Document 1gJ0Jrjb40p1eN8LLR6LoJ3BE

FILE NAME: Household Contact (HC) DATE: 1943 Jan DOC#: HC050 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Trade Journal Article - Safety in Handling Aluminum Powders - Chemical Engineering S. D. KIRKPATRICK . . . . Editor JAMES A. LEE..................... M anaging Editor THEODORE R. OLIVE.......... A ssociate Editor HENRY M. BATTERS................ M arket Editor JOHN H. CALLAHAM ___ A ssistant Editor NORMAN G. FARQUHAR .A ssistan t Editor LESTER B. P O P E .................. Assistant Editor EDITORIAL REPRESENTATIVES E. S. STATELER., ............... .Chicago R. S. McBRIDE... ............ ... W ashington EARLE MAULDIN...............................Afianfa M. A. WILLIAMSON . . Publisher DISTRICT MANAGERS . H. BEDELL ............................. New York R. G. FREDERICK......................N ew York FRED GRANT....................... .C leveland I . A. CUNNINGHAM..................... Chicago W. P . BOYD..........................................Boston J. R. VAN AHSDALE.. . . Philadelphia Published m onthly. Pries 35 cents p e r copy. Address communications about subscrip tions to Director oi Circulation, Chem. & Met.. 330 W est 42 St., New York. N. Y. Subscription rates: United States, Mexico, C entral an d South American countries, S3 a y ear, $4 for tw o y e ars, 55 for three y e ars. C an ad a, $3.50 a y e ar, S5 for two y e ars, $6 for th re e y e ars (p ay ab le in C an ad ian funds). G reat Britain an d British Possessions, 30 shillings a y e a r, SO shillings for three y e ars. All other countries, $5 a y ear, 510 for th ree y e ars. Entered a s second class m atter, Septem ber 3, 1936, a t Post Office at A lbany, N. Y., U. S. A., under act of M arch 3, 1879. Contents copyrighted, 1943, b y McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, Inc. Branch offices: 520 North M ichigan A venue, Chicago; 68 Post Street, San F ran cisco; Aldwych House, Aldwych, London, W. C. 2? W ashington; P h ilad elp h ia; Cleve land; Detroit; St. Louis; Boston; Los An geles; Atlanta. McGRAW-HILL PUBLISHING CO., INC. JAMES H. McGRAW Founder and Honorary Chairman Publication Office 93-129 North B roadw ay, A lbany, N, Y. Editorial and Executive Offices 330 W est 42 Street, New York, N. Y. JAMES H. McGRAW, Jr . . . . .. .President i!0 WARD EHRLICH. Executive Vice-President MASON BRITTON.................. .Vice-President B R. PUTNAM.......... . ...............T reasurer j, A . GERARDI.................................Secretary } BLACKBURN, Jr., Director of Circulation Member .B.P. M ember A.B.C. Cubic ad d ress McGRAWHILL, New York CHEMICAL C M E T A L L U R G I C A L ENGINEERING ESTABLISHED IS<i O n t h in , O u e , J A N U A R Y , 1943 Our Year II of World War II....................................................... 75 EDITORIAL FOREWORD Waste Disposal Problems in Wartime............................ .. 78 By F, W. MOHLMAN Safety in Handling Aluminum Powders..................... ............. 82 By G, M. BABCOCK and F. B. RETHWISCH Progress Report of the Rubber Director.................................... 85 Selection of Pumps for Oleum and Strong Sulphuric Acid. . . . 86 By WARD E. PRATT Effect of the Kinetic Energy Term in Gas Flow Calculations.. 90 By BENJAMIN MILLER Nylon Research Wins its War W ings..................................... .. 92 EDITORIAL STAFF REPORT Manufacture of Butadiene From Ethyl Alcohol--II. . .............. 94 By J. A. GAMMA a n d T. INOUYE Labor Relations and Collective Bargaining in Chemical Industry ........................................................... - ......................... ^9 A CHEM . & MET. REPORT * Chrome Tanning Leather........................................... - - ............... 112 A CHEM. 6 MET. PICTURED FLOWSHEET Chem. & M et Plant Notebook . . 98 Process Equipment News . . . 1 0 7 Chemical Engineering News . . 1 1 9 N ew s From Washington . . . . 121 Interpreting Washington . . . . 1 2 4 New Products and Materials . . 129 From the Log of Experience . . 133 P e r s o n a l i t i e s ..................... ..... 137 Meetings and Conventions . . . 145 N ew s From Abroad . . . . . 158 Cheat. & Mel. Bookshelf . . . . 167 Chemical Economics and Markets 175 Current Prices . . . . . . . 187 New Construction . . . . . . 190 An index to a dvertisers w ill b e found on p age 286 A M <G*AW -H )U POUtiCA.TION C HA N GE OE McGRAW-HILL PUBLISHING COMPANY 330 W est 42nd Street, New York, N. Y. Director of Circulation: _ t Please change my address on Chemical & M etallurgical Engineering From ............................................................................................. . ' To Safety in Handling Aluminum Powders G. M. BABCOCK a n d F. B. RETHWISCH Reynolds Metals Co,, Louisville, Ky. ............. ' .... ..........Chem , & M et. I N T E R P R E T A T I O N ........... ..... ................. -- Except for those people who work constantly with aluminum powders, sufficient respect for the expansibility of this material does not appear to exist. With the present widespread use of aluminum powders for the manufacture of military pyrotechnics, need has developed for the more widespread dissemination of information on safe practices in their handling and in manufacturing pyrotechnics. The article which follows is based on the experience gained by the Reynolds Metals Co. in many years of producing and handling metallic powders and is offered as a starting point in the develop ment of safety p ro gram s for concerns engaged in or beginning opera tions in pyrotechnic work. Certain fundamental precautions are dis cussed by the authors as a service to the industry, but neither they nor their company assume liability of any kind in presenting this information.---Editors. F LA K li A tiU M lN T M POWDER, some should be stored unopened in a sep what similar w> the material arate area wherever possible, since commonly used in aluminum paintif they are stored along with such under the rather misleading name o f chemicals as sulphur, nitrates and "aluminum bronze powder." is a others o f similar character, a Are valuable component o f pyrotechnic from any cause would present a most mixtures used for flares and signals. serious problem. Whenever a drum The- high surface area of a given of aluminum powder is opened for weight of aluminum flake powder loading or inspection, it should be makes it easily ignitible when in the closed and re-sealed as soon as pos presence of oxygen or air.- Burning, sible. This not only insures greater it evolves a tremendous amount o f safety against fire from external lieat and light. Owing to its low causes but also limits the likelihood apparent, density, .fine particles o f of tramp material getting into the the material lend to float in air with powder, oi of the powder absorbing the attendant danger of violent ex water from the air. In one instance plosion upon ignition, when a proper a sealed drum of flake aluminum ratio of aluminum to oxygen is withstood an aluminum dust explo reached. sion and subsequent fire without A somewhat different alnnimum ignition of the drum contents. powder, the grained variety, consists There are few practical means of o f spheres, sausage shapes or irre extinguishing fires involving alumi gular grains of aluminum, which are num powder or mixtures containing relatively hard to ignite. When mixed this powder. Anything which tends with oxygen-producing compounds, to disturb the burning mass may the grained powder will burn with throw the aluminum into the air and the evolution of much heat and light. result in a violent explosion of tre This material, however, has a high mendous destructive power. It is apparent density and low surface true that dry sand, carefully placed area which lends to keep it from over a pile of burning aluminum, suspension in air so that the danger will smother the ame, but in the o f explosion or lire from aluminum excitement attending such a Are, "fog" is almost nil. there is danger that the sand will Both flake and grained aluminum be thrown or shoveled on to the are shipped in sealed drums with mass, and that the powder will be fully removable heads. These drums thrown into the air. There have been several cases where relatively harm less fires have been changed to seri ous and fatal explosions from this cause. Consequently, the safer and more prudent rule is to instruct employees to walk out of the building in the case o f an aluminum fire, shutting the door securely but as genfly as possible to avoid disturbing the burning mass. All employees should be instructed in procedures to avoid. They should understand thoroughly that water, carbon tetrachloride, tire foam, car bon dioxide and similar extinguish ing agents should not be used on aluminum fires. Use o f such materi als will cause explosions. Night watchmen should be instructed to convey this information to any regu lar or volunteer group which at tempts to extinguish an aluminum fire. Furthermore, the use o f a fine spray of water from a stirrup pump, such as is used by civilian defense workers on incendiary bombs, should never be used on aluminum powder fires. It is o f utmost importance that local fire departments be informed of these precautions. The depart ment should be provided with com plete information and charts regard ing those warehouses which contain aluminum, as well as those contain ing other chemicals. These charts should also be readily available to the watchmen and to the plant's own protection division at all times. AVOIDING HAZARDS A source of great danger in the handling oC aluminum powder is the presence of foreign substances, par ticularly hard or metallic materials. Cave should be taken to see that closing bolts, nails and similar bits of metal cannot contaminate alumi num powder or pyrotechnic mixtures. ..Good plant housekeeping is one o f the most effective methods in achieving plant safety and care must be taken particularly in the weigh ing, mixing and pressing rooms. As little material as is practical should be kept in one place at one time. Scoops for handling powders should be of non-sparking material and the handling should be slow and deli m . JA N U A RY 191$ . CHEMICAL & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING berate to reduce dusting to a mini mum. Rooms in which powder is handled should be cleaned at fre quent intervals, but never during weighing-, mixing or pressing opera tions. All material should be kept in closed containers while cleaning is in progress. I f oil is used in the pyrotechnic mixture, special care must be taken to insure that all oily rags or waste are deposited in closed safety cans away from the storage or loading areas. These rags must be disposed of daily. Sn clean ing, care must be taken particularly to keep all corners, window ledges beams, building steel and other rest ing places free from dust. BUILDING PROTECTION The buildings used for weighing, mixing and loading operations should, wherever possible, be so spaced and protected that fires or explosions in one unit cannot be com municated to other units. Construc tion should be adapted to the vent ing of 'explosions, using either a "soft" wall or roof, or a blow-out panel. All equipment should be located so that the operator lias a free path to an outside door, with out a mixing bench, press or mixer between him and the door. All metal in the buildings should be grounded. This not only includes the equipment itself, but also metal window and door frames and other building elements. Clips connected to flexible grounded lends should be placed on all metal drums or other movable equipment. Only explosionproof motors should be permitted, and for these the controls should be fully inclosed and non -arcing, located outside the workroom so that no worker need be in the mixing or pressing room from the time of starting these operations until they are completed. All lights should he of a type approved for explosive operations and conditions. Particular cure must be taken when automatic or manual tools are to be used in build ings for repairs or changes. When such work is to be carried out, the rooms must first be, emptied o f all ignitible material and thoroughly cleaned. Fatal explosions have been caused in dust-filled rooms by an arc from the switch of an ordinary flashlight. Therefore, only flash light-, electric lighting and power equipment carrying Underwriters' approval for use in explosive areas and where explosive vapors are en countered should lie used. Where.ier possible, both the shoes of workers find the floors should be of a conductive but non-sparking type. Electrical discharges produced by static or lightning are the most dilliealt safety hazards to control. The danger from static charges pro duced by friction is greatest m cold, dry wentIter, liven walking on eon Crete or composition flooring in non conducting i shoe.- may produce sparks capable ol' igniting pvrolechnic mixtures or fine aluminum par tides suspended in the air. Even the friction caused by aluminum powder poured from a scoop to a container can create high sialic charges on the aluminum particles. Particularly in the case, of flake alu minum powder, considerable time is required fo dissipate ibis charge. Several types of non-sparking, conductive floors have been employed successfully.'* Three types may be described briefly here, including (1) Magnesite flooring installed over a wood or concrete, base, with conduc tive metal grids placed beneath the surface of the floor and properly grounded; (2) emulsified asphalt composition flooring with a conduc tive aggregate which also is laid over grounded metal grids, and (3) in dustrial graphite tile made of a conductive mastic, the edges of the t'le being mc-itcd together with a hot iron on installation lo proride a continuous surface. With this last mentioned type no metal grid is necessary, the file it-elf being grounded at various points. These views, irora photos by the U. S. Army Signal Corps, show a thermite bomb demonstration at the Army Wa? College, Washington, D. C.; the upper view shows the bomb beginning to explode, while the lower shows the climax oi the explosion where the bomb, having reached a temperature ol about 4,000 deg. F,, is melting through the slab oi steel on which it rests * X-'arctx InfornrtiitSon o n tlx* f l o o n c a n *>* w o c u r e d f r o m A r m s t r o n g - C o r k <'o , t i m i d for P ro d u c ts 0 H \. L an c a a te i, P a .; th e P lm tk L ` C o ., I n d u s t i i a ! E x p u l s i o n s l> iv . SO H ocki?.fel!er P ia z a , N e w Y o ik , N Y. ; arid x y. Ux X o m p o h t e C o , 1 3 1 O l a y S t , B r o o k l y n , CHEMICAL & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING J A X V A R Y IV.',3 S3 The cause*! ol' static should be ex plained to employees, using simple illustrations such as the rubbing- of silk in cold weather, or the combing o f hair. Belt drives should not be used on machines in the mixing, prcN.-mg or loading rooms. Special eai e should be taken in screen rooms, since the friction of the particles passing over the screens and their temporary suspension and separa tion in air can build up high static charge.-. All metal in processing and storage rooms should be ground ed and every possibility o f a spark from machinery, from broken elec tric light bulbs, or from the drop ping o f steel tools should be guard ed against. Properly grounded metal containers on spark-proof con ductive flooring will permit more rapid dissipation of static charges than wooden containers. Mixers should be allowed to remain at rest for a short time before the mixture is removed, thus permitting any sta tic charge induced in. the metal par ticles in the mix to be conducted to ground. Simple electroscopes can be made to determine when a mixture is free of static charge. Adequate lightning protection is an important requirement for the plant handling aluminum powders. The grounding of all metal window and door frames and approved light ning protection of all wiring will largely eliminate the possibility of high charges collecting before or during a thunderstorm and perhaps discharging to the ground with an accompanying hash or spark. Pro tection against actual lightning strokes is best left to authorities on this .subject.*'* Many concerns shut down all mixing nml loading opera tions during severe, nearby lightning storms, the employee? leaving the processing rooms during that period. Radio sets are good indicators of approaching electrical storms, but it' they are used, they should nor. be installed in the loading area owing to the hazard they introduce. Highlights in Avoiding Aluminum Powder Explosions 1, A ll machinery and all metal door and w indow irames should be w ell groundod. 2, A ll mixing and conveying equipment should be constructed so a s to minimize the escape of dust into rooms. 3, Spatulas, scoops, conveyors and the like should be of non-sparking materials. 4, Motors, as far as possible, should be kept in separate rooms, outside the work rooms. Where it is necessary to h ave them in the workrooms, they should he of the explosion-proof, dust-proof, splash-proof and water-proof type of squirrel-cagc construction. 5, Dust should not b e permitted to collect in workrooms; they should be cleaned sev era l times a day, if necessary, although not w hile operations are going on. S. Dust in the air should b e kept at a minimum. Most people who do not work constantly with aluminum powder do not fully appreciate the explosibility of this m aterial. Trostel and Frevert1 state that the lower explosive limit for aluminum pow der suspended in car varies with the method of ignition. With an electrically h eated glowing wire, or with an arc, the lower explosive limit w a s found to be at a concentration of 7.0 m g. AX per liter of air, and at a concentration of 13.7 mg. with an induction spark. 7. Lighting of rooms should be provided by dust-proof, explosion-proof bulbs. 8. If necessary to u se flashlights, they should alw ays b e of an Underwriters'pproved type, for use in explosive atmospheres. 9. A ll bearings and gears should be kept well lubricated and protected from dust. 10. All em ployees should wear approved type clothing, without pockets or cuffs, if feasible. 11. Operators en gaged in mixing should wear respirators as a health precaution. 12. Safety shoes of a type which are both conductive and non-sparking should be worn hy operators. 13. Conductive flooring should b e em ployed if possible. 14. Operators should be instructed that, in case of fire, they should walk out and close the door of the room until someone in authority arrives to take charge. 15. Aluminum powders should b e stored only in sealed drums and apart from other materials, especially oxidizing agents or easily oxidizable substances. 16. Only dry sand or Underwriters'-appraved extinguishers should be used on aluminum powder fires. 17. Care should be taken to prevent foreign substances from getting into aluminum powder. 18 Building construction should follow the recommendations of the National Fire Protection Association/3 19. In general, it is advisable to follow most of the precautions usually observed in the handling of explosives. MIXERS AND PRESSES Machinery used in mixing and pressing operations should be equipped with outboard dust-proof bearings, which should be kept welt lubricated. Excessive temperature rise m any parL should call for an immediate shutdown. I f a shaft or oilier part should freeze on a bear ing surface, no attempt should be made to loosen the part by force, such as by a hammer blow on the shaft, as long as any igmtible ma terial is in the room. Exposed ring gears or bevel gears should be pro tected front alumijiuni-powder- con taining materials, liberal applications of a heavy grease minimizing this danger. The clothing worn by plant, em ployees should be kept clean and free from aluminum dust by fre quent washing. Many concerns sup ply shirts and slacks so both male and female employees, the shirks be ing made without euffs. There i- a possibility of danger when employees wear their work clothes to their homes before changing. For exam ple, a spark from a cigarette may easily cause fatal burns to a person whose clothing is filled with the dust of a pyrotechnic mixtui. Owing to the possibility of static charges, silk and silk-like materials should not be worn at work by employees. The ideal arrangement in locker rooms for employees is to use a double locker system with an inter vening shower or washroom. With this method, a locker is provided for each employee at each side of the shower or washroom. The em ployee removes his work clothes and places them in the work clothes lock er, then takes his shower and con tinues to his second locker on the other side of the shower room where he secures his street clothing. Thus his work clothes locker is always available for inspection by company' officials or for the removal of soiled clothing for replacement with clean clothing. As previously mentioned, spark-proof and conductive shoes should always be worn by employees in the loading and mixing areas. REFERENCES 1. Trnstol and Freverf, The Lower 'L of imits Dus o ts f i C n once A ir, n Otrhactmio n d 1 oMr eEt x , plos 3 ft, ions No. 4, 2p. . 141, Jan. "xVationrU 28, Fire 1924. Code for the* Preven tion o f D ust Explosions, 1940," N ational Fire Protection A ssociation, Boston, Masts. 3* '`Code tor P rotection A gain st L ig h t ning," Bulletin 1121, U. S. Bureau of Standards. D ocum ents. O b ta in a b le W ashington, fDromC, Supt. of 4. M cEachron and P atrick , "P la y in g with Lightning," Random House, New Pork, N. Y. 84 JA N U A RY 19J/3 CHEMICAL k METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING t tI y ? Mvertisers In This Issue Page A b b Inc., Paul 0 ................. 127 Acme Coppersmithing & Ma chne Co. ........................ 48 AfHs-ChaJmers Mfg, C o ,........5, 15 A llis Co., Louis................223, 224 Aluminum Co. of America...... 54 Aluminum Ore C o ..... ........ 214 American Chain & Cable Co. m , 244 American District Steam C o ... 143 American Flange 5 Mfg. C o .. 44 American Locomotive Co. . . . . 230 American Mach. & Metals, Inc. 47, 264 American Meter Co. Inc....... 44 American Pipe & Const. C o.. 131 American Pulverizer C o ............. 160 American Smelting & Refining C o ................................... m American Tool & Machine C o . 34 American Wringer Co. Inc-- 192 Armstrong Mach. Works....... 128 Atlas Mineral Products of Penna. 231 Atlas Powder C o ............. 202 Babcock 8 Wilcox Co. 10, 58, 154-155 Bagpak, tnc........ 22 Badger & Sons Co., , 8 ........ 228 Baker & Co. I n c .................. 46 Baldwn-HH C o .......... 150 Barcan Co., 1....---- .. ....... 283 Bates Co., W .......................... 159 Bausch & Lomb Optical C o . 287 Semis Bro. Bag Co.. . . . . . . 203 Bird Mach. C o .................. 9 Blaw-Knox Co. ..... . ... . 51 Bltckman, Inc., S ................... 185 Boita Co. ............................. 280 Bonney Forge & Tool Works .. 152 Bradley Machinery C o ............. 376 Brighton Copper Works............ 283 Brill Equip. Gorp -- . .. ..281 Bristol Co. ............ .. 153 Buell Engrg. C o . . . . 255 Buffalo Forge C o .....................201 Buffalo Fdry. & Mach. C o . 209 Bump Pump C o .................... 178 Carbide & Carbon Chemicals C orp ................................. 19! Carpenter Steel C o ..... ....... 254 Cash Co,, A. W ............. ... ill Ceilcote C o .............. . .. ... 276 Century Electric C o ............. 36 Chapman Valve C o ............. 249 Chase Bag C o ....................... 229 Chemical Construction Corp . 214 Chicago Bridge & Iron C o . 245 C hicago Metal Hose Corp , |49 Clopay C orp ............ ... . 273 Cochrane Corp. . . . . ... . 248 Cohen & Co., I ............. 283 Cole Mfg. Co., R. D ............. 250 Commercial Solvents Corp... 204-205 Consolidated Prods. Co. Inc .. 279 Continental Gin C o ...... . 163 Cooper Alloy Fdry. C o .......... 148 Coppus Engrg. C orp ............ 31 Corning Glass Works............. 267 C-O-Two Fire Equipment C o .. 199 Crane C o ................. 117 Oebothezat Ventilating Equip ment Div, American Mach. & Metals, Inc............ ... ... 264 De Laval Separator C o ....... 218 De Laval Steam Turbine C o . 263 Despatch Oven C o . . .............. 6I Diamond Alkali C o .........27 Dicailte C o ................. . 136 Dings Magnetic Separator Co.. 189 Dodge Mfg. C orp ................. 25 Dorr Co., Inc ...................... 24 Dougherty, James A . . . . . . ...... 284 Page Dow Chem. C o .................... 193 Downingtown Iron W orks........ 42 Dracco C orp ......................... 179 Drakenfeld & Co., !nc,( B, F... 273 Duraloy C o ........ .. . . 271 DurametalHc C orp ................... 142 Duriron Co,, Inc................... 21 Eagle-Picher Lead C o ............. 253 Edge Moor Iron Works, fne.... 285 Electrical Engineers Equip, Co.. 70 Elliott C o ........................... 288 Electric Equipment C o ............. 280 Emsco Equip. C o . . 283 Eppenbach, Inc............... 164 Epploy Laboratory, Inc............. 206 Erman-Howell Sales C o . . 287 Evans & Co., Victory J .......... 278 Everlasting Valve Co ............. 184 Fairbanks C o ........... 238 Fairbanks, Morse & C o .......... 186 Fenwall Inc............................ 270 Filter Paper Co .. ......... 276 First Machy, Corp. 280, 282, 283, 284 Fletcher Works ................... 127 Foster Wheeler C o r p .............. 219 Fluor Corp. Ltd...... ...............237 Foote Bros. Gear & Mach. Corp. 227 Foxboro Co. ......................... 6 Frederick Iron & Steel C o ........158 Fuller Co. ... 147 Garlock Packlnq C o ............. 50 Gelb & Son, R ...................... 280 General Ceramics C o ...............243 General Controls .......... 178 General Elec. Co, .... 28-29, 41 General Elec. Co. Air Condi tioning & Refrigeration Dept. 22 Girdler Corp, . 2nd Cover, 4, M8 Globe Steel Tubes C o ........ 257 Gladding, McBean & C o ......... 268 Goulds Pumps, I n c ................. 244 Graver Tank & Mfg. Co. Inc .. 262 Greene, Tweed It C o , . . 1 8 0 Grinneii Co. inc . . .2 3 Grove Regulator C o .. .. 211 Hardlnge C o Inc ................52 Harvey Bros. . ... ... . . . 280 Mersey Mfg. C o , , . , . ............ li Hetherlngton & Berner, Inc ... 256 Hicks Enqrg, Co,, lnc,} S, D. . 266 Hodgman Rubber C o ..... . 6I Homestead Valve Mfg, C o .... 207 Hooker Electrochemical C o ___256 Howell Electric Motors C o 53 Illinois Water Treatment C o . . 146 ingersoll-Rand .................. 60 Ingersoil Steel & Disc Div. Borg Warner C orp...................... 49 International Minerals & Chem C orp ........................ . ... 16 International Nickel Co. Inc 62. 226 Iron & Steel Prods. Inc. .. 280 island Equip. & Supply Co. inc, 283 Jacobwltz Co., C, S . . .............282 James Mfg. Co., D. O.. ........ 43 Jeffrey Mfg. C o ............. . . . 2 !5 Jenkins Bros. .................... ...239 Johns-Manvllle ..................... 166 Jones Fdry. & Mach. C o ......... 266 Kehoe Machy. Corp., L...........284 Kelley & Co., O. G ............... 265 Kemp Mfg. Co., C. M ........ 182 Kennedy Valve Mfg. C o ..... . 234 Kewaunee Mfg. C o .................. 252 Knight, Maurice A ....... ....... 181 Kold-Hold Mfg. C o .............. 254 La Motte Chem. Prod. C o .... 276 Lapp Insulator Co. Inc.......... 196 Page Lawrence Mach, 4 Pump Corp 274 Layne & Bowler, Inc.............. 169 Lebanon Steel Fdry............... 235 Lee Metal Prods. Co. Inc ... . 246 Leeds & Northrup C o ............. 72 Unde Air Products C o ..... . 13 Link-Belt C o ................. . 7, 17 Loeb Equip. Supply C o ...... 280 Lubriplate Div., Fiske Bros., Re fining C o ........................... 8 tokens Steel C o .................... 269 Lurnmus C o ...................... 259-260 Lunkenhelmer C o ..................... 200 Machinery & Equip. Corp.. 284 Manheim Mfg. S Belt, C o ...... II Marley Co. Inc ..................... 225 Master Electric Co.. ... .3rd Cover McGraw-Hill Book C o ___.... . 22 Mercer Engrg Works, Inc.. 358 Merrick Scale C o .......... 276 Metric Metal W o rks..,...... 64 Michigan Steel Casting C o 132 Midvale C o .......................... 69 Midwest Piping & Supply Co. Inc......................... 65 Miller, Inc., 1.............. 278 Mixing Equip. Co. Inc.. ........ 135 Monarch Mfg. Works, Inc. .. 165 Monsanto Chemical C o ... .123 Morris Mach. Works .......... 162 Morse Chain C o ................... 68 Mount Vernon Woodborry Mills, Inc. .................................. 168 Murray Mfg. Co., D, J ............ 268 Nash Engrg C o ... 25! National Box & Lumber Co... . 252 National Radiator Co, .......... 261 National Technical Labs. ............. Neville Co. . . . . . . . . 266 Niagara Alkali C o ......... 241-242 Niagara Filter C o rp .......... 233 North American Mfg. C o ...... . 47 Nukem Pros. C o rp ................. 61 Oliver United Filters Inc ... .. 213 Pangoorn Corporation ............ 164 Partridge, Arthur S ............. 283 Peerless Pump Div., Food Machy. Corp. , . . . . 165 Pennsylvania Crusher C o ......... 273 Pennsylvania Salt Mfg. C o ..... 57 Perez, Martyn ........................ 280 Perkln-EJmer C orp .................... 218 Perry Equip. & Supply C o . . . 282 Petro-Chem Development Co. Inc................... ................ 177 Pfaudler C o ............... Back Cover Philadelphia Gear W orks........222 Photoswitch !nc, ................ 63 Pittsburgh Lectrodryer Corp ... ]97 Pittsburgh Piping & Equip Co. 22! Porter Co , Inc., H. K........... I44 Powell Co., W m ..................I72-I73 Powers Regulator C o , . ,......... I70 Premier Mil! C orp ................. 285 Prestfuel Corp. .............. .....283 Pritchard & Co., J, F ,,.......... 217 Proctor & Schwartz, Inc........ 274 Professional Services ............ 274 Pulverizing Machy. C o . . . ....... 246 Quaker Oats C o . . . ............... I57 Raymond Pulverizer Div., Com bustion Engrs. Co, Inc........ I2 Reading Chain & Block Corp... I60 Reading-Pratt & Cady (Div.) American Chain & Cable Co. 198. 244 Reeves Pulley C o .................. 183 Retchold Chemicals, Inc......... 32 Reilly Tar & Chem. C o rp ..... 236 Republic Textile Equip. Co., inc................ 281 Rhoads & Sons, J. E ................268 . Pag* Richardson Scale C o ...............? `,0 Roberts Filter Mfg. C o ........ 33 Robins Conveying Belt C o ...... 40 Robinson Mfg. C o . . ....... 156 Roots-Connersville Blower Corp. 176 Rowan Controller C o ........ 285 R-S Products C orp............... 130 Ryerson Sc Son, Inc., J. T..... 16! Sarco Co. Inc........................ 254 Searchlight Section ... .... .278-281 Sharpies Corp..................... 18 Shepard, Niles Crane & Hoist Corp................................ 246 Shrlver & Co., T.....................258 Solvay Sales C o fp ............ 258 Sperry & C o , D. R .. 264 Sprout-Waldfon Mfg. C o ,..... 275 Standard Conveyor Co ___ 210 Standard Oil Co. (Indiana) , 55-56 Stebblns Engrg, & Mfg. Co... 134 Stein Equip. Corp................. 282 Sffuthers Wells Corp........... 141 Sturtevant Mill C o..,.. ...... . 140 Sutton Steele & Steele, Inc., Separation Engrg. C orp ....... 162 Taber Pump C o ......................270 Taylor Forge & Pipe Works . . . . 71 Taylor Inst. Cos. 30 Texas C o .............................. 14 Thermal Syndicate, Ltd............. 126 Tidewater Equip, & Mach. Corp. 283 Timken Roller Bearing Co., Roller Searing Div.......... 217 Timken Roller Bearing Co., Steel & Tube Div................ 35 Titanium Alloy Mfg. C o ............232 Tolhursf Centrifugal Div., 174 American Mach. & Metals^ Inc. 67 Traylor Engrg. & Mfg. Co. ... 139 Tube-Turns, Inc................ 6 Turner Halsey C o .................. 168 Union Bag & Paper C o .......... 54 Union Bay State C o ..... ........ 26 Union Carbide Carbon Corp......................... ...13. 191 Union Standard Equip. Co.. 28D U. S, ind. Alcohol C o ............. 19-20 U. S. Stoneware C o ................37-38 Viking Pump C o ...................... 248 Virginia-Carolina Chemical C orp ...... ................. 208 Vogt Mach. Co., H ....... ..........24Q Wali-Colmonoy Corp. ......... 250 Watson-Stillman C o ............... 261 Warren Steam Pump C o .......... 151 Western Precipitation C orp ...... 125 Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co. 39 Weston Elec. Inst. C o .......... 270 Where to Buy....... ................. 2?6 Whitlock Mfq. C o .................. 252 Wickwire Spencer Steel C o ..... 256 Wiifiey & Sons, Inc., A. R....... 45 Williams Pat. Crush & Puiv, Co. 171 Willson Products Inc............. 138 Worthington Pump & Machy. Corp. ................................. 195 Wright Mfg Div. American Chain & Cable Co. Inc,..... . 244 Wyckoff & Sons, A . .................. 276 Professional Seivices ..................274 m SEA R C H LIG H T SEC TIO N C LA SSIFIED A D V ER T ISIN G Business Opportunities . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 E m p lo y m e n t S e r v i c e .................... 278 Patents ............................... ......... 278 Positions Vacant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Positions Wanted .......................... 278 Selling Opportunities ...........................278 Wanted to Purchase.......................... 278 Used Surplus Equipm ent......... 279-284 286 JA N U A RY m s CHEMICAL & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING