Document 2JOO50ekZpmKo9B1zg7R2B8Ba

' ` Textile Section i; Executive Committee 1944-1945 General Chairman--]obn J. Busses, Safety Committee^ W. J. Dickey & Sons, Inc, OdIa, Md. Vice-Chairman--Davis Z. Waixey, Peerless Woolen Mills, Rossville, Ga. 'Secretary and News Letter Editor--E. G. Padgett, North Carolina Industrial Commission, Raleigh, N. G Engineering and Safe Practices Pamphlets Committee Chairman--H. E. Williams, Marshall Field & Co., Spray, N. C Health Committee Chairman--V. A. Purcell, Marshall Field & Co., Draper, N. C Membership and Publicity Committee Chairman--"W.* PL Taylor, Merrimack Manufactur? ing Co., Huntsville Ala. ' . Program Committee Chairman--*E. A. Roberts, American Mutual liability Insurance Co.,.' Atlanta,Ga. Committee on Cooperation with Trade Associations Chairman--F. H. Shotobd, North Carolina Dept- of Labor, Raleigh,. N. G . uisual Education Committee Chairman--S. F. Kimbail, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Charlotte N.C Off-the-Job Committee Chairman--G. D. McCeney, liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Charlotte N. C Members-at-Large-- JT. jE B$gebt, Johns-Manville Corp, Manville, N. J. Frances Bethxjne^ RJtf, Firestone Cotton Mills, Gastonia, N. G B. R. Brown, Columbia IGUs, hoc, Chicago, BL H. R. Cory, Beacon Manufacturing Co, Swaimanoa, Arthur S. Johnson, American Mutual liability Insurance Co, Boston, Mass. F. E. -Morris, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co, Boston, Mass.' W. B. Weaves, Marshall Field & Co, Spray, N.'C T. A. Wilson, North CarolinafTndnstrial Commission, Raleigb, N. G Staff Consultant--Pl. M. Baltzeb, National Safety Council, Inc, Chicago, III. *Put Gttsextl Qaihgun 563 I iJ.-i 8 v. - PLAINTIFFS EXHIBIT PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT 564 '33rd National Safely Congress, 1944 Textile Progress in Safety ; ByNEIL NELSON . Safely Engineer,. American Mutual I^alisiity Insurance Co. (Paper presented by L. M.Bakerj> In the year 1844 agteat stride forward reluctant to accept this hew reform but time was made toward safety in the textile in- has proved its Value and . industrialists are dostry. The Factory Act was passed and among those wbo now appreciate most the this legislation applied only to the textile, gains that have been made sinceits incep industry. It contained broad and sweeping tion. State Labor Departments, toe U. S. reforms and also provided for enforcement . Department of Labor, casualty insurance of regulations. Foot factory' inspectors companies, toe National Safety Council and were appointed and paid by: the ^Govern industry have teamed op in a gigantic effort ment Factory surgeons were provided for to stem toe tide of accidents and disease the purpose of examining workers under resulting from labors. In the short .space sixteen years as to their physical fitness for of thirty years toe progress made has been employment The employment of children steady and sore. under eight years of age was prohibited in the mills and employment of female labor was restricted. Special provirions were in troduced for safeguarding health and pre venting accidents. To control acddents arising from clothing of women and chil dren becoming caught in machinery, guard ing of machinery was introduced and made compulsory. In addition, no children, young persons or women could be employed to dean machinery while in motion. The act also provided for investigation into causes of acddents and up penalties for ma chinery unguarded after notice haid been given by an inspector that the condition was deemed to be dangerous. In all departments of the . mill accidents resulting from- machine operations .have been, curtailed. Hazardous machines like .cards and pickers have been equipped into mechanical guards over treacherous points of operations, tire deadly knives of shearers have been placed safely behind substantial barriers, extractors have been equipped with interlocks, -and so on. Driving mechanism has undergone considerable changes for. toe better, machines individually driven by elec tric motors are fast displacing toe old belt and polity system operated from overhead line .shafting and, while in toe older nulls, there is still room for great improvement, toe over-all progress is encouraging. Acci Thus we go bade a period of one hundred dents attributable to these factors have years to find in actual legislation some of shown considerable decrease during the past the important points which we are stilt, years. Hazards produced by toe manual trying to get instituted in a well-balanced1 lifting of heavy warps and beams have been program, of aeddent control today. Even at partially controlled ty modem methods. that time pre-employment physical examina-. Electric hoists operating oq overhead tracks turns were a requirement in toe hiring of now wind their way through departments, certain individuals. The added dangers at<j picking up their load .at one point and de tachcd to operation by female labor were recognized and safeguards provided. Not many years elapsed from thejime of the; new inventions by Margreaves and his col leagues to toe establishment of nulls in toe; United States. positing at another with very little human exertion or effort There are still opera tions which would benefit from snch equip ment andT have no doubt but that toe well planned weave room of toe-future trill in corporate such equipment to lift the in- Daring toe latter part of of toe 19th creasinfdy heavy warps on to the looms. century conditions began to improve and' some of the more progressive mills saw Better Wanning toe advantages of better and safer working More thought and planning is bring given conditions. However, progress came slowly by management to tnitt faytott. Location of until about 1911 when Workmen's Compen machines is better proportioned to room sation laws were enacted in several states. dimensions, thus bringing about -better Today, most if not all states have such , housekeeping; surely one of the most im legislation. Industry at first was rather portant contributions for safer working conditions, concrete an tenance pri increased v ter ventilai ally, of act older mills find great ticri of nu tific applic proved tiu \ its lurking ened like painted in dangerous parts in st longer str vent mjm contribute Experime pie benrii color the transfora comers s shadows tory for t So far ress smu hazards, m the t the acrid causes. ` theso-cs of COOTS than-- dii definite improve: machine group a of safet I hav mentai better 1 all mill this res ditions necessa floors : quate 1 drippin shaftin guarde stant c conditi it is he In f Textile Section 565 conditions. Modem mill -construction of important condition is the response of the ^ ncrete and isfcedhas been a boom to main-' man doing-the job. What progress have __Jance problems. Window area has been we made in training and education of the increased with, more natural light and bet mill hand to do Ins part in the march of ter ventilation. Good lightingis a definite Safety? It has long been recognized-that ally, of accident prevention. Many of the the key man in this training program is the-'! older mills with this still a problem may Overseer. To the mill hand the'Overseer find great assistance in the new combina is tiie company. Whatever his actions are, tion of modem electric lighting and scien whatever he takes, good or poor,-to the tific application of paint Experiments have man under him, that is the position of the proved that even the dingiest comer with company. In safety, as with all matters con \ its linking sinister shadows can be bright cerning production, management must lay ened like sunshine with paint Machines out a program for the mill hand to follow. printed in two-toned colors bring out the It is not sufficient for the personnel director dangerons points of operation and moving, to thrust a printed set of safety rules under parts in sndh vivid detail that operators no the nose of a nervous new employee and longer strain their eyes and nerves to pre expect to send a safe-worker into the mill. vent injury. This same painting has also contributed greatly to better housekkeeping. Experiments have shown that when a sim ple bench vise has been.; printed a bright color the usual chaos' an the bench was transformed , into order, and; when dingy comers are brought out from, under the shadows they no longer become the reposi tory for useless junk. Accidents caused by unsafe working prac tice is just another way of saying accidents caused bylaid, habits.. We all have some^ and even for the most intelligent it takes dine and practice to overcome them. Train ing and supervision are definitely the re sponsibility of the Overseer. Even today when labor conditions are so acute, that responsibility still holds. Ary Overseer^ So far I have discussed' mainly the prog together with his second and third hands, ress made in the control of mechanical can institute a safety interest by good super hazards, but it should be -understood that. vision, encouragement- and. commendation ' in the textile industry less than 25% of to his help that with no'other safeguard toe accidents recorded are from mechanical will materially improve Ins accident.experi Ncanses. The predominance of accidents in ence. Add to tins the mechanical and main the so-called non-mechanical group (which tenance vigilance which I mentioned earlier of course means accidents by agencies other and the improvement will be even , greater. than-: direct machine operation) demands definite attention because no matter what improvements are made in the guarding of machinery, if the factors ',governing this " group are not controlled, then the progress of safety will stall. Supervisors can learn much in the mutual exchange of ideas -and information and where meetings are frequently held for fjahk discussion of problems (with a willingness-to-be-shown attitude evidenced by top officials) the safety program trill live I have already mentioned the improve and thrive. Another indication of leader ment in null layout and contributions to ship and interest is provirion of adequate better housekeeping, but unfortunately not first-rid and medical facilities. Most of the all mills have fully extended themselves in large mills have very good facilities with this respect There are still too many con registered muses on fall-time doty and ditions of poor maintenance that cause un periodic visits by medical doctors. Not only necessary accidents every day: badly worn does this assure all employees of competent floors and stair toads, stairs without ade- * and sympathetic treatment in case of in quate handrails, leaky pipes and faucets, jury, but it plays an important part in as dripping oil from overhead motors and sisting them for better health all around. shafting;, rickety ladders and platforms, un The medical program is bound to expand guarded elevator landings and so oh. A con as. we make farther-progress. stant campaign is necessary to control these conditions. Many nulls.do a .splendid job; it is hoped that mary more will follow suit Just recently I read a magazine article entitled, "The Weave Room Is'Under ground/* It described a sew textile mil], hi the last analysis of safety the most which is unique and revolutionary in de- 566 51r<f National Safely ty1944 sign. A two-stoiy- brick building approxi thekKmn mdperatida. Hoorgarestandard mately 120* x 100Vwindowless, and ooecom-; maple insulated against moistnrecondensa- plete floor below the ground level . Onthe - tion.anditoexWafl intenon^^^;tocedjwith ground level is a' cotton spinning rpoin and saltglazedtile which needsnOp^ting and underground is a complete; weave ; room. helps,to diffaselight. Macriincsari;modem The idea was to build a weave room under- and iuy^tt)^y'i`.^yen;.irit^^;^nijiwfjc;V Tbe` ground sothatthewalls would notbe sob- entire mill is a s^^ engrnwsr'sfparadise. jected to toe wide variance in-temperatures Afterreadingtbe ;a^cte;***4Ate -from day-to day and season.. to season. pictures, I tried to ryistafla^'fl^'^Hritety Provision was made for humidity and tem - activities^.; A managoncirtspp perature control. For lighting, daylight must have had safety i':p^p.^jtogi?in. fluorescent lampsare mountedm continuous -)I could seeitoe mats} Btipotenit.<.'tidsJ;d>- j troughs in the fwling nhiph 'prt> ilwignwl jectnot as anaddedchoretoW indulged to give maximum illumination at doth level in, when times 3M 'n^^ as part.o The ceiling of toe weave room is insulated the.hroad pictnrie wfaerein aIl arc protected so that a conversation at slightly;, louder m- a:--mrdltoirdfied. rand eSamt sdieme of than ordinary tone .can be carried on with prodndkn.'-^-'. W attain safe-:pr :1(E^iei'iinaqr-:ti ptoddctioh'u! phyridd'-'seese - oanprisinghi 4.. The jdai variousaids it is tompped of machinery What the Supervisor Should l&ow About Accident Prevention Personnel Director, Brandon Oxpantion, Greenville, S. C. v !* W- $,i*-r First of afl, a supervisor Shbidd know whohasnot attaityrdtoestatepf-mindso enough of the facts concerning accident 'often mfcrrd to as "Safety; Coiaaous." history, statistics and theory, to knowas a matter of odnvictign, that accidents are in toe tnahi, PREVENTABLE OCCUR RENCES. Tn oae of *rplantswhere toe frequency rate had for several years'aver aged from twenty-aght to thirty-eight we inaugurateda ten minute session devoted to an explanation ofaccidentstatistics, theory of occurrence; :and education of supervisors -an die preventable nature of accidents, as pari of the regularly scheduled monthly meetings. Yery tittle else was done at toat time, or for several months later. Tbiswas started in July of 1913. The plant had hs. first month of no-lost-time operationin No vember. It had one lost-time accident . in December, 1943, and its next lost-timeacch; .dent id- August' Apparently, it will fetish " up the-current.accident accounting year with - not more thad three such lost-time accidents, a reduction to las than ten per cent of toe five year average. This wms not the only measure taken. However, it ls`tny firm opinion that the devdoped conviction of each and every supervisor that accidents art pre ventable, was snainjty responsible for the in . - .Along with tfae convictiba ;that ACCI DENTSr^REPREVENTABLE, the sa- - perriwr :dioi^;lBto:tliti; . man-; in toe prcvehtioif ofacddents,,and that his is ; the pnmaty -RESPONSI- BMTY.: He .miat'-lmow^ag^KtoVsiich fashion ;'as vtO amwaif:^ toat the preveniumof accidents is tm of trie, direct obHgatiohsol Management; hi general, and of Supervisors nt particular!. Thesupervisortmistlexrw hispiacein thescfaenKof-GR^^ ORGANIZATION itself Otoerwise he cannot know his.responsihtlityoc thescope . of Ws. authority^f^ rdne gqes; with ; toe' otbty. ! The very. scheme of thcf;organisation of nii department places him ; ini the - posi tion of AUTHORITY and RESPONSI- BILJTY, He tnustknow that his entire dquurtment depends, upon him lor its ore *ders and its contacts in ,the workjtfthe other departments in toepJanO He!iltoe leader, arid his. it. toerespobsfttility fof'the integrationof. the work of his department with toatof tbeothers toformahar- auguration of a.soccessful safety movement in that plant There is not nows angle. fore But production alone is not the whole rf man at that plant who will not argue long Ins responsibility.7 TherenrastbeSAFETY and load upon toe subject nor: is there one along wito- prodocthm. r/tod in order; to ``CotorjiS'S 'batiindpriry; nefen^l ' 'TtaOOt^i"^ 'if\6ito.::kno!i . anmmd;0fv-1 ' of jtidA as tantotiw'ti rixigtogjsno neershaye; peoitiurto..ayatori.J? ships. Vfe hralcessdw mUes'!st6| Thewayws Bgjht - i* doin^tbou dapgeraim OurabU followfegi UTksSist 2. Duration XBrighini 4.Co*trast 5.Coni&a . ' b.Appt<*a Seventy & TextUeSection 567 attain. srife;p '.Lirfe^bccfeu^ ;<rS :'& Knowledgeof how to plan for acddent; :ttee;'are:-r:': prevention;: ;:-'H-.-;;'-.-' 7.' Some -knowledge df causal analysis ' airirrardkeeping. ^ ' ^\^:.worke?s-.-in' a -& SOf^^;'^ihiicmledlge 'of first' rid to pftjMptMAiii I h v*'?;^!- enable'hitoto mmhmzetbe injury: effect of ';:'3;S-The '`psir^tbgjr of rtte infiwdtals:'' nuniir.aqndcnts."'V'j '';;i cntnpnrihghi* wS^atjg^fbrcfe .s;.'; ' '9. v St^i^nt'; getRinl' kiKmledge'of mod-, . 4*. tin jdbiit;^Qr organization and the. era industrial relations to enable him to various aids. ;to acodcrtt-ffi inriraetheiiulividaal iwbirkeir with "Safety Consadwtsa^ ^'V' /' v.'-' of machinery. ;'.V"-U`*ih* * * . .10. Proper training methods.. : . .'; jslTextilelodtgstey IS 'i Tcrdmkal Sendee l&igineer,ThePami Company. Cleveland - `Cflkit'ri amdiiBofconvqiiig messages .woritoto/have farity eyes; roostof toe de throughtheeyev to thebrain,is notnew; fects involving' risttal acmty rather than buliadnstry has^beeaslowmadapring this form and color. Fortunately, most oftbese mimm^ y defects^ thanksto medical tori optical sci . 'Through cm?3ejres. we gain 86 per cent ;, ences, can.be curoil^prop^ and criourknowiedgeand also- control a Eke fitting irito -igBsies.''''-"fafiSa: eye condition aniM^';0f:-.c^ tfae.seitse' which crimot be. corrected is cdor bfind- -etf-'.aMft-'as-; a'-means ofeboveying atf^r ness; abori d per cent of woaun and 8 per tobseny. cent of men ealnbit cpIorbKodncss invary- ' Colorcan be rtt^oired iat a ^rerier fis* ing degrees^ Themore commonforin in tamce thanthe printed vrord.and-whenp^a- i p&iirib^riaeiBBiia^ ftieils toestoryaai ;a' V^^'glai^ neers have a System of cokOT and symbois penijbJo.frifywdlng;; tod sea-captain uses volves toe canftmon of ied; and green, but there are cases wbere otber ccdors.rie. con- fu^d,and alsocases of total cdorbUnd- ness. It is well to nob however, that mast. color-blind persats . have a . heat . sense of brightness m di<fingni<H dif- ' jUp, brakes f When fbe.traffic h^U fianes screedt"rifmrnaridcs'cris' come yifiwtyn:s itd, toa . ten not. o^na%; to the nomtal eye.. ^ The. .appanbx:'^.vCiri(hs .under various lights is an impnirtawt- ffintiitMariwi in the .'The' wayward"''idetoi&.-^ ared ol.. b. wrong- : doinfcthough he may not be aware of the diflgers.'^nvolwb,'1'-';'.' sdexftroa of a saLfeity cpde. Tlie color of any objector surfa^i5. idne tb a sdecrivc absorptkm and reflectiori pheneshenon. When white lig^tt, whidi ts 'ratnpbbd of the vairi-:. ous spectrum colors, reachto atqr surface, Oto^ abUity to Seeis dependent on the part is absorbed and Iost : and pant, is re foOow&i'factors i flected. The particular wave ItogtSt of toe L TkoSimtpfth* Object reflected litfit gives the vittual sehmtiion we ZDmaiioiofBspotmr XBriglMiu' ' 4.CotUrart 5. Conditions?f tktEy* -{V\` `j call, the color-bf that object and toe amount reflected detente the brigfataasrA white object reflects neariy all of toe light while a blue object, for example, reflects only the bloe pbrtion of toe white li^it' &.App*arimct ofColor* If .toe lighting in your mill is other than ' CWWf normal, cblbrs soggated should be checked umler that light to detennine if they still Seventy-five ':per';.cfent;.-,E.,' the- gannent retrin thrir identity. Here also, toe .use of m ,4 568 33rd National Safety Congress, 1944 symbols is a valuable addition to the color code. There would seldom be a case where both color and design were not distinguish* able. A safety color code satisfying all the requirements and conditions above has been developed and is proving of great value in the field of safety engineering. Faber Birren,* one of America's foremost color au thorities, in collaboration with H. E. Williams,* chairman of tire Safe Practices Pamphlet Committee of the Textile Sec tion of the National Safety Council and other industrial safety engineers, has worked out the details of the code. Six basic stand ards have been chosen as a useful and prac tical color code, namely: yellow, orange, green, red, blue, and white (blade or gray). These colors were chosen for the following reasons: Their traditional use, their attraction, for fibe eye, their ability to provide con trast; and others. Appropriate symbols were assigned to each color making die system complete and flexible enough to suit the requirements of die safety engineer. Red las long been associated with fire protection equipment and is so widely ac cepted that its use is obvious. Orange, rather than red, was selected as the danger signal because of its higher viability and to prevent confusion with fire equipment Yellow, because of its visibility, is used as a warning signal to marie surfaces or objects one might strike against; also, stum bling, falling or tripping hazards. It is also used for traffic markers for restricted areas where more than usual caution is required. Green is the traditional safety color and is used to indicate die location of safety and first aid equipment Blue has long been used to warn against starting or moving equipment that is bring worked on. Its use should be restricted for ' this purpose and to designate condemned equipment or equipment requiring cate in starting. The erection by repair crews of a round blue sign with the words "DO NOT OPERATE" in yellow serves as a warning to indicate repairs are bring made. White has been used to promote sanita tion and to direct traffic, also to marie stor age areas and aisleways. A white star or spot indicates the location of waste con tainers; white corners in stair landings re duce the tendency to discard refuse in these comers; dean white suggests "keep dean." Too great a use of highly visible colors is to be avoided as they tend to be distract ing and a superfluous use lessens their value as a warning for the purpose intended. Color Uses RED--Symbol, Square Red should be associated with fire pro tection and fire protection equipment Suggested Uses 1. Fire buckets should be painted red. 2. Paint a square on the -wall'or a band on the post to indicate the location of fire equipment Paint floor area to discourage blocking. 3. Code numbers on sprinkler mains and post indicator valves should be in red. 4. Sprinkler pipe fittings (not spray heads) Stay be painted red or the whole line- may be.parted if insmance or fire regulators sorequire. ORANGE--Symbol, Triangle or Arrow Orange should be used to mark machine contact or electrical hazards. Suggested Uses L Interior of switch boxes, panel boards and fuse boxes so that they can be easily spotted if left open. 2. Interior of machinery guards to indi cate lack of protection when removed 3. Exposed pulleys, gears, etc 4. High voltage areas, etc, by use of symbol to designate such areas. YELLOW--Symbol, Band or Alternate Black-Yellow Stripes Yellow should be used to mark strike against, stumbling or tripping hazards. Suggested Uses 1. Protruding surfaces or parts. 2. Curbings, edges of floor pans, etc 3. Low beams. 4. Crane and hoist hooks. 5. Edges of low trucking equipment 6. To indicate changes in floor level, edges of platforms, and pits. *7. Railings, or ends of hand rails. 8. Stai able step steps; di 9. Coi 10. Alt 11. Ais Them NOT ammo 3. < Textile Section 569 & Stairway approaches; edges of mov Eye Fatigue able steps; risen and edges of off-standard Too great a use of these bright colors steps; circular stain, etc. will not only be distracting, but may cry 9. Conveyor parts at hazardous levels. 10. Aisle marking around hazards. 11. Aisle obstructions, etc. ''Wolf" too often and so defeat the purpose. Their use should be confined to spedfie purposes and places. Aside from their use in promoting safety GREEN--Symbol, Cross Green is the traditional symbol of safety and should be used as such. Suggested Uses as warning signals, there are other consid erations for the use of colors in promoting safety. Perhaps the greatest single cause of accidents is fatigue; andanything we do to reduce fatigue is beneficial. It has been 1. To indicate first aid rooms (green said that tired eyes make tired workers. cross usually). Let us consider then what makes eyes tired. 2. First aid equipment cases and location. 3. Containers for gas masks, goggles, safety suits, etc. Poor light; or poorly directed fightcan cause eye strain with the resulting fatigue, but even in good fight, if the contrast be tween the seeing task and the background 4. Safety showers. is wrong, vision is poor. Dr. Matthew BLUE--Symbol Circle Blue is used to suggest precaution. Lnckiesfi,1 considered one of our greatest authorities on the science of seeing, states that the "brightness contrast between the A blue marker to be placed on equip thing looked at and the immediate back ment for temporary repairs or permanently ground should be as high as possible." punted when operating caution is required. "This immediate background area covers The adffition of an appropriate legend "DO only a one degree angle lit the field of NOT OPERATE, ETC" in yellow is rec . virion. The brightness of the surroundings, ommended where suitable. up to a 60 degree solid angle, should be Suggested Uses the same or slightly lower (never higher) than the visual task." "A circle, equal in 1. Equipment temporarily shut down for diameter to the distance from the eye toihe repairs. . task, gives roughly a 60 degree solid angle. . 2 Equipment being worked on as a warn ing against starting. 3. Condemned equipment. $eyand this,. the brightness ratio can be greater without seriously affecting vision." Paint, because of, the wide selection of colors and light reflection factors, is a valu 4.. Valves not to be operated. able aid in creating proper brightness and 5. Electrical controls to indicate work mi color contrasts. ... .j tire line or where caution should be ob In most cases; the contrast of the visual served in starting. task in the one degree aide of critical WHITE, BLACK OR GRAY-- Symbol, Star virion is fixed and cannot be changed; therefore, paint of the same brightness as this area should be selected' and used to White is used to direct traffic and topro- maintain uniformity out to the periphery mote good housekeeping. or. at least to the 60 degree solid angle Use white on dark floors; gray or blade on light floors or walls. limit A complementary color to that of the object may be used if it has the same brightness or fight reflection factor, thereby Suggested Uses tending to focus the virion to the seeing 1. Traffic lanes... 2 Aide markings (for hazardous areas, use yellow). 3. Location of waste receptacles. 4. Areas around waste receptacles. task and also to give color change winch is, in most cases, restful to the eyes. Grayed colors, rather than pure colors, are best suited In this instance; Glare is another condition which tires the eyes and saps the strength. Workers should 5. Comers. never be required to face windows, ex- 570 33rd National Safety Congress, 1944 posed lights, or contrasting areas. Any thing we do to reduce the contrast ratio aids seeing and reduces fatigue. A light will have less giare against a light back ground than against a dark one. If the walls are light, a window will be less glar ing. In many cases, , a shield can be erected to cut out troublesome glare, lights can be suitably shaded, and wails can be given the proper color treatment A fact which is usually .overlooked, in seeing problems, is the opening and die dosing of the pupil which regulates the amount of light entering die eye. The pupil reacts in four or five one hundredths of a second, going from dark to light, but reacts much slower in going from light to dark. If a worker is working on a dark machine or dark work and then looks up to die. window for cnly a second and then bade to his work, it will be a few seconds before he can see dearly due to the slow accom modation. In general, anything we do to lighten surfaces and objects in the line of vision is beneficial. Much has been said about "Better Light Better Sight," and the good results of in creased light have been satisfactorily dem onstrated. In die Textile Industry seeing is, in most cases, both very important and diffi cult and requires good light -The use of mill-white paint to augment the lighting is wdl established. However, with the ad vent of fluorescent lighting and better lu minaries, the general plant lighting has been brought.up to a point wbere we.can now consider the use of color, especially on the walls, thus, creating cheetfuV homelike atmosphere and providing a change of pace which is restful to die worker. In general, plant interiors should be as light and soft as possible, with white on die ceiling .and light tints on the walls as the best aid to illumination. A darker dado can be used, providing die reflection factor of the wall color is not more than twice that of thedada: Tins will look neat and be easy to keep clean. In general,, grayed col ors are used as they are more restful and more harmonious. In corridors, rest rooms, etc., use colors which provide a change of pace. Cod colors, such as blue and green, are calming. Warm colors, .such as tan and coral, are, stimulating. Blue, stippled on the windows may reduce d* temperature a couple of degrees, bat die psycbologiealimpression emphasizes die difference, and the worker Teds cooler. .Wall, colots with tints of blpeand green have-the . same effect hi rest rooms, tints of coral iuul .rose, seem to please most women, while blue is the choice orfioSt7men. Ne1wFiYbedrikfioOretrn.. Colof . Conroltint, 500 Fifth Avenue. *H. E. Wiliams. Stfey EhxmeeriUfasfeU Ketd etk, spar. Notch Csralcm. ladtiedi.D&tstot. Tiihcir,Baeircb I^borstonr, Geoetsl rVrtfye OmittkdC Oh*. WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION ` October 4, 1944. Presiding: Johh J. Buxgek, Sec'y-t SafetyCommittee, W.J. Dickey & Sons, he, Odb, Md. T Emphasize the Benefits of Safety By THOMAS K. SELF Asst. Div. Engineering Mgr., American Mutual Liabifitp Insurance Co* Atlanta* Ga. What connection is there between oar in stinctive desire, for self-promotion and our desire to minimize the* occurrence of aca- dental injuries? There Is an inescapable connection; failure to recognize it is often die primary reason for our. bewildering failures to get a more widespread accept ance of safety principles. It is necessary. therefore, that we develop our approach on the premise that people mote readily accept ideas, when..thoseideas are..presented in such a way that the personal benefits , are made obvious totbeinffividuaLPropcremfffiasis of'the benefits of safety istherefore a* most important phase of a safety program.. Ingeb basis-it: corpora*) crating t ized in . orghnizal -that grc be adiiei safety* group of dot die .way, .w2 ganizado dot acd the comj It woi if the p badness is a kit textile r badness' certain p in many inrinded hazards, obstacles most sac trary to' anrondoc likdyto . imptaes thinking uumdes intangibl threfy it before tl wayis t en d* benefits commoffi Bom - Now. ! have.in dvethat togeta answerin - idiabde avhilable .dieoatst as. an in r^Aat om thought< j)*> fit pairticala Textile Section 511 - In getting action on an organization-wide (this, incidentally, is a must in every in , hasisitis necessarythat the .action be in- stance) what does our plan have to inierest - corporated as one of the company's op toe top executive? WUl it grow new hair erating policies, otherwise it may be local- on. bis rapidly enlarging, told spot, or win . izedinooeor more departments of the it improve Ms-golf game? Hardly anything organization. It is only logical, toerefore; quite toat personal but nevertheless we can that greater and more lasting resnlts wifl show him the extent to which he; as an be achieved if the initial contacts in selling individual will be relieved of much tedious- safety ' ideas - are., made in the exeatbre detail work; that his organizationas a whole group of the organization. This will insure ..w31 ftmctionlmore smoothly, and more effi that the safety effort, once it gets under- ciently; toat' considerable personal credit ,way, will be tmifonn throughout the or will come to Mm; and that entirely aside ganization through top management's desire from the. humanitarian angle which we may that accident prevention be .made a part of normally take for granted, his firm will the company's aerating policy. save, soapy through a. well conceived and It #ould be a great relief to all of os if the problem of injecting safety into a properly conducted plan of accident prevtotico. business organization were as simple as . Let's assume. toat our organization' we . explaining safety to top management There are . trying to. hdp is an. average one. in is a lot more to it. tfaan that Most of our which top management is interested in safety textile ftetitnng fem* have been in to the extent tint qate a Mt of wishful . business' for many years. During that time thinking has been done about accident pre- certain-procedures bare become habitnal and vendon plns a few sporadic attempts to get in imagy instances those procedures have safety .work going, "these attempts' having mduded a minimum of attention to accident bogged down as a; result of inadequate hH ' H?Kj and tradition are serious planning and a; lack of -proper direction of obstades to a good safety program because i toe effort. After a few such false starts most such prograws are of necessity con- top management usually will . torow up their tray to esmblhitQ customs in the plant We hands and bade away from .toe effort.doe nnconsiously resist changes! and: we. are tothe detail, workmvolvcd and theirafanost Ekety to say it can't be done when a change total ignorance ofwhat to do and'how involves interruptions to our established to do it A property devdopei .plan of drinking processes. Whether seffingyac- ' accident prevention activities , will relieve umn cleaners or something that seems -as ' management of this difficulty. It is seldom intangible as safety, are mast first, figura that we . find that top management is un tively kt feast, get our lootMto toe door willing to go along and-actively, support before the sale con; proceed. What -better safety if we canmake firings easier for way is. there .to ease itoe ; resisting pressure them by giving them, proper tods in the on - toe! dpto toan to display toe personal form of a. workable plan and then showing benefits that will come to toe user of our tbemhovto put the plan in force without .commodity? confusion and with, a. minimum of exccntive time and effort. Emphasis e the latter Benefits of Safety to,Management usually gain attention. -Now. what does our safety idea or {dan Next bow can a well organized-and effec - have in toe way of benefits for toe execu tively conducted plan of -acrident preven tive .toat will arouse' interest and enable us tion increase toe. efficiency of an operating to get a fair hearing for our plan? Before organization? It is genendty rixognized by answenng that question it wendd seem de- those indnstyialists who have experience ' siiabde .to devekp a -mental outline of the the transition frompoor to good accident availableberiefits ahd then rsprefully select records-that laibof-management relations the outstaoding one for initial presentation \have improved^; there is better coordination ps. an interest-creating approach. Assuming /between departments and more cooperation /"'toat our.; safety%plan has-. been carefully^ between individuals as toe accident record thought out from toe viewpoint of tailoring improves. Stating it a bit differently, it is it)to fit the needs and capabilities of . toe almost a physical impossibility for a poorly ^particular organization we are dealing with run, ineffident business organization to;de- ^ j- I, niinirr.T-->im ri.r~ 57Z 33rd National Safety Congress, 1944 velop an accident record that will compare hurdle as the operating superintendents and favorably with the accident record of an other top bracket supervisors usually fall efficient organization. And, since the same into line. The benefits to these men are in methods make both production and safety the form of personal recognition by. top click, smoking out the reasons for poor management for good performance of duty. safety records brings out the reasons for However, this emphasis should come from poor production records in many cases. the top of the " organization through the Who gets his name in the paper, his pic ture in the trade magazine or is invited to address the local civic organization when usual channels as further evidence to the upper bracket supervisors that safety and production are inseparable. a particular plant does an outstanding job of eliminating industrial injuries? It is usually the top man in the company. And, When we reach the supervisor directly responsible for small groups of rank and file employees, it is quite important that the hr most cases, top management deserves the extent that these individuals can benefit primary credit for a good accident record as the accident record in any plant is no better, cm a comparative basis, than top management wants it to be. By the same from safety be strongly emphasized. This group, being only one step removed from the rank and file worker, thinks along lines quite similar to the thinking of the work yardstick top management deserves the pri ers. However, in his supervisory capacity mary blame for'a poor accident record. The he has definite responsibilities which in no opportunity to avoid the stigma of callous ness to human suffering reflated by a plant's continued development of `poor safety rec ords should be an additional incentive for the executive group to invite and support fashion are similar to the responsibilities of the individual workman. If he is pos sessed of the average man's ambition he will appreciate and make use of every op portunity to improve his chances of pro effective safety work in their organization. motion. If his performance-in matters of Why should executive management have an economic interest in accident prevention, looking at the matter from a purely cold blooded dollars and cents viewpoint? Even before industry was faced with an acute labor problem, accidents created problems of replacement of skilled employees whose services- were interrupted or terminated by accident control is made a part of those opportunities, the benefits of accident-free operations within his jurisdiction are obvi ous to him. Here again these benefits must be emphasized by management through or ganization channels, not as a directive but in. such a manner that there is left no un certainty regarding management's interest accidental injuries. Also, not all-accidents involving potential but no actual injuries to workers can be dismissed with a shrug. Quite often' accidents due to the same causes result in serious damage to equip ment and protracted work stoppages but through fortuitous circumstances there are no personal injuries. The one person carrying the greatest re sponsibility for the safety of the individual worker is. the worker's immediate super visor. Hence that supervisor is the logical person to depend upon to get and bold the safety interest of the rank and file work ers. If we do a good job of arousing and holding the active interest of the supervisor, I have deliberately stressed top. manage .that interest trill be communicated to the ment's part on the premise that what man workers if the supervisor is worthy of his agement really, wants in the way of safety 'title, lhe benefits of safety to file worker is usually what management goes after and are numerous. His physical well-being, the gets. It is only logical that the more we retention of his earning capacity and Ids as safety men are able to stimulate execu place in the home and community are bene tive mangament's desire to prevent accidents fits that accrue to the safe worker and the greater are our contributions to the can be contrasted' with the physical suf success of the plant safety work. fering and tire monetary hardships affect Benefits of Safety to Supervisors - Employees ing toe worker and his family that invari ably result from serious injuries. Some plants have seen fit to emphasize safety With executive management actively in benefits in a more - tangible wdjr' tbrough terested In safety we have passed our highest monetary awards or bonuses to all tor V : > Textile Section 573 ployees of a department. for each,-monto bottom of the organization. Without this of :Accident-free operations. That method interest no amount of effort can produce Wight be likened, to toe Chinese .custom of . lasting results. This can he accomplished paying the .doctor only, while the patient .by showing all members of.an organization is welL But, , like the Chinese medical ar how he or she-will personally benefit by rangement; it provides a definite Incentive doing every job safely. A satisfactory for accomplishment and its.works where amount of safety interest can he aroused it is properly administered. A good selec and maintained- in any organization if we tion of signs'and word posters available to study toe problem carefully, plan our ap industry is another good medium of stress- . proach logically and make full use of toe ing: safety benefits to the worker. ideas and material, that are ours to use. Looking at die. matter from a broad point Safety interest alone will accomplish noth of view we must realize toe: need for ing unless it is properly directed and: co arousing and maintaining active interest in ~ ordinated in order that toe interest may be accident prevention from the top to toe transformed into directed efforts. when the Textile Worker Goes Home EL W# WINKLKR Assistant Professor of Electrical Bnginecring/North Carolina Stole College of Agriodture and Engineering of the University of North Carolina, Raleigh* N. C. The records show that nearly one and - It would be interesting to know the otte-balf times as many workers are lolled number of days lost by these mills having hy off-the-job accidents as are killed , by low frequency rates because of off-the-job work accidents. When the low frequency accidents. likewise it would be interest and severity rates of the textile industry ing to know how many accidents oc- are taken into account, it is reasonable * cured to members of toe families of the to assume that the ratio of off-the-job workers in these mills. There is no doubt accidents to work accidents is much great but that an inspirational safety^program er. However, tins is not the whole story. in. the plant wUl in many ^ses have a )An accident in the family usually means desirable influence on the attitude,towards time lost by the worker. It always re safety in the home. Unfortunately,- in sults in' decreased production and low many mills the safety program is not efficiency on the part of the worker. In inspirational It is tajlored to fit the mill the 'textile industry the time lost by It is built around machine guarding, a workers because of accidents in the family. rule book, and-specialized activity. There is probably greater than the time lost is very little in the program that the because of accidents in the mill. worker can apply directly in his home. .The textile industry as a whole has This point can be emphasized by refer made tot, enviable record in its attempts ring to a certain mill in North Carolina. to reduce the accident frequency rate. Re The training director wanted to include cently in North Carolina two mills were a ten-hour general safety course in his honored , for completing'five consecutive pre-service training. The safety director years of operation without a lost time objected on the grounds, that a ten-hour accident. Many other mills throughout course is entirely too short to give any the industry undoubtedly have equally effective-safety instruction and hence it good records. These records exist be would be a waste of time. A ten-hour cause management and supervision have course, based on creating interest in safe made untiring efforts to prevent accidents, ty, would have a very good influence on and the. worker has cooperated one hun ' toe worker, both on and off the job. dred per cent It is regrettable, that all - Management is too often indined 'to . textile mills cannot boast of. such fine take the attitude that the company has ^ records, but if is hoped that continued no responsibility In what happensoffthe activity will' improve this condition job. If the workers home is to be safe. 574 33rd National Safety Congress, 1944 then it is up to the worker to make it ' opportunity to promote home , and school safe. This assumes that each worker has. safety. First, it has a safety organization the ability and initiative to organize and which can be easily expanded toinclude maintain, a miniature safety program in home and commumty' safety. Second, it the home. Certainly management should has access- to certain forms - of . safety realize that time lost by a skilled worker literature which can- be integrated into because of a home accident means finan community safety education. Third, prac cial loss to the company. Management tically all mills have a certain- number should also realize that very few men of supervisors who have' completed the have the ability and experience to organ ninety-six hour safety engineering course ize and maintain a safety program, even sponsored by the Department of Labor. for the home. Hence there is no justifi xMany of these men would give enthusias cation for the assumption that the average tic support to a. community-safety pro- textile worker can make his home safe, .'gram. It is believed that if management particularly when he is away from home of the mill really got behinda home and most of the day and the safety interest' in school safety program, it would not take the community is low. long for the averagemah or women in the ..community to/appreciate the value Fundamentals Are Same ot the program. ` Fundamentally, , a safety .program for a The average textile mill can promote community - or- for a school differs very off-the^^W^, in many trays.' Sub little from a safety program in a mill. commbnitjr'will differ frOm every' other The elimination of unsafe conditions and conmsdmty. and hence the plan suggested unsafe practices are the primary objectives here rmiyjinve-'tb be modified in many of each program. Both programs must cases.. Geographical, climatic, racial, and be built around , education, and the same population factors will have to be con fundamentals of accident prevention1 will sidered.m each case But the fundamental apply in each case. In the mill .the pro objectives trill be the same in all cases gram must have the active tsupport of and many of the problems' of organiza top management if it is to.be successful. tion and promotion will be the same. If Likewise the success of a community safe a textile, null has' a safety- program in ty program will depend on the. active Operation: the following features can be support of the .leaders of the community. added:. . Who are these community leaders? In general they are the local business men, tire local city or town officials, the school teachers, the ministers and the active church workers. Very few of these have had safety training and hence cannot ap preciate the value of safety education. Recently this writer offered to present a safety film and talk at a local church gathering. The leader of the group re plied that they had had a safety lecture about a year ago and she did not believe the group would be interested in another. 1. Appointment of. a committee on home riffety: ' This committee should consist of men or women who are interested in safety, who own their homes, and who live near the general center of the community. The members of this committee should be in terested in civic problems. They should -have access to any publications on safety which the company receives, and they should feel free to use projectors or other equipment owned by the company. A local Parent-Teacher Association group 2. Appointment of a committee on decided that the ten-dollar fee. for the school and playground safety: National Safety Council's School Mem bership was . too expensive. These points, This ccmmittee' should be up -men or women who have, children of1in show that the leaders in the average cbminanity are not safety conscious, and that; if the worker is to.be safe off the job, some outride force must be found to stim ulate safety efforts in the.home. jSchooL Whilethe activities of this com mittee will be very similar to those of the home safety committee, it is felt that the magnitude of the problem win justity separate committees. This j committee The average textile hull has a great should have the same access to equipment and publications recommended for the ' be modified-, to fit any particular com* .home safety committee, and in. addition munity. In hjany.small towns the textile Ithe members shobld have the opportunity ' mills furnish employment for as much to visit the school daring schoolhours asi ninety per cent of the working popn- and thus take an active part in the pto* lation. In these .towns the attempts of gram. To be most .effective the commit- the company.to promote community safe- tee members should be permitted to make ty should find willing, cooperation. In some of their; visits, on company time. . the larger towns .and cities the problem 3.' The company would pay. .the mem- is more difficult because the homes of bership fee of the National Safety Coun- the workers are usually scattered through- ril School Membership for the local out the city. Here the community safety school The cost of this membership is program could begin with the school and only ten dollars and would probably rep- then work bade to the homes. In many resent a very small percentage of the cases several tactile mills could cooperate -cost of the :company safety program. This in a home, safety program. This co membership would serve as a stimulus for Operation should find many opportunities both- the home-safety and school safety for rivalry and contests, committee as its activities .desti .with safe- The war has shown us that we cannot ty both in. the-home. and.'in the school afford to let accidents decrease our- pro- It. is. believed that, no single expenditure doction and - thus prolong the war. In- woddjTeturdgPcater divithmdsHto^.tiie dnstrial safety has been improved and company rntb^form of rednd,jdmetoss' - accidents to workers reduced by;vigorous than'the. investnfejp in the school man- promotion of safety education. But this bership. ;-s*/ emphasis has not been directed to home . 4. The company could supply^ homes safety and as a result :the. past years rec-' with safety, literature. This could be in ord shows about 24,500 workers lolled . the form of publications from.the Na- inoff-the-jobaccidents,andamuchlarger tional Safety Council and from the in- number temporarily or permanently dis- smance >mpany, and mimeographed ma- abled. These records alone prove that .terial. produced by thecorapany. For a there is a great need for off-the-job safety vctysnuU. cost a safety caletidar could promotion. From anationalpointof view I be provided for every home. . aeddente must'be. .'prevented to shorten. [ ) . 5.*, .The cootyany could promote an an- the war; from a. humanitarian point of nual get-together, probably in the form view accidents must be prevented to pro of -a picnic, where accident prevention vent physical suffering and froth a spir- could be stressed through games and con- itoal point of view accidents.most be pre tests. Safety awards couhL be, given at vented so.that no man or woman will : this meeting and the rechrdsand activ- haveto endure the anguish when acd- - ities of the various groups and committees . dental death takes a loved one. Promo- could be presented; It is .bdieved that tion of off-the-job safety is both, a chal- this type of' rheetingwould do a greet Tenge and a responsibility^ and the textile deal to create interest in safety. _ .. - Problems Alweys Vary industry can accept the challenge .and shoulder the responsibility by expanding its safety program to prevent off-the-job The five suggestions listed above could accidents. .. ^ .'.V i k. i 576 33rd National Safety Congrtss,1944 Getting Active Participation by Top Executives fat an Accident Prevention Program A Symposium Discussion Leader: H.E. Williams, Engineering Dept, Marshall Field & Go* Spray, N. G A. LABOR-MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE MEMBER MARTHA PITTENGER Avondale Milk, Alexander City, Alabama Our Labor Management Committee is not a "War Baby." This committee was originated during peacetime by the Chairman of the Board of Avondale Mills, Mr. Donald Comer. We were then thought of as a Mill Committee. To date the safety record of the BeveUe Plant is three million manhours without a lost.time accident. We have not dreamed up this record--we have worked for it-- and we are striving to make even agreater record. Some of the actual benefits resulting from the'members^ suggestions to prevent accidents are: 1. Safety guards have been put around looms at the end of the alleys. Safety . guard has been pot at the box pfatform of die qtnB stripper. Motors also ' have safety guards. 2. Unprotected fast motion shafts In the Pidcer Room have a red .safety cap. which steps when coming in contact with a person's dothing; - 3. Seif oilers have been established on all lin> shafting, 4. Holders for lap pins have been put at the bade of the cards. 5. Slanting window rills have been put in the Spuming Room. A Larger bottle containers. have been placed throughout the mill. 7. Fanj have been put m several depart ments. & Smaller wheels are to be put on trays bolding oil drUms. Tins will prevent the oiler havings to stand on rite slippery rim of the trayand'win save on. 9. Chains have been put at the runway leading from the min and are put np when It ranis, sothattheenptoyees will use the steps, thereby, preventing falls. B. SAFETY ^DIRECTOR DAVID Z. WALLET \ Personnel and Safety Dir* Peerless Woolen Mills, RossviOe^ Ga. The executives of a plant are. definitely sold cm .safety when they employ a Safety Director to design, systematize and stimu late a workable and effective safety'pro gram. The responsibility of management, however, does not end there. They, too, must have a designated share in the pro gram if it is to be truly adequate. Ways to Arouse Management's Interest Since executives are most easily influ enced by what they can $ee in black and white, an appeal to the eye or through the printed word win he the Safety Director's best.methodJn gaining their interest First of all, use attractively prepared graphs and charts which explain as, briefty and conosety as possible the plant accident reports and waste records. Secondly, use selected slide filmland movies which illustrate and put over in a very few minutes more than, tbe average person can in a lengthy con versation. Thirdly, use selected short topics from safety periodicals; and finally, ose State and Federal iawswbich were node to help protect the working man. The Safety Director should be .well versed in both types of law in order to interpret them in telligently to management JThe blac is -not the > rector can t a single toi who is not employees t to work, c avoid need! winner had the htnnani five in enl meat If theme by the big) dents and t cal viewpo to lend a Training agent and ' outride ag tiie Safety nteufs ent) Ways Ma . One of the active a Safetylives to tii proves to interest of Many co regular to plant He mneb pit committee A mmi safety insi daises tq courage a but will : tituriasm A safe) letter fro taneous, joy tram to choose Textile Section 577 ?The blade and white method," however, "kick" the employees will get when the - not the only one which the Safety Di- management personally awards the prizes, :__jor can use advantageously. There' is not either publicly or privately, in his.office! a single top executive in die United States For continued results, such presentations who is not really sincere in wanting Jus', should be publicized with pictures in the employees to have .a safe place in which house organ. to work, or in wanting their families to As for the house organ, one cannot place avoid needless suffering because the bread, too much emphasis on the safety articles winner had an accident in his plant. Thus which it contains and which are signed by die humanitarian standpoint is often effec a plant executive. tive in enlisting the interest of manage ment Benefits Gained If the morale of die employees is affected If the executives actively participate in by the high frequency or severity of acci the accident prevention program, the em dents and needs a boost from a psychologi ployees -trill have a much safer place in cal viewpoint management is always glad which to work, as an executive will see to tend a helping hand to reassure them. and suggest immediate improvements that Training Within Industry, the insurance possibly the Safety. Director was just hop agent and Safety Engineer, as well as other ing for in tiie near future. The supervision outride agendes, are often a big help to of employees will be much improved and die Safety Diriector in arousing manage-' their instructions will be more thorough mends enthusiastic cooperation. with regard to safety. The first aid and Ways Management Actively Participates medical facilities should improve in die same ratio; die morale of die employees One of die most common ways to gam trill be higher; and the fear from financial die active.,participation of management in loss due to accidents trill decrease. a Safety Program is to invite the execntives to the safety meetings. Their presence proves to be a great asset arousing die interest of all present Many conqtames have committees to make regular tours of inspection throughout the When top management participates, the foreman will also benefit, as he trill have a more regular work force; his operating costs trill be lower; in all possibility his production wifi increase; and he wiQ have more pride in his department. ''hot Needless to say, an executive adds Jnch prestige when he accompanies the committee on its rounds:" A number of plants have schools for safety instructions. The attendance of these classes hy management will not only en courage and reassure the other participants hot trill also transmit this feeling of en thusiasm to their-fellow workers. ' The rewards to management will be greater cooperation . from die employees and foremen and a lower cost per manu factured amt The success of the Safety Director's pro gram is assured when management and labor, with a unity of purpose, fight for a common cause--the war against accidents. A safety contest announced by a signed letter from a top executive arouses a spon Other speakers presented the prints of taneous, contagious interest He trill en "view of superintendents and foremen. The. joy tremendously serving on the committee symposium closed with a discussion led by- to choose the winners. And think of die Mr. H. E. Williams. I Jm