Document 1zG5QaZya8B48550kRZ2dd0K

LIA09887 (.Lilli 1MilllillwpiWPI^WWWlMP^pHWPiPPiWjWIIWWWiPil-Wl J'lMm-IM* *MW -IP t. . r<- a- v. t ^ [ , jr. -> t. : . zi & ? tie t&tUle bal FKs&ns UxUto** f-t ^Kr*cr:u.-t r- a resf pnapgrrf lyr t&s , :;....... eg (Tisa>i ct Us l-.^> Caai'craca a? tha Ht-l.t;-.! i_ sueiatlc* a? Corroaiaa EtjLaeara, Claeiaaatl (iiU, dPSti fids pnpar olll aaaotaally ha pabUahad olth 111aatro* a tioaa In tha atjaitm Corroeion"* To* awditlM plana ta obtain raprlata of tha art 1 cla and will aatvl you a copy aa aooo aa tt7 are arailafclt. tha photofrapha rafarrad to la the tart art Ht aacloood bel till ba laeludad la the reprint. Zf yea eld Ilka to hart antra eopltf of tha reprint la quantity, at cc:t, plaaat adrlaa ua aa aooa aa poralbla Indicating the Busbar deslrod to that aqr sake MCMII17 irrm^oents with tha aaaalaa J .1 >> N 3049 LIA09888 piipRswiup!* - J11 mvwmrnmmfmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm r fc.* sc.'wxje taan rcseuara n2a *C38 7. fe % i fasxm 23 esrcszzrs emcrasmies or cots xa tea osncii cssim ir Ep<M R. Moll Ladd Xndtutrles laaodatton L?0 Lexington In, ee Xarfc 17, Mm Tortc AMTJUCr t The phgraical and dorraalon ehararterirtlee ef lead particularly lth mpKt to Its use In the cheleil lntet.7 >n <lKWHd In MUa Lead'a cheelcal properila* m deecrlbed end Include the effect* of ooncao* i1 tretloa, teaperature, nixed and injure corrorlef end proper orroeloa date Interpretation. Characteristic* uch * fati^-ce, rtrrca corrosion and gal* rnlo eorreiloa are dlacuaaed along with *pacification* for ebeeleal end alloyed lead, load'* physical end nochanlcal properties including tvperater* i and pressure Unit* and effect of flow r*t* of fluids are detailed, Kathode 1 i of fabrication and reccrr.ndod practice* for oIdsring and Balding (Owning*), Installing sheet lead, hnro;*neous and aeld-brtc* lla`ng- are described along wltb the latent deralnpawnt* In lead and lead-lined fife, lead beating eoila, i aaetlngs and raleec. The eooacdc aspects of maintenance and replaceaeitt of lead are also glean. It t* den-cstratad througho-st that the physleal characteristic of lead are of e'rnl irporUne# to Ur Currorlon character* letIce la deteminirg lte ep Hostility in eorrorion reeletant aralpaaent. Taper for preeentetlcn at the I7li9 Conference ef the Katleml Axaoclatiod of Corrosion Enginer*, Cincinnati, Chid. 1 j V./ I N 3049.01 mi mu,)jumwptp m mmmm LIA098 89 - 2- J-.& tc (~fi* rr-cowtoi it '-3 c-'!KiT.t&i that tine# lead U hifhlv rwlft-imi tv r. 3;--:'./ by so ws-.y chard etls it is *i`niv fevered aa a watsrlal of ciu^lcsl corurtro^itcfl partd.olarly if its physical sad oeebantaal oharoctaristic* grg rcccwaited. A etwdy ef tbs eerreeisa ehrrscterlstie* of load witiwwt its phywUol characteristic* a* ceil weld yapreaoat o*y * partial er.?id.r;- Ua af tbs nil of load la tbs cfcaaieal lndwctry. Free infermtloa U lie film of ttso load Z&dwtrlos Aafocleticn* cad the eocpsyetiai of ita ho r^roosnt both ptvAicin and oonmwtrs of laod, this paper boa pesparsd la on offort to mlaiti the parferaaaes of load and tha oorrleo it roadaro to the chadcal Industry la tow of lta physical and lta eorroalao characteristic*. Zt la laportaat to tbs load industry as veil aa the nil mini lndastry that asor* aod potoetial aacrs of load bo folly oars of what thqr eaa and t aspect free it* CgnjQLL HomiB *> brood mi of load aa a aatorlal for keeping oorroslv* coder control la nsteral, line* it evccesffliUy repels th attack ef ao aany correslvs ctaadeals. The protection afforded by load ia achieved la ooat Instances by the fernatloa of a thin adherent swrfaca flla of carl dr* or aalto sfcich for* An the lead ia exposed to corrosives. It is this fils, earring aa a protection to the natal beneath, which elves load lta oorroaloa reaiatanea. lead poanlly has pood resistance to oewtral eolations where lsed oaibonsto and possibly oxide or* ooirosior. products, and fair realstanoo to alkaline eolations 1a which these are soluble, Ctpirliiwi has sheen that laad la cemcrcltlly resistant to ehreeic, sulfuric, tolfuroas and phosphoric aelds| 0 that it 1 e^^eet to corrosion at aonewhst higher rates by hydrochloric and mm mmm LI A09890 mm -3 o hydrefloorle aeidaj aad that It la aoaeeptlhl# to bdnc atrencly eerredad by acetic, ferslc and nitric adds* line, nltrata salt aolatlena are asdaril cly corrosive ib*it nitmU oolutioao ara not.* Corredan tato Interpretation It la l^ertaat in dlaemslrvt eorrodon that a unifsra ayatsa of daaicnation ba tMd, aach aa Incbaa penetration par nonth or pear or aLUli^rana par aqoara doclooter par dap* bat either of thaaa ayrt -- eon ba aeadut ntalaadiac in tha aaaa of load iaaofar aa tha oonaon tendency la to ^dye beat perfbmanoe oa tha baaia of tha Xoaaat eorroaioo rata* lbia Bathed faila to taka into eonaidaration tha fact that load aaad in ehaaleal equlpospt la normally 3/lA inch thick or non* Other aatala alao oaad in cbodeal equip Bad Mika approach tha thicknaaa of load* It eon ba oaeo that r*a in thoaa ooaea ahara load has a higher eorroaioo rota than another natal or alley. It ootid atill evUaat tha other natal in aonrica baoaoae of thla diffaroneo in thlrknaaa* teaicnatlac eorreaton rata aooordlnx to weipht loaa aa nillifreaa par aquara doelnrter par day Instead of volost* lot* aa Inches penetration par Booth la alao nialeadlnf in tha caaa of ltad alaco load has tha highest density of ary ecBnoaly oaad corrosion r etlatent material, this naans that tfiat adffct appaar to ba an exttativt eorodon rata expressed la weight loaa of land eould actually be a vary o o bImI rata of corrosion in terns of voluae loan. Vmb eooparlaooa ara being nada batwaaa various eorroaioo resistant ost.rials it fellows that oa understanding and appreciation of the above dll land much to the propar Interpretation of oorroalon rate data. e m VP LIA09891 aupuiuui,, h i LiPpwiwwvpppp^p Effect of CtoDewrtrrtioa The oeneertrtion of eorroaiee ehxlcal and lie ao-lnfluanea, te^Breture, art both important aenddaratiens 1b deddlng otiethar lead mb or ceanot b rMw.^aM for ih with Um eimtin, Apparent Mdrsdictloao in lead'* baharior at different eooocatrstlees ar beet lllaetreted and la pert j.l*laed by x*nple, Sulforic add aad altrle add arm typical *x*tpia*. It la vail too* that dilate sol foria add form* a flla of liunldble rolfatoa d&eh succeed la pe**lftring the surface of tbs load* Booarer, at the eeneoB* tratloa of tha add approach** 96 par Mat, it dlaaelroa this protoctlre film at a sor* rapid rata, thereby sqwelag the load to increased roaetloa dth tha add* for this reason load nay ho safely *cd vlth any eoneentrxtloB of solfttrle add aa long aa It dooo not axeaad 96 par cant at rooa tanpentara* An axanpia of typical sarrica la aheeej la Rpn 1*^ fits load llalaga la tha ohMhars of this add pl*t after hi yoaro of aarrloo ahonod an average l*as In thlctacM of only 1/120 Inch or, expressed la Inches pentratloa por oath, lb s KT6, toad satisfactorily roelets hot add of all strength* up to 95 per cent dth tceperaturc* up to WO C (L?$0 f),* This casa typifies tha reaction of lead dth sort corrodoea Inclading shrade add, oulfuroue aeld, phosphoric add (up to 85 per coot), aad others* Uinta nitric add, on the other hand, also reacts dth lead to torn load nltrote, but tha salt la this cats la non' adherent and seaeohat *0labia la the add and therefor* offer* little prelection to the natal froa farther rose* tloo. Coneantrated nitrte add In the range of 52 to 70 per ant by weight has little affect an lead at roon tenperatare reasonably beoause the solability sf the nitrate decreases dth Increasing acid sons antral Ion* (8*4 figure ?.) beetle and hydrofloor!* add* and aodion hlrolftle parallel nltrie add la their \ ; i f - ........mm 1 LIA09892 |BIB)BSipP>iP>,|piSPW*WI!!P!SliP*WWP*ifSiW*Wiw*W*PlPW^i s- rsoetlon with lead*1 tt*ct ef Twwrxrature of Conrads# tinea chadcal motion wUi ere geoeetrieally proportional U topnten, it foiled that an incrsess is tbs tawpsrsturs of tbs corrosive, aooosrrtrstlnn being natntdnsd constant, alaost invariably lacrssMfl tbs cent: rsta. 8m rste sf aorresioa la lashes penetration par aaatfc ef load *2js584 to a adatur* ef dilate sulfuric acid sad aedlan ablerids at laeroadnc tzptsv tas is dtom in fipirs 3.* Xegardlsss ef a safe seneontrutlea rasps, it is lapsrtaat before spedfyiag lead for ess with a particular corrosive that tbs teepsrsters ef the corrosive be haem sad taksa late ceadderstlen* Effect of bleed and lepers Oorroslvss Am a general rule It asy be stated that is dxtures ef eenesivse the serious eenstltasats will react with lead as they would somall/ la the mixed state* figure li shows the corrosion ef lead by alxsd sulfuric sad hydrochloric adds*) ths corrosion rate decreases as the percentage af the sulfuric add la the datura increases sines lead la sers resistant to this acid than It Is to hydrochloric* Corrosives containing cooperatively null peresntagvs ef ether constituents can occasionally be deleterious to lead* Of these, liquids containtig dissolved gases, particularly oxygen, are the asst Uqortant* figure 5 shews the effect sf oxygen on tha corrosion sf lead rfessrged la distilled water at rood tappersture*^ fable 1 illustrates the effect sf aeration and agitation oa lsed in a wash acetic acid solution at room temperature.* Testa wsr# ms for e lOMssr period* LIA09893 Til A 0 Ipa^HifippililipwigpwpiMHp^ A LIA09894 -w1111 iwiiww w j-'W w *i"' rif.) J j i i? i i LIA09895 ?*r et BC1 nrA 9 rig.l ^WW.^WPIIIWL. iiipn. iiJUlWW)^il.yM|.iji.ii.Wi^WiW, Jl % LIA09896 LIIIB.pUljlWIiJL, JILU^ll o Qciat inarkico Aerrtod 6 table X 1 .. g x ISH* Incbaa/aonth 85 37 , Torts with p>o*yijorie acid hcv* brought art th* feet tt*t impure old la MUr reeieted by load than 1* th* par* add* The imparity la thi* \ mm If primarily fulftxrla acid carried ov*r froo th# convertton of mpor- phoaphato* In an* contact aulfmrlc aeld plant a atmiln livoor at a tiparo tor* of $2 C (185 F) aataratod with aalfur dioxide and containing 1b addltlom 56.5 ( per 1* aulfttrlc add, 1.9 (. per 1* chlorine, and J.l (. p*r 1. farrow iron pin* oceaalonal traeaa of floor!n ha* bean bahdled In load aqelpmont with llttla or no evidence of oorroaieo for nor* than ton year*,5 Fatigue and Strree Oerroelon Inc* l*ad baa a relatively high linear coefficient of thermal expan* ion (29 * 10*^ per 0 C, 17 to 100^ C,* or approximately thrao tlaea that of ataal) It undergo** oonaidcrabl* novenent Aen aWJectod to ***ar* cyclic temperature chance. It la thla dtfferwtial la axpenalon rate* **iieh largely acooanta for the oocaalonal cracking *f lead due to boekllag. Ad*(jaata and proper atrapplr* aervea practically to altatnat* or minimi** thla affect* Other factor* etdeh ooeailonally oontriboto to fatigue condition* tnclado vibration each aa that trananltUd by Realty machinery, etlrrlng equipment, etc, and atralB induced aa a ml* by inadequate auprort of hanging abort lead* Fracturing oawed by repeated bending la hastened by almultaneeua expo*ure to oorroalv* condition*, thu* reultlr< in a form of atraaa oerrctlo** ! | | f 1 * r*t - 7- fta mwl fatlgoe freetert at lead 1 IntsrBTttallitte and la a eerrotlwe envlroaeaflt freah aryvtel aorfeece at mUIUc lead era Mag twaUnUgr ccfoitd nctU the full depth af the natal la penetrated* Thu, lndltort lea ct atreaa eamalee la lead la evidenced by aora or leaa aevera intareryat&ilica yt-rMng, eoMtiM* t the petet of fracture if the etroti ooadltlnae era net renoved er nedlfUd* Qraaka Xrw faUgot feileraa la lead pipe era often traneveree and aeeally at the ovtelde of a bead* There are taa appeveebee teaard the elimination of dlfflealtlaa brought (heat by the above eenditlooei 1* Kaaeva the eowree ef etreaa* a* tbia aay be dsea by Intel atlng the equipment fren Tibretion or, h* Spreading eat the beating-cool1ng ayela ar( e lowering the peak Vonporatere if poatlble* te Zf the eource aaonet be rawttd, eoaiUnet the affeet by* a* Providing adequate strapping to relieve ttre*e caused ky hanging or, ./ be Oea a hooogeaecmely-bonded laad lining to Ooueteraet aevara cyclic tanperaUra changea or, a* Protect the laad eoehasleally and thermally with a brick lining or, d# Use thicker lead to redoes fibre stream* Patigo* characteristics My very with different alleys af lead* Ounleal lead alloyed lth 0*01 to 0*0$ per cent tellurltai la a"nable ta rk-hardenlng, an effect ahich nemally tekee piece daring the eheet rolling O operation* The properly of work-hardening ecapled with the feet that the pveeenee of tallarlM la ehanleei lead acta aa a grain growth Inhibitor, ralaea LIA09898 m mmmm mmmmm 8 tha fatlfwa mutwei ef tallsrlM load bore that ef malloyad chancel ia Qalvanlc Cbrrodon Oorrvrloa aaaeeialed with tha r?wt of a (ilnole cell snda wp ef Antailar aloctrodoa to defined aa galvtnia eorrcdoB, Ihla 1* also known u *oo*pla action*J* Oalranle oorroeiea la generally wderotood to WMlit of the m total corrcalon, which ccqpriau the aorwal oemtion that would Metr on a natal aopoeod alone pine the additional Mount doe to oocrtaet with tho wort noble natal* tinea all wUlt art electrically coodbstiw, tha poetlbillty of galvaaie eonwaloa taking place when taw or wera rttaainller netale eawo la contact la the oaae electrolytic nedlM la alaoat always proeeat* Soecverr la Boat chcnleal ln*tall,tlorw wslng load 1b a eorroalve electrolyte, o galvanic oorreaioe anally la of little ooaaoqacnea and la ordinarily ignored*. She fila which forma on load aa a revolt of ardlnary ahcwleal reaction, la oat laataBcea, acta aa aa olectrioal lnaolator* Thla la e*pectally trwa la eolfurlc add aapoaora, lead aolfatc being practically non-oooductlve, trjj> sircinciTjcm Chemical lead the chcndeal pcepcrtlea of lead art eeupled with Ita ocepoaltienf hence, tho aeloctloo of tho proper grade of load for a ehmieal laatallatloa eaanot bo left to chance. Jut aa with aoat wetala, the prcocnea of very aaall percentage* of other aetalllc cocwtltuenU way materially alter tho chew!cal behavior of load* faporlaenta with pore lo*d alloyed with vary Mall peroentage* of eon* ether wetala reveal that Ita ourfae* reactivity Q l* warhedly laeraaaad by the preeonee of theac other ael'lii thia M*na, for practical porpoaea, that when lead ae alloyed la waad with a oorroalva, it LIA09899 m 0 5 1 4 JO *> dmlop* * itmiiM mlrtwt fUs n tepidly ttea per* load met Am an* Am eteraetorlciiea c m& m eetealsa and abr**to* rorlatane* *y be altered fate i fsalttfcly another reason ^r e(vesical laad, tte grad* aoat awasely ar2 toy to* ekeslMI ia&stey aad tontoiRirs CTi to 0C8 par **nt acyper erf 1x to 0*CS3 par aast etirer' 1* preferred to to* parar **rrodlag laad as a ssAv?il af ctodwl aaastiMUM, la ad&tioa to to* fast toel to* praaecss af fractional pcrewUpt af aeaellrd "laparlUa#* aartodly toemin load'* creep aad f*U| atrengto* Ugr Ibc t c mc la atrcagto aetarally latote toe lead*wry tor aomcnt of to* atUl to nptve to* preveetl** flUu tlgteff p*reewtate* af otter aeaatltowta, depwdtof apaa to* elwart, lacroaaa to* nti af rail fbmetlon to a MrlawUl degree ar la aea* ln*iaaa*a altar to* aahaalea aad abreelw raalatoae* af to* fUa* loading la altoar ui to poor aatl-aarrertan cbeneterlatlea* gntlaonlal load Aatlaoalal ar tori' l**d li a**d in plM* af chwlcal load atea greater Mthwlcil atmgto la d*tlr*d. Intlwnlal laad *H Vy to* chwiml laduU7 anally eon*l*to af chaaleal l**d alloyed alto tram b to 4 If per ewt aotlaocgr* toll* It 1* law r**l*Unt to aatt eerro-il*, It do** term a aor* rigid Installation tees*** It ha* greater strength at twparatona teiow i e (2b8* f) aad can*eqo*ntly ha* a lew tandaney to creep and *arp at la* toap*r*tr*s/ llao large quarttitle* *f attlaonlal laad ar* a**d la pupa, *ale** and pip* teaaua* It offer* greater atrw^to and realatanea to flo* toraalan toan do** etealaal lead* rnmux. rw'T^rrra lead'* parferaarc* In to* ehatUU industry teto pnyeiaaUy aad atealaally has tew **11 docwentod* duffldwt p*rfoman* reaerd* are , .uiiaj|4jp LI A09900 - 10 - iniX&ta to ba tola to dacertba to* Mwlw at toad m a iw t iHt w tondllnf ^torlal fro* tha timpo int at ita pbyclMj. aa wall aa lto atunjral aharao ur&aUoa* f^aieaX aad aec'janAciI tsvptszilaa Man* ha rmrmyttaolaed la tha scat of Isedj la mag? tostaacas th^r era af grator alcnifleanaa to tha plant anstaaer than chassisd pra^etLss. i pigyrioal tocrastorlrtles of *z^ total daatlnad tor uaa la toa gtnrlral latoUjr datonttaa thraa Important faotorat (1) Boa it *111 art at nrlra topmUm and pcaoruraa (i) Xa tot tom thr aatal nay boat ba fabrlcatod or ooartrartad to aaat tbr raqplranaste dwiiadad la Bo* 1 ()) too ooonaalo aapacta at aalatonanea and replacaaaet. t to* aaqr waya la which load'* physical eharaetorlrtlco lnflaanoa lto t *1m to to* ebmdeal ladoatry a* a material tor handling and controlling oerreaivaa are drarribed boro*lth to (aid* tooaa tooaa raapooaibUltlaa i t imln aparttyiag mob material** toto*rat*r* Lialta toad'a aaafttlnaaa at alavatod tnaperataraa la llaitod baeaoaa at lta aaltlac point, toad aalti at J?7* C (621 T), It to bo aaod aatal/ at ta*paratora 9 to tjtfi C (1&& f) ja tha abamea of atroa* eorrotir# aoadltlMa) Obora tola tanparatore, oerroflon ralftar>ce and atrancth dacramaa to a dagraa making practical ** queatlonabla. to* am* aafo sorting limit* apply aa nail to tollurlon ahmleal load.* 'i l intlmonlal or hard* load containing 6 par cant antimony can ba roccwiendad for aaa only p to about I2(f C T), although It has a aolidua at 757* C (L8S f). At toaparatura* high** than l?cP C, 6 par cant antfaanlal l**d la actually laaa affective than ehenleal load bacMaa It aafurn rapdlly and mawally aorrodra nor* readily. -u Zt 1* peeAbls, la mb i typec of agrlpheeit to eperet* la see* of the abort toaperstore# by insulating or tfilrintif the lead letanmlljr with ecld-reelstant brick or cooling the load externally with enter apraya. fi* load la all KUlo-Peefcard nlfkrii acid oh artiste la kept Oool by water down the sloping Idoa. 1 typical laotallatloo la abeam la fl|Mre (, Beading load directly to tbc shall aa la honegnaae linings alao partita oporctloo at higher ttaporatnro tangos* Proaeoro lilts tool and --dan tardea are freqoastly Uaod with load to provide eorrorloo reeinUnoe* The taaka tbaailTM aboold bo deigned to retain the hydmetetls proaeoro or any other prooaoroe bolit p daring operation of the oeaoel* Za deep tanka beeeueo of tho high d natty of lood (0*hl0 lbe. par odblo Inch) loooo linings oast bo properly stropped to overeone tho effect of grorlty. Ibo alma height of a uniformly eroae oelloead loose lead lining sapportod only froa tho top theoretically la 10 feet at a aonetant tonperetore of 20* C (68* f), Thr naxtmss height rf an aaetropped lead lining at a eoMtast taoparatare of 150 C (302 T) theoretically la 16 fast* Za prectiea tho ptisan bight of a loose lead-lined re*tel eithoet tho boaoflt of aegr export froe atnpplng rarely exceeds 8 feat depending epee tha weight of lead. ms load la eaod to handla atoan or eater aadar proaooro tha Mlaoa alloeablo hoop or fibre etrosa of chertoal and tallaTian load la ZOO p*a.l* 1 rooa toapereWrc (20 6 fj5i# ))( the a art-- allowable fibre Ircas at ISO* C O?0 f) U 60 p*a.i* Oao af load oader pressure at higher teapereUr*e la not reo--ndt if I LIAC9902 wm i i i < ActUseniel lead (it), bct.Tj r*.renjer than soft Inf, Im a ntrleuB allowable fibre stress of U00 p.*.i. it nx toyirifi, tart aloes It hu a lover naltlng point, the allee>eble fibre itrtn 1* only $o p^.l* it IfcO 0 (26L* D. figure 7 Shoes the luadra slleveble fibre rtrosa for Shades! end per cent sutteenlal lead at various t*p*rvtr*.1 teed lined in mIi are often need wder vacanu One procaae for recovering end concentrating sledge acids successfully eeee brlcklLncd sheet Iced under vecoas ss Ice ss 0.25 inches of aweary. Jut aa undw pressure, it is Inperetive that the shell of the vessel be safficiantly strong to resist collapse dee to etnoepherle pressure. feen boat transfer is Japertwt, benogsasonsly bonded lead duld be nsod. Effect of Pete of Plow dines load Is cooperatively toft it is eusccptlbla to arosioa by fast-flowing liquids or liquid* containing *raslvco. Table ZZ whom the effect of increasing the velocity of 20 per cent sulfuric acid at 25 C (7$* y) across tbs surface of lead.3 TSblo n Telocity of Solutleo Across Lrad Surface ft ./win. e.ii 97 155 300 Rato of Obrrosl'u* ln/aoRth a 10"S 55 17 16 66 lbs reteo appear to fall with initial increase in velocity, bet incrocsa nartedly at a velocity of 300 fart per ninute. lb# erosion of lead pipe nay be retarded by designing the eyrten ae as to redact flow rets friction es anob so possible, og. tllnlnaU sharp bends, use larger pipe, or both, load pipe la eepeelally useful when a high rata of flow la desired beeasae it aw be t ..iii. i> ^v 'V LI AC 99 03 Twyii'*tar, *f 6 : tg' uWftWW.........j ij p . # ! 1f 1 < 1 --oerwod aod ssecsSlcd &sirs fiiiisg* In addition to thr~fdat that *' traded lead offer* * oineua ef aarfeet friction* for nUtlvi (vfm Mtlaw lead pipe according to the Cheeieal feflaaar'a fidbcck** to iUulft*4 la (1m erne eetaforp aa *Um.^ l>.yy;*rr?g irs grrsasu , toother *017 l^wrtnrct physical eharcctarletle of a natal Aaotlned for irtl^omiin aaa la lta aawbUitf to wleu natbada of fakrlcttUa Bar* lead aojopa a rather aat^aa poaitloa laaafar aa oaa of lta etdef *t> vanta^ea w othar natal* la paodleatad an tba Hbar aa< variety of aapa la Aich It aqr ba fabricated* Sheet load nap be welded or ^arnedw to bn a HMit aa? ba booted directly to another natal) it nap ba eaet, Ala aaat or proeeare aalded) it nap ba artroted into pipe and a toriotp of abepaa) aad it nap bo fattened bp aeldinc* fUnging, baiting or aaldarlng* Oaaa laatallad, load eh^leel oqulpnaot la easily rapairad with a waldU* tomb aad requires ao annealing or aobaatpaaot boat traatnanta* Soldering and bolding Xa cbanlcal appllaatloaa, at laaat abart corrotlon la a factor* eeldering la of little value bacauaa af the relative aaee with mieb the tin-lead eutectic la attacked plot the feet that tin rubrtentlelly lower* lead'a naltiaf point* load voiding, ocmonly called lead burning*, ia a rlaplor and noth aara aatlafactery nethod af joinInc lead to lead without intratectng aiqr fervign aatala* The aaee with which thle la aeccapllshed ben aa aacparlaoaod lead nwlder la oeed baa oantributed aaab to tba widespread aao af load llalnca* Lead waldlnc peralta tba fabrication of ecwUnoew* laparwlooa lininc* la wwaaela eenstnwted af aatala atrongar then late but t mm vtf.i-J. i-U; corroytcn Tir-ssr- 8 *fco* load wiiwi esfcirg t & tyri**! load install stlrr.. ti.n? chsdeel plant* operating *itfc Wrjric;';^ tic load cfsiwsV train rt4 cMd.-:?n tlsir tm M *aldars fa? KEliaf tisri ri;air8* C.-w UsttcHars cr m c8i$**gl, they ec~-':rc..: *.~ tzL^Z in ast cry^rlc.-scd lo&i rclflues et::itoro *6 *pt:leli` ; (bt Jaod for Uxins <11 typo*, efcspoa *o4 1im of obanlsal ocsist ant oaoally mm* la nlli ncstag fma I U U foot lii aad op to 60 foot lo<, Oopoiva.ru on the thicknoos of tbo oOoot. Toocty foot la geespclly a standard roll# ffalekaoM Torino torn 1/80 Inch to 8 inch**, or sooourod la thi parlance peculiar to the land industry - yilb. to 120-lb. load, is on opproxiaato ml* of thvfe, ooo square foot of load 1/A lotto thick Mlgtoa abort on* pond and is oallad 1-lb. load) 1/1 Inch load la oallod 16-lb., etc. Most shoot load is ordered cot to tho slo* that *111 bo vsod oltlaatoly by tho oonsunor. Za ooao special applications, ouch o* to tbo oolla of Klllapsekord sulfuric odd ch*A>tr$, a single short aoy bo rolled with several dlffaroot thicknesses.? from tho construction viewpoint, tho noat Important oapoet of aftoctlv* shoot load lining la tho prevision of adequate sad proper support) usually by strapping. Spool fleatl on* for load lining* dtpend oo ouch factor* a* ala* of squl)ent, ala* or Might oad grad* of load, tenperature, eorreolvo eocdltinrvi, typo of (hall (seed or stool), typo and location of strapping, and others. Ertoilod dlooutslen of such opnclflcotians varronta a special pspor of Its o*n. Generally speaking, sufflelmt strapping should bo used in tho right places to Insure reasonable eenrir* performance and minima stress Corrosion, a* rosing of course, that tho lead Is knovn to bo resistant to wmmmmmrn iij w j |ih i|u j i L I A099 0 wmmmrnm * ; i i i er:,'':-'"Ts c.irr tv tsaa f & :-~t*sUcr., tcqrustcs eritHIvii t* be sssBanttyed Is t p r"/.c-la;* esrviea* firm.? ? assS .*" *. ." rr c.- ..*>? of r-''' ttitr:*' . p?c Il-.a. tss top strsjcptsg Is FI;,..::: IT? c ."v'e-,.-.\. t... vV>; cT t:,;.: -.i i*ssi ii %'.* : et n~; v/ iz*. ' ;Ss fas beWea stft;;;:ics fciAh slsji;- t-i* le*4 la piece, Its sf. ! teles me98Fie fcy Vto stool cr-.r'l c* s A mm on rtcc?4 111'^',* ti> fcpsrtesta of aftscstt* tsr,--T^o i*e jfiHM Is sa asyssr css for * lead Ualast tbs naftct-j-a f das by reartlng scLfcrie add clUs alaslae la a rte*i i{lUtM lefti-lirid steel >n*Vi By rwovinc tbs arl&nel 16-lb, lccd liaise ftslch was vertically trapped cf7 /car fast sad installing 1Mb, Iced *lth tbs dlstcasc betsssa streps radioed la half to tea fast the service life of the vessel was tripled^ Bortsontal etrerfinf In llac of vertical Strapping is seldo* need, partlewlarly whan sadsr-fcand welding is lnvolvade Occasionally la tufts aors than lo fast deep one or too horlsontel straps arc Med In eoojonetloa with the asoel vertical strrpplng to help ssgrwrt tbs weight of Issd,* hasogsaaosis Linings Odder severs temperature oonditions, particularly shin vide fluctuation* ere necessarily stead over a short period of tics each as In batch proessslnc and various cyclic reactions, tao different aethods way bo adopted to prevent andta ahorteninf of tho load's noreel service life* The sethed soot often used and ana which has performed wry well In service is to bcn4 tho lead to tbs stool shell of the oip'lpaent, forming what Is tweed s beao2oasoti*ly bonded llnlrg. for hltf) tenpsreturs service (vp to ?lf C (TTo0^ ) lead Is bonded directly to tha st*l| at l<wvr teesperaturst tbs lead My bt joined to the steel with the aid of s thin lead-tin solder LIAc 9907 miiLi rnuvmmmmrnBmmmm&mammnmiqm t O i i i fils* ' V-U this cstisd ef 1;:' " tl'j Utd la nrt tpwrtnt Uh Et?a Kt U ttzt&n* k z?9 tfcia 65T-.fir by K^3i4Dild learaaa* la tfcs 1if# tS tba e^i^.,13* . Bo k IciS IL-^X- tt.: u?-d alsaya tea ^fteg'si fey Jested terasla *".,-*# fcsct tr<r -f.r la ifcperte:^ bcss aap A** rfra* teteRT. 13m Ircd tours *&* to clrll * a vtcsii rutLSi la a refestica Is Os ffiaicesy of be*t aofjgatlea* Ikay bctts^ES&sbsA raaeUca tks era Um4 m tho tiu Md bondod ca Ba ba&taaa* lining* A mead eetoed of protecting laod-llaed weirii tnm Ii w iImm aloe# to lood'a aoftartlag rut* r feea erotica affect* la te eenr tba lead lth aa lanar lifting of apeclal acid-re*lrtaut brick* A actual gaaatlaa lai If tba brick* era eeld-rtelatent, A; aa* a lead llnlngt Qnfertwately practically all brick* *111 apall or crack after repeated heating end aeollim ted erenteaHy, area after operation at continue** tuyeretare, tiny creek* *111 develop la the brick lining permitting the ccrrorlTt* te itep through to the eatclde. tricks will cleo apall when they abeorb actuated aolutioaa hick eryttalli** ea cooling* Aa a aatter of fact, a* cmerited oooglcurata each aa brick eaa be aa laperrioa* te liquid* aa a netA. tlth nothing to pretact It, tba aappertlng ehell of the vestal *111 ba attacked by tba Beeping oorroelv* and evanWally respire cxpeoalve repair* ad probably nplaraamt. 1b* laad aata aa Ineuranee again*! tM. oeewreaea* Any eeepage *111 ba retained by the lead antil the brick lining can be repaired* A l*g* by-prodo*t mlfuric cold plant ha* been aalsg brisk* lining ever lead In it# fculdifying chanher for handling aorreaiee ml Nr dloddc and wlfer Ulaaid# at feO* c (Sfl.* y). fee lifting* mmlat ef j t L I A0 99 OP itPiiLM|jii''^m|wiPWf^iiippwiiiiii|ijiiwjiii^wpwwwip^w^pwii>^iiiii.w wI'mw ip h ih iw * S0-2b* lead with three oouraes of brick on the botton giving a totil thickness cf 9 Inches ini a single 12-lneh course over 10-lb* lend on the lover sides thinning to a P-inch course above. She thicker 13-lach lining la aiuply to provide extra support for the brick above* This s^dgMSt baa been In ns* w eleven jftoi^ IM and tr-hd-Hnsd Pipe Lead la readily extruded into various shapes and large quantities of extruded lead pipe ere wed by the ebondesi industry. Sines ere United only by extrealen eqelpwmt and nay lneladt a large nafcer of SMtrtnatlona nf ell thickness and outside dimeter aa veil aa shape* of cross-saetlen* An advantage of iaad pipe la that It ia readily bent to eonforu to latrUato design specifications. Figure 11 Illustrates a complex pipe and valve eyeten ado np entirely of lead* Booenao of load's weight* it la frequently adviaehla to support It either by atrap hangers or continuous support such a* luring It In atoal channels* fhla is eby lead-lined steal or east lien pipe Is frequently wed ebon the corrosion resistance of lead la tauM, but dm the tenperatnre la high and the expense ef supporting the pipe la disproportion ate* Stool or lien pipes with lead linings lnddo are nado by one of ten etbodsi extruded lead pipe hydraulically expanded inside aa iron or stool pipe, or homogeneously bonded to It* lead Heating Coils Load pipe has found wide acceptence for ss w boating or cooling soils* figure 1? shows the lead stean ooUs used for hcellrg a large brisklined vessel with a rounded botten. dot') the east load forw wed to support the sella* ttaxinun tUan pr> *ur and sorroepondlng tonporatur* Halts fbr | 1 j t I j j i j I ! LIAC99QC ' C IS dlftfunst Ftp* altat in abona In Tahla III* i i) Q T*bl* OT '3 a raster Arid# Ctnsetor '?, Ir'Hta c.? il.no, iKhna Bctr'it per Ri-n-rva f-.; rset 7r: - - .'.`ti. fe. -?N> p Sht. CM* 3A 1*C0S 1 - 17 S/l 1,156 J-0 bo S/k 1*217 3*6 SO r r6 . > r 2T3 X 1.356 3-k 30 X 1*197 k >17 bO 1 1.610 6*1 SO 77b 337 793 1} 1} 11 < U670 i*es> 7.017 1 -17 T -17 * - 10 30 50 m 237 393 7: Otpper Mill wnn< with WW 1**4 km We* MnlifM for greater hemal oonduetlrlty and ctreagth nt higher ateaa proeeur** without aeerlfleii^ oiTMlo# rsiliUnoc* Itch celli art operated vp go 150 pound it ear proeawe* tea of th* latoot dorrlofmata Ulnatntcd In Plgwret 1) and lh eoMlata of nalng tu* load pipe*, o m within the other, routltlng la a 6Mbl# aotton hotting and cooling heat ch*ojer Th* latide pip* la ertrudod lth ita oroaa-ooctloo 1* th* ahtp# of a ala pointed atar with a roond hole la th* outer. In thla nanner the ero*-#*ctlonal area of the apace between the tut pipe* my nearly equal* th* eroio-aoctlonal aroa of th* la*Id* of the pip** ft* point* of th# tar aloe oerv* to k*p tha tut pipe# ooaeoRtrla* With thl* arrang<a*cnt It 1* poailblo to poradt ooontureumut hooting In on* pip* hll tooling in th* other. Kihhod and flnrwd load pip* ar* Mod la uany *y*U** requiring grottor Kirftae area* land th-*th*d eloetrl* betting device* hart bee* oood Meootfully la pita* of atom h**td oolla la two InatallattoM where >*nr P- v* LIAC991C vdslag Is diffltrjlt or hetsrc'.wia or where aleetrlsity Is lacxpenoiwe. C&rttr-e sad VfelTat ferje quantities of Iced trc o*cd \>j the chemical Lute*try la the toni of certtafs* Ordinary ehatlcsl Ictd, arully too soft for this pcrpoeo. Is allcgrod itfa vtrleas pcresntA^ts* of antlaory, toed hardeood la t;is snor Is tut late papt sad nlw as well u special shops* etd fttttags. k typical pleoo of east lead ebootlMl aqsijtt abaca in Figure 1$ is sa reaperster tor eooentrotlac tlteatwi sulfate eolations It is Mds oetirely of aoperate easUac> of 8 for sent anUaonUl load bolted tecethar into one wilt aoenrlac bi feet la dlmter end 7 feet feldu Abovt 15,000 poaads of Mtel were required to aafco the eestlnj*;1* Bra larger east lead e sreporotors 6 feet to 8 foot la dlsaetor ere quite oowwui Cost load piste sad trmm filter preotoe aod east lead rotary vsotna filters err ball! ia all sisoa* feed valves frequently are equipped with place end seats made of sfaruioo-roslstaat materials each ss tootle, Pelelite, JUrteley d ethm, the* reducing the voer os those parts* BCOKCUffC 1SPBTB . The oooncele aspect* of aalntensncs end replacement hlra oa both the stUl'i physical characteristics and Its selvage value. feed aeffers '7 little froa change la weight or structure doe to oorroeloa) tho* it eaa be aalatelaod at fee oest or salvaged at a high value. Tobrleetloa eosta are lav la the ease ef feed, frees** prloea shoe that the pl| lead or rm aeterlel represent* a* inch as 80 per seat of the eon of fabricated eheot end plpe.U ! I L I 409911 j 1 s O fu.'c;* Isai li fiUjr reoaltoS oi rc?isa4 *aS talas* imssta xr^.zr.- msx owrcsiro eT.iltie.v* arc ao itlift th*t to e rmlt l*f^5 to? or.;: fe'.O'i aalnr* oi.tch t7 m *o his^i ao > pc? *rt cf tho cv,./ " t * ,, c? tan tie#* and pips, dcpchSiRg s:30 etot ees^ttwa. g"T"*"T f?*? C *" - A VaS* of tho aaoccoofal pcrforcrjxo of locd v&Lss&X, is t..s efc-ratioal iadootry C/^ao thnt mk porforRCZso lo lntisatul? aaasslctsi tv.* I_'i3' choractorlotlco u nil m tto duttied or oorrooloa charts* t*rUiici, U*t of chatlc&l* with c a--into aid data doocriblag tholr reaction with load, each M appeared la tha Soeofeor, 19U6 loooo of Oorrooloa-, art available.1A load eeopaoleo ond fabricator* oad tho Load Induotrlec iaeoclatlea bo ecneultod. Inaaosch me advice u t boot b only 0 prediction baaed oa poot performance, tho aoot practical procodaro la to toot a owplo of tho load wider eoodltlona ao clooo aa pooolblo to actual oorrloo* So oot rale ooa bo otatod pooorntnj tho reaction of load with all eerroclvee. Cooperative oorrooloa nto data baaod oa wive lota or weight loo* can bo aialeedii^ in tho eao of load lnoofar ao It la thicker and ooro donee than other eorroelon roolotant notorial*. Oeoerall/, tho oorrooloa rata Ineroaooo with Inereeae la teaperatur*. Tho offoet of concentration w*rlee with tho oorreolve. Choalcalo containing dlneolved 007(00 email? lower load't roolotanco* Petlpae aoooatanlod I7 oorrooloa prraotee atrwee corroiton, a condition which on? bo contra Hod tqr rooorlng tho oooroe of atrooa or countracting Ita o.foct* Oaloanlo oorrooloe la tho cut of load lo oeldoa encountered slneo an inmlattrg 00cting noreall? drralopo Witch prrrente or adnUlaee couple action.  jU EMI* lead ha* earlain yi-j-c'.cii li*itat ions l' # cac^tractl-si ajrt-srial, they csn V* cur-'i* tf pre-par icrtailelion. fh# arfrai cllmatl* flbra stress for cv-.` .-5 1** ir JOO p*l. at no tocpcrtisrij aailaonisl l*ad beleg airw' :? baa a *eEii-a ClrT-AIa fitrr* ctrara ef L:3 p*e.l. at tea *cs topcralcra. Qttalssl lead's t:PtLr.iJ at fcis* tc.T~ro tam la lladtad to abevi 230 C (k5d p) **il# cKtiaaslel iaad ( :' )* basses* of It* Iscsr salting pels!, la liaitad te aSoat irj C {&* rj fb* arcaien of load by faaWlowlaf ar tbrutn llqtlda ag b nlaM by pvapar dasigp* b*4 can ba anally fikrteiUd ta Boat tpeclal acnditlena* Sbaat laad-llnad vaaaala ar* aaoally aopported by eartical atropine, tb* tyy* and location *f *iich la >7 Important* Conditions acch a* tanparatv* flactcatloa, high praaacr* or Ttnmi, or boat tranafar e*n b* art with hanoganaon* lining* ar, ascaptlng beat tranafar, by a brick lining err tba toad* toad pipe, bratine ceil*, casting* nd ralvaa aan ba nadc ta oopa ith a eariaty of rpacial condition** tocauao of tb* aaraw la hleh toad aorredea coupled with it* aaeltlng characteristic* load la all foma can b reclaimed and a*ld aa aalragt at a high return, therefore, if load'* Mcbnlcal and physical prop*/tie* ar* recognised ta caking installations, It la widely faeorrd a* a material ef chaalcal construction becaaac ahimially it la little affected by #o *ny arraairac. X. ' /. v.i r. *8rr:' 'V.r. ^.Tcrfsa * i " . - ... t t. . r^ .':....-i'....t^ u. ti Y9. e* EH.-: c l*. .', evjeteri'lf f.' Ccnstsvcti-.r fists, Ind. s4 flnj# Cteu, p* l?l<~`... V ... i,-; t-P. 10, Oct#, .. _.P t\ C. .?, Jt C. -1 and B. r. .*vitVtXer, 3wrer?.-.-i t .' . .trtsis of C..:_tr,ictinc`. fte? Gv^wi C2%iaocr~m i Asar. Inst# Cssc# Lif#( W), U .Vn .....ifeicd to., I. I. . K. >i# Ciii.5, Corrosion Handbook*, pp. 20, 19W, J. <flly md Sons, K# I. B. r. Qjorch, *Bul-tmr Dioxide Terns lead*, Cbcnleal bstiaaerlng, Tol. 5k, Bo. 9, 117 Aspect* of Oalrale Corrosion*, Ineo Oorrorloo loportar, Tol. 2, To, 3, 191*7 E. K. Boll, Add Terus load*, CSoaieal btflAoerlnc* Tol. SS, To. , f t # ?l-??k, 1<W 0# 0. Rir, Oorrl~n^rl't#*>t 1riti Rjulfrent*, TVsehanleal tetlmortnc, Tol. S, Ko. 1?, jp. T>3-4, 1936 Report of Irctlv*tlon by Iced Inriurtrlee Association, V, T,,Bo. U, 3uly 19W 0. 0# HUr*, Resistance of Load and load Alleys to Corrosion*, ASK Handbook, 10W Report of Jnvretlptlor by load Industrie* Association, R# T., Bo. Ik, April, l?k7 Cast Lead Evaporator for Tltsilua SuipJiaVc Solution*, l#ad, a publication of Ld Inud*tri<* Aasedation, I. I., Tol. 6, Bo# k, 1936 Anrlean Netal Barket, Do. 3, l^W lead Industries Association, Chanleal Corrosion loelatanee of load*. Corrosion, Tol. 11, )3e* 6, rp. 330, 19U6 R. f. Burns, Boll Bystoe Twh, 3our.,.R. 1$, p, 416, Ost. 1936 . tpuiiiii LI A C9^ 1 * W% teen tee, tssr Se;t Eat*, 17# J. E fer^. r-'jr* F*cU>ri, {-. 6, p*, Ci. j i'--!, ftanlaj Metleo ** Co,, B, T# 1& *! 1L1<i E^i Tsli lt># Eo% I# p* 6S| R)* 193? 19% Roord la a 6lfsrle tdtf Rj mS Ud, * prtlic* of too Load latatri** JUs<.UiU25, R, Vol ?, fen 5, v> r LI AC 991? ) Captions for niortreticsa leecr;uugri_r>j BOSIC41 AXE CG-iOSIOS CEASteiBlSTia Of IAS zs G'xni&j. vszznx nz* i. Interior of * clf-jric ad* cheater erl*la4lly pot into ecrrio# la IflL. Tb* 6-lb lead gJsrved so err*c* U< la tfclrtmcoe of only 0.0079 Inches, Patches bad boon applied to Cy *ot 15 par Mist of Use tree la Use lotvrmelx poor*. Brie eqp ant vee later replaced bp ear* offie lent KUlePacfcard i IimT ei n. i felabllitp of load nitrate (K la nitric add, Porto of load dtrate per 100 port* of oolstloo ore plotted afoloot Ritri* odd oowoootrotica la per cent. /x n. }. Cffeet of teoperotore on the eorroiloa rale of lud la a eolatloe f 330 por cent eulfurle ecld pleo 6*7 per cent oodltoi coleride. i R|> U Corroeloa of lead by nixed *eld, hydrochloric end rolfurlc et 75* C veryin* in concentration froc 0 to ?0 per cast, PI*, $, Zffect of oeyfeo in dlrttlled voter et 25 C oo Use corrosion rote i 1 1 of lead. Percent*** of oxypen la Use aUsos^sere above the vqttar 1* flf, 9. plotted *felisrt corrosion ret*. Spedacnc *vre toned for 19 hoar*, * RiUs-Peckerd toeere illustrated Above oad aoed la the oanafactorv of sulfuric odd by Use chaaber procoea ore constructed entirely \ } eboet lead reported in steel free*, The leed la coaled externally ly voter flovln* bo the sloping tide*. O r \I> n*. 7. fcajrts-ja allowahla firm atrss* In chesdctl and 6 per oent act`-c-'nlal 1*5.1 st iri temper*fifty pound aatvatad iU linits ire at lL'S* C (2?S f). 71g, 8* Heidir.g the a*a r.f a typical looot abeet lead-Uir^ tr'V; ' am at c,per right la pr*;Ejrirv- the Mise for welding fcy ecrtplag the load clean. vie* wo* Lead-lined atecl storage tanka loi toot la dimeter aad X 3/i Z&leng. Interior rim, figure 10* above netbod of atrepplrg, Data that the overhead etrapplng which not support the weight of tho load ooaolata of 10 straps 1 toot 8 lnehee apart ateraaa tha tottoo half la fastened with only 6 atrapa 2 feet 9 lnehee apart. The vertical and atrapa are 1 foot 9 Inch## apart* ?U. U Mg. 12 A eenpleoc piping ayaten for rwclrettlstiag oorrortre electrolyte la a aodern plating plant. All pipe and valve* are nada partially or oatlrely of load* v Vice through the manhole of a brick-lined reaction t u mI 10 feat deep and 8 2/3 feet In diaactar vaed for treating alittfN of eodliaa Mchroaate and tulArlc acid at 1006 C (212 f). The taUarlea-lead eolla installed In 1939 are at111 being used to heat th" ehcnlcal solutions with ateas under 30 pound preaaara* Cooling eater 1* puapeu through the oolla after the reaction* are eonpleted. The eteel agitator i* honogmaowsly bended with ohnaleal lead iA inch thick* L I AC9917 ii -* 0 ^ l It 1 FIs* l>*Uu Kt mz~i.a$*r coll* eon<tlr; of on* lead rip* *itfcia onetow perr.it.ting Ci.unterevfrofrt flow of earro*i*o eoeiAOi* Ttat crtos-seetlnruLl vle of the tcrhsr.jsr coll lit Figure lb tf&cco the apocUUy ch&pd cctru^i iaissr pipe In perttloa. Hi* 15. firrntcsr/-ioB evaporator soda esitir.ly of cost C per eS entlaonlel load end eeed for wwitnUni UUr.loi eelfate eeletietw 5 r t . tf t \ i