nation foremost corporations,'! W rite or wire stating ai e x p e r i e n c e , educatf salary expected and wKs you could report for wpi References required M. K ., P. O . Box $ Birmingham, Alabama: WANTED Design and Supervising EpsjlJ Mochulml IbidoMr, ` " ratm M r A .B .N .K .. w lU i U iltU U W In deatjsa and aupcnrialoo of * air conditioning and power for nets, ICxcellant opportunity w! n r Apply Box 798 u/o 80UTHB:i CNDUBTRY, Grant Jlhlg., A i w a 1 WANTED young lori operating engineer who is experienced in otoam, power sa d turbine operation. B u te age, experience und edu cation. Alao alary expected. A ddress Box 785. c /o SOUTHERN POWER A INDUSTRY. G rant Bldg . Atlanta 8, Gs. FOR SALE One O H V ertical elec, motor, 10 b p.. 1900 rpin., :t/,fA/22h 0i F M, VctUpbi (`tee, m uter, T1,^ he., 3900 rpra.. 9 /6 0 /2 2 0 . Two W 'houao transform ers, k jw., s ty le mvtl, 230U-22U-liU. One Ui" Bate valve. Two Sunned elLf Una JtixlOxB" tee. Quo F.M . friction clutch -pulley, 5 " bore. 30" DL, 1 3 * face. o n * Y,M. Dle.iet llywheel, 3050 lb,, 6 ^ * bom. till rpm. One Y-aheare. 30" pitch til,, 5" Imre. 8--"C" grooves. CARLISLE ICE CO., MAYFIELD, KY. WANTED-- INDUSTRIAL ENGINEER Of food retaliation and uwiotit, with spedai Icnroicdxn la plant layout* c/ proof* auch u ioive In p ip e r mill*, taxtil* m ills, m achine si tope, etc,-- wanted by orgial&aUah offering cnaslderahle p ro m u e a n d opportunity. Apply Box 791. c/o SOUTHERN LOWER & INDUSTRY. Grsnt Ulo* . A tlan ta 3, G a. BUSINESS O PPO R TU N ITY- MANUFACTURERS REPRESENTATIVE Well eaUblhthed, with excellent accounts, dealrea youurer juukxHaU having tM>th sales end nasineerlog experience, with ultimate objective of txdtins over hurdncM, Gire sapertene, education, ato. othwr pertinent details, all to b* kept eoofldeotlal. Apply Hex T9I flOUTTDSlN POWER it INDUKTOT. Grant BlOg., Atlanta 3. Oa. FOR SALI One (1) AMs-Chnlmora centrifugal pump, rated at 850 GPM against 200 f,M' RPM apoed, drivon b y IjfJ Chalmors, S-phaec. 60-cylo* motor, -with a Wefttiinihou0 r nraletl attto'tranaip*'** tj'pj fused oiit-outffi and 3 Ugh to Price F.O.B. Macon reaaonaq nfahod on inquiry. Apply SOUTHERN POWER G rant Bldg., A tlanta 3. On. SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for ngineered PROTECTION HIGH PRESSURE BOILER FEEDLINES word low 5pran./*V: AND; > I, Me ; ^rical) g h am ,\ > elecdesign writing ,& id pay ation's % >ns. ig age, cation;^ J when r wort, ad. C . Sb 2641. ma. g Engl**; 8/6 iw o t *c npproiiroM ' t, tondi' [SO H P ( , ilo. 220 e !!'.!>null ypo In * i# !i nable H] Box INR$ 'EMBERI Golden Anderson I HYDRAULIC 3 Double Cushioned Chech VALVES A excellent example of the outstanding engineering built in every Goldon-Anderson Valve. Designed for high pres sor boiler feod linos, the doublo cushioning feature pro- vent* any shock or |ar in suddon valve closure. Needle valve control allows close adjustment to regulate the operat ing speed for any operating condition. Also avail- able with manual handwheel control, In angle or globe patterns, sixes 2 Y2" to 14W. ^ GOLDEN-ANDERSON Specialty Company YR-FEEDER MULTIPLE SPREADER STOKERS 'Jfaw f BURN LESS COAL CHEAPER COAL IM, FYR-FEEDEH p ays for Itself in coal and labor savings. ^Itulomalic. modern, high efficiency tiring a l its best! Increases Oiler capacity with cheapest grades of coal -- screenings or peepings, wet or dry. CUTS FUEL BILLS! Easy la operate, fjjfcsponds instantly to sudden load changes. Burns fines in bus* fcBsion; larger p ieces on grale. Beautifully clean flame. * Safe, pendable. Multiple Burners, Quality construction. Easily totalled in minimum time. Standard ratings from 100 to 12,000 ol coal per hour. Wire, phone, or wrile. FYR^FEEDER INDUSTRIAL STOKERS 18-T E. Erie St., Chicago II. Illlnoi P | fntarejfed n FTR-fEEDER DooieriMp tntrefed a i Sold Reprotontalvo Q Send Herolura end delivery Information p*| Hove repreienlolivo coll Com pany., Addrc|,, fort PACKINGS ENGINEERS know that all leakage must be pre vented whenever possible . . . it absolutely must be kept under control in all in s ta n c e s . T h a i's why packings are needed! Even if your service conditions are unusually severe with oil, asphalt, acid or any other fluid to contend with, Quaker has a brand to meet it. Oiir pack in g exp erts are ready at all times to suggest and recommend the proper packings that will give you maximum results. Specify Quaker Pack ings. liny from your local Mill Supply H ouse or Hardware Dealer. QUAKER ROD P A C K IN G S A Complete Line of Rubber Duck and Rubber Flax Hydraulic Asbestos Metallic Semi-Metallic for all types of Service Conditions QUAKER SHEET PA C K IN G S Rubber Asbestos Fibre REa.U.B.PAT.OFr. For all service applications QUAKER RUBBER CORPORATION M irs. Jn chiefr ia l R u h h er P ro d u c ts PHILADELPHIA 24, PENNSYLVANIA NEW YO RK CH IC AG O . CLEVELAND H O U STO N W estern T erritory Quaker Pacific Rubber Company San Francisco * Los A ngeles 5THERN POWER & INDUSTRY Tor NOVEMBER, 1946 133 ADVERTISER'S INDEX Tlte A dvertisers' In d e x is published as a convenience, and not as a part of the advertising contra E very care w ill be taken to ind ex correctly. No allowance toil! be m ade for errors or failure to true A A lretool M fg. Co.................. . . . . . ............. 129 A ik en -M u rra y Corp. .................................. 100 Allen B rad ley Co. ............................. * Ah ta-C h alm ers Mfg. Co. . . . -----. . . . . . . 9 A llpax Co., in c. ....................... 124 Aluminum Co. of A m erica . . . . . . . . . . . . * A m erican B low er Corp. ................... 32 A m erican Coal B u r n e r Co, ..................... .133 A m erican E n g in e e rin g Co. ( llo ls ta ) . . . . 35 A m erican E ngineering; Co. (Stokers) ., * A m erican M onorail Co.............. 38 A m erican P u lv e ris e r Co. ....................... ..110 A naco n d a W ire & Cable Co. ............... 33 A nderson Co., V. D ........... , ............... . .119 A rk a n sa s F u el Oil Co..................... * A rm stro n g M ach ine W orks ...................... 85 Asbestos Textile & Packing Dlv,( ltjtybestos-M anhattan Corp, . . . . . . . . . * Audi.-J A Co., T hen . . , . .......... ..130 A u to m atic T ra n s p o rta tio n Co. ......... 29 B B a b b itt S te a m S p ecialty Co......................130 Babcock W ilcox (Boilera) . . . . . * .... * B ailey M eier Co........................................... * Bald w in-D uckw o rth Division . . . . . . . . . . * Bay S ta te A b rasiv e P rod. Co................. * Beico in d u s tria l E quip. D ivision................ * Belm ont P ack in g R ubber Co. .,..1 0 6 B eU , W. H. & U V ..................................... 31 B ird A rc h e r Co. ............... * Black-SivaIJs & B ryson ................... .101 Blaw -Knox Co. (G rating D iv isio n )... B ra d -F o o te D ear W orks ...................... * B row n In s tru m e n t Co. . . . . . . . . . ; . , . . 28 B ro w n ell Co.............. * Buell E n g in e e rin g Co., ine. . . . . . . . . . . 91 B u ild ers P ro v id en ce, inc. ........................ 127 Bunum an M fg, Co, .........................82 and 83 c Carlisle C ounty Ice Co. . . . . . . ........1 3 2 C arolina R e fra c to rie s Co, .................. , ,130 C hapm an V alve Mfg. Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Chicago B rid g e & Iron Co. ...................117 C ities S erv ice Oil Co. ................... * C lark Mfg. Co................................................. 11 Classified A d s ..............................................132 C leveland C hain & Mfg. Co......................123 Clipper B e lt L acer Co. ......................... * C ochrane C o rp o ratio n . . . . . . . . . . ____ ,104 C om bustion E n g , Co., Inc. . . , . , . 1 4 an d 15 Combustion Equipm ent Dlv, . . . . . . . . * C o n tin en tal Gin Co. ....................... .....1 0 3 C rane C om pany ........... 23 D a r t M fg. C o.. E . M ............. .102 D avis R e g u la to r Go. . . . . . . D ay to n R u b b er M fg. o. , , . ................... .131 * De L aval S te n ni T u rb in e Co * D e tro it S to k e r Co. ............ * D ra v o C o rp o ra tio n ( H e a te r D o p i . ) . . . . 89 D ravo C o rp o ra tio n (P o w er Depi.) . . . . 2 E E agio-F lcher Co. .......................................... 95 Edge M oor Iro n W o rk s, Inc................ 4 E dw ard V alves, Inc. ............ .......... ...... * Elgin S o fie n e r Corp.................................. ..135 E n g in e er Co. ............................................... * E rnst W a te r Column& Gage Co. ....1 2 8 E v erlastin g V alve Co. - ------------ --.... * F Fm M ofs-Q uIgan Corp. . . .. ...........114 F lsh c r G o v ern o r Co. ........... Flexible S teel L a d ri Co................. .....1 2 9 F tex italllo G a sk e t Co, ........................... ` P o ste r Whoelm* Con). ................ 79 F rtc k C om pany . . . . ................ .....-- . .125 FttUon Sylphon Co. 97 F yr-F eeder Ine!ustrini Sttokcrs , , ,,..1 3 3 134 U ardnor-D envoi* Co. .................................. * G arlock P a c k in g Co.............. ....................... 27 G eneral Coal Co....................... * G en eral E le c tric Co. ............................... 87 G olden-A nderson V alve S pecialty Co. 133 Goulds P u m p s, In c ...................................... * Gould S to ra g e B a tte r y Corp..................... * G reene, T w eed & Co. ............... 112 G rlnnell Co..................................B a ck C over G riscom -R ussell Co. ................................. * G ulf Oil C orp..................................................105 H H all L a b o ra to rie s, In c ..................20 an d 21 lie rc u le a F lo at W o rk s ..............................120 H offm an Com bustion E ng'g, Co. . . . . . . * H o m e s te a d V a lv e M fg . Co............ , ............I l l Industrial E lectronics Co. . Inguils Iron W orks Co. . . . . . In te rn a tio n a l E xposition Co. In te r national Nickel Co., Inc Iron F irem an Mfg. Co, .... Je n k in s B ros, .............. In sid e B ack C over Jo h n s Manvlillo ........................ ..................... 71 Johmav* S ervice f*n, ................... ., ,. Jo n e s F o u n d ry & M ch. Co,, W . A............ K ew anee Boiler Corp. .. K irk & B lum Mfg. Co. L L ayno & B ow ler, In c ......................... .124 L eslie C om pany ............................... * L ib e rty E n g in e e rin g & Mfg. Co. . . . . . . 24 L ille H offm ann C ooling T ow ers, In c ... 131 L incoln E le c tric Co. , ....................... * L ink B e k Co.................................................... 17 L iquid C o n d itioning C orp......................... * L u m m u s C om pany ........................... . * L u n k e n h e im e r C o....................................... 30 M M & H V a lv e & F ittin g s Co..................... * M any el B ro th e rs Co................................,.123 M arlon M achine F d ry & Supply Co. ..124 M arsh Corp., Jam es P. # M ason-N cllan R e g u la to r Co. --------- * M e d n rt C om pany ............................... 121 M idw est P ip in g & S upply Co., I n c . . . . . 99 M occasin B u s h in g Co......................... 127 M onarch F u s e Co.,, L td . * M orse Chalri Co. .................... 25 M u rray Iron W orks Co. .......... 11C M u rra y Mfg. Co., D. J ................................. 12R N N a tio n a l A lu m ln ale Corp, ............. 1 N atio n al B o iler p r o te c to r Co. ........... .118 N a tio n a l V alve & M fg Co. . . . . . . . . . 28 Mtu-gfu'a B low er Co * N icholson <& Co., W . H . ........ , . , . . . , , 1 3 0 N o rth e rn E q u ip m e n t Co.................. 34 N orton Co. ................... * N u g en t k Co,, Inc., W m . W ............ * P e a b o d y E n g in e e rin g Corp *.. Feerlesa Pum p Division P e r m u tit Co...................................... Phileo Corporation .Fr< P ittsburgh Piping & Equipm ent P llb rico J o in tle s s F ire b rick Co. Powell Co., W m ............................. Pow er Show, 17th N ational ... P o w ers R e g u la to r Co.................... F r a l D an li Corp. .................. P ritc h a rd & Co., J. P . ........... Q uaker Rubber Corp. DEL In o soft 44% R j R aybestoa-M onhsU an Corp. (Asiwji tots T oxtfte & P a c k in g Blvlultm) R e fin ery Supply Co.......... R e lian c e E le c tric & E ngin eerin g .. Co.................................. .In sid e From R epublic Flow M eters Co. ......... M R epublic R u b b er Division . . . . . . . I R iehardaon S cale Co. ., *........ Roas H e a te r & Mfg. Co............. R oto D ivision ....................... R ound & Son, D avid ............... LOI Ba soft Soft LOI By and ;, salt S arco Co., In c ................................. . S haw Co., B e n ja m in F . . ......... Shell Oil Co., In c ...............................j! S h ep ard N iles C rane &. H olal Go; S in clair R efining Co. . . . . . . . . /v!j S k in n e r E n g in e Co. .......... . Sm ith, Inc., WInfieM H. S m ooth-O n M ig. Co............. S n ap On Toolu Corp............... Socony-V acuum Oil Co. . . . S o u th ern N a tu ra l Gas Co. . . . . . . . S o u th ern Rail ay S ystem ........| ri S o u th ern S upply & E quip. Co. S q u ire s Co.. C. E .................... S ta n d a rd Oil Co. ....................* S tro n g , C arlisle & H am m ond Co.S tu rt ova n t Co., B, F ............ S y n tro n C om pany ................. HIC Thi h ns m sW soil salt LES f-'tJn BL( IJ!; O UI Taylor Forgo & Pipe W orks T erry S team T urbine Co., T T e x a s Co...................................... Todd S h ip y ard s Corp.............. T rlco F u se Mfg. Co. . . . * *- ...... v-:;,!.--..... & foi EWrtt.i % LO ,.v -cBm Mi u U. S. H orfm tm Mchy. Co.......... U nited S ta te s R ubber Co........... \PS7*- -g f y .ito " :l V o ss Co., J . H . H . .............. V u lcan Soot B low er Corp. w W a n t Ad?? .......................... * t W a r r e n SI e a rn P u m p Co,, JjJJp;.1! W a t c h e m o k e t O p tic a l Co., h 10' W eb ster E n g in eerin g Co: '* " '1 W est in h o u se E lectric Corp. A W h u o le r M fg C o., C. H .......... W ils o n . Inc... T h o m a s ............ W ing Mfg. Co,, L. J. ......... W rlg le v J r., Co.. W illiam O akite P roducts, Jnc. Otis E levator Co . .. Y a ru a ll-W a rin g Co SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for antraci. ? insert. .. .Fron t pment Co. k Co. . . . *. (A s bea- J'f Division).., $ e.e..r.l.n..g.......M- de F ro n t Cb* oiat Corp. M M 0M . IN EVERY FIELD CHOOSE ELGIN W ATER SOFTENER DELIVERS44/o MORE SOFT WATER In comparison with other zeolite water softeners the Elgin delivers as much as 44% more soft water. LOWER INVESTMENT Based on cost per thousand gallons of soft water delivered, the Elgin Water Softener is far lower in price. LOWER OPERATING COST By virtue of an improved distributing and collecting system, less regenerating salt and wash water are required. HIGHER EFFICIENCY The water softening zeolite in the Elgin is kept clean and active so that equipment operates more efficiently ,without attention--and mofe "zerosoft" water is delivered per pound of Salt used. LESS MAINTENANCE Unbiased surveys prove that with ELGIN quality construction through out, fewer replacements are required, lo s s of zeolite is prevented, thus elimi nating costly additions. LONGER LIFE Efficient distribution, collection and regulation of water and brine add years ,to the life of Elgin Water Softeners. LESS SPACE REQUIRED T o give the same capacity as an Elgin, other water softeners must be as much as 50 % larger in size. fxfciHng water aoffoner at any make eon be modernhed by Elgin to provide the above feature>. THE ELGIN WATER SOFTENER gives greater capacity and higher efficiency because it accommodates a far greater quantity of water softening zeolite--and uses it more effectively by virtue o f an ingenious manifold system and backwash regulator. Naturally, a greater volume of soft water is delivered because it's the zeolite that softens water--and more zeolite used with greater effectiveness means more softened water. A NEW BULLETIN . . . So im portant are these features to the users of soft w ater that w e have prepared a new fac tual bulletin describing the construction and operation of the postw ar Elgin W ater Softener and explaining the benefits and economies of softened water. Ask for . Bulletin 607. F o r hospitals it's Bulletin 6 0 8 . F o r l a u n d r i e s i t 's B u l l e t i n 6 0 9 . ' ^ `' - J S , LGIN SOFTENER CORPORATION 3 FTENERS * FILTERS * WATER TREATMENT * BOILER WATER CONDI TI ONI NG SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 135 WeldELL f a n excutttfde: Permanent identificatio markings on every fittili W eldELLS alone combine these fe a tu re s: Seamless -- g reater strength and uniformity. Tangents-- keep weld away from zone of highest stress -- simplify lining up. Precision quarter-m arked ends -- simplify layout and help insure accuracy. Selective reinforcement -- provides uniform strength. Permanent and com plete id<m.tification marking-- saves and elim inates errors 1'iop and field. W all thickness never less than specification minimum-- assures full strength and long life. Machine tool beveled ends-- provides best welding sur face and accurate bevel and land. The most complete line of Welding fittings ond Forged Steel Flanges in the World-- insures complete service and Undivided responsibility. JUST one of a number of : piping people prefer WeldELLS is ev$ fitting has its size and thickness marked on j$ such a way that it w ill stay there. The expense we go to in providing legiblepermanent marking pays dividends to users'! handling and storing WeldELLS in the shop : on the job. It eliminates "wrong size" errt saves time and trouble. Yes, it's another example of extra steps we t that mean extra value to you in WeldELLS. ^ it to the features listed opposite and you see ; WeldELLS "have everything" . . . why they j you the means of doing the job as w ell as itaj be done, as fast as it can be done, and, therefolj as economically as it can be done. T A Y L O R F O R G E & P I P E W O HI ' i uW General Offices & Works: P.O. Box 485, Chicago New York Office: 50 Church Street Philadelphia Office: Broad Street Station Bld$| Los Angeles Office: Subway Terminal Bldg. SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER,|S PRACTICAL PIPING L A Y O U T S|6 manjr ! every n it a errors; ey give y j it can [& refore, ia :i)l B E VALVE jngL .valve, tr* oe*iiti.>t. AJ VALVE- check valve PRESSUR; GAG THEflW OM E T E R 'r-in.*tn--'.f-l'U (wkiriM ''li 00 'I MWr,W jf.Vfl.VE-, nKCMMKiSXtiqN$ W kiwjtl. J o n k lm Vulve Fig. 106-A Bronze Globe Fig. 106-A Rfonio Globe Fla. 6 7 7 A O . S . & Y. Bronzo G ole_________ Fig, 106-A B ra n i* Globo Fig, 92 Bronco Sw ing Chock____________ Fig, 47 Bronzo Gofo Servie A ir Vents ondi Bleed C lly W ater Ir s i C o n n e c tio n C llPyreWveonlteio?nBackflow Fig, 106-A Bronzo G lobo Fig, 47 Bronze Gute fig , 106'-A Bronze G loba Fig. 92 Br. Swing Check Fig. 106-A Bronze Globo fig . 106-A Bronze Globo Provim iIon o buckflow Into C ity W a h r C ity W ater Chock'off Shut-off Capirei Float Exchanger Fig. 106-A Bronze Globo Fig. 106-A Bronzo Globe G lo b e Fig. 47 Bronzo Gato ftg , 106-A Bronze Globe Fig, 92 Br. Sw ing Check Fig . 104-A Uremie G la b e Fig. 47 Bronze G ate 106-A Bronze Globo fig , 106-A Bronze Globo Fig. 47 Bronze G ate System Ma (tuo I Bleed Pump Dcharge Shut-off Pump DhehorgcCheck, Floor Drain Engint Cooling Wator Cold W ater Supply Cold W a ter to Heat Exchanger Ditremi h.'jf^fay^itdthrim, .CoriiutiJng Engnree A typical circuit is shown for recover in g w a s te h e a l in s m a l l p l a n t b, g a ra g es , la u n d rie s , etc., w h e re a Diesel E n g in e is used to generate electricity. H eat in the cooling w ater is dissipated through unit heater, and also through an ex changer for domestic hot water supply. H eat dissipation cun be balanced be tween the two units by means of globe valves. A n uquastot shut-off is p rovided for unit heater fun. O verheating is prevented by a tem perature and p ressu re relief valve. Overeooling is prevented by a three-way m odulating valve which by-passes a por tion of cooling water hark to circulating pum p should the demand from heat exchanger and unit heater be too great. Suitable protection is provided against low city w ater pressures and provision is m ade for shutdowns and freeing air from system. C opies of L a y o u t N o. 16, en la rg e d , with additional information will be sent on request * , , also future Piping Lay outs. ju st Mail coupon. O ther types and pressure ranges of Jenkins Valves can be used for this layout, according to factors involved. Consultation with accredited piping en gineers mid contractors is re c o m m e n d ed on m ajor installations. A CHOICE OF OVER 600 JEN KIN S VALVES To save time, to simplify planning, to gel the advantages of Jenkins specialized valve engineering experience . , . select all valves from the Jenkins Catalog. J e n k i n s V a lv es a s s u r e lowest cost in the long rim. Jenkins Bros., flO Wliil** Slrrct, New York 11); Bridgeport ; Atlanta; Uultoii; Plnluilrljtiiiu ; Snn Francisco ; Chicago; Jrtikbit Bros., Ltd., Montrent; London. Knulnnd. LOOK FOR THIS Since JENKINS DIAMOND MARK 18 6 4 JENKINS VALVES Vor every Industrial, Engineering, Marine, PlumbingHeating Service . . , in Bronze, iron, Cast Steel, and Corrosion-resisting Alloys . . . 12? to 600 lbs. pressure. Sold through Reliable Industrial Distributor Evcrywhoro. I JENKINS llO S ., HO White St., New York 13, N. Y. I Please send me a reprint of Piping Luyjiiil No. 16, J j aiul fulnni l.aymiM a they bncuiitc available. Name, ---........... .... J A ild ro ss ........ . .................. . . I Company... .............. .....m, - - ------- - OUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 From boilers to turbines Grinnell Coin stant-Support Hangers "float" the pipin' at three Pacific Gas and Electric Pow Plants. These hangers carry all the load all the time to satisfy the conditions. i|j expansion, contraction and vibration.$ 1 1| Vl f - ,, r ,1 --- 1 S M f Ip*| GRINNELL CONSTANT SUPPORT HANGERS -- the ONLY Constant-Support Hangers FEATURES: Constant Support of pipin g in all " H o t" an d "Cold" positions. Pull safety factor of the s u p p o r t e d s y ste m is always maintained. Non-resonant, energy absorbing. M ass-p ro d u ced from standard precision parts. In d iv id u a lly calibrated for each installation. Load-adjustment features incorporated into the design. | 1 y -ia Y. W H W jB FSfl " *IA-- ' II Three m odels m eet entir r a n g e o f load-travel spei ifications. M inim um head ro o t required. W rite for data book containing com plete details. 1 W H E N EVER PIPING <S; IN VO SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMgi