Document 1kVGByMGVkBmGdLwNo9znxgd
UNITED STATES DEPARTMEN
HAROLD L. ICKES, BUREAU OF MI R. R. SAYERS. Dire
MINERALS YE 1941
I
Prepared under the d F. M. SHORE, Assis Economics and Statist
ii
UNITED STAT GOVERNMENT PRINTIN
WASHINGTON .
i
N49766
V
LEAD1
By T. II. Mil l e r a n d A. L. Ra
SUMMARY OUTLINE
Page
Oeneral summary.................................................... 125
B&Uent statistics.................................................... 120
National defense activity.................................. 128
Domestic production ................. .......................... 128
Primary lead............................
128
Refinery production...................................... 128
Sources of primary lead.................................. 129
AntlmonJal lead. ............................................ 129
8eoondary lead...................................................... 130
Lead pigments.............. ...................................... 130
Mine production............................................... 131
8tocks..................
Producers' sto Consumers' st Domestic consu New supply... Consumption
Prices.................. Foreign trade....
Imports..........
Exports.......... World aspects o
Review by co
GENERAL SUMMARY
The lead industry in 1941 was called upo unprecedented demand. Lead was not only metal in direct military applications specifi defense program but as a substitute to help other nonferrous metals. As the result of thi showed moderate gains over 1940; but these quate, despite the continued flow of metal from foreign sources, and by October lead ernment control.
The output of refined primary lead from do was 7 percent above that in 1940 and the larg Production from domestic ores increased 9 foreign ores remained virtually unchanged fro lished in 1940. The estimated! industrial use o ary, and antimonial) rose 34 percent and w record established in 1929. As production year-end stocks at domestic refineries decline secutive year. This condition was balanced ponding rise in consumers' inventories, which consumption was greater than the amount ac lead at New York advanced from 5.50 cents 6.85 cents in April, at which point the quot the rest of the year; the average price for the cents in 1940 to 5.79 cents in 1941.
' This report deals primarily with the smelting, rfeflnine, and con fall details of mining operations, aco separate reports Issued for the va
126
MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1941
LEAD
Salient statistics of the lead industry in the United Slates, 1925-29 (average) and j
1937-41, in short tons
. .i
1925-20 (average)
1937
1038
1939
1940
1941
Prutluri Inn of rrflnc.rt primary Irart: From clnmosl lr mr? nml hasp bullion From foroicn orrs atfl basr bullion ..
66(1. 525 12(1. MM
443. 142 24. 175
331.064 51. 705
420.067 63. 008
Recovery of secondary lead.........................
Imports: ' L/oad In nlcs, bars, and old................... I,caei In nav bullion ........................... i,<nd In ores and innllo........................
Export? of refined pur lead............................. Ijfad remaining in bonded warehouse at
end of period ................................................ Refined primary lead available for con
sumption ....................................................... Estimated consumption of primary and
secondary lead............................................. Price?:
New York: Average for year, .cents per pound.
Quolat ion at end of year.... do --
I/Ondon average..............................do --
Mine production of recoverable lead.......... World smelter production of lead................
73. (129 280, (XX)
4. 502 95.747 4(1. 096 98. 048
136, 969
690.916
900. 250
7.47 6. 25 5. 87 664.230 1,850,000
467.317 276. 100
4. 903 1. 800 34. 103 20.001
60. 131
449, 464
678, 700
6.01 4. 75 5. 15 464. 892 1,851,000
383.669 224. WX)
3. 235 15. 206 45. .370 45. 860
87.811
339, 708
546, 000
4. 74 4.85 3. 33 369,726 1,878,000
1R4. 035 241. 500
7. 130 48. 002 30.842 74. 32
79,215
415.031
667,000
5. 05 5.50 3.09 413.979 1.919.000
43.3. 065 100, 114
470,617 100,450
533.179 670.96T 200.340 , 397,116
151. 568
19.624 111,300 49.079
J 179,179 *23.631 * 68.061 * 13.494
211,876 < 153,289
633, 989
o
782.000 1,050,000
5. 18 550 (') 457. 392
(')
6.79 5.U (0 461,426
(')
i Data include lead imported for Immediate consumption plus material entering the country under bond.
* Fienres cover January to September, inclusive.
... . r,
. M 0ll
Includes 25,324 tons of foreign refined lead re-exported, according to American Bureau of Metal BU-
tlstics; oflicial figures not available.
* September 30. * Figures not available for publi-:dion.
a J ,. , ,,,,
s Average for 8 months; London Metal Exchange dealing? suspended for duration of war.
j OfTicJ^l maximum price fixed by British Ministry of Supply at 25 per long ton.
Data not available.
Record quantities of lead continued to be received from abroad,:
largely in the form of refined metal principally from Mexico, Hut also,
in greatly increased tonnages from Canada, Australia, nnd Peru.;
Government stock piles of foreign lead purchased through the Melali;
Reserve Company were drawn on to bridge the gap between produc-;
tion and shipments; as a result, the large quantity of lead that had;
accumulated in bonded warehouses by the end of 1940 was notably
depleted during the first 9 months of 1941.
j
Figure 1 shows trends in the domestic lead industry since 1900. i
National defense activity.--All defense requirements necessitating,
the consumption of lead were met in 1941, including direct use in|
ammunition and in important indirect secondary military uses, such;
as batteries, paints, tetraethyl lead, and chemicals. One of thtt
largest jobs for lead was in substitution for other metals, including
aluminum, copper, zinc, and tin which were more important for wm
purposes and a great deal less abundant. Very little concern was felt
as to lead supplies during the first part of 1941, and only nomind
surveillance over the lead industry by the Production Division M
the Office of Production Management was necessary. Following!
previously issued warning, Leon Henderson, Commissioner of Pna
Stabilization of the Advisory Commission to the Council of Nation^
Defense, on April 5, 1941, requested that there be no further mcreMl
in the price of lead. This announcement, with its accompanyiM
threat of ceiling prices, halted the upward trend, and no further changj
occurred during 1941.
..
3
Following the. rapid expansion of lead consumption in early 1941j
it was soon apparent that a shortage threatened, and, to consent
supplies and prevent lead from getting unto unfrie was placed under export control as of March 2 included lead in ore, matte, pigs, bars, and manu 6 was extended to include lead pigments.
On May 1, 1941, General Metals Order 1, de ventory accumulation of lead and various oth priority control, was issued by the Office of Prod It remained in effect, until October 4, when all su ing domestic and imported, were, placed under The new control, provided for in Ordor M-38, allocation that previously had been restricted lead purchased and held by the Metals Res
l
o
2
0
16001
S
United States (dome ------- --JZ1_______ i
tic) percentage of wor d products n
|__Total riel finery prot1J-u-c-t-io-n--^-V
Faronmd bfaosreeigbnuloliroens
M
G #i
1i
Froin domeslii: ores
------- j Impo_rt_s __ J , . twv__-JIs*--Tl . ,
0 _____i
^ Exports
In tJ'c ,rad lnlluslry.ln United States, 1900-1941. I 'benefit of draw-back, scrap; "ports include pigs, bars, and scrap lead
|?leJ'Sepuy Pool was set up to take care of special n 133 the Division of Priorities of the Office of Prod lowered refiners of lend to set aside 15 percen (production for allocation from this pool. The s (Ordered set aside for December and for each succ Ittp to the time this review' was written (June 25). I In an effort to ease the supply situation, an a Uud producers and miners by the Office of Prod *? A.m,rx ovem^eri asking them to increase prod ijB the Office of Production Management, jointl
ice Administration, announced a two-point p gent additional demands for copper, lead, an (active entry into the war. With regard to lead, t Itn increase in the price at New York In n mi litter
128
MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1041
and a payment, through tlio Metals Reserve Company, of a premium price of 9.25 cents for lead produced in excess of auotas based upon 1941 output. The premium-price plan was made effective as of
February 1, 1942, for 2)( vears.
DOMESTIC PRODUCTION
Pig lead is produced at primary plants that treat mainly ore and at secondary plants that treat scrap exclusively. Both types of p ants may produce refined lead or antimonial lead. Because of the large quantity of battery scrap treated at secondary smelters, their output comprises chiefly antimonial-lead alloys. Figures for production of refined lead at secondary plants arc shown in the section on becondary
The following table shows production of refined lead and antimonial lead at primary refineries from 1937 through 1941.
Refined lead and antimonial lead produced at primary refineries in the United Stale), 1987-41, short tons
Year
1937. 1938.
11994309.
1941.
Refined lead
From domes
tic ores end base bullion
From foreign ores and base From scrap
bullion
443.142 331,964
420,967 433,065 470. 517
21,175 51, 705 63.068 100.114
100,450
29.986
24.800
20.011 16. 588 13, 454
Total
Antimonial lead
497. 303
408- 469 513.046 549.767 1 684, 421 1
27,624 24,12)
21.995
29,762 40,237
PRIMARY LEAD
Refinery production.--Production of refined primary lead increased
7 percent in 1941 but was only 73 percent of the 1925-29 average
(783,629 tons). Output from domestic ores and base bullion gained
nearly 9 percent; production from foreign ores and base bullion rc-
mained virtually unchanged, with an increase of less than 1 percent
from the high level attained in 1940, and was considerably less than
the average (123,104 tons) for the period 1925-29.
;;
Refined primary lead produced in the United Slates, 1937-41, by classes and source)
Production (short tons) by--
Total production 1
Year
1937......... 1938........ 1939........ 1940........ 1941........
Desilver ized
lead 11
Soft lead 1
Desil Undesil verized verized
From domestic
ores and base bul
lion
From
forclun ores
From
foreign
base bullion
272.051 243,891 280, 3.VJ 338.450
366.385
55.317
31.986 65,34P
43.400 39.872
130.949 107.792
m. 330 163,323
164,710
443.142 331.001 420. M7
433.005 470,517
23.393 32,862
24, 0.62 83, 603
74,166
782 18.843 38, 410
10. 551 26,284
Short tons
Average sales
price per pound
Total
calculated ,j. value
sas:
467.317 383, 609 4R4.035
633.170 570,967
tO. 059 S55.143.001 .040 35,298,001 .047 45,499,
.0.60} 63,318, .057 .65,000,
i Lead content of antimonial lead excluded.
* Desilverized soft lead excluded.
,
___ __
* Includes lead derived from Missouri ores and other nonargentiferous ores.
LEAD
Sources of primary lead.--Of the total refined p m 1941, 82 percent was derived from domestic and 18 percent from foreign. Production from
cPejC?nfc from tl10 all~t'irno record establishe refined from foreign bullion advanced 59 per sources of lead from domestic ores are given in Production.
Refined primary lead produced in the United States, 19S8-A
8ourco
Domestic ore and base bullion. Foreign ore:
Australia_______ Canada................. Eurooe____ Mexico.................... 8outh America. Other foreign. ..
Foreign base bullion: Meilco........ . South America .. Other foreign. ..
Total foreign......... .
Grand total...............
1936 1937 1938
387. 608
443. 142
----
172 2, 277 1. 133 1.486 3.883 2,450
3.088
3. 836 8,497 2, 241
33t, P04 "--
i0, 0n0n-Zr n TiJ n Dei o' OOl
11,401 57
23. 393
32.862
-- ------------------ - ==
57 11,458 399, 156
782 24.175 407,317
18,843 4
Antimonial lead.--Antimonial or hard lead product of the refining of base bullion, but the q this source is only a small part of the country Ihe major part is obtained from the smelting of a lead 80me 13 Prd Ucec* by mixing metallic antim
Several lead-smelting plants handle scrap m Production data from such plants are summari section and discussed in detail in the chapter on ,Nonferrous. A large quantity of hard-lead scr primary smelters and refineries; the production such plants is shown in the following table.
Antimonial lead produced at primary lead refineries in th
Year
...................... ittn.......................................... ftt.......................................... .1940................................... jwi..........................................
Produc tion
(short tons)
Antimony content Lead con
Short tons
From Percent domestic
ore
27. 524
24. 123
21.995 29. 762 40, 237
2. 579 2. 809
2.031 2,944
3,610
9. 4
11.6 9. 2
9.9 8.7
7,833 6. 769 4,117
7,364 14,852
130
MINERALS YEARBOOK, 194 1
V
LEAD
SECONDARY LEAD
As previously stated, some, scrap load is treated at primary plants, but the greater part is refined at a large, number of plants that operate exclusively on secondary materials. Secondary lead is recovered in the form of refined lead, antimonial lead, other alloj's, and chemicals. Recovery at primary and other plants in 1940 and 1941 is shown in the following table. Secondary lead recovered in 1941 totaled 53 percent more than in 1940 and was equivalent to 84 percent of the domestic refined primary lead output. Further details appear in the chapter on Secondary Metals--Nonferrous.
Secondary lead recovered in the United Stales, 19A0-A /, in short tons
,
; * ;
1040 1041
As refined metal: . In antimonial lead:
Grand total:
1ft. 588 42. m
59. 580
13,454 91.810
73,264
16. 431 110,256-
120, 087 74,079
13,810 11/2,800
206,523 115,630
260. 340 $26,034. 600
397,416 $45, 305.400
1 Includes some lead in chemical compounds.
LEAD PIGMENTS
Lead pigments manufactured in 1941 contained 273,315 tons of lead--a 28-percent increase above 1940. Of the 248,674 tons of lead in pigments derived from refined pig lead, litharge contained 45 per cent, white lead 35 percent, red lead 19 percent, and sublimed lead, leaded 7,inc. oxide, ami orange mineral 1 percent. Leaded zinc oxide and sublimed lead are the principal pigments of which the lead content is derived from ores. Details of production and consumption of lead pigments are given in the chapter on Lead and Zinc Pigments and , Zinc Salts.
Lead, in pigments produced in the United Stales, 1037-1,1, by sources, in short tons'
I/cad In pigments from--
Lead In pigments from--
Year
1937. 1038. 1030.
Ore Domes Foreign
tic
Metal
Total
Year
Ore
Domes tic
Foreign
Metal
Total }.
\
17. 363 12.025 15,171
204, 961 163,815 200,390
> 222, 451 175.840
215, 561
j 16.869 1941................ | 23,961
196. 235 213,104 ; 290 248, 674 1273,111 >
t
i Includes also lead recovered lu leaded zinc oxide.
* Includes 127 tons from scrap. Includes 400 tons from scrap.
MINE PRODUCTION
Mine production of lend showed an adv States--Western, Central, mid Eastern-- during 1941 was only about 1 percent. Th increases amounted to 1,577 tons in the Wes 1,775 tons in the Central States, and 682 ton Lead production from Southeastern Missou decline of 5,551 tons, whereas output from amounted to 41,080 tons, an advance of 5,76 homa and Kansns more than offset a loss from in 1941. Idaho continued to he the leading p States group and was followed again by Uta from Idaho was only a few tons more than i from both the other States was less. The d is explained chiefly by decreases in output & Lark properly and the National Tunnel (operations ceased about September 1941), district The principal factors causing the d the production drop from the Jack Waite m April 1941, of the Comet-Gray Eagle gro 15,638 tons of recoverable lead in 1941, the history of the State. In Colorado the produ tons and in Nevada 9,623 tons; both totals figures, as was also true for New Mexico a tional details of production by mines, distri found in the State chapters.
Mine production of recoverable lead in the United St 1937-/fty by States, in short
Stef*
Western States and Alaska: Alaska....... Arizona................. California............................ Colorado................ Idaho................. Montana.......... ... Nevada................... New Mexico.......... Oregon................ .. 8ou'th Dakota___ Texas.................... Utah.......... Washington..............
Central States: Arkansas............................. Illinois___ _ .. Kansas___ Kentucky.'.. ___ Missouri.............................. Oklahoma. Wisconsin. ______
Eastern States; New York............ Tennessee............................. Virginia............................... North Carolina___... ..
1025-29 (average)
1937
193
982 9.743 2, 070 30,112 141.610 18.871 9,807 6, 730
21 213 149. 509 1,323
370. 007
552 26,121
135 202, 240 68, 306
1.746
280.137
6,512
2.830 254, 468
40
I.'091 204,885
in fl~' -
202,
'' 168,
} 4,090
4,096 664, 230
6. 639 464,892
7, 369,
132
MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1941
Mine production of recoverable lead in the principal lead-producing districts of the United States, 1937-/, 1, in short tons
J937 1938 1939
Southeastern Missouri region.. Coeur d'Alene region.................. Joplin region....... .........................
Bingham................................. Part City region................... Tlntic....................................... Butte........................................ San Juan Mountains...........
Pioche..................................... Harsbaw.................................. Warm 8prlngs....................... Rash Valley........................... Central.................................... Metaline................................. Austinvllle............................. Eaglo........................................ Hog Heaven........................... Wallapai.................................. Old Hat................................... 8t. Lawrence County......... Red CUfT................................ Montana................................. Port Hill................................. 8melter.................................... Opbir...................................... Upper Mississippi Valley.
Leadvllle.............. Bisbee (WarTen). Banner.................. Cataract................ Tombstone.......... Flint Creek.......... Tybo..................... Oro Blanco.......... Willow Creek___
Missouri............................ Idaho.................................. Kansas, Southwestern
Missouri, Oklahoma. Utah.................................... ____do...................................
____do.................................. Montana............................ Colorado............................ Nevada.......... .................... Arizona............................. Idaho................................. Utah.................................. New Mexico.................... Washington.................... Virginia............................ Montana..........................
........do................................ Arizona.............................
........do................................ New York........................
Colorado........................... Montana.......................... Idaho................................. Montana.......................... Utah.................................. Iowa, Northern Illinois,
and Wisconsin.
Colorado........................... Arizona............................ ....... do................................ Montana........................ Arizona........................... . Montana.........................
Nevada........................... Arizona........................... New Mexico..................
153, 205 96. 505 50,274
118, 870 82. 274 39. 400
153, 522
81. 699 44.176
169.893 95,609
35,311
45.233 22.417 10.198
5.780 4. 998 4,759
984 4,004 6,410 2,281
2(,'6)44
4,812
808 2, 489
794
() 580 218 519
1.178 3.307 1,091
41,334 7,2.58
9.605 204
5.885 3.214
149 7,370 4,619
340 4,009
(')
4, 301 1.214 4,004 1.919
('> 933 212 291
710 2,013
320
36, 842 11,631 8.618 4, 708 4. 402 2.964
2. 287 5. 565 3.422 2,941 3.509
(')
3, 252 2. 767
703 1.861
() 1,137
293 1. Ill
l, 256 6,050
388
37, 857
19,749 6. 536
8. 859 7,323
5. 520 4.581 5,050
4,760
3. 245 2. 495 2. 285
4.108 3,588 2,304
1,908 1,973
1,412
955 1,837
1,363 5.354
453
2,100 1,018
1,222 14
1,088 120
794 692
1,946 315
1, 611 2.439 3,864
3,852
1,326 315 113
4,150 4,277
1,872
290 218
14 3.568
1,800
1,904 276 119 27
164,30 : 95.59 41.080 ,
34,611 19,094
28,'68310
8,071 6,89
5A.3M34l
4,101 8,901. ] 3.811 1 9,391 . 3,294 2,874 i 2,401
*21.17010
1,719 : 1,601 ' 1,637 1,637 , 1.417 1,341 ]
l, 111 : m4
897'* 364 161 114'
1*'
Corrected figure.
tl, . _
i Bureau of Mines not at liberty to publish figures.
Total tor Virginia but almost entirely from Austinvllle district.
STOCKS
Producers' stocks.--Lead stocks, as reported by the American Bureau of Metal Statistics, are shown in the following table, otocki; of refined and antimonial lead include metal held by all primary; refiners and by most refiners of secondary material who produce common lead. Foreign lead refined in the United States and entered
for domestic consumption is included.
Lead slocks at end of year at smelters and refineries in the United Slates, 1937-U, in short tons
1937 1938
1941
Refined pig lead. Antimonial lead.
119.837 9. 294
102, 489 13,413
115.902
Lead in base bullion-- At smelters and refineries.. Id transit to refineries........ In prooess at refineries.......
Lead Id ore end matte aDd In process at smelters------
10,950 2, 219 14,413
27,591 52.081
206,803
18.693 2, 339 16,690
37.722 56, 332
209,956
52, 783 5.994
58.777
10. 337 3, 521 15,958
29.816 59,486
148,079
32.458 8, 468
40,926
9,166 3.457 18,141
30,764 71,722
LEAD
During 1941 the excess of shipments ov generally decreasing inventories for the ye antimonial lead at refineries, which totaled at the end of .1940, rose to 47,200 tons by peak for 1941--but this initial gain was fol a low of 10,700 tons by the end of Octobermonths, increased production more than b shipments, but refinery inventories (which at the end of 1941) were only 49 percent o of 1940. Stocks of lead in ore and matte in base bullion at smelters and refineries process at refineries were 22 percent lowe beginning of 1941.
Consumers' stocks.--In the Bureau of Min tion of refined soft lead in 1941 (discussed heading Domestic Consumption), consume stocks of the three commercial grades of ref ning and end of 1941. The results obtaine inventory picture of the consumer phase totals shown in the following table indicate a amounting to 33 percent. Consumers' s during the year and more than offset the producers' inventories of refined lead, in consumption of lead was les9 than produce
Consumers' stocks of refined soft lead at beginning short tons 1
D
Corrod ing
D0. 31, 1940.......................................................................... Dm. 31, 1841............................................................................
24,880 36, 361
J Based upon survey of approximately 475 companies.
DOMESTIC CONSUMP
New supply.--A complete picture of the primary lead available for consumption in owing to the confidential nature of foreig September 1941. In the following table th is shown for the 4 years, 1937--40, but no total the incomplete 1941 statistics. In the total supply and exports that largely listed only for January to September, incl consider variation in producers' stocks, a considerably during the past 5 years the qu |be true trend in actual consumption of ne
134
MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1941
Pefined primary pig lead available far consumption in the United Stale.*, 1937 11, tn thorC tons
1937 1938 1939 1940 1941
Supply liinnjports. Production ..
Withdrawn; Exports........................ 8upply available for consumption.
2. 'm 4(17, 317
469. f*55 20.091
449.464
1,906 383,009
385.574 45,860
339,708
6, 388 484,036
489. 423 74,392
415, 031
149. 889 633,179
R83, 068 * 49, 079
633. 880
' 179.088 670,967
V) > 13,494
(>>
i Figures cover January to September, Inclusive.
* Figures not available for publication.
Mn
1 Includes sniall quantity of'`sheets and pipes ; figures not separable.
,, . rt Mejfti statla*
Includes 25,324 tons of foreign refined lead re-exported, according to American Bureau of Metal Biatu
tics; official figures not available.
Consumption.--Consumption of lead in the United States during 1941 broke all records. The metal not only served as a war material in military applications and other defense uses but was called upon to help relieve the shortage of other metals, including aluminum, copper, zinc, and tin. Owing to the return of large quantities of secondary lead' in discarded and obsolete articles and from the lead-consuming industries, the total consumption of pig lead greatly exceeds the supply of new lead available. The following table gives the American Bureau of Metal Statistics estimate of the total consumption of lead by
industries, 1937-41.
Lead consumed in (he United Stales, 1937-7,1, in short tons '
Purpose Ammunition........................................................
1937
86.000 57,000 192.000 90,000 45,000 12,000 39,500
6,400 21,700 15. 000 22,000 17,000 15,000
6,000 54, J00
678,700
1938
71,000 43,000 167.000 60.000 36. 000
6,000 31.200
4, 300
9, 000 15,000 12,000 12,000 6, 000 51, 500
MG, 000
1939
75.000 57.200 198,000 74, 400 6U. UUO
8.900 42.300
6.000 21,800 12,800 20,000 14,000 16, 000
7,500 63,100
667.000
1940
65.500 59.4UU 220, 200 107.400 65.000
66, (KW 6.000
14.000 24.000
9,000 85,000
782,000
85.000
89,100 215,001 173.000
95.000 12,031 71.SO0 8.700 15.000 25.000
3204.000000
31.000 11.000 99.700
1,054000
. American Bureau ot Metal Statistic These estimates are for total consumption of lead, Irrespectlr.
of whether its origin Is primary or secondary. Antiraonia! lead Is Included.
The quantity of lead consumed by industry in 1941, as estimated by the American Bureau of Metal Statistics, was 34 percent above, that in 1940 and 8 percent greater than the previous high level estab lished in 1929. The principal use of lead is in the manufacture of, storage batteries, and in recent years requirements of lead for tUl} purpose have averaged approximately 30 percent of the totalA Although the lead thus used in 1941 reached a new record high, Ui amount was only 23 percent of the totallead consumed, as all u mJ increased over 1940. This high figure reflects the efforts of the autri mobile industry to produce a record number of vehicles before con-S version of plant facilities to war production plus expanded production]
LEAD
of batteries for strictly military and naval use.
ditions lead withdrawn for use m storage batteries the need for newly mined metal, as it rapidly retu
the form of scrap and there competes with the prim
use ol lead for cable covering ranked again secon
percent. Although the white-lead industry drop
foflowmg increased consumption of lead for buildi
Iv40.
amoiJn^ Iead used was 30 pe
The increases in use of white lead, and also red le
derived from aluminum, zinc, and titanium. C
former record year 1929, lead consumption for th 1941 was as follows: Use in storage batteries was cent, red lead and litharge 197 percent, and amm
cable covering was 79 percent of the 1929 figure, C,,en.n/,nlbU' dmgo" percent- Of all the uses list in 1941 than in 1929 as compared with four in 194
In January 1942 the Bureau of Mines started
of the use of refined soft lead during 1941. The re
of approximately 475 companies are shown in th Judging from available data as regards supply, s ducers stocks, the receipts of 838,835 tons of re tnose consumers canvassed indicate that the cove tially complete. However, the total does not re consumption, as antimonial lead, unrefined scrap alloys are not included. As this survey is the fir the actual picture of the consumer side of the ind tive analysis can be made with 1940 or earlier year
Consumption of refined soft lead in the United Stales in 191 in short tons 1
By grader. DDoommeesstic : Corroding.............. Chemical................ Common.......... ....... Foreign: All grades..
Total consumed..
By uses: Ammunition........... Bearing metals........ Cable covering........ Calking lead............ Casting metals........
269,970 150.237 257, IN 115,649
812, 970
33,011 10,318 137, 059 35.876 9.263
By uses--Continued. Collapsible tubes . Foil.. Pipes, traps, and b Sheet lead............... Solder....................... Storage batteries... Terneplate.............. Type metals........... white lead.............. Red lead and lltha Chemicals and Ins Other uses *.............
Total consumed.
! "'" ' 'y,0' ''I'B'-oxiniatcly 475 companies: sublet to revision. Includes consumption of lead In manufacture of tetraethyl lead used tn tem
PRICES
. Jk ^0 major markets for lead in the United St *nd ot. Louis; much of the lead produced in this prices based upon quotations in these markets. A quotations are .influenced to some extent by the lo ormal times, usually prevail on the London mark
See seldom exceeds the St. Louis price by as m ference (usually 0.35 cent a pound). 497770--"
136
MINERALS YEARBOOK, 194 1
In 1941 the aveTago prices for lead did not fluctuate, os in 1940, but followed the trend of the other common nonferrous metals and rose during the first quarter to a point of stabilization that was main tained for the rest of the year. The price for pig lead at New York, outside market, at the beginning of 1941 was 5.50 cents a pound. During subsequent weeks of heavy purchases the price advanced to 5.65 cents on February 10. Consumption continued to increase-- at least in part attributable to additions to consumer inventory-
end the quotation again jumped, rising to 5.75 cents on March 3. The increased use of lead as a substitute material for scarcer commodi ties added to the ever-growing demand, and the price advanced once more. This last step-up raised the ouotation to 5.85 cents on March 26. What appeared to be forward buying on the part of consumers resulted in a continuation of demand above actual requirements. On April 5 the Office of Price Administration declared the possibility of a price ceiling'and requested leading producers to refrain from further increases in price. This unofficial request was followed, and the price remained at 5.85 cents for the remainder of 1941. The average price for 1941 was 5.79 cents compared with 5.18 cents in
1940 and 5.05 cents in 1939. Information regarding London Metal Exchange dealings, which
were suspended at the outbreak of the war, continued to be unavailable
during 1941. In September 1939 the British Ministry of Supply announced the
establishment of the maximum price of Empire lead at 17 per long ton ex ship and of foreign lead at 16 12s. 6d. ex ship. In December 1939 the Nonferrous Metal Control for the United Kingdom raised the price of Empire and foreign lead to 25 per long ton, duty paid, delivered. There was no reported change from this figure during 1941.
Average monthly and yearly quoted prices of lead at St. Louis, New York, and London, 1939-41, in cents per pound 1
Month
1939 New 1 LonSt. Louis York 1 don
1940
8t. New Loul9 York
Lon* don
1941
8t. New Louis York
Lon don
SSE38SSS88SS|
1
January..................................... February.................................. March............. ... ................... April.......................................... May........................................... June............................................ July............................................ August....................................... September................................ October..................................... November................................ December.................................
Average..........................
4. 08 4.65 4.67 4.63 4.60 4.65 4.70 4.89 5. 30 6. 35 5. 35 5. 35
4.90
4.8$ 4.80
4.82 4.78
4.75 4.80 4. 85 5.04
5.45 5.50 6. 50 5.50
3. 03 3.20 3.07 3.00 3.03 3.04 3.08 3.30
8
ft
5. 05 *<3.09
5.32 4.93 6. 04 4.92 4. 87 4.5 4,85 4. 70 4.78 5.16 5. 58 5. 35
5.03
6. 47 5.08 5. 19 5.07 6.02 5.00 5.00 4. 85 4.93 6. 31 5. 73 5.50
5. 18
/ 6.35 5. 45 5.61 5.70 5.70 5. 70
( ) 5. 70 5. 70 5.70 5.70 5. 70
\ 5.70
o 5. 64
(') 5. 79
I 8t. Louis: Metal Statistics, 10<2. p. 473. Average dally quotations o( soft Missouri lead, f. t>. b. St.
Louis (open market), as reported dally In American Metal Market.
. fv
,wn,
New York: American Metal Market, daily issues. Pig lead, New York (outside market), prompt ship*
London: Metal Statistics, 1942. P. 478. Average price of foreign lead. Pri^r,VrRp.rveB^i
Metal Statistics, converted to cents per pound at average exchange rate reported by Federal Reserve Board.
London Metal Exchange dealings suspended for duration of war. Official maximum prloe Axed DJ
Britlab Ministry of Supply at 25 in December 1939.
...
* London quotation in pounds sterling per long ton for first 8 months of 1939 was 14.7083,
* Average for 8 months! comparable average for New York was 4.83 cents.
LEAD
FOREIGN TRA
As foreign trade statistics for 1941 can period from January to September, no di with 1940 totals. The figures do show th the period more than maintained the hig
Imports. Lead imported in the 9-m short tons. Of this amount, pigs, bars, a lead in ore and matte 22 percent, and le the comparative ratio for 1940 was 54, 39 Imports of pigs, bars, and old during 194 9-month total was substantially above the for years the principal source of imports o 38 percent of the total tonnage during Canada with 21 percent. In 1940 the respectively, which indicates a remarkab try that was almost entirely in the form same category included notable tonnage Mexico remained the principal source.
Total lead imported into the United States, 1987short tons 1
Year
Lea
ore ma
1937..................... 1938.................... 1939..................... 1940....................
1941 (Jan.-Sent.).
............................................ ...........................
......................................
..............
3 4
3 11 *5
1 Data Include lead imported for Immediate consumption p
total lead imported into the United States, in ore, by countries, in short
Year
Canada Mexico
New
found land
1917.....................
1938..........................
1939.......................
.
1940......................
1941 (Jan.-8epl.)...........................
5. 749 3, 174 5,641 8.721 54,300
17.068
38, 467 52.069 149, 493 99, 226
27, 663 15,963
1 Include lead Imported for .Immediate consumption pl Includes Imports from Argentina as follows--1037:17 tons; 1 and 1041 (Jan.-Sept.): 10,200 tons.
> Figures on imports and eiports compiled by M. B. Price, Department of Commerce.
138
MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1941
Total lead imporled into the United States in ore, matte, hose bullion, pigs, bars, and old, 1937--41, by countries, in short tons 1
Country
1038 1
1941
1937
IU39
1940
Jan.-SepO
In ore and matt/*:
Africa...........................
...............
Arccnlina........
-- --
Australia.....................................................
Newfoundland.................
Pen;..................
............
United Kingdom
Other countries - . -
-
In base bullion; Mexico ...............
Peru...........................................................
In pics, bars, and old: Australia............................................
17
2, 211 5.211
474
15.970
i
6. 434 3, 173 2, 107 24. 023
3, 302 7,0)2
5. 021
1.841 3. 840
(O, 132
II 47
9. 3J7 2
3 JO
7, 174
I.H5H 315
34,J03
45. 370
30, HI 2
--- =r~=~----- ....................
1.067 239 194
14. 414 198 054
47.915 81 93
1. 800
1.5, 290
48, 902
------------ --
1,76'}
538 31
2, 344 221
1, 475 1
1, 736 23
2,727 17
298 4, 051
40
4,903
3. 235
7, 139
40,800
03. 901
86.883
7, Tj 8G 10. 409 17. 172 8, 666
18, 3K3 3.198 3, 588
1!i.300 '
19. W0 170 430
19,024
4. 200
128.680 18.452 115
1,51. 568
282. 492 1
204 10, 209 14,619 3,879
1,300
3.416 176
3,784
58,062
23,494 51 86
23,631
26, 277 50,359 71,195 31.324
27
179,179
260,892
. Data include lend imported lor Immediate consumption plus material entering the country under bond.
Lead remaining in warehouse in the United States. December SI, I93/-40, and September SO, 1941, in short tons
Year
(Stated In the form In which material was entered (or warehousel ` _______ ------------------- ---
isrnti in ore mrd
nmltu
Lend fr.
base bul lion 1
Year
Lend in h'e and nmtli-
Lead In bosn bul
lion *
1937.................
1938...
.
1939..........
.................
57.509 76. 2K7 72.737
2. 622 11.521 0.478
1040........................................ 1041 (Sept.. 30) ................
J JO. 580 106,944
101,296 47,345
) Figures nlso Include pigs, bars, sheets, and old lead.
Lead ' imported for consumption in the United Stales, 1937-41, by forms in which imported
Year
Lcpd In ores, flue , dust, and mattes,
n. s. r- f-
Lead in base bullion
Short 1 tons
Value
Shnrt tons
Value
Pigs and bars
Short tons
Value,
Sheets, pipe, and shot
Short , tons 1
Value
Not other
wise speci
fied (value)
Total value
1937......... 1938......... 1939 ...
1940....... 1941 ....
5, 313 $507.945 6.722 543. 164 12.317 1.063.512 70.027 4.059.445 Cl. 409 3. 980. 125
188 304
1.764 0.992
14.817
$12. 788 2, 355 31.147 2.001 166. 298 4.772 929.046 36. 832
1. 466, 781 1224.871
$174,077
84.100
176. 437 2. 269.075 15,874.820
376 $54,649 $13,527 $793,79$
106 30.900 23, 381
733.081
170 28.296 11.611 1, 449, Ml
201 36. 444 12.048 7. 910.873
38 12.025 13.480 21,362,284
tos shown (values Included In total values) ''Reclaimed scrap etc.^lmpoJW
i *s
fIonlloawdsd--itioIMnVt:o34q0uatonntisti,,esvvalued
at
$30,810;
1938:
t89
tons,
$20,3/4,
1939.
36
tons,
SJ.JH/,.
ivw.
wm
iO/Jir; and 1041 (Jan.-Sopt ) . 9 tons, $1,047.
> January to September. inclusive.
LEAD
Miscellaneous products, containing lead, imported for States, 1937-41
Y*'ar
1937...................
1938 .. .
1939 .
,
.
1940........
1941 (Jan.-Scpl.
.
Babbitt and oi
m be
'(al, solder, v t coinbinnlif
bile metal, ns contain-
Inc lead
Gross
Load
weight
con tent
(short tons) (short tons)
Value
(s
618 m 136
i. m 523
178 $213. 731
126. 660 45 06. 492 429 1,026. 432 217 562, 857
tvF ~1!?rls: < i"f ,e,?'mon!l ! period of 1941 exp than the totn for 1940, which indicates that th
V-eVC f, 9'e9 ls continuing. Exports by c
WUfHhmV"'7 fr `C f quarter of 1941;
Lead exported from the United Slates,
Year
Pfgs and bars Short tons Value
Foreign lead
exported In manufactures with benefit of draw-back (short tons)
Year
Sho
1937 1938
1939.
20, 091 $1,838. 282 1 45.806 1 3. 354 , 618
74, 392 4,547,219
8, 679 9,061
10, 379
1940............. 1941 ... .
! Includes sheets and pipes; figures not separable. 1 January to September, inclusive.
Pig lead exported from the United States, 1937-41, by
Destination
1938
Countries:
Belgium...................
Braill...................
Canada.................... .
Denmark..................
Finland.....................
France,.......................
Germany............. ,.
Hungary...................
Japan........
.
Kwanglung........ ..
Mexico....................
Netherlands.............
Norway....................
Philippine Islands .
Sweden..... ........... .
United KlnEdom...
Other countries ,.,.
Continents:
North America____ South America........ Europe....................... Asia....................... Africa and Oceania.
43 662
7
668
,7, .75200
8 122
112
569
,2 220 416
8. 337 784
2,949 7,989
32
28 III 101
<0 660 1,092
30, 203 314
11,403
1,037 23 78
916
45,866
12,002 303
1.950
531,606
^ Includes shoots and pipes; figures not separable.
MM,
i
official
n0, 25,324 lons foreign figures not available.
lead
were re-exported, v
according
to
Less than i ton.
140
MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1941
WORLD ASPECTS OF LEAD INDUSTRY
A statistical picture of the lead situation throughout the world in 1941 is more difficult to draw than in 1940, owing to an even greater
scarcity of production data. Although official data are lacking, it is doubtful if world production
and consumption gained much in 1941; indeed, the reverse may have
^Some of the details by countries, insofar as data are available under
existing conditions of wartime restrictions, are discussed in the fol
lowing pages.
r ev iew by c o u n t r ies
Argentina.--The Compania Minera Aguilar S. A., subsidiary of the
St. Joseph Lead Co., supplied nearly 98 percent of the Argentine output
of lead in 1941. During the year, Argentina produced 32,317 metric
tons of 74-percent lead concentrates; in 1940 the output of concen
trates amounted to 40,097 tons. From January ^ Septembw
(inclusive! 1941 4,015 metric tons of lead ore were imported, almost
entirely from Bolivia, compared with 2,888 tons for the same period in
1940. Nearly all the primary lead produced in Argentina comes from
the National Lead Co. smelter at Puerto Vilelas; although the 1941
total is not known, production probably exceeded the 1940 figure of
12 864 metric tons, which included 2,476 tons from foreign ore.
Australia.--Although figures relating to production in Australis
are not available for 1941, increased nonferrous metal-mining activity
would appear to indicate an advance m lead output Mt. Isa Mines,
Ltd., continued to produce lead bullion steadilv throughout 1941.,
The average mill extraction for the year ended June 30 was 79.7,
percent lead recovered. During the year mining and mi ling con tinued at the property of the Lake George Mining Corporation, Newjj
South Wales, but toward the end of 1941 the lessened labor supply;
resulted in reduced output in the mine. With `greased scarcity oh
shipping plus other factors, lead concentrates equal to nearly 8 month!;
production had accumulated by the end of the year.
,1
P In Tasmania the North Farrell mine at lullah is now the only'
producer of silver-lead ore. Output from the mine is reported to to.
80 to 100 tons of concentrates a month.
. ,, i
Bolivia.--Mine production of lead in Bolivia, derived principally,
from small mines in the La Quiaca region, amounted to 15,6 me M
tons contained in 26,356 tons of ore and concentrates. Production J
lead in 1940 was 11,662 tons (content in ore). All concentrates
exported, during past years almost entirely to Argentina. The
Bolivian Government has given the United Stales ll*c exclusive
to purchase lead output, but during 1941. exports were_ divided betwejj
the United States and Argentina. It is reported that the Bolivian
Banco Minero allotted 504,000 bolivianos for the erection of a lead
Brazil--Production of lead remains comparatively undeveloped
in Brazil. The Furnas lead-silver mine in the Iporanga distnot. State of Sao Paulo, is the principal producer and has considerabU reserves of ore. The new selective-flotation plant of 35-ton daffl capacity at Palmital treats ore averaging about 7 percent lead, II percent zinc, and 7 ounces of silver per ton and produces a 55.fl|
LEAD
percent lead concentrate containing 50 o Recovery is approximately 79 percent. Ope this plant is a new lead-silver smelter com first to be built in Brazil. Potential daily
1S,10 m,plriM t,ona ,of refined sd er tlie lead produced will be placed on t8,nVT 7 ? 7 the, mmL Bower for from a hydroelectric plant at Salto do C River near Apiai. Although a larger ou expected, the mines do not produce enoug smelter operating at full capacity.
Canada.--Although data on production of to be unavailable, it is understood that the S,oreo7` maintained the high productio Ih. Sulhvan mine of the Consolidated M British Columbia, reputedly produced 90 per lead output. Large quantities have been sh through contract with the Metals Reserve C reportedly near exhaustion. Mining has be smaller properties including that of the L new Ottawa^ f Sudbury and at the old
Arrangements have reportedly been mad Mines Ltd., to construct a zinc-lead smel West Kootenay district of British Columbia
i production of lead in Mexi w Jdy metric tons, a considerable decrea produced in 1940. Exports of lead in all September (mdusive)1941 totaled 114,60 witb 138,739 tons for the same period in 19 tons (nearly 79 percent) were exported to the with 79 percent for the entire year 1940. qJ^7iC/7? trnUcd 7 ha,ve labor ProbIems bmelting & Refining Co. closed its Monterre Nuevo Lebn, owing to a strike on April 2 imtil June 16. The capacity of the refinery There was also a strike at the Monterrey Metal Co., Ltd from September 8 to Octobe *ftwlte1settlementnd ^ product,on was no
. Beru. Mine production of lead in Peru 3^riC n7, 9on}Pured with 50,439 tons in 1 during 1941 included an estimated 8,000 ton
tons ol pig ,ea and 23,241 tons, respectively, in 1
Kimpped, the Cerro de Pasco Copper Corpo rcent. The corporation is installing a th oya smelter--the only one in Peru--to ke t capacity Output of refined lead will be i
ns annually. Construction of the new 8 ncentrator is progressing, but the plant is etion before late 1942 or in 1943
142
MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1941
Spain.--Little; information lias boon available; regarding the Spanish
lead industry during and following the years of the Spanish Civil War,
which wo-s concluded in 1939. It is reported that mine production of
lead in 1940 amounted to about 57,900 metric tons and that 4.2,400
tons of metal were produced. For 10 months of 1941, mine and metal
production has been given as approximately 35,GOO and 24,400 tons,
respectively.
,
Sweden.--In an edort to alleviate the acute lead shortage, the
Swedish Bolidcn Mining Co. is preparing to mine and concentrate
lead ore. The concentrates will lie shipped to the Ronnskar smelter
at Skelleftead for treatment. The company has extensive holdings
at Lais vail in northern Sweden.
ZINC1
By A. L. Ra n b o
SUMMARY OUT
_,
Genera! summary................
Salient statistics............ .................
National defense activity. Smelting capacity................................................ Supply of zinc concentrates......... Domestic production ..
..Production of primary and redistilled sec ondary slab zinc...............
Distilled and electrolytic zinc ..
ZSRZBPJieoyrndoclpccloderdpnouddiucdgzatsumiirotncy.net.czn.s.o.i.tun.sf..lcpf.u.r.a.ir.m.in.c..d.n.a.rs..cy..ai..dls..ts...la......b....z..i..n...c.....b......y.. ]S4t9ates. .
Page 143 144 144
ho
HO 147
147 147 148 149 149
I*# 151
Domest
.Stocks Produ
Domest Now s Cons
Prices... Zinc-red
Zinc s Electr Foreign World a Revie
GENERAL SUMM
The zinc industry in 1941 again was cha relationship with the national defense pr eration between Government and the zin of smooth-running but intense activity endeavor to meet increased demands fo industry increased its output 22 percent record and at the same time managed to stocks above the low point reached at mented supply was inadequate, and con decrease. Continued heavy demand for a 29-percent gain in output above the 1940. In comparison, the lower grades o At the close of 1941, smelters were operat was 96 percent of the total available, wit construction and planned in excess of new
Although domestic mine output incre only 3 percent below the 1926 record, it consumption, and smelters continued greater amounts than in 1940. Imports exceeded the previous record for 1940 establish an Dll-time record for domestic ores, as well as a marked increase in ore
1 This riyort .Inals primarily with thn smr!tlnc branch of th IjTfH Id the various State reports. Pome tine ore is used dir See chapter on Lead and Zinc Pigments and Zinc Salts.)
104
MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1941
9
containing 17,000 tons of zinc. Tliis output is principally from the|
properties of the Cerro de Pasco Coppor Corporation. Construction i
of the new 800-ton-per-day lead-zinc concentrator is progressing, but
the plant is not scheduled for completion before late 1042 or in 1943.
The corporation's 5-ton pilot electrolytic zinc plant operated success
fully in 1940 and 1941, and erection of a commercial-size refinery of
100 tons daily capacity is under consideration.
'
Spain.--Little information has been available regarding the Spanish
zinc industry during and following tho years of the Spanish Civil
War, which was concluded in 1939. It is'reportcd that mine produc
tion of zinc in 1940 amounted to about 74,000 metric tons and that
12,300 tons of metal were produced. For 10 months of 1941, mine
anil metal production lias been given as 00,900 and 10,400 tone,
respectively. The zinc deposits of Spain are mainly in tho Santander
region, the principal mines being operated by the Real Compafiia
Asturiana de Minas.
LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENT
By H. M. Me y e r a n d A
SUMMARY OU
Pneo
Oeneral summary. .
105
Salient statistics .
ion
Production............ ...
... .
..
107
Lead pigments .
.. . . .. jn7
Zinc pigments nnl suits .
ir.H
Consumption by Industries.................................. 109
White lead............................................................. 109
Basic lead sulfate.................................................. 17(1
Red lead................................................................. 170
Orange mineral. .
171
Litharge.................................................................. 171
Zinc oxide...........
171
Cons l/oa
TJt Zinc Zin Zin Haw zinc
Price Forei
l/oa Zin
GENERAL SUM
Expansion in the use of lead and zinc of this series for 1940, resulted in the high records for this group of commo ments were due to considerable gains lead for storage batteries and of dry Mid others for the manufacture of p in the use of zinc oxide for rubber ma edented quantities of litharge and z record amounts of litharge, used in inse of black oxide or suboxide of lead, not i also rose above all previous years.
The actual demand for many produ made from metals and metallic ores, of zinc and lead pigments unquestio larger had adequate quantities of raw manufacture been available. Moreove and titanium pigment totals in that been more favorable to titanium and for these pigments were more restricted
Zinc is closely related to war needs quently, a tight situation in zinc metal of pigments arose early in the war. Th more than other pigments, for more m than in any other zinc pigment. In r making zinc oxide had risen so that ro oxide and lithopone (in terms of zinc c materials. More than half of the zinc i* made direct from ore. Although percent during 1941, the zinc content lorap actually decreased more than
eanwhile, in Teased 29,000 tons in te
166
MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1941
LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS A
as June 10, 104], zinc was placed under full priority control by the
Office of Production Mar agemon t (now the War Production Board). Producers of zinc oxide were ordered to set aside in July an amount equivalent to 10 percent of their May output for emergency allocation by the Director of Priorities. From then until the end of the year the amount to be set. aside ranged from 10 percent, for some months to norm for others; the. percent,age. usually applied to the. second
preceding month. Pig lead supplies appeared to be satisfactory at the beginning of
1041; however-, the grenjly expanded use of this metal for war and civilian purposes, partly a.s a. substitute, for scarcer materials, brought noteworthy changes in this favorable position as the year progressed. Consequently, lead was placed under full priority control in October.
In 1941 lead pigments, as a group, made a better showing than zinc pigments in relation to 1940, as the total quantities sold advanced 37 and 27 percent, respectively. In relation of 1941 to averages for 1925-29, however, zinc pigments performed better, having risen 10
fjercent compared with 1 percent for lead pigments. Failure of white
ead in oil to maintain its relative position caused the poorer showing
of lead pigments in the latter comparison.
The titanium pigments group, competitors in the white pigment
field, experienced unprecedented activity again in 1941. Average quoted prices for lead and zinc pigments were generally
higher in 1941 than in 1940, and the average values reported to have been received bv producers confirmed the trend of quotations.
Salient statistics of the lead and zinc pigments industry of the United Stales, 1925-t9' j
(average) and 1987--4t
'*
1925-29 (average)
1937
1938
1939
1940 1941 .
Production (sales) of principal
pigments: White load (dry and In oil) short tons . Litharge.....................do___
Zinc on Ido............... .do ... Leaded tine oxide...do__ Llthopone..................do --
154.483 84.845 41.362 154, 208
26.009 177.745
Value of ptuducts:
'' $60.092. 000
All line pigments............... 41,314.000
98.213
100.213
98, 429
80, 502
83.902
68,711
89.618
89. 841
33.931
30.1R3
39.976
42.200
114.652
79.129
114,652
113,213
40. 343
38,216
42,684
45. 362
154,771
125,746
142.759
151.802
1-- " ^ -- -- --
$35. 676.000 $28. 351.000 $35.485. 000 $32. 628.000 28, 038.000 23.301.000 28. 794. 000 28.747.000
0
1 113,000 122,280 63.839 < 148.88 68, WO 1 170,041.1
i $46,572,000 '
39,210,00085
Total.................................. 101.406,000
Value Per ton received by pro
ducers:
White lead (dry)................
178
170
lied load ............................
193
Zinc oxide.......... ..................
133
Leaded zinc oxide...............
124
Lithopone.............................
98
Foreign trade: Lead pigments: Value of exports.......... Value of imports......... Zinc pigments:
Value of Imports.........
1. 346. 000 30.000
2,150.000 931, COO
63.714,000
140 143 160 103 104 78
586.000 17.000
610,000 414,000
51.652,000
12j 122 137 117 107 79
510.000 10,000
339,000 285,000
64. 279. 000 01.375, 000
138 123 140
117 114 73
....
137
126
141
118 114 67
..
715.000 10.000
925.000 280.000
594.000 14,000
1,585,000 46.000
8S. 782,006' f
HI ii,J WIV
iiij
833.000' `ZOOM
* 2,313.009? 1 15,09]
Export balance........ 2.535.000
765,000
554.000 1.350.000 2. 119,000 3,122. (Otj
i Figures cover January to September. Inclusive.
PRODUCTION
Sales have more significance in this re
to lack of data on stocks at the beginnin
some instances materials reported as one
have been sold later under another cla
figures afford a more accurate guide to
into consumption. To prevent duplicatio
handling sales figures. Some pigments
products at one plant, actually are used
mediate product in the manufacture, of
the lead and zinc pigments canvass. Ba
the manufacture_of leaded zinc oxide is t
connection, but it is not the only one.
\ ployed in tliis report only in calculating
ments and salts in the section on Raw Ma
of Lead and Zinc Pigments and Zinc Sa
i
F-
ducers
in
manufacturing
products
at
th
&8 sales.
The total value of sales of lead and z
percent rise, from $61,375,000 in 1940 to
noteworthy increase was due to advances ) to gains in average values received by prod
Lead pigments.--The lead pigments t
previous years in sales were litharge, red
these commodities gained 36, 25, and 26
previous high records established in 194
whole, price quotations in 1941 did not ex
1940 range; but, in general, they were ab
average quoted prices topped those of the
of the lead pigments made gains in averag
ers. Consequently, although lead pigmen
percent) in total quantity the increase (43 was even greater.
White lead in oil advanced 16 percent
all other pigments. Gains in sales of wh
pigment up to 94-percent of the quantit
highest proportion it has ever attained in
Lead pigments sold by domestic manufacturers
1940
Pigment
Short tons
Value (at p clusive of co
Total
Bade lead sulfate or sublimed lead: * White....................................................
Blue....................................
Bad lead....................................................... Orange mineral.....................................
Utbaree....................................................... White lead:
Dry........................................................ fi< Id oil <....................................................
5,493 707
42,200 137
89,841
$692, 769
92,076 5, 970.156
30.441 11,305,954
30,115 4,114,785 50,447 10,421,585
K. 1 Weight of white load only jut value of paste. 497770--4.?--------m
L
168 '
MINERALS YEARBOOK, 194 1
LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS
Lead pigments sold by domestic manufacturers in the United States, 1910-41, to short tons
Zinc pigments and salts sold by domestic manufa in short ton
Year
White lead
Dry
In oil
Basic lead sulfate or sublimed lead
Wrhlte
Blue
Red lead
Orange inlncrol
Lithane
1911 .................................. 1914 .............................................. 1917 ............................................
1926 .............................................
1932 1933
1934
.................................... .........................
................
1940 ........................................ -1941.................................................
32. 237
25,834 20. 242 24,196
29.070 33. 007
32.938 27. 809 20.080 30, 085
33. 078 20, 738 41,598
37. 780 42. 622
43. 426 37,008 38, 069
42. 049 42, 159 32. 548
30, 622
19.946
24,628
22, .569 27.972 34, 775
32, 601
29.813
30. 509 30,115 54.689
Ml. 573
100, 778 120, 591 118, 430 130.398
122, 194 96,041 87.33!
82. 709 J09. 005 M2. 017 143.545 153,303
125,087 144,872 120, 479 111.845 no, 020 111,923 104,872
69, 592 66. 446 46,728
48. 354 56,165 68.859 83, 632 65. 552 70, 400 67,920 50,447 58,311
9, 858
10.019
11,085
12, 452
12,665
13. 364
10,977
1,287
8. 231
1,369
7, 403
1,343
9, 008
1, 350
12, 412
928
11,568
463
13,765
972
11,949
800
14.572
1,088
14.996
1,090
12. 271
1,236
13. 482
1,061
16, 002
I, 234
15, 580
1, 234
10,308
1,219
8, 790
896
5,708
549
7, 320
625
6, 399
668
7,572
727
7,531
891
7,514
1, 108
5.030
771
4,688
850
5,493
707
8, 739
1,631
i 10,801
i 10. 510 i 21. 120 > 17,635 i 18.697 10. 435 i 23.035 * 25. 478 30. 069 * 32, 362 * 34,431
21.805 30. GOO 38, 037 36,813 41,669 42. 650
40,407 43,021 32,941
25, 853 18,880
21,988 26,743 28,770 34,896 33.931 30,183 39, 976 42.200 53,838
i 676 i 760 * 545 I 434 i 420
('> (>) c> 0) f*> c>
381 370 640 331 840 813
469 678 dWJ 232 212 231 234 252 248 206 127 131 137 246
23.70
25,100 29,111
23,08)
27,345 26, 111 37,739
44,103 48,871 46,739 82,829 41,909
58,261 76, lltf 74,784
88,848 82,540 81, U 85,670 87,918 i'i, 6/6 83,890
58,096
61,193
88,733 79,900 88,248
83,903 68,711
89,518 89,841
* Small quantity of orange mineral included with red lead. 1 Orange mineral included with red lead.
Zinc pigments and salts.--Sales of leaded zinc oxide established I
another new high record in 1941, and those of the lead-free class were j
the largest since 1929; the total of both grades had never been exceeded j
before. Lithopone sales, although not attaining a new peak, had been j
higher only from 1927 to 1929, inclusive. The sharp rise in the use |
of oro in the manufacture of zinc oxide was duo primarily to the diffi- j
culty in obtaining adequate supplies of zinc metal and scrap in 1941..J
The average quoted price Tor lithopone in 1941 was above the rangt|j
for 1940, but, in general, prices for various grades of zinc oxide weref
at or close to the top of the ranges for 1940. Producers reported?
receiving liigher average values for all pigments during 1941.
Zinc -pigments arid, salts sold by domestic manufacturers in the United Stales, 1940-ill
1940 1941 ^
Pigment or salt
Zinc oxide 1............................................. Leaded rlnc oxide *............................... Llthopono............................................... Zinc cnlorlde, 60 B.............................. Zinc sulfate.............................................
8hort tons
Value (at plant, ex clusive o( container)
Total
Average
113,213 $13,361,980
45.362 5.187, 522 151,802 10,197,897
(>) 11,937
(*) 695,496
$118 114 67
() 58
Short tons
Value (at plant, x* j, elusive of container) ^
Total
Avert**!
148,833
68,920 176,642
(') 19,201
$18. 558,474 8.101.782 12,550,193
.<*) 1, 424,456
.5 1*
<1 J
* Zid c oxide containing fi (>orccnt or more lead is clnssod as leaded tine oxide.
1 Oata not availaM*.
1910.
1911. 1912.
1913.
1914. 1915.
1619. 1917. 1918..
1919. 1920.. 1921.
1922.. 1923.. 1924. 1925..
1920..
1927.. 1928.. 1929..
1930.. 1931.. 1932.. 1933..
1934..
1935.. 1930.. 1937..
1938..
lew..
1940..
1941..
Year
Zinc oxide
L tin
58,481 03. 827 84,002 75. 700 82,809 109, 261 100, 339 107, 580 100,286 117, 639
74, 329 128, 405 126.987 131,470 161,354 146.923 151, 246 100.904 160,611 119,142 95. 700 72,250 98,542 87,088 99,697
128,800 114,652 79, 129 114,652 113, 213 148,833
* No canvass.
* Figures represent production. * Data not available.
Complete data covering the product
years are not available owing to the from one producer, whose output is be
Sales of zinc sulfate established a sec 61 percent above the previous record, a
CONSUMPTION BY I
- While lead. Total sales of white lead the dry variety established a new
ou did not make a good showing in rela for the pigments industry.
Normally about 95 percent of the w Manufacture of paint. For the past 2 y
^ percent, although some o ;t)Uther may rightfully belong, under t
Early m 1942, the Federal Specifica Emergency Alternate Specifications, i .regular specifications, namely: TT-P-3
-Zinc and Titanium-Zinc-Lead White Lead. A single emergency paint
ill be designated E-TT-P-lOla, Titan -ad, Outside, Ready-Mixed White plies two types, only the titanium-zi avers light tints as well as the white
uirements are; P gment, minimum
170
MINERALS YEARBOOK, 194 1
titanium dioxide, minimum 10 percent; zinc oxide, minimum 24
percent; white lead, minimum 24 percent; sum of zinc oxide and white lead, minimum 48 percent; inert pigments, maximum 40 percent. A semi-chalk-resisting type of titanium dioxide is required.
Distribution of white lead (dry and in oil) sales, 1937-41, by industries, in short tons
Industry
Ceramics............................................................. Other...................................................................
1937
93,580 2, 509 2,127
98,213
1938
95,018 1,918 3, 277
100,213
1939
92. 380 1,767 4, 282
98,429
1040
73. 137 3,029 4,306
80,562
1941
100, a 38,,760341
113,000
Basic lead sulfate --The outstanding use of basic lead sulfate is also 1
in the manufacture of paint; 90 percent of the total was sold for that |
purpose in 1941. The increasing use of this pigment in making leaded J
zinc oxide has been noted in earlier chapters of this series. The prao |
tice assumed record-breaking proportions in 1941, when 12,000 tons 'i
were so used compared with the previous peak of 7,700 tons in 1939. ;
These quantities ore included in the totals for leaded zinc oxide but ;
not in those for basic lead sulfate.
Distribution of basic lead sulfate sales, 1937--41, by industries, in short tons
Industry Other.....................................................................
1937
8, 255 213 6 148
8, 622
1938
6,024 91 3 683
5,801
1939
6,170 140 4 224
6. 538
1940
5,693 128 4 475
8.200
1941
9,28S 200 1 877
10,170
Red lead.--Sales of red lead were record-breaking in 1941; they j
exceeded the previous peak in 1929 by 25 percent and fulfilled the ^
promise of increased use made when it became evident that a tremeii-j
dous expansion in plant construction to supply materials for war pur- j
poses would develop. Although sales, to makers of storage batteries j
continued to represent the larger part of the total, they did not ad-j
vance in the same ratio as sales to manufacturers of paints,which j
gained 68 percent.
|
An Emergency Alternate Federal Specification for Rcd-Lead-Dase|
Ready-Mixed Paint, E-TT-P-86, changed the specifications for this|
paint to: Pigment, red lead (95 percent grade), minimum 40 percent;!
red iron oxide (70 percent Fe203), minimum 20 percent; zinc oxide,3
minimum 10 percent; extenders, remainder (magnesium silicate,J
aluminum silicate, silica, or mixtures).
,i
Distribution of red lead sales, 1937--41, by industries, in short tons
Industry
Points................................................................. Other....................................................................
1937
20. 27fi 10.440
854 2. 362
33,931
1938
19.057 8. 698
655 1,773
30,183
1939
24. 709 11,42t
1, 123 2, 723
39,976
1040
26. 718 11.949
1,117 2,416
42,200
1941
- 27,401 20.180 1,601 4,710
u.m
LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS A
Orange mineral.--This pigment is produ Ink manufacture took the principal amou
Distribution of orange mineral sales, 1937-4
Industry Other..........................................
1937
76 61 79
206
19
Litharge.--Sales of litharge made, a new largely to the sharp advance in its use largest consuming industry) and to note makers of ceramics, chrome pigments, and industries took more litharge than ever Us use in rubber and varnish manufactu 1040, had been exceeded in earlier years.
lead used by storage-battery manufact peaks in 1939, 1940, and 1941. The tot
compared with 53,000 in 1940 and 45,0 oxide are not included in Bureau of Mine
Distribution of litharge sales, 1937-41, b
Industry
Storage batteries............. Inaectlcide.1........... Ceramics............... Chrome piemen ts............ Oil retain?............. . . Rubber.................. Verolsh... Linoleum.............. Other..........
1937
32,228 18,242 7, 677 7.330 8,311
1,859 3, 366
204 4,926
83, 902
193
32 1 6 6
68
Zinc oxide.--Although zinc oxide sa those in 1940, unlike some or the pigm in 1941, they were exceeded by the totals 3 years 1927, 1928, and 1929. The de manufacture of rubber and ceramics were also registered in sales for paint man and textiles, but the quantities did not re
;;for these purposes. The inadequacy of z in 1941 caused a sharp downturn in the p tincoxide made in that year, and only manufactured by that method; 76 per line oxide. These percentages represen 64 percent, respectively, for 1940 and 1939. It is impossible to say what zinc if enough zinc had been available to mee facture of this product.
Provisions for a zinc oxide monthly
Director of Priori tie , are discussed in
172
MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1941
LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AN
report. The maximum prices for various grades of zinc oxide, which the Office of Price Administration requested manufacturers to main tain beginning January 1, 1942, are discussed in the price section of
A new* plant for the manufacture of zinc oxide by direct flash fuming zinc concentrates was completed and put in operation by the Eagle-Picher Mining & Smelting Co. in January 1941 at Galena, Kans a second unit that doubled the capacity of the plant was constructed and went into production early in July. Production of zinc oxide was begun during the year by the Gulton Metals Refining Co. at Mctuchen, N. J.
Distribution of zinc oxide sales, 1937-41, by industries, in short tons
Industry Other.....................................................................
1037
87,061 27,987
6, 218 9,019 6,369
114.652
1038
46.266 20,884
4,908 3. 030 4,041
79,129
1939
70,187 25.334
6, 572 6,641 6,818
114,552
1940
70. 979 23.268
6, 352 4. 752 7, 862
113,213
1941
90.499 30,304 8,m
6.991 14 614
148,831
Leaded zinc oxide.--This increasingly popular pigment continued to advance in 1941, and sales reached new heights--68,920 tons, or 52 percent above the previous high record for 1940. One factor in the large increase during 1941 is that virtually all the zinc content of this pigment comes from zinc ores and concentrates; consequently, gains in its production placed no strain on tight supplies of zinc metal and scrap. As usual, paint manufacturers took nearly all the leaded zme oxide sold. The total shown for leaded zinc oxide in 1941 includes 12,000 tons of basic lead sulfate used to increase the lead content of the product; this tonnage is excluded from the basic lead sulfate totals to avoid duplication in reporting data for metals.
Distribution of leaded zinc oxide sales, 1937-7,1, by industries, in short tons
incomplete information, separation of the the following table for floor coverings a 16,000 tons were used for linoleum and fe the remainder for coated fabrics and texti artificial leather, and similar products). O 5,559 tons for paper and 2,301 tons for pr additional quantity for printing ink cann total figures for paints.
Plant capacity for the production of total 181,600 tons at the end of 1941.
Distribution of lithopone sales, 1937-7,1, by
Industry
Palais, etc........................
.
Floor ooverlDRs end textiles......................
Rubber ... ...
Other.................................
1937
122.015 20,194
4,383 7, 279
164,771
1938
101,9 15,4 3,
125, 7
The use of ordinary-strength lithopone tanated lithopone (which usually contains a peak in 1937, when 19,400 tons were so were used for this purpose. The lithopon table are included in the totals for ordinary table.
7\tanated lithopone produced in the United Stales its manufacture, 1937-41, in
Year
Tltaoated lithopone produoed
Ordinary
lithopone used
1937.................................... 1938.................................... 1839....................................
23.000 20,100 16,100
10.400 1940 17,000 1941
13,700
Paints......... Other..........
Industry
1937
39,684 97
662
40.343
1938 '
37,348 868
38,216
1939
41,519 1
1, 164
42,684
1940
44,341 1,021
45,362
1941
67,471 1
1,447
68,936
Lithopone.--Lithopone statistics are reported upon the basis of th| regular lithopone content of high-strength lithopone plus normal? lithopone sold as such; before 1936, they were upon the basis of, standard-strength plus high-strength product. Sales in 1941 were lflj percent abov'e those in 1940 and with the exception of 1927-29 wert| the largest on record. Paints, varnish, and lacquers take the prin-J cipal part of the total lithopone sold, and sales to such users increased! 13 percent in 1941; this use took about 80 percent of the total ml several years but only 77 percent in -1940 and 75 percent in 1941 Floor coverings and textiles have used 12 to 13 percent and rubbeM 2 to 3 percent of the total in recent years. Based upon somewhajj
. Zinc sulfide.--Although zinc sulfide has b . in the United States in recent years, one p . dustry; therefore, the Bureau of Mines h [.release data on this commodity. Only tw | in 1941.
k Zinc chloride.--The Bureau of Mines c
iupduction as one producer, whose output
ailed to supply reliable data.
1 Zinc svljale.--Sales of zinc sulfate in 1941 Itne high record established in 1940, thus c
Ibegan in 1933 and was interrupted only in |WB8 61 percent. Of the 1941 total, 5,555 to ical manufacture (including the medicina 18,038 for agricultural purposes, 1,422 for pa Kl,203 for glue manufacture, 502 for electrog freagents, and 130 for textile printing and d 11,935 tons was not report >d.
I
174
MINERALS YEARBOOK, 194 1
LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND
RAW MATERIALS USED IN MANUFACTURE OF LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND ZINC SALTS
Lead content of lead and zinc pigments produced by do by sources, in short ton
l ii
i
Lead pigments and zinc pigments and salts are manufactured from a variety of materials, including ore, refined metal, and such miscel laneous secondary materials as scrap and waste from various industrial processes. In 1941, 91 percent of the lead pigments were derived from pig lead and 9 percent from ore. The proportion for zinc pig ments-in 1941 was 74 percent from ore, 8 percent from slab zinc, and 18 percent from secondary materials.
Metal content of lead and zinc pigments produced by domestic manufacturers, 1940-41, by sources, in short tons
Source
1940
1941
Lead Id pig Zinc in pig Lead in pig Zinc In pig
ments '
ments
ments 1
ments
Pigment
Lead In pigments produced from--
Ore
Second Pig lead ary ma
Domes tic
Foreign
terial
Total lead In
pte-
ments
Do
White lead.............
Red lead................. Litharge.................. Orange mineral...
Basle lead sulfate. Leaded zinc oxide.
4. 705 12, 164
16,869
69, 535 *8.905 85.005
180 1, 436 1, 174
190,235
69, 535 38,905 85,005
180 6,141
13,338
6 17
213,104 23
Ore: Secondary material1.................................................
16,809 196. 235
213.104
94,491
19.421 29, 675
143,587
21.051 290
248.674 400
273,315
129,620 2,464 15.463 31,703
179,160
t Iaoludes also lead recovered in leaded line oxide. 1 Zinc asbes, aklmmings, drosses, and old metal.
The following tables give the source of the metal used in the man ufacture of each pigment and salt. Pig lead is employed exclusively, either directly or indirectly, in the manufacture of white lead, litharge, red lead, and orange mineral and is used also in the manufacture of basic lead sulfate. The lead content of leaded zinc oxide made from basic zinc sulfate, which in turn was made from pig lead, is credited to pig lead in the table. Zinc oxide is the only pigment in which con siderable slab zinc is used. Ore is employed in the manufacture of zinc oxide, leaded zinc oxide, lithopone, zinc sulfate, and basic lead sulfate. A substantial proportion of the zinc in lithopone and zinc chloride made in the United States is derived from secondary material. A decided increase has been noted in the quantity of secondary zinc consumed in the manufacture of zinc oxide since 1933, The relative scarcity of zinc metal and scrap in 1941 caused declines in the use of both these materials for the manufacture of zinc oxide in the face of a noteworthy gain in production of the pigment.
if Zinc content of zinc pigments and salts produced by do by sources, in short ion
1940
Pigment or salt
Zinc in plgmonti and salts produced from--
Ore
Domes tic
Foreign
Slab zinc
ary ma terial
Total zinc la
pig. meats
and salts
Do
Ztno oxide.............
Leaded zinc oxide Lithopone............. Zinc sulfide..........
Zina chloride..... Zinc sulfate..........
59,463 21, 178
13.850
(0 (') 1,426
18,696 680 45
o
15,148 662
13,865
(') 1,958
93,307 22,520 27,760
0) (l) 3,384
87 27 14
2
1 Data not available.
PRICES
The total values reported by producers f ,and zinc salts are given in the tables in th iThe.average reported values for all lead pi in oil and Lasic lead sulfate (blue), were a : to $20 a ton; these two classes remained unc age price quotations for all lead pigments /principally because they were near or at the )jratber than because they actually exceede Price changes for lead oxides, as usual, ichanges for the metal. White lead prices January 1941 and remained unchanged the : All values reported by producers for zin shigher in 1941 than in 1940. On the whole '--.also were higher than in 1940 because they 'of the 1940 range. They were generally un
although Pacific coast p -ices for lithopo
[> ( || i f/ i 3; ' !
1 t :( ;. j
1 1 ' ' j t I ' [J
ii
1.
176
MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1941
sulfide rose %, K, and M cent a pound, respectively, in midyear. Prices
for lithopone and zinc sulfide were advanced on the first day of 1941 but did not change subsequently. Zinc sulfate prices rose cent a pound in June.
Range of quotation! on lead -pigments and zinc pigments and salts at New York (or delivered in the East), 1988-41, in cents per pound
Product
1938 1939 1940 1941
Basic lead sulfate, or sublimed lead, less than carlots, barrels.........................................................................
White lead, or basic lead carbonate, dry, carlots, barrels..................................................................................
Litharge, commercial, powdered, barrels...................... Red lead, dry, 06 percent or less, less than carlots,
barrels.................................................................................. Orange mineral, American, small lots, barrels.............. Zinc oxide:
American process, lead-free, bags, carlots.................. American process, 6 to 36 percent lead, barrels,
carlots............................................................................... French process, red seal, bags, carlots........................ French process, green seal, bags, carlots.................... French process, white seal, bands, carlots.............. Lithopone, domestic, 6-ton lots, bags............................. Zinc sulfide, less than carlots, bags, barrels.................. Zlno chloride, works: Solution, tanks..................................................................
Zinc sulfate, crystals, barrels............................... .............
6.60-6.50
8.00- 7.00 5. 50- 7. 60
7. OO- 8. 50 9.60-11.00
6. 26- 7. 50
5. 90- 6. 38 7.60 8.00 8.75
4.38-4.63 8.63- 9. 60
2. 25 4. 26- 6. 75 2. 66- 4.05
6. 25- 6. 50 6.25- 6.75
7.00 7. 00- 7. 50 6.25- 7.76 6. 25- 8, 26
7. 76- 9. 00 . 7. 75- 9. 26 10. 25-11.26 10. 25-11.76
6. 25- 7. 60 8. 25- 7. 60
6. 25- 6. 38 7.50 8.00 8. 76
4.00- 4.38
7. 75- 8.88
6. 25- 6. 75
7. 60- 7. 76 8. OO- 8. 26 8.75- 9.00
3.85- 4.00
7. 75- 8.00
2. 25 4.25- 6. 75
2.90-3.65
2.25 4. 25- 5. 75
2. 90- 3. 90
6.60- 7.00
7.60 7.00-8.14
8.60-9.26 11.00-11.76
6.60
6.26- 6 71 7.71 8.26 9.00 4.10
8.00- 6.21
2.25-2.60 4.25- 9-50 3.15-140
LEAD AND z in c p ig me n t s Value of foreign trade of the United States i
Lead pigments: white lead___ Hed lead Orange mineral. Other lead pigments
Zinc pigments: Zinc oxide. . Lithopone Zinc sulfide....
Lead and tine salts: Lead arsenate... Zinc sulfate...
1 Data not available.
Imports
'' ' $2
'1 13, 5
13,9
'' 46, 3
.'
6
46,04
...........................
7, 73 8,88 68.89
The favorable behavior of prices for lead and zinc pigments and
zinc salts, in the face of the tremendous pressure of record-breaking
sales and scarcity of raw materials, was in deference to the known
Government desire to avoid price advances wherever possible through-;
out the war emergency.
]
In December zmc oxide producers were requested by the Office on
Price Administration to agree individually to a list of maximum 1
prices for their product. The O. P. A.-approved ceiling prices peri
pound for various grades of zinc oxide delivered in bags in carlota]
were 7.25 cents for lead-free American process oxide, 6.75 cents for*
leaded zinc oxides containing 35 percent or more lead, 7.125 cent*!
for leaded zinc oxides containing less than 35 percent lead, 9.50 cent!|
for lead-free French process oxides other than U. S. P., and 10.503
cents for French process U. S. P. oxide. Price schedule 80 of tb]
Office of Price Administration, effective February 2, 1942, set >1
maximum price of 4.25 cents per pound for the normal grade of]
lithopone.
j
FOREIGN TRADE '
1
! a
Any discussion of foreign trade in 1941 is necessarily restricted]
because data for October and subsequent months are held confidentisl]
by the Department of Commerce. Incomplete figures for importi]
fail to indicate anything unusual in that phase of foreign trade. Ill
is noteworthy, however, that export values for the first 9 months of]
1941 exceeded those for the full year 1940 in each group covered by]
the following table. Lithopone continued to be theoutstanding!
item in the export class, whereas zinc oxide ledagain in the relatively!
unimportant import class.
3
1 Figures on Imports and exports compiled by M. B. Prior., of the Bureau of Mines, from records of Ml
Department of Commerce.
V
194,1 "
Year
Sho
Basie
carbonate white lead
Red lead
Lit
W7..............
1B8.................... .......................
1989............
.................
1940............
...................
1941 (Jan.-SeDt.) .
34
??
2 2
1 Less than 1 ton.
Includes al*>--1937: Lead pigments, n. s. pttmda}, and suboxido of lead, pounds), and suboxide of lead pounds), and suboxide of PLUS pounds); 1941 (Jan
1 1
2
All export items covered by the fo AembTM?94ianCe' " regardS qUanti
Lead pigments and salts exported from t
Year
18*7............... two:::;::;:;;;.................................................... #41 (Jan.-8pt.)............................ " `1 ` ' `
White lead
Red
1,236 2,024 1 ova
178
MINERALS YEARBOOK, 194 1
Zinc pigments and sails.--No zinc pigment or salt was imported in > significant amounts during 1941.
Zinc pigment and salts imported Jo t consumption in the United Slates, 1937-41
Year
Zinc oxide
Dry
In oil
Short tons
Llthopone
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
sulfide chloride sulfate
Total value
1937................................................... 1938 ...................................... ......... 1939 ................................................
1940 ................................................
680 679 1.485
273 107
95 5, 601
113 607
593 $488,116
66 3, 032
12 272 392 321,446
60 2. 041
7 309 325 317,719
45 V) 19 245 64,923
11 o
1
78 19,161
Less than 1 too.
Shipments of zinc pigments from the United States, like those of the lead group, were larger during the first 9 months of 1941 than in all of 1940. Lithopone continued to be the feature of the export trade in lead and zinc pigments; it was the largest single item in both quantity and value and established a new nigh record. Exports of zinc oxide in the first 9 months of 1941 were larger than in any calendar year since 1930.
Details covering exports in 1941, by countries, can be shown for the first 3 months only, and these are not sufficiently complete to be recorded separately here. As indicated by tables in the preceding chapter of this series, Canada normally receives the preponderant share of exports of lithopone, 55 percent of the total for the period 1936-40 having gone to that country. South American countries have taken increasing quantities of lithopone in recent years: they took 22 percent of the total in 1940. The pattern of exports of zinc ; oxide diners from lithopone in that the quantities shipped do not go so largely to only a few destinations. Canada is the destination of the largest part of the zinc oxide exported, having received 37 percent of the total for 1930-40. A relatively large tonnage, has gone to Asiatic countries in recent years, and increasing quantities have gone toMexico
and Brazil.
Zinc pigmentn and salts 1 exported from the United States, 1937-lft
Year
Short tons
Zinc oxide
Lithopone
Total value
Year
Short tons
Zinc oxide
Litho pone
Total value .
1937........................... 1938........................... 1939...........................
2,953
1,163 3. 485
2. 671 1,734 4,845
$609,954 339.415
925. 468
1940
.
1941 {Jan.-Sept.) .
1 Zinc salts not separately recorded.
3. 239 5.404
14.298 $1,684,667 16.954 2,311711
GOLD, SILVER, COPPER, AN
(MINE REPORT By Ch a s . W. He n d e r s o n a
SUMMARY OUT
I'aite I omntnsry................................................................... 179 Marke
Calculation of value of metal production,... 179 | Review
SUMMARY
Gold recovered from Alaska ores and g fine ounces valued at $24,341,345--a d 755,970 ounces valued at $26,468,950 in in 1941 was 99 percent of the totaj gr copper, and lead produced. The silver, produced were byproducts of gold min ing lode mines decreased from 73 in 194 nected-bucket dredges from 49 to 47, an tions from 1,020 to 752.
All tonnage figures are short tons an do not include moisture.
Yardage figures used in measuring ma tions are "bank measure"; that is, the ground before treatment.
The value of metal production herein at the following prices.
Pi ices of gold, silver, copper, lead
Year
Oold '
Sil
Per fine
Per
ounce
ou
1037. $35.00
1938 35.00
1MB. 35.00
mi.1940.
35.00 35.00
t price under authority of Oold Reserve Act of January 31 from January 18, 1837, to January 31, 1934, was $20.67+($20.67
* 1837: Yearly average weighted Treasury buying price for price for newly mined silver.
' * Yearly average weighted price of all grades of primary me * 10.64646464. **0.67378787. *0.71111111.
804
MINTSRALS YEARBOOK, 194 1
MINOR METALS
it. In its place, hospitals were supplied with radon, individual losses of which would not he significant. The radon tubes were filled in $1.75 a pound throughout 1941. Glass Industry subterranean plants, one of which was financed with $25,000 cabled selenite at $1.40-SI.60 and sodium selenite at $1.50-S
to London by the British War Relief Society in the United States." Polonium is a radioactive element (atomic number, 84) recovered at
Salient statistics of selenium and tellurium, in the United S
the Port Hope refinery and used in minute traces in spark-plug elec trodes to ionize the air gap and speed the passage of a hot spark under
Selenium
all temperature conditions, even when the battery is low. Made by
the Firestone Tire & Rubber Co., the nickel electrodes either are coated with a film of polonium or contain 0.000000001 percent polonium as an alloy. The longer the radioactive spark plug is used, the more
Year
Production (pounds)
Sales 1 (pounds)
Producers'
stocks at end of year
(pounds)
Imports 1
Pounds
Value
Producti (pounds
efficient it becomes.26 Meaothorium is a radium isotope (atomic numbers, 88 and 89) which is used as a substitute for radium. It is obtained from monazite-sand residues and is more radioactive than radium itself. The principal application at present is probably in
1037.............
1038............. . 1839............... (M0............... 1041...............
435, 821
226,074
227, 131 328, 731 020. 403
282,698 160, 494 343, 726
308. 709 081.060
300.200 306. -00
240,800 200.800 140,T)OO
92.623 101,034
124.830 134.420
* 139,606
$101,382
103. 60S 197, 168 198,103 i 204, 008
61,40 11,07
25.23 85, 02 224, 03
black-out paints. The number of mesothorium specimens tested annually by the National Bureau of Standards gives some index as to demand. Such specimens contained 1,026 milligrams in 1934,
1 Bureau or Mines not at liberty to publish value. * Includes selenium salts.
4 Figures cover January to September. Inclusive.
300-600 yearly in' 1935-38, 49 in 1939, and 301 in 1940 and reached Selenium, in conjunction with cadmium, is imp
a high of 1,451 in 1941.
1 colorant in ruby glasses for signal lenses, tail lights
Uses of uranium.--Uranium is now used principally in ceramics, ' tableware. Antithetically, selenium acts as a decol
luminescent paints, tool steels, and chemicals. Uranium oxides color per ton of glass imparts a pink that cancels the green
pottery glazes and porcelain bodies black, gray, brown, or green in a rities and thereby yields a virtually colorless prod
reducing environment and yellow, orange, or red under oxidizing con quantities of selenium are used in rectifiers and lig
ditions. They are sometimes used as a crystallizing agent in crystal and for flam.eproofing wire and cable insulation. Add
line glazes. Sodium uranate and sodium urnnvl carbonate produce or tellurium have been found to increase the ductility
the fluorescence typical of uranium glasses, which are yellowish green in transmitted light and emerald green in reflected light. These compounds under other conditions color glass yellow, orange, or red.**1 Uranium salts are incorporated in luminescent paints, either for their own inherent fluorescence or as an activator for such accessory com
nese steels and to improve machinability of stainless alloys. Augmented demand for tellurium is princip stabilizer in cast iron. Tellurium is also called upon and rubber. Tellurium-lead work-hardens and is re even at high temperatures.
pounds as zinc-cadmium sulfide and beryllium oxide. Uranium
imparts desirable properties to tool steels. The metal is introduced as ferrouranium or, more recently, ns a master alloy containing 66
TITANIUM
percent uranium and 33 percent nickel. Stainless silverware, can be Soon the United States will attain self-sufficiency
made by plating tho ware in an electrolytic bath containing silver eral--ilmenite--through development of the Adiron
fluoride and compounds of uranium and tin. Uranium oxides are used magnetite deposits, which was begun in 1941. The
as catalysts in a number of organic chemical reactions.
of the necessity to discontinue the practice of impor
dred thousand ' tons of ilmenite annually from Ind
SELENIUM AND TELLURIUM
space was needed for the transportation of other or essential to the victory program. Rutile from A
Production of selenium and of tellurium in the United States in somewhat more fortunate situation, for ships delive
1941 increased 89 and 162 percent, respectively, and sales showed in the South Pacific loaded ores for the return vo
corresponding gains. Producers' slocks of both metals declined during pigments were in great demand during 1941. The Na
the year. Selenium imports (all from Canada) expanded. Salient purchased about 2,500 tons in that year, and individ
statistics for 1937-41 are shown in the accompanying table. Canada Ions for aircraft Camouflage lacquer and 350 tons to
increased its production of selenium and tellurium during 1941, and of asingle airplane plant were reported.30 Such milit
the Germans are said to have brought into operation a new selenium prevented the paint industry from obtaining much m
plant in the Mansfeld copper district.28 The base price of selenium cent of its needs for civilian consumption and force
(black, powdered, 99.5 percent) and of tellurium continued to bo to use less titanium dioxide and more white lead.3
American Medical Association. Kadon Production Plant given to England: Jour., vol. 110, No. I, January 4, 1941, p. .AS,
J< American Chemical Society, New? Edition: Vol. 19, No. 19. October 10, 1941, p. IJ11. Ceramic Industry, vol. 38, No. I, January |942. pp. 107 and 112.
Metal Bulletin (I-ondon), No. 2042, Novemlier II, 1941, P 4.
" Hofmann. Wilhelm, and Hanemann, Heinrich, Work Hardening and Precip
Tellurium A Moya: Ztschr. MetalJkunde, vol. 33, * bruary 1941, pp. 02-03; Metals Jnly 1941, pp. 110,112.
* Cordary, O. W.t Tits- ium and the Pre$eot-Da> Situation: Paint Ind. Mag. 1941, pp. 370-372.
Business Week, No. 637, November 15,1941, pp. 42, 44-4f.
806
MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1941
MINOR METALS
merits were put under allocation by Office of Production Management General Preference Order M-44, effective December 1, 1941. Subse quent amendments moved the effective date to January 1, 1942, clari fied the original text, and increased from 20 percent to 25 percent (effective February 1, 1942) the proportion of titanium pigments that had to be set aside by producers for direct allocation by the War Production Hoard. No price action on titanium pigments was taken
during 1941, but to stem a proposed advance, the Office of Price Admin istration, on January 2, 1942, requested the stabilization of prices at levels of October 1,1941, and 2 months later made the informal request mandatory by issuing Price Schedule 98, effective March 1, 1942.
Domestic production.--Ilmenitc and rutile were produced in Arkan sas, Florida, and Virginia during 1941, mining of ilmenite in North Carolina was begun early in 1942, and plans were made to work titanium ore near Elina, Wash. The Bureau of Mines is not at liberty
to publish figures showing domestic production of titanium ores. Ilmenite concentrates shipped from domestic mines in 1941 contained 42 to 54 percent Ti02, and rutile concentrates contained 92 to 95 percent Ti02. The geology of the Virginia titanium deposits was
described in some detail by Ross.32 The most significant feature of
the 1941 titanium picture was the plan to exploit the Adirondack titaniferous iron ores. Mining will be begun in the summer of 1942,
and at full capacity the project will enable the United States to bo virtually self-sufficient in supplies of ilmenite. The property is being
developed by the Titanium Division, National Lead Co., and the following details are abstracted from a comprehensive report by I. D. Hagar,33 general manager.
crusher, a 5^-foot shorthead cone crusher, and attendant (2) The wet mill, which will contain the crushed-ore bins, ant elevators, screens, and pumps, 12 Crockett wet-belt s
the magnetite, 96 wet-concentration tables for separatio units for dewatering the concentrates. (3) The dry mill, battery of sleam coil driers, operated by two 500-hp. bo dry magnetic separators. Cost of development is es Materials for the entire development, were made availab by the Office of Production Management of a blanket A Certihcatc, one of the highest blanket priorities granted
enterprise not directly engaged in the manufacture of we
Foreir/n trade..--Imports of titanium ore and fer years are shown in the accompanying tabic. Of t of ilmenite imported during the first 9 months of 1 from British India, 3 percent from Canada, and Brazil nnd Portugal. Imports of rutile, during the ing the rutile in zircon-rutilc concentrates from mated at 4,000 short tons--78 percent from Aus from Brazil. Exports of titanium pigments from were 5,950 short tons during the first 9 months the corresponding period of 1940. Such exports
the 12 months of 1940 compared with 4,319 in 19
Titanium ore 1 and ferrotitanium imported for consumpti 1037-41
Titanium ore
Year
Ilmenite
Rutile i
In the Adirondack Mountains at. Newcomb, Essex County, northeastern New
Long tons
Value
Short tons
Va
York, a titaniferous iron-ore deposit, known as the MacIntyre Development, is
being opened up by the National Lead Co. to obtain titanium for use in pigments. Purchased were some 7,000 acres, including the Sanford Hill deposit, located on the east shore of Lake Sanford, and the Iron Mountain deposit, about l'A miles to the northeast. The National Lead Co. offered through the Office of Production Management to make a part of the output available to any pigment producer
1W7................................................ IW9................................................
153.003 200, 174
258,872 107,804
130, 044
$770,757
1,018, 403 1, 120, 200
750, 500 574, 651
665
230 442 156
030
$ >1
who would finance the requisite additional facilities. In this manner the Krebe Pigment A Chemical Division of E. I. du Pont de Nemours A Co., Inc., acquired an interest in the development and will receive one-fourth of the production for
' Excludes rutile In tlrcon-rutlle concentrate: from Australia; such Import 3,000 tODs from January to September 1041.
10 years. The program of operation calls for a daily mine output of 5,500 long tons of ore analyzing 16 percent TiO:, from which the mill will produce 8Cw long tons of ilmenite concentrates containing about 48 percent TiOj. In addition, there will be a byproduct of approximately 1,800 tons daily of low-phosphorus magnetite. There is some question as to the ready marketability of this con
Prices.--Quotations for ilmenite, 50-60 percen long ton were replaced in February by prices of 60-percent material, which held throughout 1941 and Mineral Markets. Rutile, 88-90 percent T
centrate, since it will contain about 10 percent TiO:, the effects of which in a blast furnace constitute a controversial question. However, much interest is being expressed by various steel manufacturers in the possibility of utilizing this magnetite, in spite of the alleged handicap. Beginning in May 1941, a core--, drilling program involved the extraction of over 11,000 feet of diamond-drill
April to $95 a short ton, and 94-percent concentra cents a pound during all of 1941. Titanium meta listed at $5-85.50 a pound. Throughout 1941 titanum at $1.23 per pound of contained Ti for 40
cores from 70 drill holes. Examination of these cores showed that there is avail
able in the Sanford Hill deposit above lake level approximately 15,000,000 tons
of ore analyzing 16 percent TiO:. This quantity is estimated to constitute s
sufficient supply for the domestic pigment industry for at least 10 years.
;
The mine will be of the open-pit or bench-type, utilizing churn drills and
and $1.35 for 20- to 25-pcrcent grade, and ferroc percent Ti, at $142.50 a short ton for 6- to 8-perce
lor 3- to 5-percent carbon. The base price of 13J4-- 15J2 cents a pound during the first half of 1
electrically operated shovels to load the broken ore on heavy-duty mine trucks for haulage to the mill. The mill will contain the following units: (I) The crushing plant, equipped with a 48- by 60-inch jaw crusher, a 5J4-foot standard cons* 11
11 Ross, Clarence 8., Occurrence and Origin of the Titanium Deposits of Nelson and Amherst Counties, Va.: Oeol. 8urvey Pml. Paper 198, 1941,59 pp.
11 Bazar, 1. D., Titanium and the MacIntyre Development: Paint Ind. Mag., vol. 81, No. 12, December 1941, pp. 410-418.
See aln, Oliver, Frank J.t Titaniferous Adirondack Ores Being Reworked: Iron Age, vol. 149, No. 10, March S, 1942, pp. (S-59.
Paint and Drug Reporter, but at the beginning 14^-16J4 cents, at which level it was fixed b
previously noted. Uses.--Most of the titanh m supply is consume
paper, rubh.T, leather, cer. mics, plastics, lin textiles, cosmetics, soap, nnd welding-rod coa
808
MINERALS YEARBOOK, I 94 I
goes into titanium ferro-alloys, hard-cutting alloys, other nonferrous
alloys, and metallic titanium. Domestic production of titanium pig ments has more than doubled since 1938 and, according to Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, approached 10-'i.OOf) short Ions in 1939. Titanium white paints are noted for a high degree of opacity, reflectance, and durability. Titanium dioxide makes it possible to manufacture workable porcelain enamels with a higher degree of acid resistance than can be obtained by any other means; at the same time, a remarkable degree of opacity in developed and gloss is im proved." llmenite is the source of all titanium pigments and also enters into the production of alloys and welding rods. By far the largest use of rutile is as a flux in welding-rod Coatings, where, its function is to shield the arc. from oxidation during welding and to
produce a brittle slag, which protects the cooling weld deposit.35 The second most important use of rutile is in steel manufacture, where ferrotitanium and ferrocarbontitanium act as strong deoxidizers (to some extent replacing aluminum) and as addition agents to inhibit intergranular corrosion of stainless steels and air-hardening of 5-
percent chromium steels.38 A new type of permanent magnet con tains 6 to 12 percent titanium.37 Rutile is also used in ceramics and
a number of nonferrous alloys, particularly titanium-aluminum, which improves the grain of aluminum castings. Titanium carbide is a constituent of hard alloys used in machine tools. A compre hensive Russian technical article on this application has recently been
translated.38 The use of metallic titanium has been limited prin cipally to radio tubes. Titanium deserves study as a structural material, although it is difficult to produce metal free from objection able oxygen and nitrogen.39 Traces of metallic titanium in mercury boilers inhibit corrosion and facilitate heat transfer. Titanium tetrachloride is utilized in smoke screens and in purifying aluminum alloys.
WORLD PRODUCTION
Australia.--Zircon Rutile, Ltd., Byron Bay, New South Wales, increased its production of zircon-rutilc concentrates in 1941." The International Titanium Corporation, controlled by the American Rutile. Corporation and Ventures, Ltd., of Canada, began producing concentrates of rutile and zircon in New South Wales in June 1941 and shipping the material to Carteret, N. J., for further separation.51 Titanium minerals and zircon are also being recovered from black sands at Lower Piper River near Low Head, on the northern coast of Tasmania.'12
Ilrazil. During the first 9 months of 1941, Brazil exported 2,621 metric tons of ilmenite and 1,462 metric. Ions of rutile. All the ilmenile nnd57 percent of the rutile were shipped to the United States.
Xlnslcy. S. G., Titonium Oxide as an Ingredient of Porcelain Enamel Frits: Ceram. Ind.. vol. 38, No. *. March 1942, pp. 36-39.
J` ^,urra- Rul,,c Bn(1 Zircon: Am. Inst. Min. and Met. Eng., Ann. Meeting. New York, N. i .. rchruary II, 1042,3 pp.
M .Steel, Modern Contributions of Titanium to Steel Production: Vol. 109, No 18 November 3 1941. PP- w, 110-111.
J7 Howe, Ooodwfn IT. (to General Electric Co ), Alloys for Permanent Magnets: U. S. Patent 2.264 038.
November 25, 1941: t hem. Abs.,vol.3R. No. 0, March 2D. 1942, p. 1585.
,,3.Lipkes. Ya. M. (Hard Metal Alloys, Tungsten Carbide--Titanium Carbide-*
( obalt Mixtures): Zhurnal Prlkladnoy Knlmll, No. 12. 1939. p. 1759 IT, Trans, by W. 1). Jones. Metal
ind., vol. 59, No. 19, November 7, 1941, pp. 290-293; No. 20, November 14, 1941, pp 300-308
iv i.i i!!Ln,wP'
Reports-Metallurgical Division. 50. Annual Report of tbe Metallurgical
Division, Fiscal Year 1941: Bureau of Mines Kept, of Investigations 3000, 1941, pp. 52-53.
**.*
Australian and Mining Standard, vol. 90, No. 2478, September 15, 1041. p. 211; vol. 90, No.
2479, October I, 1941, p. 225.
n Northern Miner, vol. 27. No. 45. Jan. 29, 1942, p. 9.
n Mining Journal (London), vol. 214, No. 5535, September 20, 1941, p. 428.
MINOR METAL
World production oj titanium concentrates (ilmenite in metric tons
(Compiled hy B. B. Waldb
Country
I93fl 1937
Ilmenite: Australia:
Rutile:
9 2, 328
24 10, 370 141,327 67, 194
183 >3,227 (>)
(') 768 55 198
< >
3
0 182 84
1 3 < ) *1
(,)
* Ul. > Bureau of Mines not at liberty to publish figures. * includes 72 tons of mixed rutile-Umenlte concentrates.
Canada.--Ilmenite production from St in 1941. Other titaniferous iron deposits may contribute to the 1942 output." by Canada in 1940 totaled 3,0G9 short United States.44
Norway.--Titanium deposits were rep as a result of a systematic survey conduc man geologists and engineers.45
ZIRCONIUM
Zircon is recovered from beach sands n Riz Mineral Co. as an accessory of titaniu Lincoln, Calif., by the Fay Placers Minin dredging. Although domestic production 1927, there was none from 1929 to 193 small during 1940 and 1941 but was increa Some work was done on a zircon depos Imports of zirconium ore and zirconium are shown in the accompanying table. during the first 9 months of 1941 totaled 2 from Australia, 24 percent from Brazil, India. Some comments on the Australia the foregoing titanium discussion in t zirconium ore is essentially baddeleyite percent) approximately 1times that o and Chambers 48 have described the depo
a Dc Mltlc, John B., Mining In Quebec During mi: Canad
* Foreign Commerce Weekly, vo*. fi, No. 7, February 14,1942 Chemical end Metallurgical b. Mncering, German Aid S I'rodU' ng Synthetics In Europe: Vo., <8. No. 12, December 1 Meltcr, W., and Chambers, O. II.. /irconlaln Braid: Foo 24-26.