Document 1ganVppmrn18v4LQMZL6EQomX
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LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION. INC.
1*2 HAOIIOH AVCNUC NtW YORK. N.Y. 10017
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0AVIO M COMA I ((<** * IW t*v*4*
Mty ?5, 19^7
To: All Hesters of tin Lead Health and Safety Ccssaittee Re: AIHA Blood laad Coaporlaat study
Attached you vlll flod * copy of a paper, presented at the I967
American Industrial Hygiene Conference, which describe* ths blood-load casparlscn (tudy conducted by tin Analytical Chemistry Sect loo of tin American Industrial Hygiene Association.
You vlll note that the result* of this study lodlcate serious disagree ments both betveen laboratories sod vlthla the eaas laboratory. Accordingly, It has been decided that a co4 surrey la cecetaary to resolve these differ ences and to eliminate any questloo of uniformity which night have been * Introduced by aiding number* of snail staples to sake up the composite* need
.y In the first reference specimens.
for your Information, our organisation Is joining in providing financial
support for the repeat study. In addition, ve plan to give our neefcer compa
nies sufflcleot ad ranee notice, so that any who vlah to nay participate la
the second surrey.
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Att.
Janet C. Rocnas Assistant Director lealth and Safety
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BIUCTOI
emsio* or ixjxsniAL h t c id o
IKOIASA STAT1 BOAtt Of HZAlTX 1)10 VIST K1CHICA# STRUT IMOIAKATOU5, l.VBIAXA
rtancr o u iik m ILOOO UAO OOMTAA1SOM STUOf AIMA AXAiYTICAt OIKI STAY COOUTIU
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Introduction
The Uft elagla analytical test for determining a worker's exposure
to load li a blood lood uul/ili. This tst ku proves effective la tbs
prevention of cllalcsl lead poisoning. Xoraally a worker c m bo removed
from further Industrie! exposure to lead before cllalcsl s/aptoat of
poisoning becose evident. furthermore, in many plants particularly the
ooes eaploylng oaly a saall nuaber of employees, a physician la brought
into the Industrial aodlclne program for the first tlaa tinea It la
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necessary for kta to dm the blood for load aaalytla.
Accuracy it a prlae requisite If blood lead levels of Industrial
workers are to ba used at aa lodes of exposure and workers are to be
transferred to nos-lead exposure jobs at a result of tMt analytical test.
If lead levels are erroneously reported low, worker* are glvea a falsa
teas* of security and excessive lead exposures will continue wltb eventual 5
cases of clinical lead polsonln|. If lead lavela ere erroneously reported -
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high, workers are gives e false scare of potential polsoalag. They are
unnecessarily transferred to noa-ltad exposure jobs aost oftea wltb tbe lost of tamings. Tbe potential production and industrial relatloa problems
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which Industry then faces should not be alnlalled. Tbe blood lead test
be of tremendous value te both industry and labor, but such tests MUST M
Hccwuat.
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la Order that this study be u realistic aj possible, blood trem worker* with lnluitrUl ttpotun to 1i i4 wtt accumulated ul AmliM for analysis to participating laboratories without artificially spiking those tables with an loorjtnic teed compound. The purpose of this study was actually tvo*fold: It afforded each participating labor** tor/ as opportunity to coopare Its result* with those of other laboratories anal/ilng slallar blood staples; and. It gsve * broad prospective to the efficacy of blood-lead analysis.
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IIbc o only * lull portion of a blood spec lata as received Is
required for lead analysis ss perforaed In tha Indiana Industrial Hyg1en#
Laboratory, that blood which reaalned was pourod fro* Its Vscutsinsr and
bottisd according to tha level of laad found in tho staple and the anti*
coagulant protnt, bo it poUsilua ozalata or EDTA. Tba blood la tbsss
bottlas mi kept refrigerated and varied la ago fro* ono week to oro
tkM ono yoar. Load analyses wort aadt on tbo blood ia each storage container
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and aa eitlaate was aadt of tbo roluao of blood stored la each container.
/ Free this iafomatloe, four pooled lots wort eado up with appro*Uto
coacontrations (by calculations) of 0.0); 0.01; 0.07 and 0.09 eg load
per 100 al. of whola b'.wod. All pooled loti wtre plactd ia s bottle
largo enough to sccoaodste tbo entire lot. Each pool was filtered through
s piece of clean loeJ-frte cheese cloth placed la a S.S as. tvehner
funnel ia order to remove any coagulated eattrlal which nay have been
iatreduced ia tba original blood, in Yacutalaero, or which say havo
forued after pooling of the blood. Very little coagulated notarial waa
observed la any of the pools.
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San. Portions of the poet were transferred to t 121 nl. ftssk (fitting
flask) free which the blood was drawn Into Seckton and Pickenses 1)200
Vecvtalaers (lead-free, 10 al. capacity) through a 200 XI' disposable
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im41i , Whan tha flaak kKiH aapty, It nt rtf111*4 by pouring tk* poolad blood fro* tha bottla c*ulttii| tha pool. Etch Vacutalnar mi glvaa a nunbar ao thtt lta contents ami place la tha science of fill lag would b know*. Wur# tha voltaaa of blood la tha pool paralttod tha raOhral of tha required ouahar of Vacutalnar* of blood aa controls, tha controls war* tolactad as follows!'
a. tha first, aiddl* and last Vacutalnar drtva frca tha first filling flask of tha pool.
b. tha aiddl* vacutalnar of tha Jrd, 1th, 7th, bth, ate. filling flask of tha pool.
. tha last Vacutalnar of blood draws fros tha ant Ira pool. I
All Vscutsleor control samples wtra analysed V apactrcgrsphlc analysis and also by tha apectrophotcaatrlc dlthlton* aithod. 7h* ><* variation found In any on* pool was _ 0.OOS ng. laad. That* analytes Indiestad that tha pools wart unifora la laad cootaat and that tha Yacutalnara of blood twppllad tha participating 1aborttorlaa waro also ualfors la thalr laad coataat. Slnca thara was no avldanca that tha laad coatant lncraasad or dtertasod aa tha Vacutalnar* war* filltd froa tha pools, flvo Vscutalnars of blood waro saat by first cist* nail to each participating laboratory lanadlataly following conplatlon of controls' snalyaas. Two of tha Vacutsiaars last to aach laboratory-contained blood froa ana pool whlla tha raulslif'^ thraa Vacutalnar* contalnad blood froa aach of tha othaf thraa pools.
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A imo ms sent to tech ^rtldpitU| laboratory on September JO,
1PM advising the* that five blood i;k U<d i were belnj shipped to than
os'Otis dsto. It ms sutstttod that th*io seaples bo analysed Oft
October 10, 10M, or if this ms not possible that they bo eaal/ted st
osrllost dato after October 10. Tbe s m also stated that tbs bloo4 sasplos
bolus shipped ears fro* workers with Industrial lead exposures. Oxelated
blood had been accumulated and pooled without "aplhlns* for this study.
Since many industrially esposed workers had been treated fr tine to ' ^
tine with Yerseoate (COXA) It was expected that the blood specleans would
contain tone SOTA. The blood in the Vacutalners should bo thoroo{hly nixed
' prior to roaovel for analysis.
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.i. Allhoush the pertlclpatlnf laboratories were advised that they
could use any nethod of analysis which thay desired. It ms sutseited that
they use the net hod of analysis noraaily performed la their laboratory. *
Each laboratory was assisted an Identification number known only to
> the partlclpetins laboratory end the Project Chairmen. The tpeclnen aueber
oa each Yacutelner Me e coded nunber (each ruaber was rastly different),
asking It Uposslble for the perttelpetln| laboratory to ascerteie the speclflt
blood pool represented In each seapte. The fact that each laboratory Received
two Yacutalner* of blood froo aa Identical poo) was a tlesely swarded secret
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wiklck mi not fawn by y portUIpotlaj laboratory, Ik iu ii ot tha co44
auakorla* l;it uaai, it m Mt potllb!* tor liUntoriti to affectlvaly coopera tiiir rmlti with other laboratories prior to tubalttlng that# to frojact Oval nun.
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losults of Studies
The coaplete blood-lead riiultt of oil the partlclpatlnj labore-
terles are ikow to Table I. Tbo multi froa laboratories which mri
reported u altllgraas of lut per 100 cc. of whole blood were converted
to ailllfraas of load par 100 (rui of whole blood la order to compare
tbo analytical multi. Tablo 11, Is a compilation of all multi reported
to Hood A la aaaaoTlcally etcendln| ordor. Tbo float results of 29.2 was
dolotod for statistical analysis. Tbo aoaa value reported was 0.019 with
a standard dovlatloa of 0.0171.
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Tbo results roportod oa pool blood I aro flvea la Tablo 111. Tbo value of S.4 llatad la tbo tablo baa boon dolotod for statistical analysis. Tbo aoaa value roportod for blood I was 0.0SI with a standard dovlatloa of 0.0741,
Tablo IV shows tbo laboratory rosults roportod for pool blood I.
r With a valuo of 1.4 dolotod, tho aoaa values roportod was 0.044 with a
Standard dovlatloa of 0.0141.
$ swm
All tho values roportod for Hood C ( D which aro froa tho aoaa
blood pool aro listed la Tablo V. Tbo aoaa valuo roportod was 0.071.
li
i Tablo VI! Is a auntiry of remits roportod oa blood CIO accordtni to^. tho deviation between tho remits of tho two samples roportod. Althou|h
i. 21 loborotorlo* roportod tho esae result oa sach of tholr two oaaplot.
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It 1* intonating to not* that tha blood land concantrationt raportad
variad
0.000 and S.t migrant of load par 100 |ru> of blood.
1/ txcludlftj tbo two laboratorlas reporting tha graatait variation la
the result* of their two aaaplaa, tha difference reported waa 0.01S with
a atandard daviatloa of 0.020.
Tabloa VII, VIII and IX indlcata tha blood laid ratulta reported according to netbod of preparation, separation and estimation. Tablt X how* tha range of blood laad valuta raportad according to nethodt of estimation. Tha avaraga (aaan) blood laad raaulta raportad according to nethodt of estimation ara givaa in tabla XI,
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Conclusions
Tko wide variation la blood-lead levels reported on each pool seaple Is stuck greeter this c m be tolerated. Although ik ! cbeulst
end each laboratory participating la tbit Study believes tbslr results to b accurate. It is obvious that mb / rasults reported sra unquestionably lacorract. In fact, oa tba basis of this study. It would appaar that sons laboratories km no business attempting to parlor* trace analytes. Of particular Interest are tba rasults reported on blood CIO which are r. saaplas fro* one blood pool. Table VI Indicates tkat 23 laboratories^ \ found Identical lead concentrations In aeck of tbalr two saaplas fro* tkls sa*e blood pool. Although tbesa laboratories were able to reproduce tbalr results, the lead concentrations reported varied fro* 0.00 to S.O eg. lead
c*
< per 100 pet, of whole blood. Ires If these two extreeea end also ridiculous
figure* are dropped, we still find a lead variation froa 0.03 to 0.12.
.i Tkls study nay point up one or nor* of the follovioj deficiencies!
) Soso laboratories nay not be staffed wltk personnel properly'
'.a trained and experienced In trace analysts. It vet apparent
tkat so*e laboratory personnel la this study were confuted
ever the teres allllgraas sad alcrofreat,
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k) So** leboraterles nay not have or are not utilising the proper
te stake blood lead analytes.
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e) Son# laboratories, although proparly equipped sod staffed, nay not kar* suitable analytical procedures for these typos
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Most Individual laboratories nay find It necessary and advantageous to tale a good long and bard loot at their aethods, technique* and standards.
Xt Is a recognlted fact that referee or special type of analysis normally get special treatment la aoit laboratories. It nay be Interesting
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to sunelae lbe results of a study of tbls type were the sasples analysed In each participating laboratory at a routlns type aaaple.
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Tte blood*lead cwpirlioii study should be repeated, Tho blood for soother study should b purchased In quantity fro* donors with Industrial exposure to load rather than saline tip pools by nixing a lists nates of Individual blood speclaens. Only froth blood should bo nsod on future studios. All lsboratorlos vho plan to partlclpats should first study tholr stathods tad techniques.
It aay bo sdvlsabls to prooots aaothor typo of trscs analysis ~ rsfsroo study la ordar to ascortais over-all rollsblllty of laboratory competency.
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Should futuro studios Indicate that a ilsotblo h u bbor of laboratories do ltd competency In troco anxlytls, It say bo ccctsury that provltloas bo aado by A1HA to furnish roforoo taapios to laborstorlos routlnoly so lhay aay porlodlcally chock tho accuracy of certain typos of analyses which they art making. It nay alto bo necessary to five consideration to licencingor fronting approval to laboratories for aaklnf certain types of analyses.
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Laid Content (Uaa appropriate eolunn) | Pb/100 cc blood f 7b/100 tl blood
.
Onto spocUeaa tocelvad
AVAIYSIS 1XTQWXT1QH
A. Preparation ( cback o m Itao)
1. Dijeatloa (Not taken to a retidut) IS
2. AiMa j
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k.
Dry
w.t
n11r
2. Protein Precipitation 4
4. bleed uatd without aUeiatlea 1
>. lulitlo* or Separation of U*J ( ckeck appropriate ltM)
1. Precipitation 1
2. Li traction
. tti|nt
1. Mt Hi tone 27
"J
2. APDC
T~
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2. Other
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k, SoIt tot
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1. Chloroform 24
2. Carton Tat
2. Mitt
4. Other
2. X* Separation 17
V
C, Salination ( check M lt*)
1. *j Color
a. Vtiual
1
k. ColerUeter or Spectrephotoaeter Tl'
2. Titration I
'
2. Pel ar( r pS 4
4, Atc*l< AbaorptTe* >
2. tpMitriri^k
"
a. flU 4
k. tlrxrfftJtr 2
4. Other 0
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TAILS I. 'COMPLETE 4LOOO LEAD RESULTS OP PARTICIPATING LABORATORIES
k|, L**d p*r 100 pi. Ittrtl* Blood
Ut>. No.
i
2
2
4
4
7
4
10
11
12
14
IS
14
14
1*
20
21
22
'1
22 24
24
24
27
24
29
SO
SI
22
SS
24
24
24
40
41
42
44
4S
44
44
40
Blood A
0.022
.044 .022 .045 .042 .024 .022 .070 .014 .022 .027 .024 .021 .050 .074 .052
.017 .022 .051 .011 .022 .010 .022 .044 .017 24.2 .054 .000 .024 .024 .020 .120 .000 .022 .040 .014 .027 .042 .024
Blood 4
0.010 .022 .074 .051 .070 .040 .0S1 .022 .054 .027 .052 .044 .044 .024 .041 .052 .074 .120 .074 .044 .047 .024 .040 .012
.054 .047 S.4 .042 .021 .021 .050 .052 .042 .000 .021
.014 .044 .01# .047
Blood CIO
0.021 0.027 .044 .054 .054 .042 .047 .070 .120 .150 .047 .0*7 .054 .059 .044 .074 .0*4 .102 .022 .054 .050 .051 .042 .042 .054 .041 .024 . 047 .071
.050 .044 .027 .092
.115 .120 .022 .042 .040 . 049 .040 .04*
.045 .0*7 .071 .02* .021 .000 .074 .074 .07* .024 . 04*
4.4 2.4 .044 .077 .02* .024 .04# .070 .071 .075 .047 . 044 .100 .120 .000 .000 .0*2 .04* .074
.012 .127 .041 .072 .042 . 04#
.07* .07#
Blood B
0.070 .049 .07* .04* .095 .102 .074 .100 .122 .094 .077 .077 .077 .079 .024 .0*7 .142 .020 .027 .0*0 .07* .0*2 .0*2 .024 .044 .094 .070
4.4 .0*7 .029 .090
.079 .100 .000 .0*2 .10* .721 ,04* .0*2
.129
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llood luvlu bgr Uterittrlti
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UK Ho.
SO SI 52 S3 S4 SS SO S7 SI s to 11 IS 14 M
Hood A
0.024 .040 OJS .M2 .032 .041 .034 .010 .030 .034 .025 .040 .260 .037 .010
Hood 1
0.0S1 .OSS .OSS .M9 .041 .061 .059 .020 .046 .067 .040 .052 .164 .059 .025
Hood CIO
0.059 0.061 .054 .062 .067 .067 .097 .116 .025 .072 ' .050 .060 .064 .067 .061 .061 .053 .060 .050 .051 .052 .063 .061 .067 .134 1.05 .065 .066 .053 .063
Hoed B
0.07S .074 .066 .129 .071 .102 .099 .M3 .069 Ml .056 .074 .172 .093 .070
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Ubmtory JUiultf Rport4 k;' Lm4 fr 100 t* Vbol* Mood
Mood A
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0.000 0.000
0.021 0.022
0.010 0.012
0.040 0.040
0.04S . 0.064
:`:
0.010
0.022 0.021
0.012 0.012
0.040 0.042
0.044
r 0.010 0.010
0.021 0.021
0.012 0.011
0.04S 0.041
0.070 0.012
0.011
0.024
0.014
0.014
0.074
0.014
o.oso
0.1M
0.017
0.024
0.014
0.0S1
0.240
i-
0.017
0.027
O.Olt
0.011
O.Olt
0.074
0.014
0.014
29.2
0.016
v 0.014
0.024
4
i 0.017
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tr f[ :,v
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0.000
0.012 0.014 0.010
0.010 0.024
o.o:s
0.026 0.024 0.024
TAOLU III.
Utorttory Rttultt R*port*4 Kf. Ud f*r lOOjai. hola 41oo4
Hood I
0.012 0.011 0.017
0.040 0.041 0.041 0.044 0.044 0.046 0.044 0.047 0.044
o.oio
0.011
0.0S1
0.011
0.011 0.011 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.014 0.014 0.014
0.014
0.014
0.040 0.040 0.042 0.061
0.041 0.044 0.047 0.047.
0.070 0.074 0.074
0.044
0.110 0.164
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0.000 0.000 0.000
0.011
0.02$ 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021
0.0S1 0.011 0.01$ 0.014 0.01$ 0.017 0.017
TA1LI r.
laboratory Rmlti Koportod * l**4 pr lOOfU. trholo >loo4
0.041 0.0S 0.047 0.041 0.041
O.OSO 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.011 0.012 0.011 0.011 0.014 0.016 0.016 0.014 0.011 0.011 0.010 0.010
Ioo4 C I P
0.060 0.060 0.060
0.060 0.061 0.061 0.061 0.061 0.061 0.061 0.061
0.062 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.061 0.064
0.06S 0.061 0.061 0.061 0.066 0.066 0.066 0.066 0.066 0.067 0.067 0.067 0.067 0.067 0.067 0.067 0.061
0.06* 0.060
0.060 0.060
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0.070 0.070 0.071 0.071 0.071 0.072 0.072 0.074 0.074 0.074 0.074 0.07$ 0.076 0.076 0.077 0.07
0.044 0.0*7
0.012 0.017
0.100 0.101
0.11$ 0.11*
0.120 0.120 ^ v 0.120 0.127
0.114
0.110
1.01
S.6 1.4
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25 laboratorie* Mfwrtid Sui Itiulti on Each of Thelr Two'Saaplea, With The following Concentration* Reportsj
J
Duoitr of
U.frmmlti
Lead Concentration
1 0.00
2 0.05
I
0.05
0.0*
a 0.02
5 o.oa
1 0.12
1 5.6
15 Laboratories Reported Results Oa Etch Of Their Two Saxplts Which
Varied 1/ Only 0.0i
Kith The following Concentration! Reported:
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Kuaber of
laboretoriee
Lead Concent ratio*
2 0.02-0.04 1 0.04-0.0$
4 0.OS-0.06
a 0.06-0.02 5 0.02-0.04
I Laboratories tiportti Results oa Each of Their Two laaplat which varied by only 0.02 *{., With The following Concentrat loos Reported:
P, Kunber of
Laboretoriee
Lead Coocentretlo*
1 0.01-0.0$
5 0.05-0.02
1 0.02-0.0*
1 0.04-0.10
2 0.10-0.12
2 Laboratories Reported Results on Each of Their Two Staple* which varied by 0.05 e|. or Here, With The follovlnf Content ret loos Reportedl
huaber of
UJiaxuaxUi
1 i 1 t 1 1
l
Uit.CanMftU.ulai
0.00-0.0 2 o. oi-o. II 0.01-0.0* 0.01-0.02
o.cn-o.o#
0.11-0.It
O.ll-l.Ot
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TAILS m. ILOOO LEAD RESULTS REPORTED ACCORDING TO XETHQO OP PREPARATION
Digaation;
Extraction with >11 th l lone; Solvent - chiorofora. Extinction by Visual Color 39.2 S.6 J.6 - S.6 S.
Digestion;
Sant* Average
Extraction with dlthltose; Solvent . chloroform
Satlnatlon by Color Spectropbotometar
.0*1
.0*1 .067-.070
.06*
.0**
.01*
.0S6-.061
.077
.1*0
.11*-.120
.0*0
.0*0
.0*2
.042-.064
.07*
.040
-- .074
.10*
.0*4
.0*7
.07*-.079
.119
.040
.0*2
.061-.067
.074
.0*0-.040 .044-.1*0 .0*6-.120
0S0-.1J9
.0**
.06*
.074
.0*2
Digestion;
Extraction with dithixone; Solrant - chloroform
Satlnatlon by Titration
.000
.000
.000-.000
.000
Digestion;
Extraction with AP5C; Solvent - XUJC.
Extinction by Atonic Absorption
.011
.026
.04$
.0*3
Digestion;
No Separation of Lea*.
Satlnatlon by Spectrachealeal - Plln
.064
.07*
.0*4-.062
.07*
.0*4
.0*1
.06*-.077
.017
Digestion;
No Separation of Lead.
Salination by Spectmchemleel - Direct Header
.01*
.0*1
.0*4-.0*9
.074
Dry Aahlnji
Pang* Average
Extraction with dlthltona; Solvent - chloroform
...Satlnatlon by Color Spectrophotometer
.0*2
.041-.0*6
,049
.027
.041 .067-.042
.077
.0*1 .042 .060-.044 .07*
.017
.047
.054-.041
.070
.040
.0** ,0*4-.042
.074
.014
.067
.0*0-.0*1
.01*
.017-.0*1 ,.0*2-.0*7 .0*6-.04* .0*9-.0*4
.0*4
.012
.0**
.07*
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Dry Ashing;
Extraction with dlthltona; Ho Solvent LllteS.
EatUatlon by Polerogreph
.012
.041
.025-.072
.071
Dry Axblngi
Mo Separation of lead.
EatUatlon by felarograpfc
.050
.041
-- -.071
* .054
Dry Ashing;
Mo Separation of Lead.
Ettlaatlon by Spectroche*leal . film
.005
.070
.120-.ISO
.005
.150
.055
.100-.120
.100
-
1
1
Vat Aehlng;
Extraction with DltMtone; Solvent - Chloroform,
Eatlnation by Vlaual Color.
.017
.059
.055-.06*
.095
Vat Aahlng;
Eaag a Avaraja
Extraction vlth DltMtone; Solvent - Chloroform.
EatUatlon by Color - Spectrophotometer
.021
.024
.021..047
.079
.02*
.051
.050-.044
.0*7
.051
.074
.017-.092
.142
.017
.074
.051-.041
.057
.012
.044
.040-.049
.0*0
.012
.040
.047..071
.0*1
.010 .021
.012 ...
.02*-.Oil .000-.074
.014 .044
.054
.054
.074-.074
.094
.024
.051
.049-.070
.090
.014
.050
.071-.075
...
.021
.051
.041-.044
.0*5
.045
.059
.045-. 049 ' .0*2
.024
.051
.059-.041
.075
.041
.044
.050-.040
.102
.014
.059
.044-.047
.099
.040
.052
.041-.047
.07*
010*.044 .012-.074 .000-.092 .014..142
.011
.050
.054
.0*4
Vat AaMng;
Eatraetlon with DllMione; Solvent Chloroform.
Itllaatlon by folarogreph
,000
,021
.02*..014
.019
Vet AaMng;
talreetlon with DltMtone; Solvent Carbon Tetrachloride
tiMaation by Color - Spectrophotometer
.0*2
.0*9
.097..114
.129
an.'iei,
" WJM1
j~ .v b."?v '...a ` J'S?.a.'gB'-get-Vjyv"'1-* ~
Extraction with A?DC; Solvent - Chiorofora
Estimation by Atonic Absorption
.055
.05$
.067-. 067
.0*6
Extraction with AEOC Solvent - KISJC
Estimation by Atonic Absorption
.056
.046
.OS0-.O6O
.069
So Extraction Descent list ad; Solvent - Other
Estimation by Atonic Absorption
.070
.OS*
.054-.105
.123
So Separation of lead
IstUatloo by Atonic Absorption
.042
.060
.067-.0*7
.102
No Separation of lead
Estimation by Polarofnph
.014
.014
.015-.127
.251
So Separation of Lead
Estimation by Spectrochanlcnl ElIn
.022
. 052
. 050-.Oil
.077
33s
Erotela freelpltatlon; Extraction with AECC; Solvent - KIM
Estimation by Atonic Absorption
-.025
.019
.02*-.057
.070
.022
.055
.061-.074
.100
Erotela Precipitation; So Separation of lead .
Estimation by Specirocbenlcsl - Olract leader
.010
.020
.061-.061
. .0*5
.010
.025
.0S5-.065
.070
Hood Used Without Alteration; Ertclpltatlen of Lead; Other Descent.^
rI Estimation by Atonic Absorption
.025
.019 .Oil-.057
,070*e
Hood Used Without Alteration; No Separation of Lead
'Estimation by Spectroche*teal file
,0)1
.04*
.041-.072
.046
1
*--
---eUUL-y1?* '-T"*.1 V**"
;*< ,~"j
JXa.
TAILS mi,
11000 LEAD JESUITS REPOTTED ACCORDING TO MTTHOO 07 SEPARATION
^rKlflUtlMJ Hood Ut*d Without Alteration; Solvent - Other
Eltlaallon by Atealc Absorption
.OU
.017
.to)-.014
.004
Extraction with Dlthltotve; Solvent - Oi loro fora; Rreparatloa-Dijeatlon
Iitlnatlca by Visual Color
20.2
l.i
}.(.{.(
S.S
Extraction vlth DltMtone; Solvmt - O)lorofora; 7r<p*r*tloa-Dl|**tlM
. ))Est nation by Color - Spectrophotoaatar
0
.011
.067-.070
.044
.0)4
.040
.0)4-.041
.077
...
.1)0
.11)-.120
.0)0
.070
.0)2
.042-.044
.070
.040
... -- -.074 .104
,0 V*
.047
.074-.070
.1)7
.07S
.040
.017..04)
.on
R**t*
.on..oo .040..no .017-. 120 .0)0-.1)7
Avtraj*
.on
.044
.074
.010
Extraction trlth Olthitooe; Solvmt-Qtlorofora; TrnuitlM - D1|**i 1m
.000
.000
.000-.000
.000
Extrtctloa vlth tltMioit; SolrtAt.O lorofora; Prep* ratio* - Dry Athia*
Ettlaatloa by Color Spactroohotoaeter
...
.0)2
.04)..014
.047
.027
.041
.047..042
' .077
.on
.042
.040..044
.071
.017
.047
.0)4-.041
.070
.040
.on
.0)4-. 042
.074
.on .
.047
.on-, on
.044
S*o**
.017..on ,0)7. .047 .0)4..044 .04?..044
^*
Avar***
.on
.0)2
.0)4
.074
W-
titrtctloa vlth Olthliona; Stv*l-Chtorofora; Preparation - f*t AsHln*
lillaatlo* by Visual Color
.0)7
.0)4
.04)..044
.07)
i
i;
Kxmctloa with DUKImm; Solvnt-O>lorofor*; fxtpArttloa - Wat Arblst
IttUailoa by Color Spctroyboto*t*r
.021
.024
.024-.047
.07*
.02*
.05*
.050-.064
.047
.05*
.074
.0*7..092
.142
.017
.02*
.01*-.04*
.057
.012
.04*
.060-.069
.040
.032
.060
.067-.071
.04*
.010
.012
.024*.011
.054
.023
.000-.074
.064
.044
.054
.074-.076
.094
.024 .054
.051 .050
.069-.070 .071-.075
...090
.02*
.051
.065-.064
.04*
.045
.05*
.065-.06*
.0(2
.024
.051
.059-.061
.075
.04*
.044
.050-.060
.102
.014
.05*
.066-.067
.099
.040
.052
.061-.067
.074
luji
.010-.064 .012-.074 .000-.092 .0*4-.142
Arr(*
.0*3
.050
.05*
.07*
i bimtlM vlU Pit hi *> ; SIvat-OUorofor; 7r*j*rtlMi - lt AtUt| littvaUoq by Polarofrsyh
i / .000
.02*
.07S-.054
.05#
Ltrctlen trlth PltMron*; Solvtat - Crbon TetrcMri4; 7r*yrxloa - *t AiMn*
llllutloo by Color - SjxclropiiotOMtw
.042
.04*
.097-.11*
.12*
btncllM with DltMion*; )*o Solvtnt llitod; Trt^ntlM Dry Itllat
IttlMtlM by Pottrojripb
.0*2
.041
.025-.072
.07*
litmtlM *10* *>CC; Solvtat - Oilarofora; Irt^mtlM - * Ahl$
litlutiM by Atomic Abrorytloa
.01*
.01*
.047-.047
.0*4
litrxlion with A7DC; Solvtnt Mill; Prrptritloft - Vt AtXlnf
I*Uu Hm by Atoale Abtorytloa
.01*
.04*
.013-. 060
. 04*
wltb A7t<; 5tvt Milt; 7r*?rtltxv
tllUilloa by At<rl Abiarytloa
.011
.01*
.02*-.017
.022
.011
.044-.074
7rM*l frKtpluilM
.070 .100
: W*'!'
No Separation; Preparation . Kit AsMnj
Estimation by Atonic Absorption
.070
.01*
.014..101
.172
No Separation;
Triparitlm - Dl(t*tloa
Estimation by Spectrochcnlcal - 711a
.064
.076
.016-.062
.07*
.024
.062
.06*-. 077
. 0*7
No Stpiritla; Preparstloo . Dljastlon
Eat 1mtIon by Spectrochenlcal - Direct Header
.026
.021
.02*-.OS#
.074
No Separation; Tripantto* - Dry MMnj
Estimation by Tolarojrapb
.020
.041
.. ..071
.024
No Separation;
Treparation-Dry A shin;
Estimation by Spectrochcnlcal - 71 In
.062
.070
.120-.120
.0*2
.120
.062
.ICO-.120
.100
No SifinliM;
TriptritlM - >it AiMaj
Estimation by Atomic Absorption
.042
. 060
. 067..0*7
.070
.011
.0*4-.102
,102 .122
No >p4ratlo; Preparation . Vat UM>|
Estimation by Spect roc>.ealeal - 711a
.022
.M2
.010- .051
.077
No Spirit Im;
Ereparatioa - Protala Precipitation
Estlnatlon by Spec t rocbam Ua 1 - Direct leader
.010 .010
.070 . 022
.0*1-.061 . 017-. 062
. .0*2 . 070
No Separation; Preparation Hood Used Vltbout Alteration
tattmatian by SpectrocHaaleal - Pita
.022
.046
.061..072
.06*
;
.s
1 0
TAM4 IX.
LOOO LEAD mum mp o h t e d ACOOilDI.SC TO METHOD Of ESTIXfcTJO*
Tlivil Color; Preparation - Dlfettloa
Ijr Dlthltono - Chloroform btrwtlM
19.2 S.4 S.4-S.4
S.4
VIfuel Color; Prevention - Vet Axhlni
)jr DltMtona - Chloroform extraction
017
.059
.045-.064
.09)
Color - Spectrophotometer; Preparation - Dilution
)/ Olthlione - Chloroforn Extraction
.05)
.051 .047-.070
.04)
.054
.044
.054-.041
.077
..
.150
.11$-.120
.050
.050
.052
.042-.044
.079
.040
..
-- -.074
.10)
.054
.047
.074-.079
.119
.c:i
.040
.C12-.04S
05)
tM|*
O25-.O40 .040-.150 .057-.120
Average
.05)
.044
.074
.0)0
3
o
leO*
V-
J
5
r.\
i' K ' r, i
fr."
P
i
S'""
'`St*
*i Hum mi
,<gdue i <
CeloT~Sp+ctropboloa*tr; Prepentlon - Pry Ashing
9y Oithiton* Chloroforn (xtrsctlon
.032
.049*.056
.069
.027
.049
.062*.062 . .077
.041
.062
.060-.066
.074
.017
.047
.036*.049
.070
.040
.053
.056*.062
.074
.034
.067
.050*. 059
.0(6
U*|t
.017*.051 .032*.067 .036*.066 .069*.09*
.034
.052
.056
.07*
9 1 or-Spoc tropKot o+*t *r ; Preparationi Vet Ashing * iy Dithlxoftt - Chlorofom Extractioa
.021
.024
.021*.047
.079
.024
.053
.050*.066
.097 -
.043
.074
.037*.092
.162
.017
.029
.033*.043
.057
.032
.046
.060*.069
.090
.032
.060
.067*.071
.0*3
.010
.012
.029*.031
.034
.021
.000*.074
.06*
.06*
.036
.074..676
.096
.026
.051
.069*.070
.090
.03*
.050
.071-.075
--
.021
.OSl
.063*.066
.0(3
.043
.049
.063*. 069
.0(2
.026
.051
.039-.Oil
.075
.046
.06*
.030*.060
.102
.034
.059
.066*.067
.099
.040
.032
.061*.067
.074
.260
.164
.134*1.05
.172
lUnge
.010*260 .012*.164 .000-1.05 .034*.172
Ami|
.046
.036
.099
.090
ly deleting 1 *t ree of rtniltl iler*
tenge Avenge
.010*.06* .012*.074
.033
.050
.000*.092 .059
.034*.162 .0*4
0lr-!^(trc^)iiciitri Prep*ritlod Vet Ashing
9y Pit hi lone - Cmrboa TetrechlorUe Lursctloa
.0*2
.0*9
.092*.11* .129
.*
Tttrlioi Preperetloa - Mgestifra
y Plthiton* > CM Off for* tstrectle*
.000
. 000
. 000*.000
. 000
. --A-r.'.
--
*---
- * ------
--- V '
Attijid^tiaJh>*^iJr^iii*ri-T. ^--ifii iW-rrr^iirVr--r-"--^----- -
t.u ?isse.s^ss5f(!.
-v'.
Polarograph; Preparation - Dry Ashing
My Dlthitone Extraction - Mo Solvent LIit*4
.052
.041
.025*. 072
.071
Polerograph; Preparation - Dry Ashing
Uo Load Sop* rat lea.
.0S0 .
.Ml
....071
.054
Polarogreph; Preparation - Pot Axh 1 ng
y Dlthlioaa - Chloroform Extraction
.000
. 024
. 024*.054
. 050
Polerograph; Preparation - Wat Ashing
Mo Lead Separation
.014
. 014
. 015-. 127
. 251
-
Atomic Absorption; Preparation - Digestion
by APPC - HIH Extraction
.011
.024
-- ..MS
.045
Atonic Absorption; Preparation Wat Ashing
by ATDC Chloroform Extraction
.055
. 055
. 067.. 0*7
.044
Atonic Absorption; Preparation * Wet AiMng
by APCC . Hilt Extraction
.054
.M4
.050-.060
.042
Atonic Absorption; Preparation - Wet Ashing
by Other Sol rant Extraction
.070
. 05*
.054-.105
.122
Atcailc Absorption; Preparation >*t Ashing
Mo Load Separation
.M2
.060
. 047..047
.101
Atonic Absorption; Preparation Protein Precipitation
by.APDC - Hilt Zitrectlon
.071
,01
.021-.057
.072
.055
,044-.074
.100
Atonic Absorption; Hood UaeJ without Alteration Precipitation of Lead
.014
.057
,055-.054
.044
.j ,070*
i1
:,v /
#
i 'Pi^ ^ r iill*-^ |---f^-'^- 1tf fPri -!- [ min j ir J.I1B_r^T ^r
JpoctrcxUoicol - Fll* (floto); freporotloa - MjMtlo*
Mo Soporotloo of U1
,006
.074
.056-.065
.07
.054
.045
.065,.077
.0*7
Spoctrochcalcol - flJ (7 Ut ); 7rrprtl<va - Ory Aihlo*
Mo S>uitlM of Ui4
.065
.070
.120-.ISO
.091
.110
.065
.100-.120
.100
Spoctrocboalcal - 71 lo (Plot*); Prtporotion - Wot A*Mnj
Mo S*prtlon of too*
.025
.055
, 050-.051
.077
Spoctrocbralcol - fll* (Hot*):
u,#d *l**wt AltorotloM
Ko Soporttlon of Loo*
.015
.04*
.061-.072
.06*
SjwctrocKeotcol - 01r*<ior *rt*or; Froforotlo* - OlgootlM
Mo StMrtiUii of too*
.01*
.051
.05*-.059
.074
SjsoctrtxiralCil Oiroct 9rir; frv*rtloa - frotoln frotlpUotlos
Mo Soporotioa of too*
.010
.020
.0*1-.0*1
.0*5
.010
. 025
. 055-.0*5
. 070
l
ik]" "`f-.-- * '--
******* * ^ ^ a^"U`^'li***M*`*^ ^
+
i
i 'VP^JBVp-gy11 *.ry
r--if.J
%3*
' .<
-'- - '*..m -itj
.- 'l l : --Jj.i-.iZLjija;-!...... . -> - ,:.V .... . ......
HAKE OP 4LOOO LEAS USULTS Ripomo
ACCORDING TO KCTVIOW OP 1STIHATI0*
Xthod
Sp*ctrophoto*tn " (C*It OM Ub)
Atcalc AbporytloM S^ctntbaUtl - P1U
* - Direct lu^ir
iiood a
010-240 010-612 000-oso
011-070 022-110 010-014
llood
017-164 012-040 014-041 019-060 046-074 020-0JI
llood C 1 D
000-1.OS 000-116 015-127 024-101 0SO-1SO 055-06S
llood I
014-172 014-129 014-251 069-172 064-100 070-041
k
- jggijg^ 1
wggi14'"!Ui-4tgw>.','. ; .
-sa*
!
^ctip!toMt(r 9ol*r(Vif>!t Atoalc AbrpUi
i;xtr<)>wlcil fill Mnc( A**<l*r
Ilnxl A
055 024 012 049 019
9 J oo-d 9
054 051 042 042 052
10<xl CIO
045 0S5 041
012 040
lift** I
042 104 091 OM 074
-j ,, :*;J
ei "
bps
i ?Sfc