Document 2J33pXeGaaXM2RLEg9063znpL
FILE NAME: Kohler (KOH) DATE: 1941 DOC#: KOH020 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Bulletin - American Ceramic Society
The A m erican C e ram ic Society
PLAINTIFFS | | exhibit
|S
February 15,1993
I hereby certify that the attached copies o f Bulletin of the American Ceramic Society, Volum e 2 0 ,1941, are true and accurate copies, which are maintained in the normal course o f business at the American Ceramic Society, 735 Ceramic Place, Westerville, Ohio 43081.
Ceramic Information Center
735 C e ra m ic P la c e Westerville. O hio 43081-8720 614 *890 *4700 TWX: 7101109409
PLAINTIFFS EXHIBIT
I1 1
I1
THE BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY
Yolum e 2 0
Contents for April, 1941
Number 4
ience
sior and
pnilik'in
-f colors
tance.
Ititratc Bichrom ate
a Chrom ate t G ranite . Selenite I G lazes side re O x id e . Burnt {laze Colors m Nitrate .`is Oxides Ur Clay C laky sides .am Oxides
Powder ag Equipment Elates (or ting il
.rk, N. Y.
PAPERS
Centrifugal Slip Casting--C. R Austin anil (V H. Uuncnniltc. J r ......... Tunnel Drier Refinements--T. W. C urve......................................................................... Control of Iron Oxide in Volcanic Ash--K. D. Kinney.................................................. Exam ination of a Chinese Tcnimoku GLm- autl Hotly--W. H. R a rita n ............ Enguu-vrmg Control of Dust with S|>cvial Reference to Kespirat-u:-- A. I) Hiuiuii Recent Legislation on Oecupatiotuii Disetea-s --Theodore C. W a te r s ....................... Health of Brick and Tile I'lant Workers in North Carolina--M. I-'.T ritv. Advertisers' Index....................................................................................................................................... Buyers' G u id e ............................................................................................................................................. .
113-10 117-1*
US-21
121-23
123-23
120-30
. . . . i:)-Ci4
.....
6
I S , 1 6 , 18, BO
INDEX TO
I
Air H y g ien e F o u n d a tio n , officers. (n u tters, p. l.*4l.
American C eram ic Society. Annual M eeting .places an d officer*. l8'.U -lt41. ji. 143.
American Society for T esting M aterials, com m ittee reports: C4J on Refrac to ries. j. 13.
C-14 on C la ss am i .C la ss P ro d u cts (S ub com m ittee I I I ) . officers. p. 13.
C -15 o q M a n u fa c tu re d M a s o n ry U nits, p. I3M.
A nnual M eetin g s, 1 8 W -IM 1 . p. 143.
C eram ic h is to ry . K o h le r. W. J .. p . 134. Ceram ic schools. Iow a S ta te College. S tudent
B ran c h m e e t i n o . p . 143. M issouri School of Mine* and M etallurgy.
a S tu d e n t B ra n c h m e e tin g , p. 1 13. N "f* Voqrfc S t a t e C o lleg e of C e ram ics,
ch an ces in staiT: appoin tm en t* . F . C. A rrange and R. |,, S tone, ph o to s, p. 144. resignations. C. M. U m p m a o and K. K. I.o k a iis h lp h l< i'.p 143. N orth C arolina, U niversity of. Student Rranch m eetings. honoraries. K eramo.i. pp. 143 -43. Ohio S ta te U niversity. S tu d e n t B ranch m eetings. p. 143. R u tt e r s U n iv e rs ity . I7.`ith a s n iv rrv irjr. >143.
Virginia P olytechnic In st.. S tu d en t Branch m eetings, p. 143.
Cleveland M u seu m of Arts, gifts of R. A. W eaver, p. 147.
CERAMIC HISTORY, ACTIVITIES, NOTES
Corning G lass W orks. C h rix m .i-trc r o rn a m ent*. |ihi*ii>. p. I4S
C rystalw are in the m ovies, p. H .y
K o o d o . S ciii. l*iog.. p h o to . p . 1-i.V l.iu d v m u n n . A. .1.. Iting.. I*- I t*. S an itd er* . I.. F .. Inog., p h o to , p. 11 *i
Enaraelers* C lub. C entral (istrict. M arch O rton, Edw ard, J r., C eram ic Foundation.
m e e tin g . p . 14*1.
I 'in a o r ia l S ta te m e n t fo r 111-1(1. p l.ltl.
G tasa D ivision, C o m m itte e n n I*harmui.-t*(M*-ia (H ass. mcmtKTS. p . 13.
H istorical D ata. Srvety A nnual M eeting- ml niltcrrs. p 143.
K ohler, W . J-. long.. p. 131. ph o to . A pril cover.
Local S ectio n s. C h icag o . Fr* m eeting.* *fItc rr-. p 13*
Pacific-N ifthw e*t. o R ic -rv ; 13*. I'iioliiir-Ji. whiter m ew ing-,
p . 13.Y S o u th ern C alifornia. Jan . m eetin g . nlTn-ro.
p I3N
" Living kitchen.** a t S yru cu -c M iK -um of F in e A rts. |i. 1 1'.: p h o to -. p p . l4 -.> t.
M em bers, metnlerihip worker!.' record. p. 140.
new. for Feb and M arch, p. 1in paid m em bership record. p. 141. roster changes for Felt, am! M arch, p. 13.
Pacific Northwest Clayworkers' Association, w inter m eeting, nflicvrv p. 13*.
P ast-P residents,
r.Mn. p . |4 3
P h o to g r a p h s . A rran g e. F . C .. p. 14 I Ita rd ro f. F F . p . | .V
C ltri* iin a * -tre r w tiam nit*. C orning ('da**
W ork*. |. 14*
e n a m e l ew e r - la n d . gift 4 H. A; W eav er,
p I 7
R*4i!er. W J.. A pril rover
Rood.
p. I
k i l * l ..u " .-<hil.il S y ra rn u - Mu'-*-*im U I-m e Art' p p . 14P .*.
t.<t>ugli. F F. . p 143.
> au iid er . |. . K . p I I
S to n e . K . I... p 114
P orcelain E nam el In stitu te, anim at m eeting.
P id.
l*r<v-- Cnr<l C o m m itte e , p. I Id
S yracuse M useum of Fine A rts, "living kitchen* p erm an en t ex h ilat. p. 143;
phot*, p p 14,.*-:Hl.
N ecrology, Itardrof. F . K.. hiog.. p. 144. W eav er, R. A., g ift4 to C lev elan d M useum ,
p h o to , p 1 1.V
p 147.
PuN icattan OiUe: 3 th A* N o r th a m p to n S ts .. F.aston. Fa.
Editorial, Execuiirt. and Adrrrnsing Ofiets:
S . High S t.. C olum hus. Ohio.
Committee oh PuNU aiions: J . D . S i*llivan*. Chairman: li. E . M a s b a k c m , J . B . A u s t in . A . N . F in n , R o t a C . P u a n r .
E n te re d as second-class m a tte r a t the post office a t Haron. P a ., u n d e r th e a c t of M a rc h 3. 1879. Subscription SI.at* a year. Single n u m b ers tw e n tv -n v e c e n ts.
(F oreign fled Canadian ynttagr. f Oc additional on subscriptions) (Copyright 194/.*71rrerican Ceramtc Society, /e c .
Published m onthly.
130
Bulletin of The American Ceramic Society-- Trice
established in th e m ajority of states, and these bureaus have initiated program s to study industrial conditions and, to form ulate rules, regulations, and methods to elim inate occupational disease hazards. Industry should welcome the assistance th a t these bureaus af
ford. because p revention of o ccu p atio n al diseases s 0f prim ary interest to employees and saves employers the cost of compensation.
Mvlukm. StockBaioGR. a n d W atkks
Ba l t in o ii. M aryland
H E A L T H O F BRICK A N D TILE PLA N T WORKERS IN N O RTH C A R O L IN A *
By M. F. T rice t
A dstract
D ata are reviewed which were obtained in an investigation of the N orth Carolina brick and tile industry to evaluate the siliceous dust exposure of the workers in term s of hazards to health. The distribution of the forty-eight plants is classified according to the raw m aterial used, th a t is. alluvial clay or shale. The extent of the d ust exposure of the workers l>y occupational classification is appraised in terms of millious of particles of d u st per cu. ft. of air, based on parlielc-count analyses of 1X3 samples of air-horne d ust collected in twenty-eight plants. An evaluation of the health statu s of the workers is based on medical d ata obtained in the clinical and X-ray examination of l 555 employees in plants, most of which were the same as those in which dust samples were obtained. The investigation disclosed that none of the employees had silicosis, a fact which ap parently is explained by a low quartz content of the atm ospheric dust, an absence of cxivssive concentrations of dust, and a high labor turnover.
representa; ditions in pation, ins samples, w the appare greater nut ate the exi hacker bee exposed to
(1) Dust
Inasmuc is perform dust coun; building in or "open." segregatioi buildings, closely, the ployed for One dust-t The dust c further cla As the val plants we: carded. T workers h
1. Introduction
and mica* arc ca|KibIc of producing a serious and some
A'.|>tciilial h a z a rd to h e a lth exists w henever w ork tim es disabling pathology. A ny silicate d u st therefore
men a re exposed to d u st th a t contains quartz, tlint. or should be regarded as a probable m enace to health
Hoistman (
i
:hi-r form s of unci unbilled silica, as such [lurticttlatc u n til such tim e a s it can be proved innocuous in the
" (
m a tte r is definitely to x ic .,(' > T h e role of com bined silica, concentrations th a t arc en co u n tered in routine.
Clay storag
or silicates as causes of pulm onary diseases, how ever, cannot lie so categorically assessed. Authorities differ w ith resjKVt to the toxicity of silicates although
Itecausc the raw m a te ria l from w hich b rick and tile arc made is siliceous iu c h a ra c te r, a n investigation of th e N orth C aro lin a in d u stry has Iteen m ade to evaluate
Crusher (r root bt
Inclosed
I most of them no doubt would agree " th at the presence the dust exposure of the w orkers in term s of hazards
if o th er inorganic d u sts iu th e silica-containing utinns- to health, p articu larly w ith respect to silicosis. Most
Open (nc " (ba
phere m a y te n d to iulluvucc th e ra te of progressive re of the medical an d engineering (lata were collected over
Screen au c
action . . . (to ) . . . inhaled silic a ."1" ) A lthough there a tw elve-m outh [icriod, beginning iu th e sum mer of
: is some question as to the effect of silicates iu general. | several of th e m , n o ta b ly xsliestus,1 ste a tite (tale1).
193S.
Dry pan o(
II. Evaluation of Working Environment
at
tt
' Presented a t the Forty-Second Annual Meeting. The
In a study of this character, it is desirable to appraise,
American Ceramic Society. Toronto, Canada, April 8. in term s of an average d u st conceit tru tiim . the exposure
UMO (G eneral Session on Toxicology). Received April 3, of tlie w orkers in each o ccupational classification, as
Isolated
I
I'.MtUI.ndustrial H ygienist. Div. of Industrial Hygiene, such values p erm it a com parison of occupations with
Brick raacl
N. C. S tate Board of H ealth and N. C. Industrial Commis respect to the e x te n t of th e d u st h azard an d are useful
Open mi
sion. Raleigh. N. C.
in correlating m edical an d engineering d a ta . The
Hackers
1(a I K. R. Sayers and R. R. Jones, "Silicosis and Simi G rcctihurg-Sniith impinger* w as used to th e collect 1S3
Transfer, t
lar D ust Diseases.'* li. A*. Pub. Health Repts.. S3 (331 sam ples of atm o sp h eric d u s t for p article counts in
1453-73 (1938): p. 145; Ceram. Abs.. 18 (1|40(U>:>9). (A) L. U. G ardner. " Inhaled Silica and Its Effect on tw enty-eight p lan ts. T h ese d u st sam ples were col--
-. Kiln worki
Normal and Tuberculous Lungs," Jour. Amer. Med. lccted during each of the four seasons under a variety
E Kiln clean
A tin .. 103 [9 ) 743-48 (1934).
of w eather conditions a n d so d is trib u te d us to yield a
a; Pipe mam
t
* VV. C. Drecsen, J. M. D alU Valle, T. I. Edwards.
rL M
J. VV. Miller. R. R. Sayers, H. F. Easom. and M. F. Trice.
4 VV. C. Dreesen. J . M. Dalla Valle. T. I. Edwards.
*JE
"Study of Asbestosis in the Asbestos Textile Industry." R. R. Sayers, H . F. Easom, and M. F. Trice. " Pneumo U. S. Pub. Health Bull.. No. 241 (W ashington. D. C.. coniosis Among Mica and Pegm atite W orkers," U. S. P"b-
'reuj Pipe dryir Cleanup n
I!>33).
Health Bull., No. 250 (W ashington. D. C.. 1940). _
1 W. C. Dreesen and J . M. Dalla Valle, "Effects of
Leonard Greenburg and J. J. Bloomfield. "Impinger
* Weigl
Exposure to D ust in Two Georgia Talc Mills and Mines," Dust Sampling A pparatus as Used by U. S. Public Health
Note:
U. S. Public HeaUh Repts.. 50, 131-43 (1935): Reprint Service," U. S. Pub. Health Repts.. 47. 654-75 (193--)-
created bj
No. 1669.
R eprint No. 1528.
pectively
I
I
seases is of employers
JNA*
-nd someist therefore e to health uous in the line. ick and tile ligation of to evaluate * of hazards .tisis. Most tUcctcd over sum m er of
intent
-to appraise, the cxjtosure ificatiou. as ations with id are useful data. The e collect tS3 le counts in ;s were col ler a variety as to yield a . f. Edwards, cc. " Pnrumos," V. $. /'a. . 1940). i'j';;."Impinger : ie Health
.5 (1932):
Vol. 20. So. 4
representative evaluation of the atmospheric dust con ditions in th e industry. T he im portance of an occu pation, insofar as it concerns the distribution of dust samples, was based on th e num ber of men involved and the apparent dustiness of the job. A proportionately greater num ber of sam ples was thus collected to evalu ate the exposure of a screen atten d an t than th at of a hacker because the screen attendants in m ost plants arc exposed to m uch more d u st th an the hackers.
(t) Dust Exposure by Occupation! Classification
Inasmuch as the m anufacture of brick a t some plants is perform ed u n d e r v irtu a lly ou td o o r conditions, all d u st co u n ts were classified according to th e tv[>c of building in w hich they were collected, that is. "dosed" or "open." Average values were computed, after this segregation, for each occupation for lioth types of buildings. W henever the two results obtained checked closely, they were com bined, and the one value was em ployed for the occupation in both types of plants. One dust-exposure value thus serves for ull hackers. The d u st counts for open- an d dosed-type plants were further classiticd according to raw m aterial employed. As the values o b tain ed for lio th th e clay an d the shale plants were alm ost identical, the results were dis carded. T h e eulculuLed average lust cximsiirvs of the 'workers h v occupational ctussiliculn n (expressed in
millions of particles of d u st |ier eu. ft. of air) are shown in Table I.
(2) Character of Dust
Because free silica or quartz is a toxic mineral insofar as pulmonary pathology is concerned, it is desirable to know the am ount contained in the atm ospheric dust to which the workmen arc ex cised . Samples for petro graphic analysis accordingly were obtained directly from the atm osphere w ith an electrically driven, hand vacuum cleaner sus|>cudcd a t th e breathing level and operated interm ittently for a period of several days. Inasmuch as only one such sam pling device was avail able (and it was o u t of commission for a while), several samples of settled d u st were collected from structural incmlicrs. Four sam ples of atm ospheric dust and three samples of settled dust were exam ined (wtrogrupliically f.ir quartz content, the results of w hich are presented in Tabic II. N o tw o of these sam ples were collected in the same plant. Although lioth of the vlav samples contain more quartz tluiu the shale samples, they represent settled dust, which may account for their higher quartz, content. An analysis of sam ples liv particle-size frac tions is frequently m ade to d eterm in e tlic q u a rtz con ten t of tile respirable sizes. T he brick plant dusts, however, were not so m eticulously analyzed. West
T aulk I
Avi-kac.k Di:st Exposl-hb o r Woukeks (IV ( ICCtTATtoMAL Ct-ASSIKICATP.lN
No. ample* COOMlicfCtl
I>ul cx|K>Mirs (milltont/ni. ft >
- . --. .
Mas.
Mm.
iWtf.
Hoistman (inclosed and preparation machinery'
a
(open
**
** `
in
Clay storage bin
4
" (inclosed)
1
Crusher (rolls and disintegrator attendant,
root bor;
Inclosed ((bnaotsb)ats) 4
Open (no batsj
*1
" (bats)
Screen attendant, inclosed
11
inclosed, lull bin
-
"
"
o|ieii
Dry pan operator, closed (m aterial dry
T
"
" ( " damp'
:r
salvage
<>|H'I1
Pug-raill operator
Preparation-machinery exposure
in
' Isolated from preparation inachinere
Brick machine
>
Open mill discharge
2
Hackers
s>
Transfer, upper
3
lower
:i
! "
" (car raclcers)
2
Kiln workers, dow ndraft
41
updraft
5
Kiln cleaning
5
Pipe m anufacturing, pipe feeder (isolated'
1
pressman
3
**
**
special shapes
l
Pipe drying floor
4
Cleanup man
4
20.0 ti.ll .II
227.0 14.0
227.0 llki.ll
5 0 2.0 11If.11 22.0 S10.O ll.it
ll w .o 10.0 IR4.ii S2.il pi t) so li.o 57.0 17.0 274. (It
31).o
<2.0 51.0
<1.4 l.ti 1 .<!
.
2.o
11.0 2. 2.0 :i.o s. h 1 1 .I s.o
21.0 !. 7.o XII. II 1 0 US. II 1.0 4.0 4.0 to ti'.l.tl
.v o
s.o 13.0
I'.t.O :;.o :>.o T i.o
21. 33.
7. 10. 1 lit* 1
1.0 2.0 41.0 S.O 112.0 10.0
51.0 10.0 9.0 137.0 13.0 pi.II 4.0 3.0 17.0 12.0 13S.II 14.0 25. 5.0 33.0 2N.I -
* Weighed average, t Cleaning kiln eyes. , Note: " Inclosed and preparation m achinery" means a closed type of building in which workers are exposed to dust
created by this machinery. Dried or fired bats when ground produce much dust: "n o b a ts" and "b a ts" indicate, re spectively. the absence or involvement of such material.
(1941)
132
Bulletin of The American Ceramic Society-- Trice
Virginia authorities* report th a t the finer fractions of air-borne d u st in brick and tile plants contain less quartz th an th e raw m aterials from which the dust originates. T hey estim ate that the quartz content of air-borne dusts varies from 3 to 10%.
T able n
Quartz C ontent o r S amples o r Atmospheric and S ettled D ust Obtained in N . C. Brice axd T ile P lants
Identification
Settled dust (clay) Atmospheric dust (shale)
..
.. ..
..
^ .. ..
Settled dust (clay and shale) '* " (clay)
Quartz content (%)
25 10 1, 50 u
13 20
Greaves-W alker and his co-workers' report that quartz is ab u n d an t in ait samples of clay and shale deposits of N orth Carolina.
. 111. Cumulative Dust Exposure o( Workers
In an evaluation of an occupational disease hazard, the medical d a ta arc usually correlated with the total hist ex|tsiire o f th e w orkers as well as with their total lengths of service. As tin- a n an m l of dnsi 1 which the nieii arc ex\Ktsed varies with the occupalim, the total d ust cx|u>survs of the workm en arc of more value than their lengths of service in years. Some jolts exjmsc the men to little d u st: others to appreciable am ounts of dust, as shown in T able I. T o com pare workmen on the basis of their to ta l dust cxgiosuro, a million-particle y e a r d u s t index* is used which is obtained b y m u lti plying the average yearly d u st cxjKisure of an occu|mtioii by the to ta l n u m b er of years s|KMil therein. A mail
exposed to a n a v e n g e of ten million particles of Inst er cu. ft. of a ir in te n years would therefore build lift a' c u m u lativ e cx[*oSurc of 100 million particle y ears of dust. W hen m ore than one occupation is involved, the cu in u lativ c ex |m su re fo r each is calm la ted and a total cx[o?iirc c o m p u ted lv adding to g eth er th e individual occu p atio n al t-X|>osures.
A distriliulion of the Workers according to arbitrarily selected cu m u la tiv e dust-exposure classifications is presented in T able III.
V irtually Sij% of the routine workers have nivumulatcd less th an 150 m illion particle years of dust, which
is n o t an excessive exposure. T his conclusion m ay l>e examined on the basis of the free silica (or quartz) con ten t of the du st. I t is generally accepted th at five mil lion particles of qu artz (of respirable size) per cu. ft. of air is the m axim um concentration th at mav lie toler-
" Prelim inary R eport of Study in Brick and Tile Indus try in W. V a.," Bureau of Industrial Hygiene, W. Va. S tate H e a lth D ept.. Charleston, \V. Va., lPoh.
1 A. F. Greaves-Walkcr, N. H. Stolte, and W. L. Fabianic. "Occurrence. Properties, and L'scs of Commercial Clays and Shales of X . C .." A'. C. Shite Coll. Agr. or* Eng. Expt. Sta. B ull.. No. t>, 74 pp. (1034); Ceram. Abs., IS (31 105 (1930).
J. M . D alla Valle. " Significance of Dust C ounts." V. S. Pub. Health Repts., 54. 1005-1104 fl939i; Reprint No. 2083.
a ted with safety. T he brick plant workers are exposed to dusts, the q u artz (or free silica) coutent of which
varies from 10 to 2 5 % (T able I I ) . If th e m axim um concentration of 25% of free silica is employed for illus tration, then a concentration of tw enty million parti cles o f such d u s t p er cu. ft. of a ir w ould co n tain five million particles of q uartz, which is tlie maximum am ount tliat m ay be tolerated w ith safely. Assuming
th a t forty years co n stitu te a norm al lifetime, a jierson could th eoretically bu ild u p a cu m ulative ex[>sure of 800 million particle years of such du st w ithout incur ring a serious risk to h e a lth . T h u s SOU million particle years become a kind of yardstick by which the cum u lative dust exposures of the workers may lie gauged. O nly tw en ty ro u tin e w orkers (see T ab le I I I) have built up a cu m ulative exposure of m ore th a n 5(H) million par ticle years of dust, which is only a little more than one h alf of the SIX) niilliou-|K irliclc-ycar y ardstick a t which sonic evidence of d u s t pathology m ight lie e.\|ieeled. T his by]ilhelie.il "threshold" lim it is based mi die d u st sam ple w ith th e m axim um q u a rtz co ntent, which is u ndoubtedly m uch h igher th a n th a t of the average
atm ospheric d u sts to w hich th e w orkers are c.\|*scd. Titus, instead of tlie to tal "lliresltold" lust exposure being SIX) m illion p a rtic le years of d u st, it is proliahlv a t least double th a t figure, as the juartz content of the air-lm nic lust sam ples (T ab le 11) u w rag es only r_'..Y'(. or lie ball" of th e figure used. O ne workiT only has built
u p a cum u lativ e ex | sure o f m ore th a n K im million |>artic!- years. T lie len g th of ex|Hisnre, in years. of the employees reveals th a t alm ost one half of the routine workers exam ined have Ihtii in the industry more than leu years. A lter so long a [s rii*1 of service, however, tlieir cum ulative d u st e.\|isur-s a re m ile a fracii<*u "f the theoretical "threshold" computed as a vanlsiick by which to exam ine the total d u st exposure of the workmen. These assum ptions and oiiiipiilalimis.'
therefor-, indicate th a t 1114si1iesnis d u -t lm /.inl is no:
acute ill tlie Nirtli C aro lin a iuu*k utul til- u.d !rv.
IV. Medical Examinations
M edical exam inations, including an X -ray lilm of the chest, were given to 1-a.W em ployees ami pr<r-|*-ctivc employees in tw enty-eight plants, which tverc not identical in every instance w ith those in which dust samples were cnlkvlol. Tlie clinical and X-ray exam inations were m ade on th e premises of the rvsjieclive companies in tltc cruising X -ray trailer of the North Carolina Division of Industrial H ygiene.' The medical exam ination gi4cn to th e w orkers w as thorough, cs[rial emphasis being placed on the heart am! lungs. Blcxxl specimens for tlie W asscrm ann and Kline tests for syphilis were obtained from a large num ber of the persons examined. A com plete medical and ncciipalional h istory was also o b ta in e d in every instance.1'1
C. R. Machcson and M . F. Trice. "N orth Carolina's
Mobile X -R av L aboratory," Jour. Im l. Med.. 7, 327-30
(1938).
'
u M. F. Trice, "Pre-Employment Examinations and
Related Activities of N. C. Div. of Industrial Hygiene.''
ibid.. 9, 183-93 (April, 1940); Ceram. Abs.. 10 [111 272
(1940).
Voi. 20. No. 4
re exposed of which
maximum d for illuslion partilitain five utxxtmuin Assuming , a person <|xisure of out incur,n particle die ctiiuuhi gauged, have Imilt lillioti puri than one v a t wliich cx[iected. d on the
whicli ;e average CX'ioScf). . exposure' t prolKihly len t >*f tfu lly 12.5'" . y Ills Imil l
million 5. of theu: routine more than . however. fmetion of yardstick :re **f the pnlatioiis. ;trd is not duslrv.
y li!in of I prosi-ci i were not chicli riusi ray esaltirestieciiif the Nortli ite medicai rriugh. esand luiiys. `Cline tests -.ber of th ul occupa. a n c e . 1*
. Carolina s . 7, 327-3n
:,..'-oas and li-?:;. -gii-ne."
.111 2711
I. 20. X'o. 4
Health of Brick and Tile Plant Workers in North Carolina
133
Table III
D is t r ib u t io n of W orkm en by A rbitrary T otal D i t -E xfosl-r e Cla ssifica tio ns
Total cxpMurt (tn-p-rJ*
N egative Less than 23
25- 50 50-100 100-150 150-200 200-300 300-400
400-500 500 and over
T otal
* Million particle
Total mployees
374 356 236 229 140 85 71
13 21
1555
years.
Pre-ctuploymenl
(XV)
301 166 25
5
1%) GO.7 33.5 4.C
1.0
1
0.2
4W
100.0
(.Vo.) 71 1S9
213 224
140 S3 77 21 13 2
1051
Routine
<r.) li.7 17.9 20.2 21.3 - 13.3 7.1 7.3 2 .1 1 . 2.0
100.0
Rejected (No.)
2 i
2 I
s
T able I \
P ercentage of Drick and T ile Workers Examined H aving T uberculosis Contacts, P ast R espiratory Ill nesses. ano O ther M edical P inking* in E ach C r o it
SrCCIFIEU
Mvfl ru m in n l (VD
1-ist m edical Itntling
l*H--
em p lo y m en t R outine
Family history of tuberculosis Exposure to tuberculosis
Pleurisy Hemoptysis (blond-streaked spu
tum) Pneumonia
Influenza Colds (few reported )
Colds (more in recent years'! Other respiratory diseases
Clubbed or (wed extremities Diaphragm (normal) Diaphragm (angles sliallow)
Childhood tuberculosis Childhood and adult tulicrculusis Pulmonary lulR-rcultisis (at-liviiv
(?) or arrested)
1.0 1.2 2.8
1.4 8.3 20.S 87.5 2.0 2!>. 4 8.0 tni.n 4.4 0.7 0.2
1.
1.0 1.1 4.3
II.0 9.2 15.8 80.0 3.1 27.0 12.0 $0.U 5.2 7.5 0.2
1
The rxujjiiiilttm of the workers ill brick and planLs li c\|R-cled lo reeeal tlu- existencc <>f pillinonary palltologv tim i conili ItcalIrilm U -tl lt> Lite inhalalim i of tinsi. W'ht-n th cmilpk-lc nbscnce of stielt puthiilngv was ri-;-rliil. il wus derideil lo a n a lv /e all of llu- medi c.d d a ta carefully 1 ili-lermiiu- wlu-lln-r Stilile el't-el of cinsi inhiilnlion litighi U- revealt-d liv higln-r iiu id i aiv s f tlu- more t'om iiiiniplatv re sp irato re disortlers. All d a ta llit-rt fori- were i' k Iit I mi pim eli card s a n d unale/t-tl un liiterr..iliinud linsiness M aehines tidm luling ei|iiip meni. The more iiii|>irt:uil resiills of lliis analysis. exeepl Ole henrt findings. a re presenled in Tallii- IV. T here i> n-t a p p n v ialile diiYi-reiicc ili Ihe ineitlenee of llie varioiis ii'.idiigs l'or llu- pre ctllploynieiil aliti rm iliiu w orker-, iinliinling Ihal i-.\|toSun- tu ltrit-k plani tinsi hus pn-lucetl no tlenutiistralili- efft-el un th e heallh of Ih e workers. Inasnnn-li a s all prt- eiiiployiin n l a n d r o u tine WorkeTs alike a ie frolli th sanie t-emioniie le tt i, ihe forilier serve as a salisfaelory emilrol gronp wilh tvhicli !' eoinpate- the Uitli-r. Tilt- grotip of meli t-\
T aiilk V
N o m i and P ercentage o p pRE-KXrt.oVMENT and K o f i in i: Workers. C la ssified iiv R ace, R eacting
P o sitiv ely to W assermann an-i K u n e T ests ehr S v r i n u s
IYch?mplnytmtit
nuli tir
W asserm ann Negative Doubtful Positive Not done
T otal
While
(No.)
C7.)
02
01.0
1
1.5
3
4.5
115*
181
Cnli^vil
(No.)
iv;
as
52.2
a
X.4
52
39.4
1X2*
314
\Vhitf
N.)
Ti
.Vi
MB. U
1
1.8
3
5.2
227*
2SI
CuIkitI1
No.)
ri>
101 31 77 :>is
7`7
43.0 8.4
8X.fi
Kline Negative Doubtful
Positive Not done
94
91.3
157
6
5.8
15
3
2.9
49
78*
93*
T otal
181
314
* N ot considered in calculating percentages.
71. 0.7
22 3
221 3 7 48*
234
0.3.5 3.5 3.(1
382 72
200 113*
77
58.5 11.0 30.5
V . Medical Findings
T he X -ray films of the 1555 w orkers were read sepa rately and ap art by two physicians, both of whom re ported th a t there was no evidence in any of them of silicosis o r an y o th e r p ulm onary co ndition th a t could lie attributed to dust.
(.1941)
ainiucd were in an unusually excellent sta te of health, except eight men who were rejected for em ploym ent, one of whom had tulicrculosis questionable, four ques tionably active, and three definitely active tuberculosis. Seven of the persons rejected were routine workers; the other was a pre-employment case.
134
Bulletin of The American Ceramic Society--Ceramic History
VI. Vnr*al Disease
In view of the nation-wide campaign to eradicate venereal diseases, the medical findings relating to this scourge are presented in Table V. The incidence of syphilis is m uch higher am ong the colored workers. Among those whose blood was subjected to the Wasser m ann test, 43% of the routine colored workers reacted positively as against 5.2% of the routine white workers. R esults of reactions to the Kline test were 30.5% against 3.0% ; about the same ratio holds for the prcem ploymcnt cases.
VII. Conclusions
The total absence of silicosis and other serious pulm onary pathology and the low incidence of other respiratory diseases am ong 1555 brick and tile p laat workers indicate th a t exposure to dust in the North Carolina industry does not constitute a serious menace to health.
D ivision or I hdi/stnial H ratio N orth C aro un a Stats Boaro o r I I rai.th R alr ig h. S orts Ca r o u n a
CERAMIC HISTORY
WALTER JODOK KOHLER*
Let me die. working. Still tackling plans unfinished, tasks undone! Clear to its end. swift may my raec be run. No laggard steps, no faltering, no shirking:
Let me die, working.
W alter J. Kohler, Chairm an of the Hoard of Directors of Kohler Company, spent a busy day at his office. S atu r day. Aiiril 20. 1940. working until near seven o'clock in the evening with the vigor and test which always character ized him. M uch of the morning was given to corre spondence. study of operating reports, and presiding toward noon at a meeting of the executive committee. Afternoon brought a tong conference with company engineers regarding a projected new factory building anti its equipment.
On Sunday, lilt- members of the organization, the |H-oplc of the village, and thousands of friends were inexpressibly shocked to learn that lie had Iteen stricken th a t morning with a fatal attack uf coronary embolism.
The versus above, by S. Hall Young, dated t!l33. which he clipped and saved, had Itccn prophetic.
Boyhood and Early Responsibilities
W alter Jndok Kohler was horn M arch 3, IS75. in Sheboygan, Wisconsin, the son of John Michael and Lillie Yollrath Kohler. His mother died on Mareh 2. 1XJC1. the day Ix-forc his eighth birthday. On November 3. HSS7. his father m arried Minnie Vollrutli. his m other's sister. Walter was devoted to her through the years, and her photograph was on his office desk at the time of his passing.
lie was the third of a family uf four sons and three daughters.
Family ties and traditions were ever a dominating interest and influence in his life, and his middle name Jodok. long in the Kohler family, is reminiscent of the Bregenzerwald (Forest of Brcgenz). near Lake Constance in Austria, where the Kohlers had dwell, according to church records, since 1024.
Thence John Michael Kohler came as a boy of ten with his father and the immediate family to America, where
* From Kckler N e x t. 24 5] (M ay, 1940).
they settled on a farm near Si. I'nitl. Minnesota. Reach ing manhood, lie worked for a time in Chicago After the great lire, he went to Slu-ltoygan. Wisconsin, where he married. There, in 1373. lit- established a m anufactur ing business wltieli the family lias rouriuiu-d ever since.
W aller Kohler was liapli/.ed into (In- l-tpisco|Kil church, with which he continued affiliation throughout his life. He also liclongcd to the Itluc Lodge of the Masonic (triler.
His formal education was iihiaincd in the Sheboygan public schools. At I'lftccll, be decided that lie wanted to go into his father's business. lie followetl a natural urge. In the factory, he p u l in long hours at m an's Utlmr liefore the enameling furnaces and in tlu- foundry, receiving a wage uf altont $1.25 a day. He Itrcamc a foreman at eighteen ami factory Nit|icriiitrudcni at twenty-live.
Ill IS'.?I, (lie factory was removed by his father, John Michael Kohler, to its present site, wltieli was then in the open country.
The death of his fallu-r, me mouth after its removal and two days after W aller's wedding lav in tin- fall of l,."H), left three young brothers. R o U rt. W aller, and Carl, in colic with diffietthies which, a few m ouths later. I.same more formidable with the total destruction of tin: new plant by fire.
They returncil lo the old plant in Shcltoygau and con tinued business. Trium phing over the problems of financing, planning, construction, anti equipment, they rebuilt the plant, reopening it one year later on the anni versary of the fire.
By the untimely passing of the two brothers who had been associated with him . W alter Kohler was left in 11">5 the responsible head of the business. A series of calami tous events had precipitated him, at the early age of thirty, into the presidency of the company, a position which he held until 1937 when, becoming Chairman of the Board, he was succeeded as President by his youngest brother. H erbert V. Kohler.
Among M r. Kohler's many civic activities, his keenest
Vol. 20. No 4