Document 2J4zqQZRz72VZoL69Z3RGvYp6

FILE NAME: Texaco (TEX) DATE: 1955 Apr 25 DOC#: TEX012 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: API Meeting Attendees with Article by Dr. Heuper Registration For Information Only - Not For Publication AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE MEDICAL ADVISOR! COMMITTEE NINETEENTH MEETING April 25, 1955 Statler Hotel Buffalo, N. Y. MEMBERS PRESENT OR REPRESENTED George M. Saunders, M. D. - Chairman F. D. Gassavay, M. D. - Secretary W. 0. Armstrong, M. D. T. J. Kelly, M. D. Lamson Blaney, M. D. E. P. Luongo, Mt D. Ft Ft Boys, Mt D. Marshall Clinton, Mt Dt C. R. Miller, M. D. M. N. Neyluist, M. D. J. tf, Crookshank, Mt D. . J. W. Osborn, M. D. L. E. Curtis, M. D. Rt Jt Potts, Mt Dt Ht Et Eckardt, Mt Dt Bt Bt Reeve, M Dt X. R. Fourcher, M. D. Jt Ct Ruddock, Mt Dt Tt Mt Frank, Mt Dt Iso Jt Veda, Mt Dt C. H. Hine, M. D. (Rep. by J. J. Thorpe, M. D.) 2. R. Ware, M. D. ' TECHNICAL ADVISORS PRESENT E. V. Adams C. T. Brown E. K. Daniels, At E. Dooley P. Dt Halley C. A. Neilson A. . Fabst OTHERS REGISTERED Philip Drinker Robert R. Dugan, M. Dt A. E. Hoag, M. D. E. 0. Mattocks William L. Oviett F. H. Pretach, M. D. - Lucian Et Reaes H. 0. Sappington, M. D. Wt E. Scovili Jack Spence Dt V. Stroop Harvard University Continental Oil Company American Petroleum Institute Standard-Vacuum Oil Co. Husible Oil liRefining Co. Phillips petroleum Co. Humble Oil A Refining Co. The Standard Oil Co. (Ohio) Standard Oil Co. of California American Petroleum Institute MEMBERS NOT REGISTERED OR REPRESENTED V. C. Baird, M. D. Kieffer Davis, M. D. V. F. Kahle, M. D. E. Kt Linder, M. D. R. C. Page, M. D. API 07198 JAM 017238 1 THE STANDARD OIL COMPANY April 15, 1955 Dr. R* S. Eckardt, tir*tor ysdical Rsssaroh Division e r o RAp.reh A EnlDs-rin* Co* '.R. Do* 51 Lindon, S Joraoy s. 0GC97AT V v. c. luspsr, K.9. Osar Dr. Ee*ardti . . la rafaronco to our raooat cowoapoodsije* re g a la la * ths sbovo aufcjoot ad our tolopbaao ooavoraation o f tp ir, I ss clostDg tvo (1) A spi** o f tfcia a rite la ty Or* Auspor d ittrlta to d Mrei 9, 1955 to Mubora et tfco RPA Tire sai Asoldavi r ro *o *tlo a rs'rertispnt by ? B. f i l i l a o f tha A stioosi f tro ic a Associatlo a in Vaabinctan. T *iy tru ly ours, 1 JVOtsad Eaa. (2) CCt Or Goert* M. 8suaoro tir. ft ? StroopcJ*' JAM 016220 API 06062 NATIONAL PETROLEUM ASSOCIATION M U N I t Y I U IL 0 IN W A * M IH T O M 4, .0. C. A lTlO Y O llTA N * J T11 / n s 55-3 March 9, 1955 TO: HPA FIRE AliD ACCXDS E(H DEPARIMERT In comparatively recedVyeare, icer hazards in industry have been recognized aa of increasing ii Ye and magnitude. Several organizations are devoting considerable study te problem and health authorities in many large cities are watching the si Lon very closely in the areas of their Jurisdiction so that necessary npa.es id regulations may be enacted if, in their opinion, they becoaie necessary f8*. the safety of workers. Because certain petro^bm products cKamterlals produced in the re fining of crude oil are among those listed aWoccupetlonal carcinogens, a recent article appearingin the Mardh-Apfil^J955 i*u* of "Safety Standard a booklet published by tin Bureau of Labor Standards of the United States Department of Labor, should be of particular interest to all those concerned with the protection vxti. safety of workers. The article referred to in "Safety Standards" titled, "Occupational Cancer Hazards" by Dr. V. C. Bueper, M.D. of the Rational/Cancer Institute, is, in our opinWi,of efficient importance for us 1 reproduce it for your information al^flle. A copy of Dr. Bueper's article as it appeared in "Safety Standards" la attached hereto. i i / E. B. FALLS! JAM 016222 API 06064 The note shown below was written by Barry Castleman and attached to the page immediately following this one along the right margin 4 JAM 016223 OCCUPATIONAL CANCER HAZARDS -y V. C. Hueper, M.D., National Cancer Institute (The article reprinted herevlth was prepared for the March-April, 1955 issue of "safety standards" a publication of the U. S. Department of Labor.) The rapid development of modern industrialism has been associated with the appear snce of many new occupational health hazards of which those causing cancers occupy an important position. The term "occupational cancer" is applied to malignant turn; yginpt|Min.in as tb' re su lt- of. thd y e g ^ 'Isnal^prolbn ged #a r a B l r p^rstckl, chemical or parasitic agent acting in proper intensity. Occuplfi^l&l Can cers thus are caused by specific agents or etiologically related to well-defined occupational conditions which form an integral part of the ordinary working environ ment. They differ through these aspects from the accidental occupational cancers which result from or follow upon some extraordinary, unforeseen, accidental injury sustained at work and being of a nonspecific nature. Types and Nature of Occupational Carcinogens _ Occup_ational agents which are known or strorn suspected as having caused cancers of various organs in workers wfao becke ekpohe'd h'A>`m 'Vii*re irfc c.iiiCaai"l-<s:. Soma* compounds, nickel^asbe benzidine, beta-naphthylamine, k-amlnodiphenyl, benzol) others consist of var mixtures of a large number of chemical compounds, a few of which possess carcinogenic properties and some of which have been identified (soot,- coal tar, pitch, bitumen, tar oils, creosote oil, anthracine oil, lamp black, lignite tar and crude paraffin oil; shale oil and various petroleum fractions (industrial fuel oils, diesel oils, lubricating oils, cutting oils, crude paraffin oils, petroleum tars, pitches, asphalt and coke), and crude isopropyl liquor produced in the manufacture of Isopropyl alcohol) A second group of occupational carcinogens is composed of agents characterized by their ionizing and nonionizing radiation (x-radiation, radioactive substances, ultra violet radiation). The third group is represented by environmental agents and condi tions which sometimes have an occupational association, and which may be related to certain infections (schistosoma hematobium) or several specific climatic, geologic, dietary, and nutritional conditions, and which in part have a more or less indirect relation to carcinogenesis (malnutrition with protein and vitamin B-complex deficiency) In addition to these established occupational carcinogens there are a number of potential human carcinogens which have been shown to elicit cancers in experimental animals and to which workers become exposed during their regular occupational activi ties (synthetic estrogens, chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, methylated naphtha lenes, diethylene glycol, p-thiourea, thio-acetamide, light green SF, brilliant blue FCF, fast green PCF, butter yellow, beryllium, selenium, cobalt, and various polymer ized plastics). These potential agents also must be considered in the adjudication of compensation claims. Evaluation of Evidence J A M 016221 API 0 6063 For the establishment of casual relations between ar. exposure tc these agents and - 2 - 1 i Definite evidence suet be available lndlcatloG that the claimant had occupational *' t vltb any one of the various agents listed; that this contact vas either of pro CflC nature extending as a rule over periods of at least 6 sooths; and as of adequate 1 * ity for eliciting a cancerous response, according to any previous experience vhlch be available on this point. Single exposures say be considered to be effective If ^ f c a u s a l agent consists of external ionizing radiation or the exposure mechanise favors production of a carcinogenic depot in the tissues from vhleh a prolonged exposure of 1 JJSrorganise say ensue. t>. The route of exposure to or introduction of the carcinogenic agent In addition its specific chemical properties and metabolic peculiarities determine the site of tae organ or tissues in vhich a cancer is elicited. Therefore, not any cancer, but cancers of specific sites are related to any particular carcinogenic agent. Ibe type of exposure does no.t...n. .e..e..d...t..o...bteo cffocnqtitJnjg .o f appearance of 'the cancer, but nay be intermittent* In fact, any contact 1th thife occfistional carcinogenic agent nay have ceased many months to years, or occasionally, even before the cancer becomes manifest* JBffefetlve carcinogenic exposures may be ' attained not only b y the crdinaiy opexvftors ^p^yed in operations vltb occupational carcinogenic hazards, but also b y workers entering such operations an a transitory basis, ueh as supervisors, maintenance personnel, repairmen, truckers, loaders, yardmen, and others employed in rooms' and buildings near the hazardous operations, if housekeeping cpd exhaust disposal methods are Inadequate and environmental contaminations result. d. occupational Medical Stigmata-- For the establishment of causal relations between pcciipatlonal exposures to carcinogens and subsequently appearing canoers, it is of dis tinct value to analyze the medical history of affected persons for functional or anatomic disease manifestations characteristic of a pathogenic action of the particular carcinogen pgdiy involved* Such noncanccrous and often preparatory or preeancerous systems of tlologlc specificity act as stigmata or biologic fingerprints supporting not only the etuallty of a previously sustained specific exposure, but also its causal relationship to the cancer present. Symptomatic manifestations possessing such a significance are, for instance, chronic radlodematltla, chronic tar dermatitis, arsenic dermatosis, chronic solar dermatitis, chronic radiation periostitis, asbestosis of the lung and leukenoid reactions after expo*ure to benzol and ionizing radiation. Chemical analyses of tissues for the incriminated chemical also nay sometimes help in establishing previous contact with any specific occupational carcinogens, such as arsenic, chromium, nickel, radioactive substances, and benzol. It is important, however, to note that these procedures are not applicable for all occupational cancers. Some carcinogens do not produce any etlologlcally characteristic TOPtoas; in fact, they may not elicit any preliminary toxic or other disease phenomena despite e persistent and prolonged carcinogenic exposure. Thus, cancers of the bladder is dye and rubber workers may develop In the absence of any preliminary local or general mailing symptoms after more than one or two decades of continuous, intermittent, or discontinued exposure to certain carcinogenic aromatic amines. There also does not exist any parallelism between the toxic and/or irritative properties of any chemical and its potential carcinogenic qualities, nor, is there a relationship between the degree of toxicity of any particular carcinogen and its relative carcinogenic potency. JAM 016224 e. Extensive experience vltb occupational cancers indicates that there usually elapses s latent period of years, if not decades, between the onset of exposures to a carelnogenie gent and the appearance of the resulting cancer. It is for this reason moat unlikely that occupational cancers become manifest within the first year following the inception Of eon- 1t*ct with s carcinogenic agent. In * e first three years of occupation CTere scrutiny for a more probable an occupational viewpoint. fact, all cancers which make their appearance during in s carcinogenic environment should be subjected to nonoccupetlonal origin before they nay be considered able lack of uniformity as to the types of occupational carcinogenic agents, industrial operations vlth carcinogenic hazards, and occupational cancers covered. As of October 1, 1951*, full coverage lavs applying to all kinds of occupational diseases including cancers had been passed in 26 States in the United States and the District of Columbia; schedule coverage lavs not alvayB covering occupational cancers, car all types, vere in force in 20 States and no occupational disease lavs had been enacted at that tlpe in 2 States (Mississippi and Wyoming). While workmen1s compensation lavs based on the principle of schedule eorerage may provide some degree of compensation against disability and injuries a -- M ing from occupational cancer hazards, such legal provisions designed for the protection of worker* are totally Inadequate, if not obsolete, in an era of rapidly changing and increasing occupational disease panorama. However, even the blanket or general coverage compensation lav which is sufficiently flexible to include not only the present but also any future occupational cancer hazards, usually'has a statute of limitations which is inadequate for providing fair protection . under certain and not too unusual circumstances met with in occupational cancers. Since occupational cancers may become manifest many years after Cessation of exposure to occupstlonai carcinogenic agents, a statutory time clause of from six months to six years may be too short for occupational cancers which may appear after a longer period. ^ In the workmen's compensation lavs existing in most States, certain groups of workers ` or employees, such as especially farm labor and domestic servants, are excluded from coverage by the lav.- Since farming as well as housework have become and are Increasingly . becoming occupations having extensive contact with industrial products (pesticides, herbl- cides, synthetic fertilizers, antisprouting agents, hormonal fattening agents of llvestod lubricants and fuel of farm machinery, residual oils for smudge pots, soil improvers, anti biotics, detergents, waxes, polishes, dry cleaning agents), there is no sound scientific reason for excluding members of such occupations from coverage by the workmen 's compenss* tion llvs and from adequate protection against cancers arising from exposure to potential and actual occupational carcinogens. Labor 2odes and Standards Any attempt toward achieving an adequate compensation by financial means for a cancerd condition acquired through contact with occupational agents not only presents considerable economic difficulties but 1 alsc of questionable humane merit. While such a procedure evidently the best that can be done after an occupational cancer has become an accomplish** fact, the wiser, more rational, and in the long run, more economical approach to a reason* able control of occupational cancer hazards lies obviously in their prevention wherever this is possible. The goal can be achieved to a large degree by the enforcement of proper work condition* in operations it which cancer hazards exist, so that either any contact of workers with | such agents is eliminated or reduced to an ineffective, level. As to the fundamental steF j for accomplishing such a control cf occupational cancer hazards, it would he advisable tc | i ) have all factories, workshops, laboratories and other establishments producing, bundling, I or using krovn or suspected carcinogen!: materials to register witb the appropriate State I -v public agency. This information would provide *r.e basis for establishing the supervisit of plants by healtn or xabor agencies ans would create toe proper machinery for familiar* 1 icing managers cf such operations witr. the pcte'tial carcinogenic properties of the sub- 1 stances and devices used ir. their escatiisc.ner.es and with toe methods and procedures by I vnich they nigh*, be ^onrrcllec or svr.iced. I JAM 016225 API 06066 -k - ! s The relative effectiveness of any medical; sanitary and technologic control mearures to je adopted can best he determined by ascertaining the changes in the occupational cancer incidence among the total population at risk occurring during some 10 to 30 years after J their introduction. It is therefore desirable that provisions be made for routinely recording all cancer cases occurring among worker groups exposed to occupational carcinogen: 1 precancerous and cancerous lesions observed among members of such groups should for thi: reason be made notifiable with the State health agency. All persons having knowledge of these cancers should be held responsible for such reporting. The adoption of such measures represents an Important step from a public-health viewpoint, because there is a growing urgency to determine the environmental causes responsible for significant changes in the incidence rates of several cancers. What, Ihen, Are the Conclusions? 1 . The increasing rate at which occupational carcinogens have been discovered during recent decades suggests that only a fraction of the actually existing Industrial carcino gens are known and that heretofore unknown and new occupational carcinogens may be added to the present industrial environment through the development and use of new chemicals und production methods. 2. There is a great deal of evidence indicating that only a relatively small fraction of the cancers produced through contact with occupational carcinogens has been recognized m. and/or placed on record. Because of the established widespread industrial contact of large worker groups with known occupational carcinogens, the potential scope of the occu pational cancer problem evidently is much larger than apparent from the reported number of /occupational cancer cases and hazardous Industrial operations. . ... 3. Medicolegal decisions in compensation procedures of occupational cancer claims -y should be based on a competent and critical evaluation of the entire evidence related to )1< the exposure conditions of the claimant, the presence or absence and the type of any x* symptomatic manifestations observed during the latent and developmental periods of the 3ti cancer and characteristic for a particular agent, the length of the latent period, the site of the cancer, any specific histologic and histochemlcal characteristics, the pro i- duction of corresponding cancers in experimental animals by the incriminated agent and Ji pertinent epidemiologic data. . 1. Schedule coverage laws are inadequate for providing proper protection against occupational cancer hazards because of the dynamic state of modern industry resulting Id the constant addition of new chemicals and production methods which may entail here rtt tofore unknown occupational cancer hazards. The statute of limitations contained in the cl* general coverage laws represents its main defect in the fair and equitable application of li this type of workmen's compensation law to occupational cancer hazards. sb * 5. Since the prevention of occupational cancer hazards and not financial compensation for established occupational cancers appears to be the more sensible and humane method of control, labor codes should be properly adjusted and enforced so as to eliminate or reas- xably contain occupational cancer hazards in modern industries. ce 6. For ascertaining the actual scope of the occupational cancer problem and for the e; institution of adequate control measures, it is essential that occupational cancers and precancerous conditions are made notifiable with local and State health and labor author!tie. * ^ T. A comprehensive study of occupational cancer hazards will provide a sound basis for 5 equally urgent investigation of the apparent extension of industry-related cancer hazards * large parts of the general population. JAM 016226 API 06067