Document 1zKGOpG4LJ0B4Y9vDozap3vj

fT Handling Chemicals and other Hazardous Materials CONTINENTAL OIL COMPANY SHE000000161 This booklet covers precautionary meas ures for the handling of chemicals and the other hazardous materials most commonly used in our operations. There are many haz ardous materials not included in this book let because their use is restricted to lab oratories or isolated locations. First aid measures are given for the treatment of minor injuries and/or expo sures. If there is any doubt regarding the seriousness of employee's injury or expo sure, the employee should have medical treatment at once. Prepared by Safety and Medical Divisions Personnel Relations Department Continental Oil Company Reviewed and Approved by the Labeling and Toxicity Advisory Committee Second Issue - January 1961 SHE000000162 health factors IN SAFE HANDLING OF CHEMICALS Introduction Knowledge of certain health factors can lead to safer handling of chemicals. The following information will help you to become familiar with some toxicologi cal terminology and to understand ways by which noxious substances enter the body and exert their harmful effects. Definitions TOXICOLOGY - The science which studies the ability of a substance to cause bodily harm by other than mechanical means. TOXICITY - The capacity of a substance to cause injury or harm. HAZARD - The probability that injury will result from handling or use of a sub stance In the quantity, frequency, and man ner proposed. SYSTEMIC - Reference to the organ sys tems of the body; conditions involving the body as a whole. LOCAL - Reference to a limited, welldefined area of injury or response. In common usage this may refer to surface ef fects . TOPICAL - Refers specifically to sur face application or contact. ACUTE - Refers to a single or sudden event or response, thus an acute exposure or an acute illness. -1- SHE000000163 CHRONIC - Refers to a repeated or pro longed event or response, thus a chronic exposure or a chronic illness. MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATION (THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE) - This refers to a concentration of dust, mist, or vapor be lieved to be harmless and unobjectionable to most humans when they are continuously exposed for an eight-hour working day five days a week. There is usually a sufficient margin of safety to penult exposures in ex cess of eight hours without harm. Mode of Entry Inhalation: Breathing a vapor, mist, or dust is the most common form of exposure in industry and, with a few exceptions, represents the most likely means through which a systemic Illness will be produced. Whether a given chemical will be hazardous from the standpoint of inhalation depends upon the combined effects of several things: the chance that the chemical In use will escape to the air, the concentration present in the air, the volatility of the chemical at a given temperature, the Inherent tox icity of the chemical, and the length of time the chemical Is breathed. There is a wide variance of response among Individuals exposed to a given chemi cal under Identical environmental condi tions, Of several men exposed at one time, some may show various degrees of illness; and others may be unaffected. Pre-existing conditions may be Important in such situa tions. Other less obvious factors, such as depth and rate of breathing or body consti tution, may also be important. -2- SHE000000164 Skin Penetration: Certain chemicals have the ability to penetrate the unbroken skin and be picked up by the blood stream with almost fantastic speed. Others are not considered to penetrate the skin at all. The great majority of chemicals probably fall somewhere between these two extremes; and while they do penetrate the skin bar rier, the amount absorbed under most circum stances is less than that which will cause harm. In industry, skin penetration is probably the second most common means of entry of chemicals to the body. Whether harmful effects will result from exposure depends upon the physical characteristics of the chemical, the rate of skin penetra tion, the toxicity of the chemical, the length of time the contact occurs, and the area of skin involved in the contact. Be cause clothing wet with a chemical acts as a poultice and prolongs skin contact, it is Important that contaminated clothing be re moved at once-to reduce the time or contact. Swallowing: Another term for this mode of entry is ingestion. This is proba bly the most rare~Torm~"o?"~entry to the body from an industrial aspect. Only in the case of a laboratory worker sucking on a pipette would this form of exposure seem to be a reasonably probable source of acute poisoning. Here, the dose swallowed, the toxicity of the product, and the rate of absorption from the stomach are probably the significant variables. Of interest is the fact that some materials which do not readily penetrate the skin may be absorbed rapidly from the mucous membrane lining of the mouth. In some instances, sufficient amounts of a chemical to result in swallow ing of harmful quantities may be carried to the mouth by hands or other means. -3- SHE00000016S Local Effects Skin Contact: Skin contact with a chemical may result only in a mild tran sient redness of short duration* There may also result any of several degrees of se verity of response, ranging from changes comparable with first and second degree burns to extensive tissue destruction. The severity of response may vary, depending upon whether the contact is covered or un covered* For example, a spill of acetalde hyde upon the uncovered skin may result in rapid evaporation, a sensation of coldness, and a brief mild redness, while a contact resulting from clothing wet with the chem ical' may cause a burning sensation and for mation of blisters similar to a second degree bum. It is generally accepted that a covered skin contact results in a more severe skin reaction* Tills further empha sizes the importance of prompt removal of contaminated clothing. Repeated exposure to solvents often results in skin changes because of the re moval of the oils and waxes which keep the skin soft and pliable* A skin so affected is dry, scaly, and somewhat thickened and tends to crack easily. There is commonly some redness resulting from the irritating effects of the absence of fats. Dermatitis is an inflamed condition of the skin which may result from defatting of the skin and from contact with an irritat ing substance or, at times, with a sensitiz ing substance. In ordinary dermatitis due to irritants, it is usually possible to cure the condition and remain at work, pro viding skin contact is reduced or elimi nated* -4- SHE000000166 I t is sound p ra c tic e to avoid skin b le use ae fn fd ,e c t i v ec on p ta ro ct te cann c tiv e ot e be quip a v o id m e n t. e d , to c o n ta c t wiitf h chem icals as much as p o s s i I L G 1S 03 03 G 1 p be Go G H O6w G u G *H t* cd P H OP 03 <*H td a Qfrt 03 cd O Bp > P -< (dtJH >J 03 OP Ol-p G O P P H X> Td P G H P P G cd >G'_d -h . go !>> 3 O cd o*.o Eh *H 2*3 S 0 *H dH 6 id H rH cd G tH ft 03 CQ 3C QJP G 3 <D <U O JP O O >P H rt H Cd O *H G O GP M ft cd G 03 O H 4) d 0) 4) cd > K*H H fljP-rlH P 'G p 0 P G O 3 cd G G 0 P G G . rH G ftH G cd P bO * *G P cd G 03 > ap cd X td oo c o>,np?>e 0HO^GCQ) HBGGcd IhO m O^ w G P cd BODP<3 p p p cd bo p sw o ^ iq ao OP <UGtOPOH3Q>lQ<d'd >> G O C God P cd G o4h dh ^ G <g o g p h G cd H o *H P P D o t'*op H bO Cd N p w p G 0 * cd 0H3 E p >>*9 P d-HWgd >)H p G t G H P P* i--l O X3 h cd rH i--1 O UG TJ G G *H 0i G cd P X> G O o cd GXJ G,, G cd t o O rH P Q0i cd cd cd G cd cd G P G p * G > p a> x> o w *r-D ehx: a) td fn w dH-d PH -Q r Pff(Dl *H<hd <dd a) >>p 03 '9 g P Cd -H A) ^ w o d E'd !h 0) d d cd H G ** I3 *H P 03 Cd G >> H CtQ'd g p a> h OH-H d^ o rjh o dt 4) a)<H W(DPooHWOrPocld*i<H+goh <P.w(HMD OG_G >a E hd Oo Po cd C bO G *H P>^OtOUOh dgB G XI H P O CO Cd ft G G a p h g o cd p cd h cd cd $-* G P o cd 0 g o ,Hh4 ObPOpO3pP* WCd-d 0Q cd G <M o* O 03 co G t p Go SQ P o cd G'd p<d *H p o 4) w Go oG fto-rl P 0o p P cd G p ^ G cd P o >>H cd OH 03 C o P w > aj ' G 03 P H > >-HflP O O <+H O H P *H o cd S p o o Cd cd G bO O cd t> P PEh *GH P >g> ca Go cd o kfocTG3 Gp^(hGWHWH4)OH OP>>GbO> pp03030bOG o (4 *H O *H 03 SdHfl) H fJG B bO Ph rl A) 4) rl ^ W rl O O (D GX3XJXIO cd O cd P ft O P <m G oEnP^cdHPXicdGbOoOcd p Gu 0 0G3 PO cd Of K uW Eh G >5 O o tH GP cd bO H cd P 0G wH cd cd p PG Po *rH o GP cd p *H HG 0H O cd ci G o *H p o G G P 03 03 r( P P o *H OH rH 90 G i> P Q ft g O Gi 0 P cd rH *G P cd C t LA I <0 overcome, do not attempt a rescue with out the protection of proper respiratory equipment, preferably some form of selfcontained breathing apparatus. Remember, a gas mask does not protect against at mospheric oxygen deficiency nor is it ef fective in high concentrations (2 per cent by volume is the usual limit) of chemical vapors. Remember also that even though a self-contained air supply mask is worn injury can occur through exposed skin surfaces if the air contaminant is an irritant or is capable of being ab sorbed through the skin. 2. Have the employee lie down and keep him warm. If breathing is Clifficult, a sitting position may be more com fortable. If unconscious, see that his tongue does not fall back and obstruct his breathing. If vomiting starts, turn on side or face downward to prevent in haling vomited material. 3. If breathing has stopped, shout for help and start any effective means of artificial respiration. Continue until . breathing is restored or a physician ar rives to take charge. An effective means of artificial respiration is one which the rescuer knows best how to perform. Mouth-to-mouth breathing is the most ef fective method now known. The back pres sure-arm lift method of Holger-NIelsen is next most efficient. The Sylvester method and the Schafer prone-pressure method can also be lifesaving means of artificial respiration. 4. If breathing becomes difficult or color of the patient becomes bluegray, check for an obstructed airway. Be sure airway is clear of dentures, foreign bodies, etc. If the airway Is -6 SKB000000168 clear, oxygen may be given by face mask but only by someone familiar with the ad ministration equipment and authorized to do so. 5* Call a physician as soon as pos sible or send someone to do this. Make sure the physician knows where he is needed and why he is needed. 6. Never leave an unconscious person unattended. 7- Never attempt to give an uncon scious person anything by mouth. Skin Exposure; Be familiar with and follow the in structions on the container label. Otherwise; 1. Small exposures of the skin should be promptly flooded with water and followed by thorough, gentle scrubbing with soap and water. 2. Contaminated clothing should be removed and the underlying skin washed with running water followed by soap and water. 3. If large skin or clothing contact occurs, the employee should hurry to the nearest safety shower and remove clothing while standing in the shower. The skin should be thoroughly washed with water in the shower followed by gentle scrubbing with soap and water. 4. Contaminated clothing should not be worn again until laundered. 7- SHE000000169 5. A physician should see those cases which show skin effects from the exposure or in whom symptoms of systemic illness appear. Swallowing: Be familiar with and follow the in structions on the container label. Otherwise: 1. Cause the victim to vomit as quickly as possible. This may be done by having him drink a lot of water and then sticking a finger down the throat. An other effective means of causing vomiting is to drink a glass of warm water in which a tablespoon of table salt has been dis solved. Never give an unconscious person anything by mouth. 2. Call a physician at once. 3- Keep the victim lying down and keep him warm and comfortable. Eye Exposure: Be familiar with and follow the in structions on the container label. Otherwise: 1. Go immediately to the nearest eye wash fountain or other source of clean running water. 2. Spread the lids with the fingers and allow the water to flood the eye, 3. Roll the eye about so that the water may contact all eye surfaces. -8- SHE000000170 4. Continue such emergency washing for 15 minutes. 5. Take the victim to the first-aid room or to a physician as soon as possible after the emergency washing period is com pleted, -9- SHE000000171 ACETONE Maximum Allowable Concentration in Air: 1,000 parts per million. Explosive Limits: From 2.5 to 12.8 per cent by volume in air. Hazardous Properties: It is narcotic and markedly stimulating to the respira tory centers. Is very flammable and constitues a dangerous fire hazard, and Is an irritant to the eyes and mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. Prolonged in halation can cause irritation of mucous membranes of the eyes and respiratory tract. It can cause headaches; fainting; and, in much larger concentrations, a state of stupor. Prolonged exposure to the vapor irritates the skin. It is said to cause an onset of a state of stupor at a faster rate than methyl alcohol but is supposed to be less toxic. In higher concentrations It is more toxic for brief exposures than chloroform and Is only slightly less toxic than benzene. It can cause a granulation of the eyelids, dis like of light, excess tears, and corneal bums. Treatment and Antidotes: One suf fering from toxic effects of this mate rial should Immediately be removed to fresh air and should copiously wash skin or eyes with water. If contact symptoms are severe, call a physician. Storage and Handling: It Is quite volatile and very flammable, and it should be stored In a cool place away from constant sources of Ignition. Per sonnel exposed to high concentrations of -10- SHE000000172 this material should wear air-line res pirators or twin-cartridge chemical gas masks of a variety approved for this material. Good general ventilation should be the rule when it is being used. If it is found to cause irritation to the eyes in the concentration being used, chemical goggles should be worn. Only electrical equipment of the explosion-proof type (group D) should be In use where acetone is being used or stored. Vapor forms explosive mixtures with air at all temperatures down to 3P. Fires of acetone can be extinguished best by water spray or by carbon dioxide, carbon tetrachloride, or dry chemical. Also Called: Dimethyl ketone, ke tone propane, and propanone. Formula: CH3COCH3 Description: Colorless liquid; fragrant mint-like odor. -11- SHE000000173 ALUMINUM CHLORIDE Hazardous Properties: This material has been known to cause allergic symptoms of various types in humans. Storage and Handling: Exposed per sonnel who are sensitive to it should wear protective clothing. If necessary, to avoid bodily contact. Formula: AICI3 Description: ;Yellowish-white granular crystals. -12- SHE000000174 AMMONIA 9 ANHYDROUS Maximum Allowable Concentration in Air; 100 parts per million. Explosive Limits: 16 to 25 per cent by volume In air. Hazardous Properties: Fire and ex plosion hazards are present but are con sidered small. It Is irritating to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes of the nose. It acts principally on the upper respiratory tract, where it exerts an alkaline caustic action and it elicits Immediate violent respiratory reflexes, such as coughing and arrest of respira tion. It affects the eyes Immediately. Inhalation causes acute inflamination of the respiratory organs, cough edema of the lungs, chronic bronchial catarrh, secretion of saliva, and retention of urine. Concentrations of the order of 5,000 to 10,000 parts per million are deadly for exposures of a few minutes. Concentrations of 2,500 to 4,500 parts per million are dangerous for exposures of 30 to 60 minutes. The maximum con centration that can be tolerated for 60 minutes is 300 parts.per million. The maximum concentration that can be toler ated for several hours without serious disturbances is 100 parts per million. The least detectable odor Is about 53 parts per million, and the smallest con centration which will cause immediate irritation of the eyes Is 698 parts per million. The least concentration which causes coughing is 1,720 parts per mil lion. The gas is very dangerous to the eyes, as Is the liquid. Symptoms of in toxication are irritation and swelling -13- SHE000000175 of the eyelids; "burning of the throat; coughing; pulmonary edema; irritation of the skin, especially if it is moist; labored breathing; and respiratory fail ure. Faulty refrigeration systems occa sionally give rise to high concentrations of ammonia in industrial applications. Others liable to intoxication from this material are coke oven and textile work ers; calcium carbide workers; dye makers; tannery workers; and those employed in the munitions, explosives, glue, lacquer, fertilizers, artificial ice, artificial silk, and many other industries. Treatment and Antidotes: If liquid ammonia is spilled upon the clothing, all clothing should be removed immediately and the body thoroughly drenched with water. If the eyes are injured by am monia, they should be washed immediately and abundantly with water; and this may be followed by the introduction of a saturated solution of boric acid. If pain is severe, use local anesthetic, such as 0.5 per cent solutions of pontocaine hydrochloride. Thereafter the ap plication of olive oil or some similar oil is desirable. Continuous warm boric compresses to the eyes may be of value. The usual treatment of corneal ulcers should be instituted, and an ophthalmolo gist should be called at once. Respira tory and circulatory measures should be taken if the concentration of fumes has been severe and the respiration affected. Inhalations of 5 to 7 per cent carbon dioxide in oxygen should be given. If pulmonary edema ensues, the use of oxygen by means of a tent or intranasal apparatus is advised. -14- SHE000000176 Storage and Handling: Cylinders should be stored away from heat and sun light. They should never be dropped. Connections to these cylinders should be tight. Caution should be observed when opening containers, and a gas mask1 should be worn. Storage should be In fireresistant structures away from chlorine, bromine, iodine, and mineral acids. Water is an effective fire-extinguishing agent. Also Called: Liquid ammonia. Formula: NH3 Description: Colorless gas, ex tremely pungent odor, liquefied by com pression. -15- SHE000000177 ARSINE GAS Maximum Allowable Concentration in Air: 0.05 part per million. Hazardous Properties: Severe and acute poisonings with arsenic are likely to be the result of Inhaling arsine gas. Arsine rapidly destroys the red cells. After it has been inhaled* the first signs are those of lack of oxygen. After some time* the body begins to excrete the damaged red cells* which appear as dark or bloody urine. The kidneys may then become too damaged to function. Treatment and Antidotes: Immediately remove patient to fresh air. If breathing has ceased* start artificial respiration and administer oxygen If available. Call a physician and keep patient quiet. Re move contaminated clothing and wash the body with water. Occurrence: Arsine gas can be pro duced accidentally when hydrogen has been generated In the presence of a mate rial which contains arsenic. This gas has been reported in the acid cleaning of towers* vessels* and pipe and also In the cleaning of tank cars which contained sulfuric and hydrochloric acids. Arsine gas has a garlic-like odor which serves as a warning of its presence. In the absence of really good ventilation* res pirators and chemical goggles should be used. Also Called: Arsenic hydride; arseniuretted hydrogen. Formula: ASH3 Description: Colorless gas. -16- SHZ000000178 BENZENE Maximum Allowable Concentration in Air: 25 parts per million. Explosive Limits: 1.5 to 8.0 per cent by volume in air. Hazardous Properties: The results of inhalation of toxic quantities of the vapor are both acute and chronic, depend ing upon the concentration of the vapor and the length of the exposure. Acute poisoning results from the inhalation of vapors above 3,000 parts per million for even short periods of time, such as a matter of minutes. The effects are rapid. Symptoms are a cramping of the leg muscles, dizziness, excitement, breathlessness, and the sensation of pressure on the lower central part of the forehead. In advanced cases of acute poisoning, the patient be comes confused, hysterical, laughs, shouts, curses, sings, and becomes very obstinate. Chronic poisoning results from daily ex posure to unsafe concentrations over pro longed periods, such as weeks or months. Its use can cause an irritation of the skin due to the defatting effect. The liquid is highly volatile and flammable and Introduces a potential fire hazard wherever It Is stored, handled, or used. At ordinary temperatures, a vapor Is evolved which, when mixed with air, forms explosive mixtures within cer tain limits. This material is a dangerous fire and explosion hazard. Treatment and Antidotes: If benzene Is spilled upon the person, clothing -17- SH2000000179 should be Immediately removed so as to avoid skin contact. If it enters the eyes, they should be flushed thoroughly, for at least 15 minutes with clean warm water. Medical attention must be secured at once. In case of unusual exposure to the vapor, for first aid the patient should be removed to fresh air; and If possible, collapse should be prevented by having him lie down without a pillow, where he should be kept quiet and warm but not.hot. If necessary, the patient should be restrained to prevent too much motion. Storage and Handling: This mate rial is extremely flammable, and the vapor Is very toxic. Keep it away from heat, sparks, and open flame by storing in a cool place. ,, Containers should be kept sealed and plainly labeled. It should be handled only with adequate ventilation. Personnel should be cau tioned to prevent prolonged or repeated contact with the skin, since it can be absorbed through the skin and cause the toxic symptoms noted above. To fight fires of this material, foam, carbon dioxide, carbon tetrachlo ride, and dry chemical may be used to advantage. Avoid use of water. Also Called: Benzol, phenyl hy dride, and coal naphtha. Formula: CgHg Description: Clear colorless liquid. -18- SHE000000180 CALCIUM CHLORIDE Hazardous Properties: If this mate rial comes in contact with the eyes, it will cause excessive tears and irritation of the eyes. Treatment and Antidotes: Eyes so exposed should be washed with plenty of warm water, and the irritation will stop. If It is severe, consult a physician. Storage and Handling: Personnel ex posed to this material in the form of a fine dust should wear chemical safety goggles. Formula: CaCl2 Description: Cubic colorless, deli quescent crystals. -19- SHE000000181 CALCIUM OXIDE Hazardous Properties: Calcium oxide is very caustic and can cause skin rash. The fine dust Is Irritating to the eyes, mucous membranes, and upper respiratory tract. Its chief toxic action Is due to the fact that it is a strong caustic, and It may be regarded primarily as an irritant. In addition, when water is added to quantities of it, a great deal of heat is evolved. This may, under cer tain conditions, cause burns or start fires. Calcium oxide Is used as a compo nent of many industrial processes. It Is an example of an irritant dust that can cause lung damage by extension of the inflammation of the mucous membranes. It is a very common cause of dermatitis and particularly offensive to the eyes. In the form of lime, it can cause lesions of the surface of the eyelids, abundant tears, immediate opacities in a few min utes, corneal ulcers, and watery inflam mation of the eye. Treatment ana Antidotes: This mate rial should immediately be removed from skin contact with large quantities of water. If the eyes are involved, they should immediately be washed with plenty of warm water and a physician consulted. Large amounts on the body can cause se rious bums. These should be attended to immediately. Storage and Handling: Personnel who must be exposed to this material should primarily take care of their eyes by wearing chemical safety goggles. Respiratory protection is indicated. If the concentration of this dust is high -20- SRE000000182 enough, protective clothing should be worn to avoid skin contact. Also Called: Unslaked lime, quick lime, burnt lime, and calx. Formula t CaO Description! Cubic colorless crys tals. -21- SHE000000183 CARBON DIOXIDE Maximum Allowable Concentration in Air: 5,000 parts per million. Hazardous Properties: Gaseous car bon dioxide is the regulator of the breathing f-wnctlon in the body. An In crease in the percentage of CO2 breathed results in an Increased rate of breath ing. High concentrations, however, para lyze the respiratory center and cause as phyxiation and death. Concentrations in some atmospheres are sufficient to cause symptoms in man or even unconsciousness and death. Carbon dioxide gas is a heavy vaporj therefore it can collect in man holes, mine floors, shipholds, well3, brewery vats, garbage dumps, etc. It does not tend to diffuse away readily. High concentrations In such places can remain for considerable lengths of time. Five thousand to 10,000 parts per million in normal air causes a slight and unnoticeable Increase in the ventilation of the lungs. Twenty thousand parts per million will increase the lung ventila tion by 50 per cent, whereas 30,000 parts per million will increase it about 100 per cent. Fifty thousand parts per mil lion causes about 300 per cent increase in lung ventilation. Breathing then be comes laborious, and 100,000 parts per million can be endured only for a few minutes. One hundred twenty thousand to 150.000 parts per million causes quick loss of consciousness. Death may take place after exposure of several hours to 250.000 parts per million. Liquid carbon dioxide can exist only at low tempera tures or at normal temperatures and high pressures; therefore CO2 is extremely -22- SHE000000184 dangerous when confined. Containers of it should not be dropped. Solid carbon dioxide is extremely cold; Indeed it can cause burns when In contact with any part of t'he body. It Is used as a refrig erant and is sometimes called "Dry Ice." Intoxication from carbon dioxide causes excitement, headache, vertigo, dyspnea, drowsiness, weakness, dizziness, and muscular weakness. Poliowing the Initial excitement, high concentrations may result in coma or even death. It can cause visual disturbances in high concen trations. Treatment and Antidotes: If a per son is overcome by high concentration of carbon dioxide vapor, he should immedi ately be removed to fresh air. Carbon dioxide causes only temporary disability due to exposure, and the symptoms are al ways of short duration. If breathing has stopped. Institute artificial respiration and, if necessary, give oxygen. Call a physician. Storage and Handling; When It Is stored as liquid or as gas under pressure. It should be kept in a cool place. The containers should never be dropped. . Solid carbon dioxide can be readily *. stored; however, when personnel must en ter such areas, they should be protected by the use of positive pressure or selfcontained air-line respirators. Person nel handling solid carbon dioxide should have complete body protection from the freezing cold. If there Is any danger of carbon dioxide collecting in an area where personnel must work, this area should.be tested before they are allowed to enter. -23- SHE000000185 Because of the high pressure under which it exists, liquid carbon dioxide can cause container fragments to fly as if from an explosion if the containers are dropped and broken. Do not store where they may be exposed to high tempera tures. Also Called: Carbonic acid, car bonic anhydride, and "dry ice." Formula: CO2 Description: Colorless, odorless gas; colorless liquid; white snow-like solid. -24- SHE000000186 CARBON DISULFIDE Maximum Allowable Concentration in Air: 20 parts per,million. Explosive Limits: From 1 to 50 per cent by volume in air. Hazardous Properties: Carbon disul fide is highly flammable and explosive. Its autoignition temperature is 212F. It Is harmful by Inhalation of the vapor* by prolonged or repeated contact of the liquid with the skin* or by ingestion. Because of its low autoignition point* it Is particularly hazardous because while it Is in use the vapors may come into contact with apparatus at ordinary tem peratures and burst into flame or cause an explosion. Symptoms of intoxication are nervous ness* Indigestion* irritability* insomnia* excessive fatigue* shortness of breath on moderate exertion* loss of appetite* head ache, and disturbances of sensations In the extremities. Further signs of poi soning are a waxy pallor, low blood pres sure* tremors* and unusual behavior. Carbon disulfide dissolves the fat In normal skin* causing it to become dry and cracked. Actual skin contact may cause temporary reddening and a burning sensation. This material is particularly irritating to the eyes. Treatment and Antidotes: Make pa tient comfortable. Remove contami nated clothes. Remove him to fresh air or to a well-ventilated room. If -25- SHE000000167 necessary, start artificial respiration at once. Keep patient quiet and comfort ably warm but not hot, A physician should be called at once. Storage and Handling: Store in wellventilated areas, preferably out of doors. Since it has a high vapor pressure and a low ignition temperature, it should be kept at or below normal room temperature. Brums of this material should be sprayed with water in hot weather so that the temperature does not rise excessively. If It Is stored in a building, the building should be well ventilated at floor level to remove the heavy vapors. The material should be kept In safety cans. Never use near an open flame or source of Ignition. Storage containers should be electrically grounded to avoid the accumulation of static electricity. Personnel who must be exposed to un known concentrations of this material, as in a case of spillage or accident, should wear personal protective equipment. This should consist of positive pressure gas masks or air-line respirators. Where the area is confined, skin protection Is de sirable. Gloves should be used of material that is impervious. Hands should be coated with salve and the gloves washed daily. Containers should be kept closed and plainly labeled as to the danger. To fight fires of this material, water (fog or spray), carbon dioxide, and dry chemical can be used. Formula: CS2 Description: Clear, colorless, flam mable liquid, almost odorless when pure. -26- sheooooooi88 CARBON TETRACHLORIDE Maximum Allowable Concentration in Air: 25 parts per million. Hazardous Properties: Carbon tetra chloride is potentially toxic by inhala tion, by prolonged or repeated contact of the liquid with the skin or the mucous membranes, or by ingestion. When used properly, however, it is relatively safe, though it can have an irritating effect. It produces tears, burning, and other symptoms of inflammation of the eyes; and If taken Internally, it causes gastro intestinal inf lamination, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and bloody stools. After a short time, general symptoms of toxicity appear as a result of damage to the liver, kidneys, heart, adrenal glands, and nerv-ous system. Ingestion of more than 3 to 4 cubic centimeters may cause death. Carbon tetrachloride is widely used as a solvent to clean machinery and to remove greases and oil from all sorts of apparatus. Clothing saturated with it should be removed Immediately and the body subjected to a warm shower with plenty of soap. After prolonged or re peated contact with the skin, it can cause a dermatitis and possibly a hyper sensitivity to itself. In such a case, the skin becomes rough, red, and dry be cause of the removal of the skin oils. Skin In this condition cracks easily and then becomes susceptible to infection. Carbon tetrachloride is dangerous to the -27- SHE000000189 eyes as vapor or liquid* It is partic ularly dangerous to alcoholics, exceed ingly fleshy Individuals, and under nourished persons or those -with pulmonary, liver, or kidney diseases; stomach ulcers; or hypertension. It is also dangerous to individuals having.a sensitivity to car ton tetrachloride or even to many common hydrocarbons. Regardless of the mode of entry Into the body, the first symptoms to look for, if overexposure to this material Is sus pected, are headache, mental confusion, depression, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and loss of co-ordina tion and sense of balance as well as vis ual disturbances. Such poisoning is fre quently Insidious, and the onset of the toxic symptoms noted may be delayed for periods of 2 to 8 days or longer. Treatment and Antidotes; Personnel suspected of having been overexposed to this material should be removed to fresh air immediately and a physician summoned. If there is any spillage on the person, his contaminated clothing should be re moved at once. If breathing has stopped, artificial respiration should be started. In any event, the patient should be kept quiet and comfortably warm but not hot. If the material has been swallowed, the patient should be made to vomit by drink ing a full glass of mustard water, luke warm water with salt, or soapy water. NOTE: Alcohol, fats, oils, or epinephrine should not be administered. If some car bon tetrachloride has been spilled into the eyes, they should be irrigated with large amounts of warm water for 15 min utes. -28- SHS000000190 Storage and Handling: Store in a cool ventilated area and label properly so that personnel will use caution in handling. Many persons have inadvert ently poisoned themselves with this material because they did not know its identity or toxic properties. Do not store or use near sources of open flame or high temperature which causes forma tion of toxic decomposition products. When carbon tetrachloride is being used in any quantity, avoid contaminating the atmosphere. If possible, good gen eral ventilation should be provided. Un covered pails or other containers should never be used. Ventilation should be provided, particularly at floor level as well as in the usual locations. Pits, depressions, totally enclosed basements, etc., should be avoided because the vapors are heavy and will sink and stay in such places. Prolonged or repeated inhalation of the vapor should be avoided as well as prolonged or repeated skin contact. It should never be taken internally. When carbon tetrachloride is in use, frequent checks of the atmospheric con centration should be taken. Personnel who must be exposed to it should take adequate safety precautions. Gas-type or at least chemical-type safety goggles are recommended. If a high concentration is suspected, a positive-pressure, or a self-contained source of air, type gas mask should be used. The air-line type respirator is also recommended. Anyone who must enter tanks or other enclosed areas where the material has been stored should do so only if he has a life line and harness connection and an attendant -29- SH1000000191 constantly In charge to pull him to safety should he begin to lose consciousness. Another effect of this material in the air is to reduce the oxygen content; therefore care must be taken to avoid such oxygen deficiency* Personnel who must use rags wet with carbon tetrachlo ride should wear gloves to prevent der matitis and other skin effects. Also Called: Tetrachloromethane and perchloromethane * Formula: CCI4 Description: Colorless liquid, peculiar odor. -30- SH2000000192 CHLORINE Maximum Allowable Concentration in Air: 1 part per million. Hazardous Properties: Liquid chlo rine is very dangerous to the eyes, as is chlorine gas. It can cause excess tears and degrees of irritation to the eyes. High concentrations can cause pneumonitis and excess accumulation of fluid in the lungs. In concentrations of 1,000 parts per million. It is invariably and rapidly fatal; therefore lung irrita tion is one of the most serious effects of chlorine. The least concentration with detectable odor is 3-5 parts per million. The least concentration necessary to cause throat irritation Is 15 parts per million and to cause coughing is 30 parts per million; therefore the strong odor of chlorine acts as a warning mechanism. There are fewer fatalities due to chlorine poisoning in industry where it Is widely used than to nitrogen dioxide, which is more subtle. Further symptoms due to the inhalation of chlorine are respiratory re flexes, causing coughing, smarting of the eyes, and general feeling of discomfort In the chest, a hoarse cough, nausea, and vomiting. The face may become red and bloated because of congestion in the veins or gray because of failing circulation. Treatment and Antidotes: A patient who has been severely gassed should be removed from the toxic area promptly. All constricting clothing about the neck should be loosened. He should be kept quiet in a reclining position and should be wrapped with warm blankets while hot water bottles are applied if needed. -31- 5HE000000193 Oxygen should be administered in all cases. It is considered best not to wait for cyanosis to set In, since the administration of oxygen will often pre vent cyanosis and relieve the pain of deep respiratory effort. Olive oil for the eyes may be effective. Codeine phosphate or sulfate for cough or spray ing of the nose and throat with a sooth ing solution at times Is useful; but for this latter use, products containing oil should be avoided because of the dan ger of developing an oil pneumonia. Fur thermore, such patients should be reas sured regarding any permanent effects to the lungs; thus a neurosis may be avoided and malingering prevented by the emphatic statement of existing statistics and knowledge regarding these cases. Storage and Handling: Containers of this material under pressure should be stored carefully in a cool place away from acute fire hazards and should be plainly labeled. These containers should never be dropped because they may break and allow large volumes of chlorine to escape. This gas is heavy and will cling to the ground. It will cause a great deal of damage to personnel near Its point of release. Personnel who must be exposed to chlorine must have protective equipment. Protection for the respira tory tract is also necessary, and an ap proved respirator is recommended. If the concentration Is quite high, protec tive clothing should be worn to avoid contact with the skin. Areas where this material is stored should be plainly marked, and personnel should be cautioned to avoid careless handling. Formula: Clg -32- SHE000000194 Description: Greenish-yellow gas, liquid, or rhombic crystals. -33- SHE000000195 CITRIC ACID Hazardous Properties: This material has been known to cause allergic symptoms in sensitive individuals, Storage and Handling: Exposed per sonnel who are sensitive to It should wear protective clothing If necessary to avoid bodily contact. Formula: 03% (OH) (COOH) 3 HgO Description: Colorless, odorless crystals, water soluble. -34- SHE000000196 ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE Maximum Allowable Concentration in Air: 100 parts per million. Explosive Limits: 6,2 to 15.9 per cent by volume in air. Hazardous Properties: This material is a flammable liquid and a dangerous fire hazard. It is toxic by inhalation, by prolonged or repeated contact with the skin or mucous membranes, and by ingestion. Excessive contact with this material gives rise to symptoms, such as headache, depression, mental confusion, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vom iting, cough, loss of sense of balance, and visual disturbances. It has an anesthetic effect and in high concentra tions is immediately irritating to the eyes, skin, nose, and throat. It can cause dermatitis, particularly upon pro longed or repeated contact with the skin. Treatment and Antidotes: Quick re moval from exposure is very important. If breathing has ceased, start artifi cial respiration. Call a physician and keep the patient quiet and comfort ably warm. If material gets into the eyes, they should be washed promptly with copious amounts of water for at least 15 minutes. If It has been In gested, the patient should be made to vomit by drinking a glass full of mus tard water, lukewarm salt water, or soapy warm water. If necessary, stick finger into throat. He should be made to drink water and vomit at least three times. -35- SHI000000197 Storage and Handling: Store in a cool., well-ventilated place away from areas of acute fire hazard and open flames. Tanks containing it should be grounded to dissipate static electrical charges because such charges can ignite this material and cause fires and explo sions. It is nonreactive when dry. When traces of moisture are present, however, it can corrode steel, iron, and certain other metals. Personnel who use this material should do so only with adequate ventila tion. Avoid skin contact* Avoid re peated or prolonged breathing of the vapor, Chemical safety goggles should be worn; and if the concentration is either unknown or found to be in the vicinity of or greater than the maximum allowable con centration, a respirator should be worn. Protective clothing should be provided for those who work with this material. To fight fires of this material, water (fog or spray), foam, carbon dioxide, and dry chemical may be used. Also Called: Ethylene chloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, glycol dichloride. Formula: CHgCICHgCl -36- SHE000000198 ETHYL MERCAPTAN Maximum Allowable Concentration in Air: 25P parts per million. Explosive Limits: 2.8 to 18,2 per cent by volume in air. Hazardous Properties: A fire hazard* The inhalation of low concentrations may cause nausea, vomiting, dizziness, head ache, and a moderate albuminuria. The ac ceptable odor limits are well below any toxic level. Exposure to high concentra tions may result in unconsciousness with complete relaxation, the limbs turning cold, the face and lips cyanatic, and the pulse becoming rapid. There may be gen eral convulsions. It possesses an excep tionally strong and disagreeable odor. This material is used for odorizing gas. Treatment: Transfer patient to fresh air. If breathing has ceased, start arti ficial respiration and administer oxygen if available. Call a physician (saline infusions, analeptics, admv of 02). Storage and Handling: Store in a cool, well-ventilated place away from areas of acute fire hazard or open flames. Containers should be kept closed and plainly labeled. Exposed personnel should wear chemical safety goggles to prevent irritation to the eyes. To fight fires of this material, use carbon dioxide or dry chemical. Also Called: Ethanethiol, ethyl hydrosulfide, ethyl thioalcohol, ethyl sulfhydrate. -37- SHE000000199 Formula: C2H5SH Description: Colorless liquid, penetrating garlic-like odor. Slightly soluble in water. -38- SHE000000200 furfural Explosive Limits: 2.1 per cent by volume in air is lower limit of flamma bility. Maximum Allowable Concentration in Air: 5 parts per million. Hazardous Properties: The liquid is dangerous to the eyes and is also a moderate fire hazard. The vapor is ir ritant to mucous membranes and is a cen tral nervous system poison; however its low volatility reduces its toxic effect. In Industry, there is a tendency to mini mize the danger of acute effects result ing from exposure to it. This Is true, particularly because of its low volatil ity. Nothing much is known concerning the possibility of chronic effects, such as nervous disturbances, following pro longed or severe exposure to this mate rial. Storage and Handling: It should be stored in a cool, well-ventilated place away from areas of acute fire hazard. Personnel who must be exposed to this material should wear protection for their eyes. To fight fires of this material, water (fog or spray), foam, carbon di oxide, carbon tetrachloride, and dry chem ical may be used. Also Called: 2-furancarbonal, 2furaldehyde, fural, and furale. Formula: C4H3OCHO Description: Colorless yellow liquid, almond odor. -39- SHE000000201 HYDROCHLORIC ACID Maximum Allowable Concentration in Air: 5 parts per million. Hazardous Properties: This material is very corrosive and poisonous. It Is very dangerous to the eyes. It can cause conjunctivitis, abnormal accumulation of fluids in the eyes, and inflammation of the edge of the eyelids. It has an ir ritating effect on the nose and throat, although the degree of Irritation is gen erally transient except in cases of pro longed or repeated exposures. The lower concentrations of this material are ap parently harmless, although it is possible that they promote tooth decay. It has also been found that concentrations up to 16 parts per million to 23 parts per mil lion do exist in industry and that workers can develop apparent immunity to these concentrations. The highly acid material neutralizes the alkali of the tissues and can cause death as a result of abnormal accumulation of fluids or spasm of the larynx and In flammation of the upper respiratory sys tem. Concentrations of the order of 1,500 to 2,000 parts per million are le thal for human beings over an exposure of only a few minutes. The maximum concen tration which can be tolerated for several hours Is 10 to 50 parts per million. Re peated oral administration of dilute hydro gen chloride to dogs has produced acute and chronic gastritis and has caused ul cers of the opening from the stomach into the intestine. Toxic doses, on the other hand, lower the alkaline reserve of the blood. -40- Mists of bydrochl-.'.ric acid caused by pickling of heated metal can cause nose* bleeds, bleeding of the gums, ulceration of the nasal and oral mucosa, and render the skin of the face c:- tender that shav ing can become painful. Exposure of the face to gaseous hydrochloric acid escap ing from leaks in apparatus has caused severe burns. Contact with concentrated solutions of hydrogen chloride in clean ing metal can give rise to small burns and ulceration of the hands. When this material is ingested, its most pronounced effect is at the point of contact with the mouth or throat. Prom the industrial standpoint, the greatest hazards of this material are its irritant effect on the eyes, nose, and upper respiratory tract and the fact that in contact with metals it can evolve hydrogen gas, which is a fire and explosion hazard. Treatment and Antidotes; In case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with plenty of water and remove all contaminated clothing. If this material has been swallowed, drink a teaspoonful or more of magnesia; chalk whiting; or small pieces of soap softened in water, milk, or egg white. In the event of severe exposure to the vapors of this material, remove patient immediately to fresh air. If possible, give oxygen or, if necessary, artificial respiration. Call a physician at once. If this mate rial comes In contact with the eyes, they should be flushed for at least 15 minutes with warm water. A physician should be consulted immediately. Storage and Handling: Wherever this material is used, ventilation should -41- SHE000000203 be provided. If the ventilation is ef fective enough, personal protective equipment will not be necessary* When personnel are exposed to and expected to handle large quantities of hydrochloric acid, they should wear personal protec tive equipment. Recommended are chemical safety goggles for the eyes, protective clothing to avoid skin contact, and a respirator to avoid inhaling the flames. This material should be stored in a cool, ventilated place away from areas of acute fire hazard; away from oxidizing agents, such as nitric acid and chlorates and out of the direct rays of the sun. Containers should be kept closed and plainly labeled. Fires involving hydro chloric acid can be fought with water. The acid can be stored in glass or rubber lined containers. Spills may be flushed with water or neutralized by such alka lies as soda ash or slaked lime. Also Called: Muriatic acid, chlorohydric acid, and hydrogen chloride. Formula: HC1 Description: Colorless gas or color less fuming liquid, strongly corrosive. Soluble in water. 42- HYDROFLUORIC ACID Maximum Allowable Concentration in Air: 3 parts per million. Hazardous Properties: This material is a corrosive liquid and poisonous. Small amounts in the eye can cause in tense irritation of the eyelids, tears, and slow ulceration of the eye. Large amounts in the eye cause immediate blind ness. The vapor or liquid material is very dangerous when in contact with the eyes, skin, or any part of the body or if Ingested orally. On the skin. It can cause medically serious and very painful bums. It has a sharp, penetrating odor which ordinarily prevents the inhalation of toxic quantities. Fifty parts per mil lion of this material or more Is consid ered to be fatal in an exposure of 30 to 60 minutes. Bums caused by 20 per cent or weaker solutions do not become notice able for some hours. Burns by solutions of over 20 to about 60 per cent are de tected almost at once and from 6l to 100 per cent are felt as soon as they occur. The material is extremely irritating to the respiratory tract, where It causes inf lamination and congestion of the lungs. If swallowed, it causes severe Irritation to the esophagus and stomach. It is not considered a source of chronic poisoning. In contact with metals, this material Is corrosive and evolves hydrogen gas, which Is an explosive hazard. Treatment and Antidotes: When this material comes in contact with the skin or any part of the body, the use of a drenching shower Immediately is important. -43- SHE000000205 Personnel should be taught to use safety equipment when working with hydrofluoric acid. If a person is overcome from ex posure, remove him at once from the con taminated area or, if acid has come In contact with his body, give him a drench ing shower as quickly as possible. Re move contaminated clothing and get medi cal assistance. Compresses of ice, al cohol, or magnesium sulfate should be applied to the part affected; or if pos sible, It should be dipped into such a solution for at least 30 minutes* Storage and Handling: Wherever this material is used, good safety equipment should be at hand. Bubbler fountains for the eyes and drenching showers to wash the material away from the person as quickly as possible are recommended. Clothing which has been exposed to this material should be washed before reuse, and clothing which is used daily by workers with this material should be washed each day before reissue. Person nel who must work with this material should wear long gauntlet type gloves made of a resistant material, such as neoprene or rubber. They should wear rubber shoes or boots and chemical safety goggles with transparent plastic face shields to protect the eyes, face, and surrounding area from splashes and should use air-line respirators to avoid inhala tion. Hydrofluoric acid should be stored In lead carboys or in containers made of ceresin wax or gutta percha In a cool place away from areas of acute fire haz ard and out of the direct rays of the sun. It should be stored in a ventilated and -44- SHE000000206 isolated area. Containers of this mate rial should be kept closed and plainly labeled, and personnel should be cau tioned against careless handling and consequent injury to containers. Also Called: Hydrogen fluoride and fluorhydric acid. Formula: HF Description: Clear, colorless, fuming corrosive liquid or gas. Soluble in water. -45- SHE000000207 HYDROGEN SULFIDE Maximum Allowable Concentration in Air: 20 parts per million. Explosive Limits: 4.3 to 46 per cent by volume in air. Hazardous Properties: This material is dangerously poisonous, highly flamma ble, and corrosive to eye and respiratory tissues. It attacks many metals, forming sulfides. It can cause subacute flashes of light, contracting of the pupil of the eyes, sharp pains, morbid dislike of light, and Inf lamination and ulceration of the cornea as well as acute paralysis of the pupil of the eye. It Is a dangerous fire hazard; and in the presence of air or oxygen, it can easily form explosive mixtures, Furthermore, it is dangerously reactive with strong or fuming nitric acid and powerful oxidizing agents. It is considered an irritant to the eyes and respiratory tract, and Increas ing concentrations become more and more haruful until high concentrations can cause almost Immediate death. When this material bums in air or oxygen, it forms the very toxic sulfur dioxide. Hydrogen sulfide has a very characteristic smell. Even low concentrations are easily rec ognized thereby, but this Is only true when it Is first encountered. It is not reliable as a warning signal because higher concentrations, which have a sweet ish odor, also have a paralyzing effect on the nerves of smell and, when inhaled, maycause death. In addition, low concentra tions, upon prolonged or repeated exposures, will tire the sense of smell to the point -46- SHE000000208 where exposed personnel may fail to de tect its presence. Treatment and Antidotes; For first aid to personnel who may have been ex posed to this material, carry patient to fresh air. If he has stopped breathing, apply artificial respiration at once. Keep him warm and call a physician* Storage and Handling: Store in a cool, ventilated place away from areas of acute fire hazard, oxidizing agents, or open flames so that static electricity will not accumulate on the container* It is important that all electrical equip ment in the immediate vicinity should be so constructed that there will be no sparks from it when in operation. In ad dition, it is important that none of this equipment should heat up to a point where it may cause hydrogen sulfide to ignite (5000F.). Personnel who must be exposed should have protection for the eyes, such as chemical safety goggles of the unper forated type. Respiratory equipment should be available also, that Is, selfcontained air supply or air-line res pirators equipped with full face pieces. Where there is no deficiency of oxygen, a special type of gas mask may be worn where the concentration is not above 20,000 parts per million* There Is an industrially approved canister type of gas mask which may be used for short ex posures to this material* Personnel should be cautioned to avoid repeated or prolonged inhalation of anything which smells like hydrogen sulfide. If a hydrogen sulfide odor is noticeable, all flames and hot surfaces in that area -47- SHE000000209 sho/.M be well ventilated. Containers of thlo material should be kept closed and plainly labeled. It is usually shipped in steel cylinders. Also Called: Sulfuretted hydrogen. Formula: HgS Description: Colorless, flammable gas; offensive odor; sweetish taste. Soluble in water. -48- SHE000000210 IRON SULFIDE Iron sulfide is a product of the cor rosive action of sulfur compounds, includ ing hydrogen sulfide, on the iron and steel of process equipment and tankage. It is a black or brown colored material usually found in grainy, scaly, lumpy, or more or less powder form mixed with coke, oil, sand, and other process materials. In it's usual condition, when removed from equipment or tanks and laid on the ground, it will ignite spontaneously in a short while, smoke, and burn, forming a possible ignition point for any flammable vapors contacting it. Deposits of iron sulfide in tanks, including those on the walls and roof, frequently will catch fire after the tank is emptied preparatory to cleaning; and a standard procedure in such tanks is to wet down the walls with water at intervals to arrest such burning. Iron sulfide which has been removed from equip ment, such as in the cleaning of bubble trays and other operations, should not be allowed to remain on the ground over night but should be hauled to a dump where It may burn safely; or alternatively It should be burled. During the time Iron sulfide Is In the unit or tank area. It should be kept wet to prevent Ignition. The interior of equipment In which men may be working sometimes contains appreciable deposits of Iron sulfide which, when In a wet condition, are not particularly harmful. The introduction of acid, however, into such places, even though the sulfide may be completely wet -49- SHE0000Q0211 with water, will start an immediate generation of hydrogen sulfide, which is highly toxic. Such a situation could occur, for example, where "acidising" of equipment may result in some acid leakage into vessels containing iron sulfide; and the hydrogen sulfide so gen erated could affect men in the vessels or in areas to which the generated gas might pass. -50- SHE000000212 MERCURY Maximum Allowable Concentration in Air: 0.1 mg./cu. meter. Hazardous Properties: Acute mercury poisoning results in damage to the kid neys, whereas chronic mercury poisoning damages the nervous system. This damage is very serious and may be permanently disabling. Typical symptoms of chronic mercury poisoning or its effects on the nervous system are tremor of the ex tremities, mental disturbances, and sore ness of the gums. Similar symptoms are often found in acute and subacute poison ing. This disease is often termed "hatters' shakes," which is a throwback to the time when mercury compounds were widely used in making felt hats. Workers in this industry often developed this chronic mercurialism, characterized by tremors of the extremities. Acute mer curialism is often fatal. Some of the ways in which mercury can become a hazard are as follows; It is one of the very few metals which is liquid at room temperature, and this unique property finds numerous indus trial applications. Incidentally, at room temperature, mercury vapor, when at equilibrium with the supply of mercury, is nearly 200 times the allowable con centration indicated above. It must be remembered that It is not necessary to heat mercury to drive off sufficient vapor to contaminate the surrounding at mosphere. Mercury is often made a part of instruments and other apparatus; and in this work, much of it can be spilled on work benches and floors. It can get into corners and crevices and remain there, giving off dangerous vapor. -51- SHE000000213 Furthermore, where mercury Is used, as in mercury boilers and stills, hazards may occur from leaks in such systems. This is very dangerous, and frequent checks of the possible contamination of the air In such a neighborhood should be made. It should be remembered that mer cury can be absorbed either through the respiratory tract following the inhala tion of the vapor or finely divided dust or through the skin as well as through the alimentary tract. It can most easily be absorbed through the skin when it Is applied in a finely divided condition or when the skin is exposed to volatile com pounds or organic compounds of mercury. Treatment and Antidotes: When per sonnel who may have been exposed to mer cury show any of the characteristic symp toms of chronic mercury poisoning, they should immediately get medical advice. The most prominent symptoms of chronic mercury poisoning are the psychic disturb ance known as erythism (a peculiar form of timidity), tremor (most characteristic symptom but seldom the first to appear), pallor, and stomatitis, which Is revealed by salivation and tenderness of the gums. If acute mercury poisoning is suspected, get medical advice at once. The poison should be removed from the stomach as quickly as possible by means of a gastric lavage containing one teaspoonful of sodium bicarbonate in water. If it Is an attempted suicide, it may be necessary to restrain the patient. The patient should drink or be given a quart of milk contain ing two raw eggs and be made to evacuate it. Remove:..-the cream from top of the bot tle before using the milk because fats -52- SHE000000214 dissolve mercury salts more quickly and aid. in the absorption of it into the body. Those in attendance on the patient should be advised to administer milk and eggs; and after the arrival of a physi cian, the patient can be removed to a hospital. The stomach should again be washed out with a pint of water contain ing 3 tablespoons of charcoal with 20 grains of magnesium sulfate, a good sug gestion is intravenous injections of sodium bicarbonate, which increases the blood chlorides and in turn diminishes the nitrogen retention, thereby improv ing the general condition. After the stomach has been thoroughly washed out, morphine may be given and then orange juice daily. Milk and eggs should be given as soon as the vomiting has been controlled. Colonic flushing with 8 grains of calcium sulfide should be con tinued until there is no further test for mercury. Storage and Handling: Mercury and its compounds should be stored in a cool, well-ventilated place away from areas of acute fire hazard. Containers should be kept closed and plainly labeled. Per sonnel should be cautioned repeatedly concerning the careless handling of these materials. Wherever mercury is used, there should be good ventilation, both of a general nature and at floor level. This is necessary because mercury vapors are heavy and tend to sink to the floor. Frequent medical checkups are the rule, and periodic urine analysis for mercury should be made on those who work with mercury. In addition, any areas in which mercury is used should be frequently checked for atmospheric contamination. -53- SHE000000215 It should be plainly understood by personnel who vtoi',z with mercury that there should be no storage or eating of lunches in the immediate area and no smoking. It Is very Important to keep clean. Frequent washing of the hands and face and a shower after work are Impor tant requisites. Personnel should con tinually change clothing upon starting work and should then, after taking a shower, change into fresh clothes. It Is not considered good practice to work with or use mercury on a floor which is at all absorbent. The floors of rooms in which mercury is used should be made of smooth material which can be wet down and kept scrupulously clean. Mercury which gets into cracks and crev ices will remain there and give off toxic vapor for a long time. When mercury is vret at room temperature. It will not give off vapor. This is a good thing to keep in mind if an area has been contaminated with mercury on the floor and there has not yet been time to clean it up. An other way of reducing the mercury hazard is to sprinkle calcium sulfide liberally onto the area where mercury has fallen so that It can react and form the innocu ous mercury sulfide. Mercury or mercury salts and com pounds and mixtures containing mercury should never be heated In the open. In the laboratory, they should be heated under a fume hood. In a factory or plant. If such materials must be heated, this should be done where there Is a good natural draft or exhaust ventilation. All volatile organic mercury com pounds should be stored in an isolated -54- SHE000000216 area which is also ventilated, it should never be stored in buildings where office personnel or others have to work all day. Containers of mercury and mercury salts should be plainly labeled. Mercury vapor does not give any warning of its presence. It has no odor, although some individuals may feel a metallic taste in the mouth when it is present. This is a very unre liable method for detecting it. A better one is an instrument, such as the General Electric mercury vapor detector, which can detect down to 1/100 of the presently ac cepted toxic limit. Caution: Mercury in the liquid state can be accidentally taken home in pockets, cuffs of trousers, and other crevices in the clothing. Once deposited on the rugs and floors at home. It will be a continual source of possible chronic raercuriallsm unless discovered and removed. It Is even important to change shoes when leaving an area which is contaminated with mercury. It should be made a rule that, whenever a man who Is working with mercury has to leave the room, he should wash his hands and change his clothing. Any materials which have been treated with mercury or contain mercury in any form should be so labeled very plainly so that special precautions can be taken in those places. All soluble compounds of mercury are poisonous. Other combina tions of mercury are toxic because when they are heated they will give off the highly toxic mercury vapor. All volatile organic compounds of mercury are very poisonous because the high volatility means that greater concentrations of mercury can be Inhaled into the body or -55- SHE000000217 can penetrate the skin- Personnel who must he exposed for even brief periods of time to high or unknown concentrations of mercury vapor should wear protective equipment. Recommended are protective clothing to avoid skin contact and a res pirator to avoid getting it into the lungs. Formula: Hg Description: Silvery liquid, metal lic element. -56- SHE000000218 METHYL ALCOHOL Maximum Allowable Concentration in Air: 200 parts per million. Explosive Limits: 6.0 to 36.5 per cent by volume in air. Hazardous Properties: A flammable liquid and a dangerous fire hazard. Though not dangerously reactive, it is toxic. Ingestion or absorption of meth anol causes central nervous system damage, particularly of the optic nerve. It causes degenerative damage to the kidneys, liver, heart, and other organs, which go on regardless of Its portal of entry into the body. Symptoms of intoxication by methanol may be delayed from 9 to 36 hours, during which time an individual may continue to carry on his usual work, when suddenly an onset of weakness, head ache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dimness of vision, and even a state of un consciousness may develop. After a long continued coma, death from failure of res piration may occur. Blindness has occurred in a large percentage of cases of severe poisoning from this material. It affects both eyes, may set in within a few hours, or may be delayed for several days because of Injury of the optic nerve and retina. In many cases. It Is permanent. Workers who use this material may complain of local irritation of the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract even when exposed to low concentrations. Inhalation of excessive amounts of this material will result In acute poi soning within a short time. One thousand -57- SHE000000219 parts per million can cause slight symp toms of poisoning. Five thousand parts per million can cause stupor and sleepi ness, whereas 50,000 parts per million will cause profound and probably fatal state of stupor in one to two hours* The symptoms are irritation, headache, sensation of heat, fatigue, and drowsi ness, If the worker is not immediately removed from high concentrations, serious poisoning can occur. Repeated subacute exposures too can cause acute poisoning because methanol may accumulate in the system. Exposure to methanol can cause skin rash, particularly after prolonged or repeated contact with the skin. It causes the skin to become rough, red, and dry because of the removal of the natural skin oils. The skin then cracks easily and is readily susceptible to infection. When methanol splashes into the eyes, it causes tears and burning because of its irritant effect. Dilation of pupils which no longer react to light, follicu lar hypertrophy, edema, degeneration of the ganglion cells, and optic neuritis can be caused by this material. Treatment and Antidotes: For first aid to a patient who has been exposed to this material, speed is of great impor tance. Immediately remove him to fresh air, remove contaminated clothing, and wash the body with soap and warm water. If this material has been swallowed, the stomach must be emptied as quickly as possible. If breathing has stopped, start artificial respiration. Keep the patient quiet and comfortably warm but not hot. Call a physician. If the eyes are -58- SHE000000220 involved, they should be washed immedi ately and abundantly with water for a minimum of 15 minutes. For any of the chronic symptoms of exposure to this material, get medical advice. Storage and Handling: This mate rial should be stored in a cool place away from areas of acute fire hazard and open flame. Containers should be kept closed and plainly labeled. It should be stored in a ventilated area so that small leaks cannot build up enough con centration of vapor to cause explosions or the intoxication of individuals who enter such an area. Storage tanks of this material should be electrically grounded to prevent the accumulation of dangerous amounts of static electricity. Drums should be stored out of the direct rays of the sun and with the plugs up ward. To put out fires of this mate rial, dry chemical, carbon dioxide, or large quantities of water may be used effectively. Personnel who are exposed to it should wear chemical safety goggles and a full face shield for protection of the face and eyes; and if the concentration of the vapor is high or unknown, a res pirator should be worn to avoid exces sive inhalation. Furthermore, protec tive clothing is advisable to avoid skin contact. Areas where this mate rial is in use should be provided with deluge type of showers so that this material can quickly be rinsed from the body if spillage occurs. Bubbler type of eye washing equipment should also be installed, available for treatment of cases where it is splashed into the eyes. -59- SHS000000221 Blankets should be provided in such areas in which to wrap patients to keep them vjarm in event of intoxication. Also Called: Methanol. Formula: CH^OH -60- SHB000000222 OLEIC ACID Hazardous Properties: A combustible liquid and a moderate fire hazard. It is susceptible to spontaneous heating. Storage and Handling: Store in a cool place away from areas of acute fire hazard, open flame, and powerful oxidiz ing agents. To fight fires of this mate rial, use water (fog or spray), foam, carbon dioxide, or dry chemicals. Also Called: Red oil. Formula: Cj^H^COOH -61- SHE000000223 PHENOL Maximum Allowable Concentration in Air: 5 parts per million. Hazardous Properties? Phenol is a hazard to health. Its vapors, which are produced either from the solid material or from solutions, are flammable; and it can be quite dangerous when involved in a fire. The liquid or solutions are verycorrosive to the skin, and it is readilyabsorbed through the skin and mucous mem branes, either when broken or intact. It can be absorbed into the body through the gastrointestinal?tract or through the lungs. After absorption, the toxic ef fects of phenol are exerted primarily upon the central nervous system; but fol lowing sufficient exposure, there can also be an abnormal accumulation of fluids in the lungs, kidneys, liver, pancreas, and spleen. Exposure to toxic amounts usually results in death within a few hours. It can have systemic effects also. The symptoms of absorption which may de velop ragidl^ are profound muscular weak ness, headache, dizziness, dimness of vision, ringing of the ears,4.irregular and rapid respiration, wealc.pulse, and difficult breathing, followed^ occasionally by mental confusion; muscular twitching; loss of consciousness; and, in rare cases, death from respiratory failure. If phenol enters the stomach, there Is also nausea, with or without vomiting, and severe ab dominal pain. The corrosive action of phenol occurs when it comes in contact with any body tis sue, and It can cause serious burns or death unless It is promptly and thoroughly removed. Individual susceptibility to -62- SHE000000224 intoxication "by phenol varies widely with the individuals involved. Contact with it causes no immediate sensation; hut after a few moments, there is prick ing and intense burning, followed by its local-anesthetic effect. The affected tissues show white discoloration, wrin kling, and softening initially; then they become red and then brown or black. The final symptoms are those of gangrene. Absorption of phenol following ex tensive burns may produce the general symptoms of toxicity given above. Its local effect is a skin rash which can come from prolonged or repeated contact with low concentrations of phenol in any fonn. Furthermore, even the appli cation of phenol to skin lesions for medical purposes, as has been practiced in some cases, may result in extensive gangrene of the area, occasionally ne cessitating amputation of an extremity. Upon contact with the eyes, it causes burns and destruction of the tissues. Upon inhalation, it causes enlargement of the pupils. Both the liquid and solid forms of this material are par ticularly dangerous to the eyes. Treatment and Antidotes t Immed iately call for medical assistance. If breathing has stopped, institute artifi cial respiration. Act quicklyl If this material has spilled upon the skin or mucous membranes, remove all contam inated clothing and wash the contamin ated areas with abundant quantities of warm water and soap. Continue this washing until all odor of phenol has disappeared. If available, use freely either alcohol or glycerine to help re move the material from skin contact. -63- SHE000000225 Keep the patient warm but not hot. Do not apply salves or ointments for at least 24 hours following injury, since this sort of material may aid absorption into the body. If the eyes are involved, they should be washed promptly with abundant quantities of water for at least 15 minutes. A bubbler-type drinking foun tain or eye-wash fountain may be used for the Initial emergency washing. Use water at room temperature If at all possible to minimize the pain and discomfort of the expo sure. If phenol has been taken Internally, since as little as 9 cubic centimeters can cause death, it is important to get medical aid. It is a violent poison, and there is no satisfactory antidote. It is of critical importance that large quanti ties of liquid, such as salt water, weak sodium bicarbonate solution, milk, or gruel, be administered, followed by a soothing substance, such as raw egg white or cornstarch paste. These should be swallowed by the patient to cause vomit ing. Storage and Handling: Personnel ex posed to this material should use ade quate safety equipment. Recommended are gas-tight safety goggles and positive pressure hose masks or air-line respira tors to avoid excessive Inhalation. Per sonnel who must enter areas where the con centration is either high or unknown should take particular care to avoid intoxication from this material. Recommended for such exposure are a life harness and air-line respirator, gas-tight chemical safety goggles, and protective clothing to avoid skin contact. Under certain conditions. -64- SHE000000226 industrial gas masks may "be used. The U. S. Bureau of Mines can recommend rules necessary to follow under such circum stances. The protective clothing should con sist of rubber gloves, rubber aprons, boots or shoes, and possibly other im permeable articles of clothing. Water (fog or spray) is an effective fire fighting agent in fires involving phenol. Effective also are carbon dioxide, dry chemical, and carbon tetrachloride-base extinguishers. In case phenol is spilled, only properly protected personnel should re main in the area; then the spilled mate rial should be immediately attended to. Bo not leave spills unattended. Flush immediately with large quantities of water until all traces of the odor have disappeared. The area should be freely ventilated to remove vapors; then a 5 per cent solution of caustic soda may be used as a neutralizing agent. This, how ever, must be used carefully because it too can be corrosive and cause burns to the skin and eyes. Containers of phenol should be stored in a cool, but not too cold, place. It should be a ventilated area away from acute fire hazards and powerful oxidizing agents. Containers should be kept closed and plainly labeled. Bo not store in the direct light of the sun. Phenol should never be stored with or near food. Also Called: Carbolic acid, phenic acid, and phenylic acid. Formula: CgH^OH -65- SHE000000227 Description: White crystalline mass which turns pink or red if not perfectly pure. Very soluble in ether* soluble in alcohol and in water. Burning taste. Distinctive odor. -66- SHE000000228 PROPANE Explosive Limits: 2.4 to 9.5 per cent by volume in air. Hazardous Properties: A flammable gas and a dangerous-fire hazard. In high enough concentrations, it can cause the pupils to become narrowed and inactive. This material is not considered a poison ous gas. It does have an anesthetic ac tion,- but it does not appear to produce injury even in concentrations as high as 50,000 parts per million for exposures up to 2 hours. The greatest risk from this material Is its fire and explosion hazard. Treatment and Antidotes: Personnel overcome by this material should immedi ately be removed to fresh air. If breath ing has stopped* institute artificial res piration at once. The symptoms should disappear rapidly. Storage and Handling: Store In a cool, isolated, ventilated area away from acute fire hazards and open flame. It should not be stored near powerful oxidis ing agents. Containers should be kept closed and plainly labeled. Also Called: DImethylmethane. Formula: CH^CHgCH^ Description: Colorless gas. -67- SHE000000229 SODIUM HYDROXIDE Maximum Allowable Concentration in Air: 2 mge/cu. meter. Hazardous Properties: This material, both solid and in solution, has a mark edly corrosive action upon all body tis sues of the body. The symptoms of irrita tion from this material are frequently evident immediately. Its corrosive action on tissue causes burns and frequently deep ulceration with ultimate scarring. Pro longed contact with dilute solutions has a destructive effect upon tissue. Mists, vapors, and dusts of this compound cause many small burns; and contact with the eyes, either in the solid or solution form, rapidly causes severe damage to the delicate tissue. Ingestion either in the solid or solution form causes very serious damage to the mucous membranes or other tissues with which contact is made. It can cause perforation and scarring. In halation of the dust or concentrated mist can cause damage to the upper respiratory tract- and to lung tissue, depending upon the severity of the exposure; thus effects of inhalation may vary from mild Irrita tion of the mucous membranes to a severe pneumonitis. It can cause an irritant dermatitis. Treatment and Antidotes: Speed in removing this caustic from contact with the skin cf one who has come In contact with It Is Important to avoid injury. Persons so injured should be referred to a physician. Remove all contaminated clothing at once and. If possible, give patient a shower under deluge type of shower using plenty of water. If the eyes are involved, they should be irri gated at once wich plenty of warm water for 15 minutes Call a physician. *68- SHE000000230 Storage and Handling; Wherever this material is handled, used, or stored, an abundant supply of water should be on hand for emergency washing. Spilled caustic, if in the dry form, should be shoveled up immediately and the area flushed with water; then use dilute acetic acid to neutralize the final re maining traces. If solution has been spilled. It should be mopped up and then followed by a liberal covering of bicar bonate of soda to remove the last traces. No spillage of this material should ever be left unattended, since personnel who are unacquainted with the accident may fall into the material and consequently become severely injured. Those who must work with it or be exposed to Its dusts or concentrated mists should use protective equipment. Recom mended are chemical safety goggles of the gas-tight variety, rubber gloves, aprons, rubber safety shoes, boots, and cotton coveralls which fit snugly at the neck and wrists. AH. S. Bureau of Mines ap proved respirator should be worn to avoid excessive inhalation, and personnel who must enter areas of high or unknown con centration or who must be where accidents have occurred should wear a rescue har ness and life line with an attendant posted to avoid mishap. This material should be stored in a cool, dry place. Containers should be kept closed and plainly labeled. It should be stored carefully to avoid me chanical injury to containers. When such containers are opened or the contents otherwise exposed to the air, this mate rial rapidly picks up moisture and turns into a sticky, corrosive mass. It Is -69- SHEOOOOQG231 usually shipped in iron drums. Also Called: Caustic soda, sodium hydrate* lye, and white caustic. Formula: NaOH Description: White pieces, lumps. or sticks. -70- SHE000000232 STEARIC ACIP Hazardous Properties: A flammable material and moderate fire hazard. It is susceptible to spontaneous heating. Storage and Handling :/ Store It In a cool, well-ventilated area away from open flame, areas of acute fire hazard, and powerful oxidizing agents. To fight fires of this material, water (fog or spray), carbon dioxide, carbon tetrachlo ride, or foam can be used to advantage. Formula: CH3(CHg)xsCOOH -71- SHE000000233 SULFAMIC ACID Hazardous Properties: It can cause a moderate degree of conjunctivitis and edema when it comes in contact with the eyes. It can also cause skin irritation. Treatment: Irrigate eyes with copi ous amounts of water for 15 minutes. Have patient's eyes examined by a physician for any further indicated treatment. Storage and Handling: Personnel ex posed to this material should wear chemi cal safety goggles for protection of their eyes and gloves while handling it in a dry form or in solution. It presents no fire or explosive hazard and evolves no fumes. Also Called: Amidosulfonic acid. Formula: H2NSO3H Description: White crystalline solid. Moderately soluble in water. -72- SHE000000234 SULFUR DIOXIDE Maximum Allowable Concentration in Air: 5 parts per million* Hazardous Properties: This material is dangerous to the eyes, as it causes irritation and Inflammation of the eye. It has a suffocating odor and Is a corro sive and poisonous material. In moist air or fogs, this gas combines with water to form sulfurous acid but is only very slowly oxidized to sulfuric acid* Concentrations of 6 to 12 parts per mil lion cause immediate irritation to the nose and throat, while 0.3 to 1 part per million can be detected by the average individual, possibly by taste rather than by the sense of smell. Three parts per million has an easily noticeable odor, and 20 parts per million Is the least amount which is irritating to the eyes. Ten thousand parts per million is irri tant to moist areas of the skin within a few minutes of exposure. This material chiefly affects the upper respiratory tract and the bronchi. It may cause swelling of the lungs or glottis and can produce respiratory paralysis. It may cause the extension of the duration of colds, but no signif icant change in their incidence will be noticed. Concentrations of less than 1 part per million are believed to be Injurious to plant foliage. This material is so irritating that it provides its own warning of toxic concentrations. Four hundred to 500 parts per million Is immediately danger ous to life. Excessive exposure to high -73- SHE000000235 enough concentrations of this material can be fatal. Its toxicity is comparable with hydrogen chloride; however less than fatal concentrations can be borne for fair periods of time with no apparent permanent damage. Treatment and Antidotes: Personnel who have shown toxic symptoms when ex posed to this material should immediately be removed to fresh air. If the eyes are involved, they should be irrigated with copious quantities of warm water. If the symptoms persist, call a physician. Storage and Handling: Store in a cool, isolated area away from acute fire hazard and in a detached building. Con tainers of this material should be kept closed, plainly labeled, and carefully stored to avoid mechanical injury. Per sonnel should be cautioned regarding its use. Personnel who must work with this material should use adequate protective equipment. If the concentrations are likely to be high or are known, the recommended protection is a respirator to avoid excessive inhalation, protective clothing to avoid skin contact, and chemi cal safety goggles for protection of the eyes. These should be of the gas-tight variety. Also Called: Sulfurous acid anhy dride . Formula; SOg Description: Colorless gas or liquid. -74- SHE000000236 SULFURIC ACID Maximum Allowable Concentration in Air: 1 mg./cu. meter for fumes or mist. Hazardous Properties: This material is a very corrosive liquid. It is highly corrosive to most metals, dangerously re active, and a strong oxidizing agent which will react with water and organic materials with the evolution of heat. Contact with the body results In rapid destruction of tissue, causing severe bums. This acid is not flammable; but In high concentrations, it may give rise to Ignition by contact with combustible materials. When It attacks metals, a highly flammable gas, hydrogen. Is gen erated; hence the acid is considered a dangerous fire hazard. No systemic effects due to contin ual ingestion of small amounts of this material have been noted. There are systemic effects secondary to tissue damage caused by contact with it; how ever repeated contact with dilute solu tions can cause a skin rash, and repeated or prolonged inhalation of a mist of sul furic acid can cause an inf lamination of the upper respiratory tract, leading to chronic bronchitis. Sensitivity to sul furic acid or mists or vapors varies with individuals. Normally, 0.125 to 0.50 part per million may be mildly an noying; and 1.5 to 2.5 parts per million can be definitely unpleasant. Ten to 20 parts per million is unbearable. Workers exposed to low concentrated vapor or mists from hot acid or oleum can cause rapid loss of consciousness with serious -75- SHE000000237 damage to lung tissue. In concentrated form, it ants as a powerful caustic to the skin, destroying the outer layer of skin and penetrating to some distance into the skin and subcutaneous tissues, in which it causes destruction of the tissues. This causes great pain; and if much of the skin is involved, it is ac companied by shock, collapse, and symp toms similar to those seen in severe burns. It owes Its action upon living tissues to Its neutralization of proteins, since most living tissue is neutral or slightly alkaline in reaction and cannot exist in an acid medium. The fumes or mists of this material cause an Ineffec tive strangling cough and Irritation of the mucous membranes of the eyes and up per respiratory tract. Severe exposure may cause a chemical pneumonitis. Ero sion of the teeth due to exposure to strong acid fumes has been recognized in industry. Treatment and Antidotes: Speed In removing this material from contact with the body is of primary importance. Start first aid at once. In all cases of con tact In any form, delay can result in serious Injuries. All persons injured should be referred to a physician; how ever immediately give prolonged applica tions of running water to wash the mate rial off the person. Remove contaminated clothing. Subject patient to a deluge type of shower If this is available. Do not attempt to neutralize the acid in contact with the skin until all areas of contact have been thoroughly Irrigated with running water; then applications of mild alkaline solutions may be in order. Shock symptoms will often be -76- SHE00Q000238 noted In cases of severe or extensive bums. In such a case, put patient on his back and keep him warm but not hot until physician arrives. Do not apply oils or ointments to burned^areas with out instructions from a physiclanl IF* eyes are involved, they should Immediately be irrigated with abundant quantities of warm water for at least 15 minutes. If the material has been taken in ternally, It causes bums of the mucous membrane of the throat, esophagus, and stomach. Do not attempt to induce vomit ing in patients who Rave ""swallowed strong solutions of sulfuric acid. Do not give anything to an unconscious patient by mouth. If he is conscious, encourage him to wash out his mouth with abundant amounts of water and have him drink milk, if It is available, mixed with whites of eggs. If this Is not available, have him drink as much water as possible. Get medical help. Storage and Handling: Personnel should be cautioned to avoid skin con tact with this material. Keep it away from the eyes and clothing. In case of contact, start first aid Immediately. Where this material has been spilled, the spill should be attended to at once. Ventilate the area and flush with large quantities of water; then use bicarbonate of soda to neutralize the last remaining traces of this material. Do not pour sulfuric acid directly down a drain, as it can contaminate sewage and water supplies and corrode pipes on the way down. First, neutralize it and remember that It takes 200 pounds of soda ash to 'neutralize 13 gallons of sulfuric acid. -77* SHE000000239 Do not add water to a container of this material because this- causes a very violent-reaction and the amount of heat evolved is enough to cause the mixture to boil and spatter strong acid on per sonnel in the vicinity. Do not store containers in direct sunlight. Store them in a cool, ventiTated area. Never empty carboys by means of pressure. If no water is available to flush away spills, cover such contaminated areas with dry sand, ashes, or gravel. Neutral ise if possible with soda ash or lime. Do not use combustibles such as cloth, sawdust, or other organic materials to mop up such spills. Personnel who work with this mate rial should have the following equipment: a brimmed felt or treated fiber hat; rub ber gloves; rubber, high-top, safety-toe shoes or boots with tops covered by the trousers; woolen outer clothing which fits snugly at the neck and wrists; a rubber apron; and a rubber, acid suit. For tank car or unloading points, water in ample quantities should be available at once; and deluge-type showers should be available and bubblers for washing and Irrigating the eyes. Personnel should wear gas-tight chemical safety goggles; and when entering an area In which this material is stored, a rescue harness and life line should be supplied with an outside attendant to maintain constant observation for rescue work. Recommended also are positive-pressure hose masks or air-line respirators or self-contained air or oxygen supply gas masks. -78- SHE000000240 When sulfuric acid is involved in a fire, it is very dangerous and can evolve toxic fumes. It should be stored in an area which Is isolated from saltpeter, metallic powders, carbides, picrates, fulminates, chlorates, and other combusti ble materials. Fires Involving it should be smothered with sand, ashes, or rock dust; but avoid the use of water. This material is usually shipped In carboys, iron drums, glass bottles, and tank cars. Also Called: Oil of vitriol and dipping acid. Formula: E^SO^ Description: Colorless oily liquid. Soluble in water. -79- SHE000000241 tetraethyl lead Hazardous Properties: This material is a powerful poison and a solvent for fatty materials. It has some solvent action on rubber as well. The fact that it is a solvent of fatty tissue makes it an industrial hazard because it can cause intoxication not only by inhalation but also by absorption through the skin. It decomposes when exposed to sunlight or allowed to evaporate but forms triethyl lead* which is also a poisonous compound, as one of its decomposition products. This liquid lead compound, when handled in undiluted form or concentrated solu tions as when It Is manufactured or in the plants where it Is mixed with gaso line, may cause lead exposure intoxica tion by coming In contact with the skin. Any open receptacle which contains these liquids In high concentration or any con tainer, article of clothing, or any other object which Is not kept clean, particu larly in contact with this material, may subject personnel to serious lead expo sure . Storage and Handling: Where it Is in use, good general ventilation should be provided. Good housekeeping should be insisted upon. It is necessary to keep clean all surfaces which may be exposed to the vapors or liquid form of this mate rial so that these surfaces cannot In turn intoxicate personnel exposed to them. Feople exposed to high or unknown concen trations should take particular precau tions, Recommended are an air-line or self-contained oxygen or air-supply type of respirator to avoid inhalation expo sure, chemical safety goggles of the gas-tight variety for protection of the SHE000000242 eyes, and good protective clothing to avoid skin contact with it. This is important. Personnel who may come in contact with pure or concentrated solutions of this liquid should be cautioned to avoid repeated or prolonged inhalation of the fumes or vapors and to avoid all but very short skin expo sures to the liquid, the solution, or its vapors. Formula: Description: Colorless oily liquid. -81- SHE000000243 TOLUENE Maximum Allowable Concentration in Air: 200 parts per million. Explosive Limits: 1.3 to 6.8 per cent by volume in air. Hazardous Properties: It is a flam mable liquid and a dangerous fire hazard. Its vapors form flammable mixtures with air at all temperatures to 40F. It Is also toxic. It can cause corneal burns, cornea opaque, keratoconus, and extensive death of tissue. Industrial exposure and intoxication from this material are re lated chiefly to inhalation of its vapor, which causes a progressive, depressant action upon the central nervous system. It affects the bone marrow as well. In addition to its narcotic action. It Is a pronounced irritant to mucous surfaces. This material is very similar In Its toxic effects to benzene, although It Is somewhat more powerful as a narcotic and its acute toxicity is somewhat greater. Animals have been found to be severely affected but alive after 18 daily expo sures to 1,250 parts per million. Fatal ities occurred after only a few daily ex posures for 4 hours per day to 4,000 parts per million concentrations. The warning properties of this material are good only upon entering an area where it is being used; however fatigue of the smelling organ sets in very rapidly, and the irritant effects are not distinct enough to be depended upon. Storage and Handling: Store In a cool, ventilated area away from acute fire hazards, open flame, and powerful oxidiz ing agents. Personnel exposed to high or -82- SHE000000244 unknown concentrations should wear respira tors to avoid excessive inhalation,, chem ical safety goggles of the gas tight vari ety for protection of the eyes, and possibly protective clothing when the exposure is severe to avoid excessive skin contact. Containers of this material should be kept closed at all times and plainly labeled. To fight fires of this material, foam, carbon dioxide, carbon tetrachloride, or dry chemical can be used. Also Called: Methylbenzene, phenylmethane , and toluol. Formula: CgH^CH^ -83- SHE000000245 TRICRESYL PHOSPHATE, ORTHO- Hazardous Properties; This material is a moderately flammable, toxic liquid. The ortho isomer is considered more toxic than the others. This material is a poison if Ingested orally., the lethal dose being of the order of 1 gram per kilogram of body weight. Two grams or less can cause a moderate degree of paralysis. The litera ture contains a report of intoxication to personnel exposed to 0.1 part per million concentrations. Its action is persistent and cumulative. It can also cause serious damage to the nervous system. There are many reports of its toxicity in the liter ature. Symptoms of intoxication are gas trointestinal disturbances, followed by a period free from symptoms; then muscle soreness and paralysis of the extremities become evident. Severe cases of poisoning due to this material leave their victims bedridden. It is stated that in humans slow but complete recovery usually occurs. It can be absorbed through the skin as well as through the respiratory tract in the form of vapor. There was recovery among all the workers affected in a time lapse from 1 to 3 years. This material has occa sionally been used to adulterate ginger extract in the making of beverages. Treatment and Antidotes: When this material has been ingested or when it is believed that personnel have been exposed to toxic quantities of it in the vapor or liquid form, call a physician at once. -84- SHE000000246 Storage and Handling: Store in a cool place away from areas of acute fire hazard and open flame. Personnel who must be ex posed to this material should take precau tions in its use. It is recommended that personnel be cautioned to avoid prolonged or repeated skin contact with it and that those exposed to the vapors should wear a respirator to avoid excessive Inhalation and protective clothing to avoid skin con tact with the vapors. Chemical safety gog gles are recommended for protection of the eyes. It is commonly shipped in steel drums. To fight fires of this material, water (fog or spray), foam, carbon dioxide, carbon tetrachloride, or dry chemical can be used. -85- SHE000000247 INDEX Acetone.......................................................*......................... 10 Aluminum Chloride.....................................*................. 12 Amidosulfonic Acid...................................................... 72 Ammonia, Anhydrous................*...... ......................... 13 Arsine Gas............................... *......................................... 16 Arsenic Hydride.............................................................. 16 Arseniuretted Hydrogen............................................ 16 Benzene.....................,...................................... .................. 17 Benzol................................................ 18 Burnt Lime........................................................................ * 21 Calcium Chloride............................................................ 19 Calcium Oxide.......................................... .. *..................20 Calx........................................................................................... 21 Carbolic Acid................... ,............................................. 65 Carbon Dioxide,........................................................ 22 Carbon Disulfide............................................................ 25 Carbon Tetrachloride................................................. 27 Carbonic Acid............. .................... 24 Carbonic Anhydride...................................................... 24 Caustic Soda............... 70 Chlorine................................................................................ 31 Chlorohydric Acid......................................................... 42 Citric Acid........................................................................ 34 Coal Naphtha............................................ ...................... 18 1,2-Dichloroethane...................................................... 36 Dimethyl Ketone............. . ........................................... 11 Dimethylmethane................................................................. 67 Dipping Acid......................................... ....................... . 79 "Dry Ice".......................... 24 Ethanethiol......................................................................... 37 Ethyl Hydro sulfide..................................................... 37 Ethyl Mercaptan.............................................................. 37 Ethyl Sulfhydrate..................... ............................... 37 Ethyl Thioalcohol................................. 37 Ethylene Chloride................................ .. 36 Ethylene Dichloride............................ 35 Fluorhydric Acid....................................... *................. 45 Fural........................................................ 39 Furale.................................................................. 39 2- Furaldehyde.................................................................. 39 3- Furancarbonal..................................... 39 Furfural................................................................................ 39 -86- SHEOOOOOQ248 Glyco.l Bichloride......... Hydrochloric Acid..................... Hydrofluoric Acid..................... Hydrogen Chloride..................... Hydrogen Fluoride..................... Hydrogen Sulfide....................... Iron Sulfide.............................. Ketone Propane............................ Liquid Ammonia.............. .. Lye........................................................ Mercury............................................... Methanol....................................... .... Methyl Alcohol............. .. Methylbenzene....................... .. Muriatic Acid............................... Oil of Vitriol............................. Oleic Acid................, . Ferchloromethane..... ................. Phenic Acid. ...,............. .. .. ,, Phenol.................................... ..,.. Phenyl Hydride.......................... ,, Phenylic Acid............................... Phenylmethane.......... .. Propane.......................... .. Propanone......................................... Quicklime.......................................... Red Oil................ .............................. Sodium Hydrate............................. Sodium Hydroxide..................... .. Stearic Acid.................................. Sulfamic Acid. Sulfur Dioxide................ Sulfuretted Hydrogen............. Sulfuric Acid............................... Sulfurous Acid Anhydride., Tetrachloromethane................... Tetraethyl Lead...................... Trlcresyl Phosphate....... Toluene........... ................................... Toluol............................................... .. Unslaked Lime............. White Caustic ............................... -87- 36 40 43 42 45 46 49 11 15 70 51 60 57 83 42 79 61 30 65 62 18 65 83 67 11 21 6l 70 68 71 72 75 74 30 80 84 82 83 21 70 SHE000000249